ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Murray Gell-Mann - Physicist
Murray Gell-Mann brings visibility to a crucial aspect of our existence that we can't actually see: elemental particles. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for introducing quarks, one of two fundamental ingredients for all matter in the universe.

Why you should listen

He's been called "the man with five brains" -- and Murray Gell-Mann has the resume to prove it. In addition to being a Nobel laureate, he is an accomplished physicist who's earned numerous awards, medals and honorary degrees for his work with subatomic particles, including the groundbreaking theory that the nucleus of an atom comprises 100 or so fundamental building blocks called quarks.

Gell-Mann's influence extends well beyond his field: He's a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Council on Foreign Relations. He also serves on the board of the Wildlife Conservation Society and is a director of Encyclopedia Britannica. Gell-Mann, a professor emeritus of Caltech, now heads the evolution of human languages program at the Santa Fe Institute, which he cofounded in 1984.

A prolific writer -- he's penned scores of academic papers and several books, including The Quark and the Jaguar -- Gell-Mann is also the subject of the popular science biography Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann and the Revolution in 20th-Century Physics.

More profile about the speaker
Murray Gell-Mann | Speaker | TED.com
TED2007

Murray Gell-Mann: The ancestor of language

Murray Gell-Mann: O antepassado da língua

Filmed:
944,446 views

Após ter falado no TED2007 sobre a elegância em Física, o extraordinário Murray Gell-Mann dá-nos uma rápida visão geral de outro interesse apaixonante: encontrar a linhagem comum das nossas línguas modernas.
- Physicist
Murray Gell-Mann brings visibility to a crucial aspect of our existence that we can't actually see: elemental particles. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for introducing quarks, one of two fundamental ingredients for all matter in the universe. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:13
Well, I'm involvedenvolvido in other things, besidesalém de physicsfísica.
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Murray Gell-Mann: Eu estou envolvido
noutras coisas além da Física.
Na verdade, agora
ainda mais noutras coisas.
00:17
In factfacto, mostlyna maioria das vezes now in other things.
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00:19
One thing is distantdistante relationshipsrelacionamentos amongentre humanhumano languageslínguas.
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Uma delas é as relações longínquas
entre as línguas humanas.
00:24
And the professionalprofissional, historicalhistórico linguistslinguistas in the U.S.
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Os linguistas profissionais, históricos
nos Estados Unidos da América
00:28
and in WesternWestern EuropeEuropa mostlyna maioria das vezes try to stayfique away
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e na Europa Ocidental tentam,
na sua maioria, manter-se longe
00:31
from any long-distancede longa distância relationshipsrelacionamentos, biggrande groupingsagrupamentos,
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de quaisquer relações longínquas;
grandes agrupamentos,
00:35
groupingsagrupamentos that go back a long time,
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agrupamentos de línguas muito antigas,
00:38
longermais longo than the familiarfamiliar familiesfamílias.
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mais antigas que as famílias conhecidas.
00:41
They don't like that. They think it's crankmanivela. I don't think it's crankmanivela.
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Não gostam disso; acham que não tem valor.
Eu acho que tem.
E há alguns linguistas brilhantes,
na sua maioria russos,
00:45
And there are some brilliantbrilhante linguistslinguistas, mostlyna maioria das vezes RussiansRussos,
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00:48
who are workingtrabalhando on that, at SantaSanta FeFe InstituteInstituto and in MoscowMoscou,
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que estão a trabalhar nisso,
no Santa Fe Institute e em Moscovo.
00:52
and I would love to see where that leadsconduz.
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Eu adorava ver até onde isso nos conduz.
Será que nos leva realmente
a um único antepassado
00:56
Does it really leadconduzir to a singlesolteiro ancestorancestral
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00:59
some 20, 25,000 yearsanos agoatrás?
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com cerca de 20 ou 25 mil anos?
01:02
And what if we go back beyondalém that singlesolteiro ancestorancestral,
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E se formos além desse antepassado único,
01:05
when there was presumablypresumivelmente a competitionconcorrência amongentre manymuitos languageslínguas?
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quando houve, presumivelmente,
uma competição entre muitas línguas?
Até onde irá isso?
Quão antiga será a língua moderna?
01:09
How farlonge back does that go? How farlonge back does modernmoderno languagelíngua go?
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Quantas dezenas de milhares de anos terá?
01:13
How manymuitos tensdezenas of thousandsmilhares of yearsanos does it go back?
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Chris Anderson: Tem algum palpite
ou esperança quanto à resposta?
01:16
ChrisChris AndersonAnderson: Do you have a hunchpalpite or a hopeesperança for what the answerresponda to that is?
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01:19
MurrayMurray Gell-MannGell-Mann: Well, I would guessacho that modernmoderno languagelíngua mustdevo be olderMais velho
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MG: Eu aposto que a língua moderna
deve ser mais antiga
01:22
than the cavecaverna paintingspinturas and cavecaverna engravingsgravuras and cavecaverna sculpturesesculturas
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do que as pinturas, gravuras
e esculturas nas cavernas
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and dancedança stepspassos in the softsuave clayargila in the cavescavernas in WesternWestern EuropeEuropa,
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e do que os passos de dança
gravados no barro mole
das cavernas da Europa Ocidental
01:31
in the AurignacianAurignaciano PeriodPeríodo some 35,000 yearsanos agoatrás, or earliermais cedo.
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do Período Aurignaciano,
há cerca de 35 mil anos, ou mais.
Não acredito que tenham feito tudo aquilo
e não tivessem também uma língua moderna.
01:37
I can't believe they did all those things and didn't alsoAlém disso have a modernmoderno languagelíngua.
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01:40
So, I would guessacho that the actualreal originorigem goesvai back at leastpelo menos that farlonge and maybe furthermais distante.
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Por isso, aposto que a língua
teve a sua origem por essa altura,
ou ainda mais cedo.
01:45
But that doesn't mean that all, or manymuitos, or mosta maioria
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Mas isso não quer dizer
que todas as actuais línguas testadas,
01:48
of today'shoje attestedatestada languageslínguas couldn'tnão podia descenddescer perhapspossivelmente
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ou a sua maioria, não descendam talvez
01:52
from one that's much youngermais jovem than that, like say 20,000 yearsanos,
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de uma que é muito mais recente,
talvez com 20 mil anos, ou algo parecido.
01:56
or something of that kindtipo. It's what we call a bottleneckgargalo.
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É o que chamamos de estrangulamento.
CA: O Philip Anderson
pode ter estado certo.
02:00
CACA: Well, PhilipPhilip AndersonAnderson maypode have been right.
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02:01
You maypode just know more about everything than anyonealguém.
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Talvez saiba sobre todas as coisas
mais do que outra pessoa qualquer.
02:04
So, it's been an honorhonra. Thank you MurrayMurray Gell-MannGell-Mann.
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Foi uma honra.
Obrigado, Murray Gell-Mann.
02:06
(ApplauseAplausos)
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(Aplausos)
Translated by Sérgio Lopes
Reviewed by Paulo Calçada

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Murray Gell-Mann - Physicist
Murray Gell-Mann brings visibility to a crucial aspect of our existence that we can't actually see: elemental particles. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for introducing quarks, one of two fundamental ingredients for all matter in the universe.

Why you should listen

He's been called "the man with five brains" -- and Murray Gell-Mann has the resume to prove it. In addition to being a Nobel laureate, he is an accomplished physicist who's earned numerous awards, medals and honorary degrees for his work with subatomic particles, including the groundbreaking theory that the nucleus of an atom comprises 100 or so fundamental building blocks called quarks.

Gell-Mann's influence extends well beyond his field: He's a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Council on Foreign Relations. He also serves on the board of the Wildlife Conservation Society and is a director of Encyclopedia Britannica. Gell-Mann, a professor emeritus of Caltech, now heads the evolution of human languages program at the Santa Fe Institute, which he cofounded in 1984.

A prolific writer -- he's penned scores of academic papers and several books, including The Quark and the Jaguar -- Gell-Mann is also the subject of the popular science biography Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann and the Revolution in 20th-Century Physics.

More profile about the speaker
Murray Gell-Mann | Speaker | TED.com