ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Murray Gell-Mann - Physicist
Murray Gell-Mann brings visibility to a crucial aspect of our existence that we can't actually see: elemental particles. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for introducing quarks, one of two fundamental ingredients for all matter in the universe.

Why you should listen

He's been called "the man with five brains" -- and Murray Gell-Mann has the resume to prove it. In addition to being a Nobel laureate, he is an accomplished physicist who's earned numerous awards, medals and honorary degrees for his work with subatomic particles, including the groundbreaking theory that the nucleus of an atom comprises 100 or so fundamental building blocks called quarks.

Gell-Mann's influence extends well beyond his field: He's a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Council on Foreign Relations. He also serves on the board of the Wildlife Conservation Society and is a director of Encyclopedia Britannica. Gell-Mann, a professor emeritus of Caltech, now heads the evolution of human languages program at the Santa Fe Institute, which he cofounded in 1984.

A prolific writer -- he's penned scores of academic papers and several books, including The Quark and the Jaguar -- Gell-Mann is also the subject of the popular science biography Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann and the Revolution in 20th-Century Physics.

More profile about the speaker
Murray Gell-Mann | Speaker | TED.com
TED2007

Murray Gell-Mann: The ancestor of language

マレー・ゲルマンの言語の祖先について

Filmed:
944,446 views

TED2007での物理学の美しさについての講演の後、驚異のマレー・ゲルマンが、もう一つ情熱を傾ける対象である「現在用いられている言語に共通する祖先を探すこと」について、簡単にその概観を語ります。
- Physicist
Murray Gell-Mann brings visibility to a crucial aspect of our existence that we can't actually see: elemental particles. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for introducing quarks, one of two fundamental ingredients for all matter in the universe. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:13
Well, I'm involved関係する in other things, besidesその他 physics物理.
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さて、私は物理学以外も研究しています。
00:17
In fact事実, mostly主に now in other things.
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実を言えば、今は物理学以外のことをしているのがほとんどです。
00:19
One thing is distant遠い relationships関係 among human人間 languages言語.
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その中の一つは、人間の言語の古い関係についてです。
00:24
And the professional専門家, historical歴史的 linguists言語学者 in the U.S.
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米国や西欧の歴史言語学の専門家たちはもっぱら、
00:28
and in Western西洋 Europeヨーロッパ mostly主に try to stay滞在 away
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言語間の大きな分類や、
00:31
from any long-distance長距離 relationships関係, big大きい groupingsグルーピング,
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今用いられている語族よりもずっと昔まで遡る分類など、
00:35
groupingsグルーピング that go back a long time,
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あらゆる太古からの関係を避けようとしているのです。
00:38
longerより長いです than the familiar身近な families家族.
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そのような考え方を好まないのです。
00:41
They don't like that. They think it's crankクランク. I don't think it's crankクランク.
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突飛な考えだと思っている。私はそうは思いません。
00:45
And there are some brilliantブリリアント linguists言語学者, mostly主に Russiansロシア人,
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しかし中には、ほとんどがロシア人ですが、
00:48
who are workingワーキング on that, at Santaサンタ FeFe Institute研究所 and in Moscowモスクワ,
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サンタフェ研究所やモスクワでこの研究をしている素晴らしい言語学者もいます。
00:52
and I would love to see where that leadsリード.
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私は、その研究の行く末を、是非見てみたいと思っています。
00:56
Does it really lead to a singleシングル ancestor祖先
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2万年、2万5千年前にあった、
00:59
some 20, 25,000 years ago?
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一つの祖言語に本当にたどり着くのか?
01:02
And what if we go back beyond超えて that singleシングル ancestor祖先,
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そして、他の言語との競合があったと考えられる、
01:05
when there was presumablyおそらく a competitionコンペ among manyたくさんの languages言語?
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祖言語よりも更に昔の時期まで遡ったら、どうなるか?
01:09
How far遠い back does that go? How far遠い back does modernモダン language言語 go?
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それはどれだけ昔のことなのか?現代の言語は、どこまで遡れるのか?
01:13
How manyたくさんの tens数十 of thousands of years does it go back?
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何万年先まで遡るのか?
01:16
Chrisクリス Andersonアンダーソン: Do you have a hunch穿刺 or a hope希望 for what the answer回答 to that is?
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クリス・アンダーソン:その答えに対する予感ですとか、希望はありますか?
01:19
Murrayマレー Gell-Mannゲルマン: Well, I would guess推測 that modernモダン language言語 must必須 be olderより古い
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マレー・ゲルマン:そうですね、現代の言語は、
01:22
than the cave洞窟 paintings絵画 and cave洞窟 engravings彫刻 and cave洞窟 sculptures彫刻
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3万5千年くらい前のオーリニャック文化期に、西欧の洞窟で描かれた絵や彫刻・彫像、
01:26
and danceダンス stepsステップ in the soft柔らかい clay粘土 in the caves洞窟 in Western西洋 Europeヨーロッパ,
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柔らかい粘土に刻まれた踊りのステップと同じか、
01:31
in the Aurignacianオーリナーシャン Period期間 some 35,000 years ago, or earlier先に.
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それよりも古いに違いないと思いますよ。
01:37
I can't believe they did all those things and didn't alsoまた、 have a modernモダン language言語.
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そういったことを全てやっておいて、それで現代の言語を持っていなかったとは信じがたい。
01:40
So, I would guess推測 that the actual実際の origin原点 goes行く back at least少なくとも that far遠い and maybe furtherさらに.
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なので、実際の起源はそれくらい古いかおそらくもっと古いと思います。
01:45
But that doesn't mean that all, or manyたくさんの, or most最も
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しかし、だからといって全ての、多くの、もしくはほとんどの現代の言語の祖先が
01:48
of today's今日の attested証明された languages言語 couldn'tできなかった descend降下する perhapsおそらく
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例えば2万年前か、それ以上前に遡ることは
01:52
from one that's much younger若い than that, like say 20,000 years,
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おそらくないと思います。
01:56
or something of that kind種類. It's what we call a bottleneckボトルネック.
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それを、我々はボトルネック(ビンの口)と呼んでいます。
02:00
CACA: Well, Philipフィリップ Andersonアンダーソン mayかもしれない have been right.
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クリス・アンダーソン:フィリップ・アンダーソンは正しかったのかもしれません。
02:01
You mayかもしれない just know more about everything than anyone誰でも.
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もしかしたら、あなたは誰よりも全てをよく知っているだけかもしれませんね。
02:04
So, it's been an honor名誉. Thank you Murrayマレー Gell-Mannゲルマン.
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素晴らしいお話をありがとうございました。マレー・ゲルマンさんでした。
02:06
(Applause拍手)
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(会場拍手)
Translated by Kaori Naiki
Reviewed by Akira KAKINOHANA

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Murray Gell-Mann - Physicist
Murray Gell-Mann brings visibility to a crucial aspect of our existence that we can't actually see: elemental particles. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for introducing quarks, one of two fundamental ingredients for all matter in the universe.

Why you should listen

He's been called "the man with five brains" -- and Murray Gell-Mann has the resume to prove it. In addition to being a Nobel laureate, he is an accomplished physicist who's earned numerous awards, medals and honorary degrees for his work with subatomic particles, including the groundbreaking theory that the nucleus of an atom comprises 100 or so fundamental building blocks called quarks.

Gell-Mann's influence extends well beyond his field: He's a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Council on Foreign Relations. He also serves on the board of the Wildlife Conservation Society and is a director of Encyclopedia Britannica. Gell-Mann, a professor emeritus of Caltech, now heads the evolution of human languages program at the Santa Fe Institute, which he cofounded in 1984.

A prolific writer -- he's penned scores of academic papers and several books, including The Quark and the Jaguar -- Gell-Mann is also the subject of the popular science biography Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann and the Revolution in 20th-Century Physics.

More profile about the speaker
Murray Gell-Mann | Speaker | TED.com