TEDGlobal 2017
Gus Casely-Hayford: The powerful stories that shaped Africa
Gus Casely-Hayford: Hadithi hodari zilizoitengeneza Afrika.
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Katika ufutaji mkubwa wa historia, hata dola inaweza kusahaulika. Katika hotuba hii pana, Gus Casely-Hayford anaelezea hadithi halisi za Afrika ambazo mara nyingi huwa haziandikwi, zimepotea, hazijasambazwa. Akisafiri kuelekea Zimbabwe kuu, jiji kongwe ambalo chimbuko lake la kustaajabisha na usanifu majengo wa hali ya juu unawaumiza vichwa wana-akiolojia. Au nyakati za Mansa Musa, mtawala wa dola ya Mali ambaye utajiri wake mkubwa ulijenga maktaba za Timbuktu. Na pia fikiri mafunzo yapi mengine ya historia tunaweza kuyadharau kwa bahati mbaya.
Gus Casely-Hayford - Cultural historian
Gus Casely-Hayford writes, lectures, curates and broadcasts about African culture. Full bio
Gus Casely-Hayford writes, lectures, curates and broadcasts about African culture. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Now, Hegel -- he very famously said
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Sasa, Hegel -- alikuwa na usemi maarufu
00:16
that Africa was a place without history,
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kuwa Afrika ilikuwa ni sehemu
bila historia,
bila historia,
00:18
without past, without narrative.
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bila nyakati za kale, bila hadithi.
00:20
Yet, I'd argue that no other continent
has nurtured, has fought for,
has nurtured, has fought for,
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Bado, nitasema kwamba hakuna bara
ambalo limekuza, limepigania,
ambalo limekuza, limepigania,
00:26
has celebrated its history
more concertedly.
more concertedly.
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limesherehekea historia yake kwa vifijo.
00:30
The struggle to keep
African narrative alive
African narrative alive
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Harakati za kuhakikisha
simulizi za Afrika zinabaki hai
simulizi za Afrika zinabaki hai
00:33
has been one of the most consistent
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zimekuwa ni mojawapo ya harakati endelevu
00:35
and hard-fought endeavors
of African peoples,
of African peoples,
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na zilizopiganiwa kwa juhudi
za watu wa Afrika,
za watu wa Afrika,
00:38
and it continues to be so.
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na inaendelea kuwa hivyo.
00:40
The struggles endured and the sacrifices
made to hold onto narrative
made to hold onto narrative
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Harakati zilizofanyika na kujitoa mhanga
kutunza hadithi hizi
kutunza hadithi hizi
00:45
in the face of enslavement, colonialism,
racism, wars and so much else
racism, wars and so much else
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kwa mtazamo wa ukoloni wa kitumwa
, ubaguzi wa rangi, vita na vingine vingi
, ubaguzi wa rangi, vita na vingine vingi
00:51
has been the underpinning narrative
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vimekuwa uthibitisho wa hadithi hizi
00:53
of our history.
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katika historia yetu.
00:55
And our narrative has not just
survived the assaults
survived the assaults
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Na simulizi zetu bado hazijaweza
kushinda mateso
kushinda mateso
00:58
that history has thrown at it.
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ambayo historia imesababisha.
01:00
We've left a body of material culture,
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Tumeacha mwili wa nyenzo ya utamaduni,
01:04
artistic magistery
and intellectual output.
and intellectual output.
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mamlaka ya sanaa, na matokeo ya weledi.
01:08
We've mapped and we've charted
and we've captured our histories
and we've captured our histories
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Tumeweka ramani na chati
na tumeweza kuinasa historia yetu
na tumeweza kuinasa historia yetu
01:12
in ways that are the measure
of anywhere else on earth.
of anywhere else on earth.
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katika namna ambazo ni kipimo
cha popote pengine duniani.
cha popote pengine duniani.
01:17
Long before the meaningful
arrival of Europeans --
arrival of Europeans --
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Zamani sana kabla ya
kuwasili kwa watu wa Ulaya --
kuwasili kwa watu wa Ulaya --
01:21
indeed, whilst Europe was still
mired in its Dark Age --
mired in its Dark Age --
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hakika, wakati Ulaya ilikuwa bado
katika dimbwi wakati wa Zama za Giza --
katika dimbwi wakati wa Zama za Giza --
01:25
Africans were pioneering techniques
in recording, in nurturing history,
in recording, in nurturing history,
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Waafrika walikuwa wakivumbua
njia za kurekodi, na kukuza historia,
njia za kurekodi, na kukuza historia,
01:31
forging revolutionary methods
for keeping their story alive.
for keeping their story alive.
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kuunda njia za mapinduzi kwa ajili ya
kutunza hidithi zao iendelee kuwa hai.
kutunza hidithi zao iendelee kuwa hai.
01:36
And living history, dynamic heritage --
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Na historia inayoishi, urithi unaokua --
01:39
it remains important to us.
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inabaki kuwa muhimu kwetu.
01:42
We see that manifest in so many ways.
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Tunaona hili likijidhihirisha
katika njia nyingi.
katika njia nyingi.
01:46
I'm reminded of how, just last year --
you might remember it --
you might remember it --
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Inanikumbusha jinsi, mwaka jana tu --
mnaweza kukumbuka --
mnaweza kukumbuka --
01:51
the first members
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wanachama wa kwanza
01:52
of the al Qaeda-affiliated Ansar Dine
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wa kundi linalohusiana na al Qaeda l
a Ansar Dine
a Ansar Dine
01:55
were indicted for war crimes
and sent to the Hague.
and sent to the Hague.
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walishtakiwa kwa makosa ya kivita
na kupelekwa the Hague
na kupelekwa the Hague
01:58
And one of the most notorious
was Ahmad al-Faqi,
was Ahmad al-Faqi,
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Na mmojwapo mwenye sifa mbaya
alikuwa Ahmad al-Faqi,
alikuwa Ahmad al-Faqi,
02:02
who was a young Malian,
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aliyekuwa ni kijana
raia wa Mali
raia wa Mali
02:04
and he was charged, not with genocide,
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na alishtakiwa kwa mauaji ya kimbari
02:06
not with ethnic cleansing,
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na sio utakaso wa kikabila,
02:08
but with being one
of the instigators of a campaign
of the instigators of a campaign
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lakini pamoja na kuwa mchochezi wa kampeni
02:12
to destroy some of Mali's most
important cultural heritage.
important cultural heritage.
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ya kuharibu moja ya urithi muhimu
wa utamaduni nchini Mali.
wa utamaduni nchini Mali.
02:16
This wasn't vandalism;
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Huu haukuwa uharibifu;
02:18
these weren't thoughtless acts.
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hayakuwa matendo yasiyo ya kufikiri.
02:21
One of the things that al-Faqi said
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Moja ya vitu ambavyo al-Faqi alisema
02:23
when he was asked
to identify himself in court
to identify himself in court
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alipoulizwa kujitambulisha mahakamani
02:26
was that he was a graduate,
that he was a teacher.
that he was a teacher.
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alisema kwamba yeye ni mhitimu wa chuo,
alikuwa ni mwalimu.
alikuwa ni mwalimu.
02:29
Over the course of 2012,
they engaged in a systematic campaign
they engaged in a systematic campaign
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Katika kipindi cha mwaka 2012,
walishiriki katika kampeni ya
walishiriki katika kampeni ya
02:35
to destroy Mali's cultural heritage.
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kuharibu urithi wa utamaduni wa Mali.
02:39
This was a deeply considered waging of war
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Hii ilichukuliwa kama kuanzisha vita
02:43
in the most powerful way
that could be envisaged:
that could be envisaged:
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katika njia yenye nguvu sana
ingeweza kutanabahika:
ingeweza kutanabahika:
02:46
in destroying narrative,
in destroying stories.
in destroying stories.
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katika kuharibu simulizi,
katika kuharibu hadithi.
katika kuharibu hadithi.
02:50
The attempted destruction of nine shrines,
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Walijaribu kuharibu hekalu tisa,
02:53
the central mosque
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za msikiti wa kati
02:55
and perhaps as many as 4,000 manuscripts
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na labda maandiko mengi zaidi ya 4000
02:58
was a considered act.
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ilipangwa kufanyika hivyo.
03:01
They understood the power of narrative
to hold communities together,
to hold communities together,
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Walielewa nguvu ya simulizi
katika kufanya jamii kuishi pamoja,
katika kufanya jamii kuishi pamoja,
03:07
and they conversely understood
that in destroying stories,
that in destroying stories,
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na walielewa fika kwamba
kwa kuharibu hadithi,
kwa kuharibu hadithi,
03:11
they hoped they would destroy a people.
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walikuwa na matumaini wataharibu na watu.
03:14
But just as Ansar Dine
and their insurgency
and their insurgency
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Lakini kama ilivyo kwa Ansar Dine
na uasi wao
na uasi wao
03:17
were driven by powerful narratives,
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waliendeshwa na simulizi zenye nguvu,
03:21
so was the local population's defense
of Timbuktu and its libraries.
of Timbuktu and its libraries.
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kama ilivyo kwa wakazi wa Timbuktu
walivyolinda maktaba zao.
walivyolinda maktaba zao.
03:25
These were communities who've grown up
with stories of the Mali Empire;
with stories of the Mali Empire;
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Hizi ni jamii ambazo zimekulia
katika hadithi za dola ya Mali;
katika hadithi za dola ya Mali;
03:29
lived in the shadow
of Timbuktu's great libraries.
of Timbuktu's great libraries.
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waliishi katika kivuli cha
maktaba kuu za Timbuktu.
maktaba kuu za Timbuktu.
03:32
They'd listened to songs
of its origin from their childhood,
of its origin from their childhood,
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Wamesikiliza nyimbo asilia
kuanzia utotoni,
kuanzia utotoni,
03:36
and they weren't about to give up on that
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na hawakuwa tayari kukata tamaa
katika hilo
katika hilo
03:39
without a fight.
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bila kupambana.
03:41
Over difficult months of 2012,
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Katika miezi migumu ya 2012,
03:44
during the Ansar Dine invasion,
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wakati wa uvamizi wa Ansar Dine,
03:48
Malians, ordinary people,
risked their lives
risked their lives
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Watu wa Mali, wakazi wa kawaida,
walihatarisha maisha yao
walihatarisha maisha yao
03:52
to secrete and smuggle
documents to safety,
documents to safety,
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kwa kuficha nyaraka katika
sehemu iliyo salama,
sehemu iliyo salama,
03:56
doing what they could
to protect historic buildings
to protect historic buildings
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kufanya lile linalowezekana
kulinda majengo ya kihistoria
kulinda majengo ya kihistoria
03:59
and defend their ancient libraries.
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na kulinda maktaba zao za kale.
04:02
And although they weren't
always successful,
always successful,
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Na ingawa si muda wote walifanikiwa,
04:04
many of the most important manuscripts
were thankfully saved,
were thankfully saved,
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maandiko mengi muhimu
yaliwezwa kutunzwa salama,
yaliwezwa kutunzwa salama,
04:08
and today each one of the shrines
that was damaged during that uprising
that was damaged during that uprising
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na leo kila moja ya hekalu ambalo
liliharibiwa nyakati za machafuko
liliharibiwa nyakati za machafuko
04:13
have been rebuilt,
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limekarabatiwa tena,
04:15
including the 14th-century mosque
that is the symbolic heart of the city.
that is the symbolic heart of the city.
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ukijumuisha na msikiti wa karne ya 14
ambao ndiyo alama ya kitovu cha jiji.
ambao ndiyo alama ya kitovu cha jiji.
04:20
It's been fully restored.
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Umekarabatiwa kikamilifu.
04:22
But even in the bleakest periods
of the occupation,
of the occupation,
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Lakini hata katika nyakati za
machafuko ya utekaji,
machafuko ya utekaji,
04:26
enough of the population of Timbuktu
simply would not bow
simply would not bow
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idadi kubwa ya watu wa Timbuktu
hawakusalimu amri
hawakusalimu amri
04:32
to men like al-Faqi.
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kwa watu kama al-Faqi.
04:34
They wouldn't allow their history
to be wiped away,
to be wiped away,
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Hawakuweza kuruhusu historia yao ifutike,
04:37
and anyone who has visited
that part of the world,
that part of the world,
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na yoyote ambaye amewahi kuzuru
sehemu hiyo ya dunia,
sehemu hiyo ya dunia,
04:40
they will understand why,
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ataweza kuelewa ni kwanini,
04:42
why stories, why narrative, why histories
are of such importance.
are of such importance.
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kwanini hadithi, kwanini simulizi
zina umuhimu huo mkubwa.
zina umuhimu huo mkubwa.
04:47
History matters.
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Historia ina umuhimu.
04:49
History really matters.
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Historia ina muhimu sana.
04:53
And for peoples of African descent,
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Na kwa walio na nasaba ya Afrika,
04:55
who have seen their narrative
systematically assaulted over centuries,
systematically assaulted over centuries,
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ambao wameshuhudia simulizi zao
zikinyanyaswa katika karne,
zikinyanyaswa katika karne,
05:01
this is critically important.
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Hii ni muhimu sana.
05:04
This is part of a recurrent echo
across our history
across our history
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Hii ni sehemu inayojirudia
katika katika historia yetu
katika katika historia yetu
05:08
of ordinary people making a stand
for their story, for their history.
for their story, for their history.
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ya watu wa kawaida kusimama
kwa ajili ya hadithi zao, historia yao.
kwa ajili ya hadithi zao, historia yao.
05:14
Just as in the 19th century,
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Ilipofika karne ya 19,
05:16
enslaved peoples of African
descent in the Caribbean
descent in the Caribbean
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Waafrika waliofanywa watumwa
katika visiwa vya Caribbean
katika visiwa vya Caribbean
05:20
fought under threat of punishment,
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walipambana chini ya tishio la adhabu,
05:22
fought to practice their religions,
to celebrate Carnival,
to celebrate Carnival,
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walipambana kuamini katika dini zao,
kusherehekea,
kusherehekea,
05:26
to keep their history alive.
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kuweka historia yao hai.
05:29
Ordinary people were prepared
to make great sacrifices,
to make great sacrifices,
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Watu wa kawaida walijiandaa
kujitoa mhanga kwa kiasi kikubwa,
kujitoa mhanga kwa kiasi kikubwa,
05:33
some even the ultimate sacrifice,
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wengine hata kufanya sadaka za juu kabisa,
05:36
for their history.
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kwa ajili ya historia yao.
05:38
And it was through control of narrative
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Na ilikuwa kupitia udhibiti wa simulizi
05:41
that some of the most devastating
colonial campaigns were crystallized.
colonial campaigns were crystallized.
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ambapo baadhi ya kampeni za kutisha
za ukoloni zilitatuliwa.
za ukoloni zilitatuliwa.
05:45
It was through the dominance
of one narrative over another
of one narrative over another
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Ilikuwa kupitia utawala wa simulizi
moja dhidi ya nyingine
moja dhidi ya nyingine
05:49
that the worst manifestations
of colonialism became palpable.
of colonialism became palpable.
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kwamba uovu uliotokana
na ukoloni ukawa dhahiri.
na ukoloni ukawa dhahiri.
05:54
When, in 1874, the British
attacked the Ashanti,
attacked the Ashanti,
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Ambapo, mwaka 1874, Waingereza
waliwashambulia watu wa dola ya Ashanti,
waliwashambulia watu wa dola ya Ashanti,
05:58
they overran Kumasi
and captured the Asantehene.
and captured the Asantehene.
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Walitawala Kumasi
na kukamata watu wa Asantehene.
na kukamata watu wa Asantehene.
06:02
They knew that controlling territory
and subjugating the head of state --
and subjugating the head of state --
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Walijua kwamba kudhibiti mipaka
na kumsumbua kiongozi wao --
na kumsumbua kiongozi wao --
06:07
it wasn't enough.
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haikuwa inatosha.
06:08
They recognized that
the emotional authority of state
the emotional authority of state
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Walitambua kwamba
hisia za mamlaka ya taifa
hisia za mamlaka ya taifa
06:12
lay in its narrative
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zipo katika simulizi zake
06:15
and the symbols that represented it,
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na alama ambazo inawakilisha,
06:17
like the Golden Stool.
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kama Kigoda cha Dhahabu.
06:19
They understood that control of story
was absolutely critical
was absolutely critical
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Walielewa kwamba udhibiti wa hadithi
ulikuwa muhimu sana
ulikuwa muhimu sana
06:25
to truly controlling a people.
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katika kuwadhibiti watu.
06:27
And the Ashanti understood, too,
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Na watu wa Ashanti walielewa, pia,
06:29
and they never were to relinquish
the precious Golden Stool,
the precious Golden Stool,
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na hawakuwa tayari hata kidogo kuachia
Kigoda cha Dhahabu cha thamani,
Kigoda cha Dhahabu cha thamani,
06:34
never to completely
capitulate to the British.
capitulate to the British.
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kusalimu amri kwa Waingereza.
06:39
Narrative matters.
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Hadithi ni muhimu.
06:41
In 1871, Karl Mauch, a German geologist
working in Southern Africa,
working in Southern Africa,
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Mwaka 1871, Karl Mauch, mwanajeolojia
aliyefanya kazi zake Afrika Kusini,
aliyefanya kazi zake Afrika Kusini,
06:47
he stumbled across
an extraordinary complex,
an extraordinary complex,
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alikutana na jengo lisilo la kawaida
06:51
a complex of abandoned stone buildings.
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jengo la mawe lililokuwa limetelekezwa.
06:54
And he never quite recovered
from what he saw:
from what he saw:
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Na hakuweza kuunda upya ambacho aliona:
06:57
a granite, drystone city,
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mwamba, jiji la jiwekavu,
07:00
stranded on an outcrop
above an empty savannah:
above an empty savannah:
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likiwa limekwama na kuchomoza
juu ya uwanda usio na kitu:
juu ya uwanda usio na kitu:
07:04
Great Zimbabwe.
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Zimbabwe Kuu.
07:07
And Mauch had no idea who was responsible
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Na Mauch hakutambua nani aliyehusika
07:10
for what was obviously
an astonishing feat of architecture,
an astonishing feat of architecture,
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na usanifu wa jengo ulio dhahiri
kuwa maridadi,
kuwa maridadi,
07:15
but he felt sure of one single thing:
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lakini alikuwa na uhakika wa jambo moja:
07:19
this narrative needed to be claimed.
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hizi hadithi zilitakiwa kuelezwa.
07:23
He later wrote that the wrought
architecture of Great Zimbabwe
architecture of Great Zimbabwe
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Baadaye aliandika kuhusu usanifu wa
mabaki ya Zimbabwe Kuu
mabaki ya Zimbabwe Kuu
07:26
was simply too sophisticated,
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liliokuwa na ustadi wa hali ya juu,
07:29
too special to have
been built by Africans.
been built by Africans.
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mahususi mno kuweza kujengwa na Waafrika.
07:33
Mauch, like dozens of Europeans
that followed in his footsteps,
that followed in his footsteps,
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Mauch, kama ilivyo kwa Wazungu wengi
ambao walifata nyayo zake,
ambao walifata nyayo zake,
07:37
speculated on who
might have built the city.
might have built the city.
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walikisia ni nani ambaye
alikuwa amejenga jiji lile.
alikuwa amejenga jiji lile.
07:40
And one went as far as to posit,
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Na mmoja alienda mbali hadi kufikia kudai,
07:43
"I do not think that I am far wrong
if I suppose that that ruin on the hill
if I suppose that that ruin on the hill
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"Sidhani kama nitakuwa nakosea sana
kama nikiwaza kwamba mabaki ya kilima kile
kama nikiwaza kwamba mabaki ya kilima kile
07:49
is a copy of King Solomon's Temple."
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yameiga hekalu ya Mfalme Suleimani."
07:52
And as I'm sure you know, Mauch,
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Na nina uhakika mnafahamu, Mauch,
07:53
he hadn't stumbled upon
King Solomon's Temple,
King Solomon's Temple,
133
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hajawahi kwea hekalu ya Mfalme Suleimani,
07:56
but upon a purely African
complex of buildings
complex of buildings
134
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lakini ameona jengo mahususi
na maridadi la Kiafrika
na maridadi la Kiafrika
08:00
constructed by a purely
African civilization
African civilization
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liliojengwa na uungwana wa Kiafrika
08:04
from the 11th century onward.
136
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1956
kuanzia karne ya 11 na kuendelea.
08:06
But like Leo Frobenius,
a fellow German anthropologist
a fellow German anthropologist
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Lakini kama ilivyo kwa Leo Frobenius,
mwanaanthrolojia kutoka Ujerumani
mwanaanthrolojia kutoka Ujerumani
08:10
who speculated some years later,
138
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ambaye aliyekisia miaka kadhaa baadaye,
08:12
upon seeing the Nigerian Ife Heads
for the very first time,
for the very first time,
139
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baada ya kuona Vichwa vya kabila la Ife
Nigeria kwa mara ya kwanza,
Nigeria kwa mara ya kwanza,
08:16
that they must have been artifacts
from the long-lost kingdom of Atlantis.
from the long-lost kingdom of Atlantis.
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alisema vinyago hivi lazima vitakuwa vya
falme za kale za Atlantis.
falme za kale za Atlantis.
08:22
He felt, just like Hegel,
141
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Alihisi, kama vile ilivyokuwa kwa Hegel,
08:24
an almost instinctive need
to rob Africa of its history.
to rob Africa of its history.
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mazoea ya kuhitaji wa kupotosha
historia ya Afrika.
historia ya Afrika.
08:31
These ideas are so irrational,
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2406
Haya mawazo ni ya upuuzi,
08:33
so deeply held,
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1813
yaliyoshikiliwa,
08:35
that even when faced
with the physical archaeology,
with the physical archaeology,
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kana kwamba yanapokutana na akiolojia,
08:38
they couldn't think rationally.
146
506706
2009
hayawezi kuwa na maana.
08:40
They could no longer see.
147
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1998
Hawakuweza kuona.
08:42
And like so much of Africa's relationship
with Enlightenment Europe,
with Enlightenment Europe,
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Na kama ilivyo kwa mahusiano ya Kiafrika
katika Ulaya iliyopevuka,
katika Ulaya iliyopevuka,
08:46
it involved appropriation, denigration
and control of the continent.
and control of the continent.
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ilijumuisha ugawaji, bughudha
na udhibitu wa bara.
na udhibitu wa bara.
08:52
It involved an attempt
to bend narrative to Europe's ends.
to bend narrative to Europe's ends.
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Ilijumuisha jaribio la kupindisha simulizi
kukidhi makusudi ya Ulaya.
kukidhi makusudi ya Ulaya.
08:57
And if Mauch had really wanted
to find an answer to his question,
to find an answer to his question,
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Na kama Mauch alivyotaka
kutafuta jibu la swali lake,
kutafuta jibu la swali lake,
09:02
"Where did Great Zimbabwe
or that great stone building come from?"
or that great stone building come from?"
152
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"Wapi ambapo Zimbabwe Kuu
au lile jengo kubwa la jiwe lilitokea?"
au lile jengo kubwa la jiwe lilitokea?"
09:06
he would have needed to begin his quest
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hakuwa na budi kuanza kutafuta jibu lake
09:09
a thousand miles away from Great Zimbabwe,
154
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maili elfu moja kutokea Zimbabwe Kuu,
09:11
at the eastern edge of the continent,
where Africa meets the Indian Ocean.
where Africa meets the Indian Ocean.
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3819
mwishoni mashariki ya bara, ambapo Afrika
inakutana na Bahari ya Hindi.
inakutana na Bahari ya Hindi.
09:15
He would have needed to trace
the gold and the goods
the gold and the goods
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Alitakiwa kufatilia dhahabu na bidhaa
09:18
from some of the great trading emporia
of the Swahili coast to Great Zimbabwe,
of the Swahili coast to Great Zimbabwe,
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kutoka baadhi ya dola maarufu za biashara
za pwani ya Waswahili hadi Zimbabwe kuu,
za pwani ya Waswahili hadi Zimbabwe kuu,
09:23
to gain a sense of the scale and influence
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kupata uhalisia wa kiwango na ushawishi
09:27
of that mysterious culture,
159
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wa huo utamaduni wa kistaajabisha,
09:29
to get a picture of Great Zimbabwe
as a political, cultural entity
as a political, cultural entity
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kupata picha ya Zimbwabwe Kuu
kama utambulisho wa kisiasa na kitamaduni
kama utambulisho wa kisiasa na kitamaduni
09:34
through the kingdoms and the civilizations
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kupitia falme na ustaarabu
09:37
that were drawn under its control.
162
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ambao ulitokana na mamlaka yake.
09:40
For centuries, traders have been drawn
to that bit of the coast
to that bit of the coast
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Kwa karne, wafanyabiashara wamekuwa
wakivutiwa kuja pwani
wakivutiwa kuja pwani
09:46
from as far away as India
and China and the Middle East.
and China and the Middle East.
164
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kutokea mbali sehemu kama India
na China na Mashariki ya Kati.
na China na Mashariki ya Kati.
09:51
And it might be tempting to interpret,
165
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Na inatamanisha kutafsiri ya kwamba,
09:53
because it's exquisitely
beautiful, that building,
beautiful, that building,
166
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kwa sababu ya umaridadi wake, lile jengo,
09:57
it might be tempting to interpret it
167
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inatamanisha kulitafsiri
10:00
as just an exquisite, symbolic jewel,
168
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3528
kama kito maridadi, kinachoashiri,
10:03
a vast ceremonial sculpture in stone.
169
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kinyago kikubwa cha sherehe katika jiwe.
10:07
But the site must have been a complex
170
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Lakini eneo hilo lilikuwa tata
10:10
at the center of a significant
nexus of economies
nexus of economies
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4555
katikati ya kiungo muhimu cha uchumi
10:14
that defined this region for a millennium.
172
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ambapo imeelezea eneo hili kwa milenia
10:18
This matters.
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Hii inajalisha.
10:20
These narratives matter.
174
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2039
Hizi simulizi ni muhimu.
10:22
Even today, the fight to tell our story
is not just against time.
is not just against time.
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Hata leo, mapigano ya kueleza hadithi zetu
hayapingani na muda.
hayapingani na muda.
10:27
It's not just against
organizations like Ansar Dine.
organizations like Ansar Dine.
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Hayapingani na taasisi kama Ansar Dine.
10:31
It's also in establishing
a truly African voice
a truly African voice
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Ni katika kuanzisha
sauti ya kweli ya Waafrika
sauti ya kweli ya Waafrika
10:35
after centuries of imposed histories.
178
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baada ya karne ya historia za kuwekwa.
10:38
We don't just have
to recolonize our history,
to recolonize our history,
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Hatuna haja ya kuitawala
kikoloni historia yetu,
kikoloni historia yetu,
10:42
but we have to find ways to build back
the intellectual underpinning
the intellectual underpinning
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bali kutafuta njia za kujenga upya
ugunduzi wa utaalamu
ugunduzi wa utaalamu
10:47
that Hegel denied was there at all.
181
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2185
ambao Hegel alikataa uwepo wake.
10:49
We have to rediscover African philosophy,
182
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2720
Tunatakiwa kuitambua upya
filosophia ya Kiafrika,
filosophia ya Kiafrika,
10:52
African perspectives, African history.
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Mtazamo wa Kiafrika, historia ya Kiafrika.
10:57
The flowering of Great Zimbabwe --
it wasn't a freak moment.
it wasn't a freak moment.
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3510
Kuchanua kwa Zimbabwe Kuu --
haukuwa muujiza.
haukuwa muujiza.
11:01
It was part of a burgeoning change
across the whole of the continent.
across the whole of the continent.
185
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3973
Ilikuwa ni ya sehemu ya mabadiliko
yanayokua barani kote.
yanayokua barani kote.
11:05
Perhaps the great exemplification of that
was Sundiata Keita,
was Sundiata Keita,
186
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4326
Pengine kielelezo kikubwa cha hili
ilikwa ni Sundiata Keita,
ilikwa ni Sundiata Keita,
11:09
the founder of the Mali Empire,
187
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2193
muanzilishi wa dola ya Mali,
11:11
probably the greatest empire
that West Africa has ever seen.
that West Africa has ever seen.
188
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3940
pengine ni dola yenye nguvu kuliko zote
ambayo Afrika Magharibi imeshuhudia.
ambayo Afrika Magharibi imeshuhudia.
11:15
Sundiata Keita was born about 1235,
189
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3098
Sundiata Keita alizaliwa mwaka 1235 ,
11:18
growing up in a time of profound flux.
190
666835
3457
alikulia katika nyakati kuu.
11:22
He was seeing the transition
between the Berber dynasties to the north,
between the Berber dynasties to the north,
191
670928
3848
Alishuhudia mpito kati ya utawala
wa kiukoo wa Berber hadi kaskazini,
wa kiukoo wa Berber hadi kaskazini,
11:26
he may have heard about the rise
of the Ife to the south
of the Ife to the south
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674800
3270
atakuwa aliwahi sikia kuhusu kukua
kwa dola ya Ife upande wa kusini
kwa dola ya Ife upande wa kusini
11:30
and perhaps even the dominance
of the Solomaic Dynasty
of the Solomaic Dynasty
193
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5117
na pengine hata utawala wa
dola ya kikukoo ya Solomaic
dola ya kikukoo ya Solomaic
11:35
in Ethiopia to the east.
194
683235
1703
huko Ethiopia upande wa mashariki.
11:37
And he must have been aware
that he was living through a moment
that he was living through a moment
195
685516
3636
Na lazima alikuwa akitambua
kwamba alikuwa akiishi katika nyakati
kwamba alikuwa akiishi katika nyakati
11:41
of quickening change,
196
689176
1695
za mabadiliko yanayokwenda haraka,
11:42
of growing confidence in our continent.
197
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2760
za kukua kwa ujasiri katika bara letu.
11:46
He must have been aware of new states
198
694370
3165
Lazima alitambua kuhusu mataifa mapya
11:49
that were building their influence
199
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2464
ambao walikuwa wakijenga ushawishi wao
11:52
from as far afield as Great Zimbabwe
and the Swahili sultanates,
and the Swahili sultanates,
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kutokea mbali kama Zimbabwe Kuu
na Masultani wa Kiswahili,
na Masultani wa Kiswahili,
11:57
each engaged directly or indirectly
beyond the continent itself,
beyond the continent itself,
201
705339
6247
kila mmoja alichangia barani moja kwa moja
au pasipo moja kwa moja,
au pasipo moja kwa moja,
12:03
each driven also to invest in securing
their intellectual and cultural legacy.
their intellectual and cultural legacy.
202
711610
5430
kila mmoja aliwekeza katika kulinda
maarifa yao na urithi wa utamaduni.
maarifa yao na urithi wa utamaduni.
12:09
He probably would have engaged
in trade with these peer nations
in trade with these peer nations
203
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3428
Pengine alikuwa akifanya biashara
na haya mataifa ya wenzake
na haya mataifa ya wenzake
12:13
as part of a massive continental nexus
204
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3503
katika muda wa muunganiko wa bara
12:16
of great medieval African economies.
205
724773
2234
nyakati za uchumi mkubwa wa Afrika.
12:19
And like all of those great empires,
206
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3599
Na kama ilivyo kwa hizi dola zote kubwa,
12:23
Sundiata Keita invested in securing
his legacy through history
his legacy through history
207
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5601
Sundiata Keita aliwekeza katika kulinda
urithi wake kupitia historia
urithi wake kupitia historia
12:28
by using story --
208
736856
1602
katika kutumia hadithi --
12:31
not just formalizing
the idea of storytelling,
the idea of storytelling,
209
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5693
si katika kuweka rasmi
wazo ya kuhadithia,
wazo ya kuhadithia,
12:37
but in building a whole convention
210
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2677
lakini katika kujenga kanuni nzima
12:40
of telling and retelling his story
211
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3361
kuhadithia na kuhadithia tena hadithi zake
12:43
as a key to founding a narrative
212
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2417
kama ufunguo wa kutambua hadithi
12:45
for his empire.
213
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1595
za dola yake.
12:47
And these stories, in musical form,
214
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3345
Na hizi hadithi, katika mfumo wa muziki,
12:50
are still sung today.
215
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3355
mpaka leo zinaimbwa.
12:55
Now, several decades
after the death of Sundiata,
after the death of Sundiata,
216
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3304
Sasa, miongo kadhaa
baada ya kifo cha Sundiata,
baada ya kifo cha Sundiata,
12:58
a new king ascended the throne,
217
766699
2399
mfalme mpya alichukua dola,
13:01
Mansa Musa, its most famous emperor.
218
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4163
Mansa Musa, mfalme maarufu wa dola hiyo.
13:05
Now, Mansa Musa is famed
for his vast gold reserves
for his vast gold reserves
219
773309
3157
Sasa, Mansa Musa ni maarufu
kwa dhahabu nyingi aliyojilimbikizia
kwa dhahabu nyingi aliyojilimbikizia
13:08
and for sending envoys to the courts
of Europe and the Middle East.
of Europe and the Middle East.
220
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4017
na kwa kutuma wajumbe kwenye mahakama
za Ulaya na Mashariki ya Kati.
za Ulaya na Mashariki ya Kati.
13:13
He was every bit as ambitious
as his predecessors,
as his predecessors,
221
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4023
Alikuwa ni mtu mwenye malengo na imara
kama waliomtangulia,
kama waliomtangulia,
13:17
but saw a different kind of route
of securing his place in history.
of securing his place in history.
222
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4267
lakini aliona njia tofauti ya
kulinda nafasi yake katika historia.
kulinda nafasi yake katika historia.
13:21
In 1324, Mansa Musa
went on pilgrimage to Mecca,
went on pilgrimage to Mecca,
223
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4007
Mwaka 1324, Mansa Musa
alikwenda kwenye hija mjini Mecca,
alikwenda kwenye hija mjini Mecca,
13:25
and he traveled
with a retinue of thousands.
with a retinue of thousands.
224
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3331
na alisafiri na maelfu ya wafuasi.
13:28
It's been said that 100 camels
each carried 100 pounds of gold.
each carried 100 pounds of gold.
225
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6658
Inasemekana kwamba ngamia 100
kila mmoja alibeba ratili 100 za dhababu.
kila mmoja alibeba ratili 100 za dhababu.
13:35
It's been recorded that he built
a fully functioning mosque
a fully functioning mosque
226
803644
3516
Imeandikwa kwamba alijenga
msikiti ulio kamili
msikiti ulio kamili
13:39
every Friday of his trip,
227
807184
2167
kila ijumaa katika safari yake,
13:41
and performed so many acts of kindness,
228
809375
3121
na kufanya matendo mengi ya kikarimu,
13:44
that the great Berber chronicler,
Ibn Battuta, wrote,
Ibn Battuta, wrote,
229
812520
3839
kwamba bohari mkuu wa dola ya Berber,
Ibn Battuta, aliandika,
Ibn Battuta, aliandika,
13:48
"He flooded Cairo with kindness,
230
816383
2959
"Aliifurika Cairo kwa ukarimu,
13:51
spending so much in the markets
of North Africa and the Middle East
of North Africa and the Middle East
231
819366
3537
alitumia sana katika masoko ya
Afrika ya Kaskazini na Mashariki ya Kati
Afrika ya Kaskazini na Mashariki ya Kati
13:54
that it affected the price of gold
into the next decade."
into the next decade."
232
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4188
kiasi kwamba iliathiri bei ya dhahabu
katika muongo uliofatia."
katika muongo uliofatia."
14:00
And on his return,
233
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1547
Na wakati anarudi,
14:01
Mansa Musa memorialized his journey
234
829652
3446
Mansa Musa aliacha historia ya safari yake
14:05
by building a mosque
at the heart of his empire.
at the heart of his empire.
235
833885
5257
kwa kujenga msikiti
kwenye kitivo cha dola yake.
kwenye kitivo cha dola yake.
14:11
And the legacy of what he left behind,
236
839792
2646
Na urithi wa alioacha nyuma,
14:14
Timbuktu,
237
842462
1677
Timbuktu,
14:16
it represents one of the great bodies
of written historical material
of written historical material
238
844163
5260
inawakilisha moja ya mihimili
muhimu ya historia iliyoandikwa
muhimu ya historia iliyoandikwa
14:21
produced by African scholars:
239
849447
2183
iliyoandaliwa na wanazuoni wa Kiafrika:
14:23
about 700,000 medieval documents,
240
851654
3222
zapata nyaraka 700,000 za kale,
14:26
ranging from scholarly works to letters,
241
854900
3199
kuanzia kazi za wanazuoni hadi barua,
14:30
which have been preserved
often by private households.
often by private households.
242
858123
3048
ambazo zimetunzwa mara nyingi
na nyumba za watu binafsi.
na nyumba za watu binafsi.
14:33
And at its peak,
in the 15th and 16th centuries,
in the 15th and 16th centuries,
243
861195
3483
Na katika kilele chake,
mnamo karne ya 15 na ya 16,
mnamo karne ya 15 na ya 16,
14:36
the university there was as influential
244
864702
3988
chuo kule kilikuwa na ushawishi
14:40
as any educational
establishment in Europe,
establishment in Europe,
245
868714
3046
kama taasisi nyingine yoyote barani Ulaya,
14:43
attracting about 25,000 students.
246
871784
2994
kuvutia yapata wanafunzi 25,000.
14:46
This was in a city
of around 100,000 people.
of around 100,000 people.
247
874802
3566
Hii ilitokea katika jiji
la watu wapatao 100,000.
la watu wapatao 100,000.
14:50
It cemented Timbuktu
as a world center of learning.
as a world center of learning.
248
878392
5178
Iliweka msingi wa kuifanya Timbuktu
kuwa kituo cha dunia cha mafunzo.
kuwa kituo cha dunia cha mafunzo.
14:55
But this was a very particular
kind of learning
kind of learning
249
883594
4207
Lakini huu ulikuwa
mfumo mahususi wa kujifunza
mfumo mahususi wa kujifunza
14:59
that was focused and driven by Islam.
250
887825
3228
ambao ulilenga na kuendeshwa kwa Kiislam.
15:03
And since I first visited Timbuktu,
251
891594
2243
Na tangu mara ya kwanza
nitembelee Timbuktu,
nitembelee Timbuktu,
15:05
I've visited many other
libraries across Africa,
libraries across Africa,
252
893861
2861
Nimetembelea maktaba nyingi barani Afrika,
15:08
and despite Hegel's view
that Africa has no history,
that Africa has no history,
253
896746
5295
na licha ya mtazamo wa Hegel
kusema Afrika haina historia,
kusema Afrika haina historia,
15:14
not only is it a continent
with an embarrassment of history,
with an embarrassment of history,
254
902065
4213
sio tu kwamba ni bara
lenye historia ya kuaibisha,
lenye historia ya kuaibisha,
15:18
it has developed unrivaled systems
for collecting and promoting it.
for collecting and promoting it.
255
906302
4830
limeweza kutengeneza mifumo ya kipekee ya
kukusanya na kuistawisha.
kukusanya na kuistawisha.
15:23
There are thousands of small archives,
256
911634
2821
Kuna maelfu ya hifadhi ndogo za nyaraka,
15:26
textile drum stores,
257
914479
1898
ghala za malighafi za vitambaa,
15:28
that have become more than repositories
of manuscripts and material culture.
of manuscripts and material culture.
258
916401
4871
ambazo zimekuwa zikitunza
nyaraka na malighafi za utamaduni.
nyaraka na malighafi za utamaduni.
15:33
They have become fonts
of communal narrative,
of communal narrative,
259
921296
3139
Zimekuwa herufi za
simulizi za jamii,
simulizi za jamii,
15:36
symbols of continuity,
260
924459
2260
alama ya muendelezo,
15:38
and I'm pretty sure that many
of those European philosophers
of those European philosophers
261
926743
3126
na nina uhakika kwamba wengi
wa wanafilosofia wa Ulaya
wa wanafilosofia wa Ulaya
15:41
who questioned an African
intellectual tradition
intellectual tradition
262
929893
3497
ambao walihoji utamaduni wa Kiafrika
15:45
must have, beneath their prejudices,
263
933414
2877
lazima, chini ya ubaguzi wao,
15:48
been aware of the contribution
of Africa's intellectuals
of Africa's intellectuals
264
936315
5191
watakuwa wanatambua mchango
wa maarifa ya Kiafrika
wa maarifa ya Kiafrika
15:53
to Western learning.
265
941530
1333
kwa kujifunza Kimagharibi.
15:54
They must have known
266
942887
1238
Lazima walitambua
15:56
of the great North African
medieval philosophers
medieval philosophers
267
944149
2828
kuhusu wanafilosophia wa kale
wa Afrika ya Kaskazini
wa Afrika ya Kaskazini
15:59
who had driven the Mediterranean.
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ambao waliongoza Mediterranian.
16:01
They must have known about
and been aware of
and been aware of
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Watakuwa wanatambua na kujua kuhusu
16:04
that tradition that is part
of Christianity, of the three wise men.
of Christianity, of the three wise men.
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utamaduni ambao ni sehemu ya Ukristo,
kuhusu mabwana watatu wenye hekima.
kuhusu mabwana watatu wenye hekima.
16:09
And in the medieval period,
Balthazar, that third wise man,
Balthazar, that third wise man,
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na katika zama za kati,
Balthazar, bwana wa tatu,
Balthazar, bwana wa tatu,
16:14
was represented as an African king.
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aliwakilishwa kama mfalme wa Kiafrika.
16:16
And he became hugely popular
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Na alikuja kuwa maarufu sana
16:19
as the third intellectual leg
of Old World learning,
of Old World learning,
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kama mguu wa tatu wa kisomi
wa mafunzo ya Dunia ya Zamani,
wa mafunzo ya Dunia ya Zamani,
16:23
alongside Europe and Asia, as a peer.
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pamoja na Ulaya na Asia, kama wenzake.
16:27
These things were well-known.
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Haya yalikuwa yakifahamika fika.
16:31
These communities
did not grow up in isolation.
did not grow up in isolation.
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Hizi jamii hazikukulia katika kutengwa.
16:35
Timbuktu's wealth and power developed
because the city became
because the city became
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4109
Utajiri na nguvu ya Timbuktu ulikua
kwa sababu jiji lilikuja kuwa
kwa sababu jiji lilikuja kuwa
16:39
a hub of lucrative
intercontinental trade routes.
intercontinental trade routes.
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kitovu cha misafara ya biashara
iliyo na faida kati ya mabara.
iliyo na faida kati ya mabara.
16:43
This was one center
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Hiki kilikuwa kituo kimoja
16:45
in a borderless, transcontinental,
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katika bara lisilo na mipaka,
kwa safari za mabara,
kwa safari za mabara,
16:48
ambitious, outwardly focused,
confident continent.
confident continent.
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lililo na malengo, lenye mtazamo
dhahiri na kujiamini.
dhahiri na kujiamini.
16:52
Berber merchants,
they carried salt and textiles
they carried salt and textiles
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Wafanyabiashara wa dola ya Berber
, walibeba chumvi na vitambaa
, walibeba chumvi na vitambaa
16:56
and new precious goods and learning
down into West Africa
down into West Africa
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na bidhaa mpya zenye thamani
na kuelekea Afrika ya Magharibi
na kuelekea Afrika ya Magharibi
17:00
from across the desert.
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kupitia katika jangwa.
17:03
But as you can see from this map
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Lakini kama unavyoona katika ramani hii
17:06
that was produced a little time
after the life of Mansa Musa,
after the life of Mansa Musa,
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4245
ambayo ilitengenezwa muda mfupi
baada ya maisha ya Mansa Musa,
baada ya maisha ya Mansa Musa,
17:10
there was also a nexus
of sub-Saharan trade routes,
of sub-Saharan trade routes,
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4602
kulikuwa pia na muunganiko wa njia za
biashara kusini mwa jangwa la Sahara,
biashara kusini mwa jangwa la Sahara,
17:15
along which African ideas and traditions
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3260
ambapo mawazo ya Waafrika na tamaduni
17:18
added to the intellectual
worth of Timbuktu
worth of Timbuktu
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3623
ziliongezea katika maarifa ya
thamani ya Timbuktu
thamani ya Timbuktu
17:22
and indeed across the desert to Europe.
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2980
na hakika katika jangwa kuelekea Ulaya.
17:26
Manuscripts and material culture,
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Nyaraka na malighafi za utamaduni,
17:30
they have become fonts
of communal narrative,
of communal narrative,
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4927
zimekuja kuwa maandishi
ya simulizi za jamii,
ya simulizi za jamii,
17:35
symbols of continuity.
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2043
alama ya muendelezo.
17:37
And I'm pretty sure that
those European intellectuals
those European intellectuals
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4711
Na nina uhakika kuwa wale wasomi wa Ulaya
17:41
who cast aspersions on our history,
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3734
ambao wanasengenya historia yetu,
17:45
they knew fundamentally
about our traditions.
about our traditions.
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3915
walijua kiundani kuhusu utamaduni wetu.
17:50
And today, as strident forces
like Ansar Dine and Boko Haram
like Ansar Dine and Boko Haram
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4710
Na leo, majeshi kama
Ansar Dine na Boko Haram
Ansar Dine na Boko Haram
17:54
grow popular in West Africa,
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1913
yanapata nguvu Afrika ya Magharibi,
17:56
it's that spirit of truly indigenous,
dynamic, intellectual defiance
dynamic, intellectual defiance
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ni uzalendo wa kutoka moyoni, ulio na
msukumo, upinzani wa kisomi
msukumo, upinzani wa kisomi
18:02
that holds ancient
traditions in good stead.
traditions in good stead.
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2954
ambao unashikilia
utamaduni wa kale katika hali njema.
utamaduni wa kale katika hali njema.
18:05
When Mansa Musa made Timbuktu his capital,
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3199
Wakati Mansa Musa alipoifanya Timbuktu
kuwa mji wake mkuu,
kuwa mji wake mkuu,
18:08
he looked upon the city
as a Medici looked upon Florence:
as a Medici looked upon Florence:
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3978
aliangalia jiji hili kama familia ya
Medici ilivyo kwa jiji la Florence:
Medici ilivyo kwa jiji la Florence:
18:12
as the center of an open, intellectual,
entrepreneurial empire
entrepreneurial empire
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kama kitovu kilicho wazi, cha kisomi,
kwa dola ya kijasiriamali
kwa dola ya kijasiriamali
18:17
that thrived on great ideas
wherever they came from.
wherever they came from.
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3317
ambayo ilifanikiwa kwa mawazo
makuu popote pale yalipotokea.
makuu popote pale yalipotokea.
18:21
The city, the culture,
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2249
Jiji,utamaduni,
18:23
the very intellectual DNA of this region
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vinasaba vya maarifa ya eneo hili
18:26
remains so beautifully
complex and diverse,
complex and diverse,
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vinabaki kuwa maridadi mno
na vilivyo vya kila aina,
na vilivyo vya kila aina,
18:30
that it will always remain, in part,
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2669
kwamba siku zote itabaki, katika nafasi,
18:32
located in storytelling traditions
that derive from indigenous,
that derive from indigenous,
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iliyopo katika utamaduni wa kusimulia
hadithi uliotoka kwa wenyeji,
hadithi uliotoka kwa wenyeji,
18:37
pre-Islamic traditions.
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1765
tamaduni za kabla ya Uislamu.
18:39
The highly successful form of Islam
that developed in Mali became popular
that developed in Mali became popular
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5607
Mfumo wa Uislamu uliopata mafanikio sana
uliochipuka Mali ulipata maarufu
uliochipuka Mali ulipata maarufu
18:44
because it accepted those freedoms
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2049
kwa sababu ulikubali uhuru
18:46
and that inherent cultural diversity.
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na unadhifu wa mchanganyiko wa tamaduni.
18:49
And the celebration of that complexity,
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2427
Na seherehe za aina ya mfumo huo,
18:51
that love of rigorously
contested discourse,
contested discourse,
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4025
ule upendo halisi wa maongezi ya ushidani,
18:55
that appreciation of narrative,
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1844
heshima ya simulizi,
18:57
was and remains, in spite of everything,
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ulikuwa na unabaki kuwa, japokuwa na yote,
19:00
the very heart of West Africa.
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kuwa ndiyo moyo wa Afrika Magharibi.
19:04
And today, as the shrines and the mosque
vandalized by Ansar Dine
vandalized by Ansar Dine
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4582
Na leo, mahekalu na misikiti
iliyohujumiwa na Ansar Dine
iliyohujumiwa na Ansar Dine
19:08
have been rebuilt,
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1136953
1157
imejengwa upya,
19:10
many of the instigators
of their destruction have been jailed.
of their destruction have been jailed.
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3827
wengi walioshiriki katika uharibifu huu
wamefungwa gerezani.
wamefungwa gerezani.
19:13
And we are left with powerful lessons,
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Na tumebaki na somo kubwa la kujifunza,
19:16
reminded once again
of how our history and narrative
of how our history and narrative
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linalokumbusha tena
jinsi gani historia yetu na simulizi
jinsi gani historia yetu na simulizi
19:21
have held communities
together for millennia,
together for millennia,
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3907
imeunganisha jamii pamoja kwa milenia,
19:25
how they remain vital
in making sense of modern Africa.
in making sense of modern Africa.
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jinsi gani inabaki kuwa muhimu
katika kuleta maana ya Afrika ya kisasa.
katika kuleta maana ya Afrika ya kisasa.
19:29
And we're also reminded
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1157906
1510
Na tunakumbushwa
19:31
of how the roots of this confident,
intellectual, entrepreneurial,
intellectual, entrepreneurial,
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1159440
5024
ni jinsi gani mizizi ya ujasiri huu,
wa kisomi, wa kijasiriamali
wa kisomi, wa kijasiriamali
19:36
outward-facing, culturally porous,
tariff-free Africa
tariff-free Africa
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1164488
4784
inayotazama nje, iliyo na tamaduni pole,
Afrika isiyotoza chochote
Afrika isiyotoza chochote
19:41
was once the envy of the world.
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hapo zamani ilionewa wivu na dunia.
19:44
But those roots, they remain.
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Lakini mizizi hiyo, bado ipo.
19:46
Thank you very much.
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Asante sana.
19:48
(Applause)
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(Makofi)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Gus Casely-Hayford - Cultural historianGus Casely-Hayford writes, lectures, curates and broadcasts about African culture.
Why you should listen
Dr. Gus Casely-Hayford is a curator and cultural historian who focuses on African culture. He has presented two series of The Lost Kingdoms of Africa for the BBC and has lectured widely on African art and culture, advising national and international bodies (including the United Nations and the Canadian, Dutch and Norwegian Arts Councils) on heritage and culture.
In 2005, Casely-Hayford deployed his leadership, curatorial, fundraising and communications skills to organize the biggest celebration of Africa that Britain has ever hosted; more than 150 organizations put on more than 1,000 exhibitions and events to showcase African culture. Now, he is developing a National Portrait Gallery exhibition that will tell the story of abolition of slavery through 18th- and 19th-century portraits -- an opportunity to bring many of the most important paintings of black figures together in Britain for the first time.
Gus Casely-Hayford | Speaker | TED.com