TED2017
Grace Kim: How cohousing can make us happier (and live longer)
Grace Kimová: Byť šťastní a žiť dlhšie – aj o tom je komunitné bývanie (cohousing)
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Osamelosť nepramení vždy len zo samoty. Architektka Grace Kimová vníma osamelosť ako prejav našej blízkosti s okolitými ľuďmi, čo často závisí od domovov, v ktorých žijeme. Delí sa s nami o prastarý liek na osamelosť – komunitné bývanie (tzv. cohousing), v ktorom sa ľudia vedome rozhodnú zdieľať určité priestory so susedmi, spoznať sa s nimi a starať sa o nich. Prehodnoťte svoj domov a spôsob života vďaka tejto prednáške, ktorá vám otvorí oči.
Grace Kim - Architect
Grace H. Kim is an internationally recognized expert in cohousing -- the art and craft of creating communities. Full bio
Grace H. Kim is an internationally recognized expert in cohousing -- the art and craft of creating communities. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
Osamelosť.
00:12
Loneliness.
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Skôr či neskôr všetci v tejto sále
zažijeme osamelosť.
zažijeme osamelosť.
00:15
All of us in this room
will experience loneliness
will experience loneliness
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00:17
at some point in our lives.
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Osamelosť nie je dôsledkom samoty,
00:20
Loneliness is not
a function of being alone,
a function of being alone,
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ale skôr prejavom toho,
ako veľmi ste spojení so svojím okolím.
ako veľmi ste spojení so svojím okolím.
00:22
but rather, a function
of how socially connected you are
of how socially connected you are
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00:25
to those around you.
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Práve teraz, napriek tisícke ľudí naokolo,
00:27
There could be somebody
in this room right now
in this room right now
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00:30
surrounded by a thousand people
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by tu mohol byť niekto,
kto sa cíti osamelo.
kto sa cíti osamelo.
00:31
experiencing loneliness.
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A hoci osamelosť
je spôsobená mnohými faktormi,
je spôsobená mnohými faktormi,
00:35
And while loneliness
can be attributed to many things,
can be attributed to many things,
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z pohľadu architektky tvrdím,
00:38
as an architect,
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00:40
I'm going to tell you today
how loneliness can be the result
how loneliness can be the result
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že osamelosť je aj dôsledkom prostredia,
ktoré si budujeme,
ktoré si budujeme,
00:43
of our built environments --
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domovov, v ktorých sme sa usadili.
00:45
the very homes we choose to live in.
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Priblížme si tento dom.
00:49
Let's take a look at this house.
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Je pekný.
00:51
It's a nice house.
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Má veľkú záhradu, biely plotík,
00:52
There's a big yard, picket fence,
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dvojitú garáž.
00:55
two-car garage.
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A možno sa nachádza v takomto
susedstve či štvrti.
susedstve či štvrti.
00:58
And the home might be
in a neighborhood like this.
in a neighborhood like this.
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A pre mnohých ľudí z celého sveta
01:01
And for many people around the globe,
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je takýto dom a takéto susedstvo
01:04
this home, this neighborhood --
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vytúženým snom.
01:07
it's a dream.
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Rizikom dosiahnutia tohto sna
01:09
And yet the danger of achieving this dream
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je však falošný pocit blízkosti
01:11
is a false sense of connection
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a rastúca sociálna izolácia.
01:14
and an increase in social isolation.
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Ja viem, isto je tu niekto,
01:17
I know, I can hear you now,
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01:18
there's somebody in the room
screaming at me inside their head,
screaming at me inside their head,
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kto na mňa v mysli kričí:
„To je môj dom a moje susedstvo
01:22
"That's my house,
and that's my neighborhood,
and that's my neighborhood,
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a poznám každého suseda!“
01:24
and I know everyone on my block!"
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Poviem vám: „To je super!“
01:27
To which I would answer, "Terrific!"
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Priala by som si, aby takých,
ako vy, bolo viac,
ako vy, bolo viac,
01:29
And I wish there were
more people like you,
more people like you,
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pretože niečo mi hovorí,
že dnes je tu viac ľudí,
že dnes je tu viac ľudí,
01:32
because I'd wager to guess
there's more people in the room
there's more people in the room
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ktorí žijú podobne,
01:35
living in a similar situation
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no svojich susedov
pravdepodobne nepoznajú.
pravdepodobne nepoznajú.
01:37
that might not know their neighbors.
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Možno ich poznajú z videnia
a pozdravia sa im,
a pozdravia sa im,
01:39
They might recognize them and say hello,
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ale popod nos
01:42
but under their breath,
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sa navzájom pýtajú:
01:45
they're asking their spouse,
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„Ako sa volá?“,
01:47
"What was their name again?"
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aby susedov oslovili menom
na znak toho, že sa poznajú.
na znak toho, že sa poznajú.
01:49
so they can ask a question by name
to signify they know them.
to signify they know them.
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Sociálne média taktiež prispievajú
k falošnému pocitu blízkosti.
k falošnému pocitu blízkosti.
01:55
Social media also contributes
to this false sense of connection.
to this false sense of connection.
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Túto situáciu určite poznáte.
01:59
This image is probably all too familiar.
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Stojíte vo výťahu,
02:01
You're standing in the elevator,
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či sedíte na káve,
02:03
sitting in a cafe,
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obzriete sa
02:04
and you look around,
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a vidíte každého na telefóne.
02:06
and everyone's on their phone.
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Nečítate si Facebook alebo SMS,
02:09
You're not texting or checking Facebook,
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ale ostatní áno
02:11
but everyone else is,
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a možno ste sa ako ja dostali do situácie,
02:12
and maybe, like me,
you've been in a situation
you've been in a situation
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02:14
where you've made eye contact,
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že sa vám oči stretli,
usmiali ste sa a pozdravili,
02:16
smiled and said hello,
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a ten človek si vybral
slúchadlá z uší a opýtal sa:
slúchadlá z uší a opýtal sa:
02:19
and have that person
yank out their earbuds
yank out their earbuds
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„Prepáčte, čo ste hovorili?“
02:22
and say, "I'm sorry, what did you say?"
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Je to pre mňa ohromne izolujúce.
02:25
I find this incredibly isolating.
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Podelím sa s vami o myšlienku,
02:28
The concept I'd like
to share with you today
to share with you today
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ktorá je liekom na osamelosť.
02:30
is an antidote to isolation.
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Nie je to nič nové.
02:32
It's not a new concept.
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Vlastne je to odveký spôsob žitia
02:33
In fact, it's an age-old way of living,
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stále prítomný v mnohých nezápadných
kultúrach po celom svete.
kultúrach po celom svete.
02:36
and it still exists in many
non-European cultures
non-European cultures
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02:38
around the world.
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Asi pred 50 rokmi
02:40
And about 50 years ago,
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sa Dáni rozhodli tento jav premenovať
02:42
the Danes decided to make up a new name,
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a odvtedy
02:45
and since then,
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týmto prepojeným spôsobom
žijú desaťtisíce Dánov.
žijú desaťtisíce Dánov.
02:46
tens of thousands of Danish people
have been living in this connected way.
have been living in this connected way.
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Vo svete je tento spôsob
čoraz viac vyhľadávaný,
čoraz viac vyhľadávaný,
02:52
And it's being pursued
more widely around the globe
more widely around the globe
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lebo ľudia hľadajú pocit komunity.
02:55
as people are seeking community.
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Tento koncept sa volá
02:59
This concept
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komunitné bývanie – cohousing.
03:01
is cohousing.
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Do cohousingu ľudia vstupujú
s úmyslom spoznať iných
s úmyslom spoznať iných
03:05
Cohousing is an intentional neighborhood
where people know each other
where people know each other
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a navzájom si pomáhať.
03:08
and look after one another.
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V cohousingu máte svoj domov,
03:10
In cohousing, you have your own home,
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ale zároveň zdieľate kľúčové
vonkajšie i vnútorné priestory.
vonkajšie i vnútorné priestory.
03:13
but you also share significant spaces,
both indoors and out.
both indoors and out.
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Predtým, ako vám ukážem pár obrázkov,
03:17
Before I show you
some pictures of cohousing,
some pictures of cohousing,
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predstavím vám
svojich priateľov Sheilu a Spencera.
svojich priateľov Sheilu a Spencera.
03:19
I'd like to first introduce you
to my friends Sheila and Spencer.
to my friends Sheila and Spencer.
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Keď sme sa spoznali,
mali čerstvých 60 rokov
mali čerstvých 60 rokov
03:22
When I first met Sheila and Spencer,
they were just entering their 60s,
they were just entering their 60s,
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a Spencer už rozmýšľal, čo spraví,
keď skončí ako učiteľ na základnej škole.
keď skončí ako učiteľ na základnej škole.
03:26
and Spencer was looking ahead
at the end of a long career
at the end of a long career
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03:29
in elementary education.
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Vôbec sa mu nepáčila predstava,
03:30
And he really disliked the idea
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že by v jeho živote na dôchodku
03:32
that he might not have
children in his life
children in his life
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už nebolo detí.
03:35
upon retirement.
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Teraz sme susedia.
03:39
They're now my neighbors.
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Žijeme v komunitnom dome,
ktorý som navrhla,
ktorý som navrhla,
03:40
We live in a cohousing community
that I not only designed,
that I not only designed,
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ale aj rozvinula a mám
tam aj svoj ateliér.
tam aj svoj ateliér.
03:43
but developed
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03:44
and have my architecture practice in.
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Ľudia v našej komunite vstupujú
do kontaktu vedome.
do kontaktu vedome.
03:47
This community is very intentional
about our social interactions.
about our social interactions.
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Urobme si prehliadku.
03:50
So let me take you on a tour.
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Zvonku vyzeráme ako každý
druhý bytový dom.
druhý bytový dom.
03:53
From the outside, we look like
any other small apartment building.
any other small apartment building.
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Takmer rovnako ako ten vedľa,
03:56
In fact, we look identical
to the one next door,
to the one next door,
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až na žltú omietku.
03:59
except that we're bright yellow.
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Vnútri sú priestory celkom bežné.
04:02
Inside, the homes are fairly conventional.
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Každý byt má obývačku a kuchyňu,
04:04
We all have living rooms and kitchens,
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spálňu a kúpeľňu,
04:07
bedrooms and baths,
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a okolo centrálneho nádvoria
je rozmiestnených 9 bytov.
je rozmiestnených 9 bytov.
04:09
and there are nine of these homes
around a central courtyard.
around a central courtyard.
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Tento je môj,
04:12
This one's mine,
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ďalší je Spencera a Sheily.
04:14
and this one is Spencer and Sheila's.
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Budova je jedinečná z pohľadu cohousingu
04:16
The thing that makes this building
uniquely cohousing
uniquely cohousing
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nie kvôli bytom,
04:19
are not the homes,
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ale vďaka tomu, čo sa deje tu:
04:21
but rather, what happens here --
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vďaka interakcii,
ktorá sa sústredí okolo hlavného nádvoria.
ktorá sa sústredí okolo hlavného nádvoria.
04:24
the social interactions that happen
in and around that central courtyard.
in and around that central courtyard.
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Keď sa cezeň pozriem,
04:28
When I look across the courtyard,
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tak ma čaká Spencer a Sheila.
04:30
I look forward to see Spencer and Sheila.
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V podstate každé ráno vidím toto.
04:32
In fact, every morning,
this is what I see,
this is what I see,
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Vidím Spencera, ako mi radostne máva
pri príprave raňajok.
pri príprave raňajok.
04:34
Spencer waving at me furiously
as we're making our breakfasts.
as we're making our breakfasts.
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Z okien máme výhľad na nádvorie
04:39
From our homes, we look down
into the courtyard,
into the courtyard,
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a v závislosti od obdobia
04:42
and depending on the time of year,
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vidíme rôzne veci:
04:43
we see this:
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deti a dospelých v rôznom počte
04:45
kids and grownups in various combinations
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ako sa spolu hrajú a trávia čas.
04:48
playing and hanging out with each other.
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Počujeme odtiaľ veľa smiechu a hlasov
04:51
There's a lot of giggling and chatter.
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a ako deti skáču gumu.
04:53
There's a lot of hula-hooping.
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A z času na čas: „No tak, prestaň už!“
04:56
And every now and then,
"Hey, quit hitting me!"
"Hey, quit hitting me!"
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alebo aj detský plač.
05:00
or a cry from one of the kids.
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Sú to zvuky našej každodennosti
05:02
These are the sounds of our daily lives,
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a zvuky sociálneho prepojenia.
05:05
and the sounds of social connectedness.
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Na spodku nádvoria sú dvojité dvere,
05:08
At the bottom of the courtyard,
there are a set of double doors,
there are a set of double doors,
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ktoré vedú do spoločného domu.
05:11
and those lead into the common house.
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Spoločný dom považujem
za tajnú ingredienciu cohousingu.
za tajnú ingredienciu cohousingu.
05:14
I consider the common house
the secret sauce of cohousing.
the secret sauce of cohousing.
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Je tajná,
05:18
It's the secret sauce
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lebo je to miesto,
kde sa sociálna interakcia
kde sa sociálna interakcia
05:19
because it's the place
where the social interactions
where the social interactions
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a komunitný život rodia.
05:22
and community life begin,
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A presne odtiaľ sa šíria
do celej našej komunity.
do celej našej komunity.
05:25
and from there, it radiates out
through the rest of the community.
through the rest of the community.
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Vnútri spoločného domu máme veľkú jedáleň,
05:31
Inside our common house,
we have a large dining room
we have a large dining room
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kam sa zmestíme všetci 28-mi aj s hosťami
05:34
to seat all 28 of us and our guests,
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a spolu večeriame trikrát do týždňa.
05:36
and we dine together three times a week.
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Aby sme to zvládli, máme veľkú kuchyňu
05:40
In support of those meals,
we have a large kitchen
we have a large kitchen
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a vo varení pre všetkých
sa striedame v tímoch po troch.
sa striedame v tímoch po troch.
05:42
so that we can take turns
cooking for each other
cooking for each other
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05:45
in teams of three.
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To znamená, že ak je dospelých 17,
05:46
So that means, with 17 adults,
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tak varenie vediem len raz za 6 týždňov.
05:50
I lead cook once every six weeks.
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Ďalšie dva razy len pomáham
s prípravou a umývaním.
s prípravou a umývaním.
05:52
Two other times, I show up
and help my team
and help my team
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05:54
with the preparation and cleanup.
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A na všetky zvyšné večere
05:56
And all those other nights,
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už len prídem.
05:58
I just show up.
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Navečeriam sa, porozprávam so susedmi
06:00
I have dinner, talk with my neighbors,
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a odchádzam nasýtená jedlom od niekoho,
06:02
and I go home, having been fed
a delicious meal
a delicious meal
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kto berie ohľad
na to, že som vegetariánka.
na to, že som vegetariánka.
06:05
by someone who cares
about my vegetarian preferences.
about my vegetarian preferences.
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Našich deväť rodín si vedome vybralo
alternatívny spôsob života.
alternatívny spôsob života.
06:11
Our nine families
have intentionally chosen
have intentionally chosen
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06:13
an alternative way of living.
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Namiesto honby za americkým snom,
06:15
Instead of pursuing the American dream,
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v ktorom by sme sa izolovali
v rodinných domoch,
v rodinných domoch,
06:17
where we might have been isolated
in our single-family homes,
in our single-family homes,
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sme si zvolili komunitné bývanie.
06:20
we instead chose cohousing,
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Vďaka nemu sa môžeme lepšie
sociálne prepojiť.
sociálne prepojiť.
06:23
so that we can increase
our social connections.
our social connections.
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Presne tak sa rodí cohousing.
06:26
And that's how cohousing starts:
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So zdieľaným úmyslom žiť v spolupráci.
06:28
with a shared intention
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06:29
to live collaboratively.
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Práve úmysel je jediná
najdôležitejšia vlastnosť,
najdôležitejšia vlastnosť,
06:31
And intention is the single most
important characteristic
important characteristic
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ktorá odlišuje cohousing
od ostatných modelov bývania.
od ostatných modelov bývania.
06:34
that differentiates cohousing
from any other housing model.
from any other housing model.
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Je náročné úmysel vidieť alebo ho ukázať,
06:38
And while intention is difficult to see
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06:40
or even show,
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ako architektka vám musím
pár obrázkov ukázať.
pár obrázkov ukázať.
06:42
I'm an architect, and I can't help
but show you more pictures.
but show you more pictures.
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Uvídíte pár príkladov pre predstavu,
ako bol úmysel vyjadrený v komunitách,
ako bol úmysel vyjadrený v komunitách,
06:45
So here are a few examples to illustrate
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06:47
how intention has been expressed
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ktoré som navštívila.
06:50
in some of the communities I've visited.
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Vyjadril sa cez múdro zvolený nábytok,
06:54
Through the careful
selection of furniture,
selection of furniture,
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osvetlenie a akustiku,
čím sa podporilo spoločné stolovanie;
čím sa podporilo spoločné stolovanie;
06:56
lighting and acoustic materials
to support eating together;
to support eating together;
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cez vhodné umiestnenie a viditeľný prístup
07:02
in the careful visual location
and visual access
and visual access
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k detským ihriskám v spoločnom dome
a okolo neho;
a okolo neho;
07:05
to kids' play areas around
and inside the common house;
and inside the common house;
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cez určenie veľkosti
07:11
in the consideration of scale
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a rozmiestnenia zhromaždísk okolo komunity
s cieľom obohatiť bežné dni.
s cieľom obohatiť bežné dni.
07:13
and distribution of social gathering nodes
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07:16
in and around the community
to support our daily lives,
to support our daily lives,
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Všetky takéto priestory
posilňujú a zveľaďujú
posilňujú a zveľaďujú
07:19
all of these spaces help
contribute to and elevate
contribute to and elevate
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pocit communitas v každej komunite.
07:23
the sense of communitas
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07:24
in each community.
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Ako to bolo? „Communitas.“
07:27
What was that word? "Communitas."
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Je to novátorské odborné slovo
na označenie ducha komunity.
na označenie ducha komunity.
07:30
Communitas is a fancy social science way
of saying "spirit of community."
of saying "spirit of community."
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A po navštívení 80 komunít
som ducha komunity hodnotila podľa toho,
som ducha komunity hodnotila podľa toho,
07:35
And in visiting
over 80 different communities,
over 80 different communities,
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07:38
my measure of communitas became:
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ako často obyvatelia spolu stolovali.
07:40
How frequently did residents eat together?
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Je na každej komunite,
07:44
While it's completely up to each group
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ako často budú spolu jedávať.
07:46
how frequently they have common meals,
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Poznám také,
ktoré spolu večerajú každý deň
ktoré spolu večerajú každý deň
07:50
I know some that have eaten together
every single night
every single night
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už celých 40 rokov.
07:53
for the past 40 years.
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A poznám také,
07:56
I know others
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ktoré spolu stolujú
raz alebo dvakrát mesačne.
raz alebo dvakrát mesačne.
07:58
that have an occasional potluck
once or twice a month.
once or twice a month.
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Z pozorovania môžem povedať,
že tí, ktorí spolu jedia častejšie,
že tí, ktorí spolu jedia častejšie,
08:01
And from my observations, I can tell you,
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08:03
those that eat together more frequently,
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prejavujú vyššiu úroveň communitas.
08:05
exhibit higher levels of communitas.
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Ukazuje sa, že keď spolu jeme,
08:10
It turns out, when you eat together,
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tak plánujeme viac spoločných aktivít.
08:12
you start planning
more activities together.
more activities together.
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Pri takom stolovaní viac zdieľate.
Navzájom si strážite deti.
Navzájom si strážite deti.
08:16
When you eat together,
you share more things.
you share more things.
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08:18
You start to watch each other's kids.
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Vzájomne si požičiavate náradie, autá.
08:20
You lend our your power tools.
You borrow each other's cars.
You borrow each other's cars.
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Ale napriek tomu,
08:23
And despite all this,
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ako moja dcéra rada hovorí,
08:25
as my daughter loves to say,
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cohousing nie sú vždy len
„včeličky a hviezdičky“.
„včeličky a hviezdičky“.
08:27
everything is not rainbows
and unicorns in cohousing,
and unicorns in cohousing,
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Ani nie som najlepší priateľ
s každým z komunity.
s každým z komunity.
08:31
and I'm not best friends
with every single person in my community.
with every single person in my community.
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Sú medzi nami rozdiely a nezhody.
08:35
We even have differences and conflicts.
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Ale keďže sme v cohousingu,
k vzťahom pristupujeme vedome.
k vzťahom pristupujeme vedome.
08:39
But living in cohousing,
we're intentional about our relationships.
we're intentional about our relationships.
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Sme motivovaní nezhody vyriešiť.
08:43
We're motivated
to resolve our differences.
to resolve our differences.
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Navštívime a prihovoríme sa,
08:47
We follow up, we check in,
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povieme si veci úprimne
08:49
we speak our personal truths
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a keď je to potrebné,
08:51
and, when appropriate,
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tak sa ospravedlníme.
08:53
we apologize.
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Skeptici povedia, že cohousing je
zaujímavý a atraktívny
zaujímavý a atraktívny
08:55
Skeptics will say that cohousing
is only interesting or attractive
is only interesting or attractive
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len pre úzku skupinu ľudí.
09:00
to a very small group of people.
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A s tým môžem súhlasiť.
09:02
And I'll agree with that.
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V západných kultúrach po celom svete
09:04
If you look at Western cultures
around the globe,
around the globe,
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žije v komunitnom bývaní
len mizivé percento obyvateľov.
len mizivé percento obyvateľov.
09:07
those living in cohousing
are just a fractional percent.
are just a fractional percent.
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Prišiel však čas na zmenu,
09:10
But that needs to change,
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lebo od nej závísi naše zdravie.
09:13
because our very lives depend upon it.
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V roku 2015 Univerzita Brighama Younga
zavŕšila výskum,
zavŕšila výskum,
09:16
In 2015, Brigham Young University
completed a study
completed a study
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ktorý ukázal výrazne
zvýšené riziko predčasnej smrti u tých,
zvýšené riziko predčasnej smrti u tých,
09:20
that showed a significant
increase risk of premature death
increase risk of premature death
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ktorí žili izolovane.
09:25
in those who were living in isolation.
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Zdravotnícka služba v USA vyhlásila,
09:28
The US Surgeon General
has declared isolation
has declared isolation
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že osamelosť je epidémia.
09:31
to be a public health epidemic.
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Táto epidémia sa netýka len USA.
09:33
And this epidemic
is not restricted to the US alone.
is not restricted to the US alone.
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Na začiatku som povedala,
09:39
So when I said earlier
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že cohousing je protijed na osamelosť,
09:41
that cohousing
is an antidote to isolation,
is an antidote to isolation,
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ale mala som skôr povedať,
09:45
what I should have said
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že cohousing vám zachráni život.
09:47
is that cohousing can save your life.
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Keby som bola lekárka,
predpísala by som vám aspirín s tým,
predpísala by som vám aspirín s tým,
09:52
If I was a doctor, I would tell you
to take two aspirin,
to take two aspirin,
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že sa mi ráno ozvete.
09:55
and call me in the morning.
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Ale keďže som architektka,
09:58
But as an architect,
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tak vám odporučím prechádzku so susedom
09:59
I'm going to suggest
that you take a walk with your neighbor,
that you take a walk with your neighbor,
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a spoločné stolovanie s tým,
10:02
share a meal together,
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aby ste sa ozvali o 20 rokov.
10:05
and call me in 20 years.
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Ďakujem.
10:08
Thank you.
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(potlesk)
10:09
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Grace Kim - ArchitectGrace H. Kim is an internationally recognized expert in cohousing -- the art and craft of creating communities.
Why you should listen
Grace H. Kim is an architect and co-founding principal of Schemata Workshop, an award-winning, 16-person architectural practice with a keen focus on building community and social equity. She brings innovative ideas to her projects that merge client goals and sustainability measures -- such as urban agriculture, modular construction, and a focus on building community.
Kim is also the founder of Capitol Hill Urban Cohousing, a collaborative residential community that includes her street-level office and a rooftop urban farm. She walks the talk of sustainability -- leaving a small ecological footprint while incorporating holistic ideals of social and economic resilience into her daily life.
Grace Kim | Speaker | TED.com