TED2014
Barry Schwartz: The way we think about work is broken
Barry Schwartz: Cara kita memandang pekerjaan salah
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Apakah yang membuat bekerja terasa memuaskan? Selain memperoleh gaji, ada nilai intrinsik dalam bekerja, yang menurut Barry Schwartz, menjadi terabaikan karena cara pikir kita tentang pekerjaan. Waktunya untuk berhenti menganggap pekerja sebagai mesin.
Barry Schwartz - Psychologist
Barry Schwartz studies the link between economics and psychology, offering startling insights into modern life. Lately, working with Ken Sharpe, he's studying wisdom. Full bio
Barry Schwartz studies the link between economics and psychology, offering startling insights into modern life. Lately, working with Ken Sharpe, he's studying wisdom. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Today I'm going to talk about work.
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Saya akan berbicara tentang pekerjaan.
00:15
And the question I want to ask
and answer is this:
and answer is this:
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Pertanyaan yang ingin saya ajukan adalah:
00:18
"Why do we work?"
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"mengapa kita bekerja?"
00:21
Why do we drag ourselves
out of bed every morning
out of bed every morning
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Mengapa kita bangun setiap pagi
00:25
instead of living our lives
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dan bukannya memenuhi kehidupan kita
00:27
just filled with bouncing from one
TED-like adventure to another?
TED-like adventure to another?
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dengan petualangan seperti TED?
00:32
(Laughter)
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(Tertawa)
00:34
You may be asking yourselves
that very question.
that very question.
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Anda mungkin juga menanyakan
hal yang sama.
hal yang sama.
00:37
Now, I know of course,
we have to make a living,
we have to make a living,
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Saya tahu, kita harus bekerja,
tapi tak seorang pun disini yang berpikir
itulah jawaban dari pertanyaan tadi,
itulah jawaban dari pertanyaan tadi,
00:39
but nobody in this room thinks
that that's the answer to the question,
that that's the answer to the question,
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00:43
"Why do we work?"
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Mengapa kita bekerja?
00:44
For folks in this room,
the work we do is challenging,
the work we do is challenging,
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Untuk teman-teman di ruangan ini,
pekerjaan yang kita lakukan menantang,
pekerjaan yang kita lakukan menantang,
00:48
it's engaging, it's stimulating,
it's meaningful.
it's meaningful.
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menarik, menggairahkan, berarti,
00:52
And if we're lucky,
it might even be important.
it might even be important.
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Dan jika kita beruntung,
mungkin juga penting.
mungkin juga penting.
00:55
So, we wouldn't work
if we didn't get paid,
if we didn't get paid,
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Kita tidak akan bekerja
jika tidak dibayar.
jika tidak dibayar.
00:57
but that's not why we do what we do.
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Tapi bukan itu alasan kita
melakukan apa yang kita lakukan
melakukan apa yang kita lakukan
01:00
And in general,
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Dan secara umum,
01:01
I think we think that material rewards
are a pretty bad reason
are a pretty bad reason
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menurut saya kita berpikir bahwa
imbalan material bukan alasan bagus
imbalan material bukan alasan bagus
01:04
for doing the work that we do.
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untuk mengerjakan pekerjaan kita.
01:06
When we say of somebody
that he's "in it for the money,"
that he's "in it for the money,"
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Ketika kita mengatakan bahwa seseorang
"melakukannya untuk uang,"
"melakukannya untuk uang,"
01:10
we are not just being descriptive.
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kita tidak sekedar menggambarkan
keadaan.
keadaan.
01:13
(Laughter)
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(Tertawa)
01:14
Now, I think this is totally obvious,
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Menurut saya ini sangat jelas,
01:16
but the very obviousness of it
raises what is for me
raises what is for me
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tapi itu justru memunculkan
satu pertanyaan yang mendalam
dalam diri saya.
dalam diri saya.
01:19
an incredibly profound question.
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01:21
Why, if this is so obvious,
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Kalau memang begitu jelas, lalu kenapa,
01:24
why is it that for the overwhelming
majority of people on the planet,
majority of people on the planet,
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kenapa sebagian besar orang di planet ini,
01:30
the work they do
has none of the characteristics
has none of the characteristics
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melakukan pekerjaan yang
tidak punya karakteristik
tidak punya karakteristik
01:34
that get us up and out of bed
and off to the office every morning?
and off to the office every morning?
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yg membuat kita bangkit dari tempat tidur
dan berangkat ke kantor setiap pagi?
dan berangkat ke kantor setiap pagi?
01:38
How is it that we allow
the majority of people on the planet
the majority of people on the planet
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Kenapa kita membiarkan sebagian besar
orang di planet ini
orang di planet ini
01:42
to do work that is monotonous,
meaningless and soul-deadening?
meaningless and soul-deadening?
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melakukan pekerjaan yang monoton,
tanpa arti, dan mematikan jiwa?
tanpa arti, dan mematikan jiwa?
01:47
Why is it that as capitalism developed,
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Mengapa begitu kapitalisme berkembang,
01:50
it created a mode of production,
of goods and services,
of goods and services,
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menciptakan moda produksi
untuk barang dan jasa,
untuk barang dan jasa,
01:53
in which all the nonmaterial satisfactions
that might come from work were eliminated?
that might come from work were eliminated?
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justru kepuasan non-material yang
mungkin muncul dari pekerjaan, hilang?
mungkin muncul dari pekerjaan, hilang?
02:00
Workers who do this kind of work,
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Pekerja yang bekerja seperti ini,
02:02
whether they do it in factories,
in call centers,
in call centers,
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baik mereka bekerja di pabrik,
di pusat panggilan,
di pusat panggilan,
02:05
or in fulfillment warehouses,
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atau di gudang penyimpanan,
02:07
do it for pay.
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melakukannya untuk memperoleh uang.
02:09
There is certainly no other earthly reason
to do what they do except for pay.
to do what they do except for pay.
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Hampir tidak ada alasan lain untuk
melakukan pekerjaan mereka, selain uang.
melakukan pekerjaan mereka, selain uang.
02:15
So the question is, "Why?"
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Jadi pertanyaannya adalah, "Mengapa?"
02:18
And here's the answer:
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Dan inilah jawabannya:
02:20
the answer is technology.
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jawabannya adalah teknologi.
02:23
Now, I know, I know --
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Saya tahu, saya tahu..
02:24
yeah, yeah, yeah, technology, automation
screws people, blah blah --
screws people, blah blah --
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Teknologi, otomatisasi menghancurkan
orang-orang..bla bla bla...
orang-orang..bla bla bla...
02:28
that's not what I mean.
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bukan itu maksud saya.
02:29
I'm not talking about
the kind of technology
the kind of technology
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Saya tidak membicarakan tentang teknologi
02:32
that has enveloped our lives,
and that people come to TED to hear about.
and that people come to TED to hear about.
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yang telah menyelimuti kehidupan kita,
seperti yang banyak dibahas di TED.
seperti yang banyak dibahas di TED.
02:36
I'm not talking about
the technology of things,
the technology of things,
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Saya tidak membicarakan
teknologi pada peralatan,
teknologi pada peralatan,
02:39
profound though that is.
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meskipun mereka begitu hebat.
02:41
I'm talking about another technology.
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Saya membicarakan tentang teknologi lain.
02:43
I'm talking about the technology of ideas.
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Saya berbicara tentang teknologi dari ide.
02:47
I call it, "idea technology" --
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Saya menyebutnya, "Teknologi Ide" --
02:49
how clever of me.
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pintar kan?
02:50
(Laughter)
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(Tertawa)
02:52
In addition to creating things,
science creates ideas.
science creates ideas.
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Selain menciptakan sesuatu yang baru,
ilmu pengetahuan menciptakan ide.
ilmu pengetahuan menciptakan ide.
02:56
Science creates ways of understanding.
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Ilmu pengetahuan menciptakan
cara untuk memahami
cara untuk memahami
02:59
And in the social sciences,
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Dan dalam ilmu sosial,
03:01
the ways of understanding that get created
are ways of understanding ourselves.
are ways of understanding ourselves.
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pemahaman yang dibuat adalah
cara untuk memahami diri kita sendiri
cara untuk memahami diri kita sendiri
03:06
And they have an enormous influence
on how we think, what we aspire to,
on how we think, what we aspire to,
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yang memiliki pengaruh besar
terhadap cara pikir kita, cita-cita kita,
terhadap cara pikir kita, cita-cita kita,
03:10
and how we act.
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dan cara kita bertindak.
03:12
If you think your poverty
is God's will, you pray.
is God's will, you pray.
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Jika Anda pikir kemiskinan adalah
kehendak Tuhan, Anda berdoa.
kehendak Tuhan, Anda berdoa.
03:16
If you think your poverty is the result
of your own inadequacy,
of your own inadequacy,
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Jika Anda pikir kemiskinan adalah
hasil dari kesalahan Anda,
hasil dari kesalahan Anda,
03:20
you shrink into despair.
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Anda tenggelam dalam keputusasaan.
03:23
And if you think your poverty is
the result of oppression and domination,
the result of oppression and domination,
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Dan jika Anda pikir kemiskinan adalah
hasil dari penindasan dan dominasi,
hasil dari penindasan dan dominasi,
03:27
then you rise up in revolt.
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maka Anda bangkit untuk memberontak.
03:29
Whether your response to poverty
is resignation or revolution,
is resignation or revolution,
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Baik respon anda terhadap kemiskinan
adalah pengunduran diri atau revolusi,
adalah pengunduran diri atau revolusi,
03:34
depends on how you understand
the sources of your poverty.
the sources of your poverty.
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tergantung dari bagaimana Anda memahami
sumber dari kemiskinan itu.
sumber dari kemiskinan itu.
03:37
This is the role that ideas play
in shaping us as human beings,
in shaping us as human beings,
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Ini adalah peran ide dalam
membentuk kita menjadi manusia,
membentuk kita menjadi manusia,
03:43
and this is why idea technology may be
the most profoundly important technology
the most profoundly important technology
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dan karena inilah teknologi ide mungkin
adalah teknologi yang paling penting
adalah teknologi yang paling penting
03:49
that science gives us.
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yang diberikan ilmu pengetahuan,
03:51
And there's something special
about idea technology,
about idea technology,
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Dan ada sesuatu yang spesial
pada teknologi ide,
pada teknologi ide,
03:55
that makes it different
from the technology of things.
from the technology of things.
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yang membuatnya berbeda dari
teknologi pada peralatan.
teknologi pada peralatan.
03:58
With things, if the technology sucks,
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Dengan peralatan, jika teknologi-nya payah
04:01
it just vanishes, right?
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peralatan tersebut tidak akan dipakai,
iya kan?
iya kan?
04:04
Bad technology disappears.
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Teknologi yang buruk menghilang,
04:06
With ideas --
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Dengan ide --
04:08
false ideas about human beings
will not go away
will not go away
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ide atau pemikiran buruk tentang
umat manusia tidak akan hilang
umat manusia tidak akan hilang
04:13
if people believe that they're true.
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jika orang-orang percaya ide itu benar.
04:16
Because if people believe
that they're true,
that they're true,
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Karena, jika orang-orang mempercayainya,
04:19
they create ways of living
and institutions
and institutions
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mereka membangun cara hidup dan institusi
04:22
that are consistent
with these very false ideas.
with these very false ideas.
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yang konsisten dengan pemikiran
yang salah itu.
yang salah itu.
04:26
And that's how the industrial revolution
created a factory system
created a factory system
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Dan begitulah revolusi industri
menciptakan sebuah sistem pabrik
menciptakan sebuah sistem pabrik
04:30
in which there was really nothing you
could possibly get out of your day's work,
could possibly get out of your day's work,
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yang tidak memungkinkan Anda untuk
keluar dari rutinitas kerja Anda,
keluar dari rutinitas kerja Anda,
04:34
except for the pay at the end of the day.
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kecuali untuk memperoleh bayaran.
04:37
Because the father --
one of the fathers
one of the fathers
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Karena salah satu dari bapak
04:39
of the Industrial Revolution,
Adam Smith --
Adam Smith --
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Revolusi Industri, Adam Smith --
04:41
was convinced that human beings
were by their very natures lazy,
were by their very natures lazy,
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yakin bahwa pada dasarnya manusia
adalah makhluk pemalas,
adalah makhluk pemalas,
04:45
and wouldn't do anything
unless you made it worth their while,
unless you made it worth their while,
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dan tidak akan melakukan apapun
kecuali Anda membuat mereka bekerja
kecuali Anda membuat mereka bekerja
04:48
and the way you made it worth their while
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dan caranya adalah
04:50
was by incentivizing,
by giving them rewards.
by giving them rewards.
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dengan memberi insentif,
memberi mereka imbalan.
memberi mereka imbalan.
04:53
That was the only reason
anyone ever did anything.
anyone ever did anything.
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Itulah satu-satunya alasan
seseorang melakukan sesuatu.
seseorang melakukan sesuatu.
04:56
So we created a factory system consistent
with that false view of human nature.
with that false view of human nature.
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Jadi kita membuat sistem pabrik, atas
dasar pandangan salah tentang manusia.
dasar pandangan salah tentang manusia.
05:01
But once that system
of production was in place,
of production was in place,
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Namun setelah sistem produksi tersebut
dibuat,
dibuat,
05:04
there was really no other way
for people to operate,
for people to operate,
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orang-orang tidak mempunyai pilihan lain
untuk bekerja,
untuk bekerja,
05:07
except in a way that was consistent
with Adam Smith's vision.
with Adam Smith's vision.
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kecuali dengan cara yang konsisten
dengan pemikiran Adam Smith.
dengan pemikiran Adam Smith.
05:12
So the work example is merely an example
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Contoh pekerjaan ini hanya
salah satu contoh
salah satu contoh
05:15
of how false ideas
can create a circumstance
can create a circumstance
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bagaimana ide yang salah
dapat menciptakan keadaan
dapat menciptakan keadaan
05:19
that ends up making them true.
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yang pada akhirnya membuat ide tersebut
benar.
benar.
05:23
It is not true
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Tidak benar bahwa
05:25
that you "just can't get
good help anymore."
good help anymore."
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Anda "tidak bisa lagi menemukan
pekerja yang bagus."
pekerja yang bagus."
05:29
It is true
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Benar bahwa
05:31
that you "can't get good help anymore"
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Anda "tidak bisa menemukan
pekerja yang bagus"
pekerja yang bagus"
05:34
when you give people work to do
that is demeaning and soulless.
that is demeaning and soulless.
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apabila Anda memberikan orang pekerjaan
yang merendahkan dan tidak berjiwa.
yang merendahkan dan tidak berjiwa.
05:39
And interestingly enough, Adam Smith --
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Dan menariknya, Adam Smith --
05:41
the same guy who gave us
this incredible invention
this incredible invention
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orang yang memberi kita
penemuan luar biasa
penemuan luar biasa
05:45
of mass production, and division of labor
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berupa produksi massal dan pembagian kerja
05:47
-- understood this.
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-- memahaminya.
05:48
He said, of people who worked
in assembly lines,
in assembly lines,
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Tentang orang yang melakukan pekerjaan
monoton di jalur produksi pabrik,
monoton di jalur produksi pabrik,
05:52
of men who worked
in assembly lines, he says:
in assembly lines, he says:
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Smith mengatakan:
05:54
"He generally becomes as stupid as it is
possible for a human being to become."
possible for a human being to become."
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"Mereka akan menjadi bodoh, sebodoh yang
memungkinkan bagi manusia."
memungkinkan bagi manusia."
06:01
Now, notice the word here is "become."
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Perhatikan dia menggunakan kata "menjadi".
06:03
"He generally becomes as stupid as it is
possible for a human being to become."
possible for a human being to become."
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"Dia akan menjadi bodoh, sebodoh yang
memungkinkan bagi manusia"
memungkinkan bagi manusia"
06:09
Whether he intended it or not,
what Adam Smith was telling us there,
what Adam Smith was telling us there,
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Diniatkan atau tidak, yang dikatakan
Adam Smith di sini,
Adam Smith di sini,
06:13
is that the very shape of the institution
within which people work
within which people work
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adalah wujud sebenarnya dari institusi
dimana orang bekerja
dimana orang bekerja
06:17
creates people who are fitted
to the demands of that institution
to the demands of that institution
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yang menciptakan orang-orang yang sesuai
dengan kebutuhan institusi tersebut
dengan kebutuhan institusi tersebut
06:21
and deprives people of the opportunity
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dan melucuti kesempatan mereka
06:24
to derive the kinds of satisfactions
from their work that we take for granted.
from their work that we take for granted.
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untuk memperoleh kepuasan
dari pekerjaan mereka.
dari pekerjaan mereka.
Nah, masalahnya dengan ilmu pengetahuan
-- ilmu pengetahuan alam --
-- ilmu pengetahuan alam --
06:29
The thing about science --
natural science --
natural science --
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06:32
is that we can spin fantastic
theories about the cosmos,
theories about the cosmos,
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adalah kita dapat mengeluarkan teori
fantastis tentang alam semesta,
fantastis tentang alam semesta,
06:36
and have complete confidence
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dan sangat yakin
06:38
that the cosmos is completely
indifferent to our theories.
indifferent to our theories.
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bahwa alam semesta sama sekali
tidak terpengaruh oleh teori kita.
tidak terpengaruh oleh teori kita.
06:43
It's going to work the same damn way
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Alam semesta akan berfungsi
sebagaimana adanya
sebagaimana adanya
06:45
no matter what theories
we have about the cosmos.
we have about the cosmos.
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apa pun teori kita.
06:48
But we do have to worry about
the theories we have of human nature,
the theories we have of human nature,
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Tapi kita harus khawatir akan teori
yang kita yakini tentang sifat manusia
yang kita yakini tentang sifat manusia
06:54
because human nature will be changed
by the theories we have
by the theories we have
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karena sifat manusia akan berubah
mengikuti teori kita,
mengikuti teori kita,
06:59
that are designed to explain
and help us understand human beings.
and help us understand human beings.
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yang dibuat untuk menjelaskan dan membantu
kita memahami umat manusia.
kita memahami umat manusia.
07:03
The distinguished anthropologist,
Clifford Geertz, said, years ago,
Clifford Geertz, said, years ago,
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Antropolog ternama Clifford Geertz,
bertahun-tahun yang lalu mengatakan
bertahun-tahun yang lalu mengatakan
07:08
that human beings
are the "unfinished animals."
are the "unfinished animals."
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bahwa umat manusia adalah
"binatang yang belum selesai".
"binatang yang belum selesai".
07:12
And what he meant by that
was that it is only human nature
was that it is only human nature
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Dan yang ia maksud adalah,
hanya pada manusia
hanya pada manusia
07:16
to have a human nature
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dimana sifat manusia adalah
07:18
that is very much the product
of the society in which people live.
of the society in which people live.
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produk dari masyarakat
dimana manusia itu tinggal.
dimana manusia itu tinggal.
07:23
That human nature,
that is to say our human nature,
that is to say our human nature,
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Sifat manusia itu,
sifat manusia kita,
sifat manusia kita,
07:26
is much more created
than it is discovered.
than it is discovered.
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lebih banyak diciptakan,
daripada ditemukan.
daripada ditemukan.
07:30
We design human nature
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Kita mendesain sifat manusia
07:32
by designing the institutions
within which people live and work.
within which people live and work.
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dengan membentuk institusi dimana
orang-orang tinggal dan bekerja.
orang-orang tinggal dan bekerja.
07:37
And so you people --
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Jadi Anda sekalian --
07:38
pretty much the closest I ever get
to being with masters of the universe --
to being with masters of the universe --
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yang paling mendekati "para penguasa
alam semesta" yang pernah saya temui --
alam semesta" yang pernah saya temui --
07:43
you people should be asking
yourself a question,
yourself a question,
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Anda harus menanyakan kepada diri
masing-masing
masing-masing
07:47
as you go back home
to run your organizations.
to run your organizations.
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ketika Anda kembali dari sini untuk
menjalankan organisasi Anda.
menjalankan organisasi Anda.
07:50
Just what kind of human nature
do you want to help design?
do you want to help design?
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Sifat manusia seperti apa yang ingin
Anda ciptakan?
Anda ciptakan?
07:54
Thank you.
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Terima kasih.
07:55
(Applause)
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(Tepuk tangan)
07:57
Thanks.
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Terima kasih.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Barry Schwartz - PsychologistBarry Schwartz studies the link between economics and psychology, offering startling insights into modern life. Lately, working with Ken Sharpe, he's studying wisdom.
Why you should listen
In his 2004 book The Paradox of Choice, Barry Schwartz tackles one of the great mysteries of modern life: Why is it that societies of great abundance — where individuals are offered more freedom and choice (personal, professional, material) than ever before — are now witnessing a near-epidemic of depression? Conventional wisdom tells us that greater choice is for the greater good, but Schwartz argues the opposite: He makes a compelling case that the abundance of choice in today's western world is actually making us miserable.
Infinite choice is paralyzing, Schwartz argues, and exhausting to the human psyche. It leads us to set unreasonably high expectations, question our choices before we even make them and blame our failures entirely on ourselves. His relatable examples, from consumer products (jeans, TVs, salad dressings) to lifestyle choices (where to live, what job to take, who and when to marry), underscore this central point: Too much choice undermines happiness.
Schwartz's previous research has addressed morality, decision-making and the varied inter-relationships between science and society. Before Paradox he published The Costs of Living, which traces the impact of free-market thinking on the explosion of consumerism -- and the effect of the new capitalism on social and cultural institutions that once operated above the market, such as medicine, sports, and the law.
Both books level serious criticism of modern western society, illuminating the under-reported psychological plagues of our time. But they also offer concrete ideas on addressing the problems, from a personal and societal level.
Schwartz is the author of the TED Book, Why We Work.
Barry Schwartz | Speaker | TED.com