TEDGlobal 2017
Gus Casely-Hayford: The powerful stories that shaped Africa
Gas Kejsli-Hejfort (Gus Casely-Hayford): Moćne priče koje su oblikovale Afriku
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U velikom zamahu istorije čak i carstvo može biti zaboravljeno. U ovom opsežnom govoru, Gas Kejsli-Hejfort deli priče o poreklu Afrike koje su često nezabeležene, izgubljene i nedeljene. Otputujte u Veliki Zimbabve, drevni grad čije misteriozno poreklo i napredna arhitektura nastavljaju da zbunjuju arheologe. Ili u doba Manse Muse, vladara Malijskog carstva čije je ogromno bogatstvo izgradilo legendarne biblioteke Timbuktua. I razmislite o tome koje druge lekcije iz istorije nenamerno previđamo.
Gus Casely-Hayford - Cultural historian
Gus Casely-Hayford writes, lectures, curates and broadcasts about African culture. Full bio
Gus Casely-Hayford writes, lectures, curates and broadcasts about African culture. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Now, Hegel -- he very famously said
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Hegel je imao čuvenu izjavu
00:16
that Africa was a place without history,
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da je Afrika mesto bez istorije,
00:18
without past, without narrative.
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bez prošlosti, bez narativa.
00:20
Yet, I'd argue that no other continent
has nurtured, has fought for,
has nurtured, has fought for,
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Ipak, ja tvrdim da nijedan drugi kontinent
nije tako udruženo negovao svoju istoriju,
borio se za nju i slavio je.
borio se za nju i slavio je.
00:26
has celebrated its history
more concertedly.
more concertedly.
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00:30
The struggle to keep
African narrative alive
African narrative alive
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Borba da se afrički narativ očuva u životu
00:33
has been one of the most consistent
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oduvek je bio jedan od najdoslednijih
00:35
and hard-fought endeavors
of African peoples,
of African peoples,
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i najnapornijih poduhvata afričkog naroda,
00:38
and it continues to be so.
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a i dalje je tako.
00:40
The struggles endured and the sacrifices
made to hold onto narrative
made to hold onto narrative
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Borba je istrajala i žrtve koje su podnete
da bi se zadržao narativ
da bi se zadržao narativ
00:45
in the face of enslavement, colonialism,
racism, wars and so much else
racism, wars and so much else
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uprkos ropstvu, kolonijalizmu,
rasizmu, ratovima i još mnogo čemu
rasizmu, ratovima i još mnogo čemu
00:51
has been the underpinning narrative
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bile su u osnovi narativa
00:53
of our history.
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naše istorije.
00:55
And our narrative has not just
survived the assaults
survived the assaults
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Naš narativ je preživeo ne samo napade
00:58
that history has thrown at it.
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kojima ga je istorija obasipala.
01:00
We've left a body of material culture,
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Ostavili smo veliku količinu
materijalnih proizvoda kulture,
materijalnih proizvoda kulture,
01:04
artistic magistery
and intellectual output.
and intellectual output.
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umetničku umešnost
i rezultate intelektualnog rada.
i rezultate intelektualnog rada.
01:08
We've mapped and we've charted
and we've captured our histories
and we've captured our histories
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Iscrtavali smo mape i tabele
i beležili našu istoriju
i beležili našu istoriju
01:12
in ways that are the measure
of anywhere else on earth.
of anywhere else on earth.
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na načine koji su merilo
na svim drugim mestima na planeti.
na svim drugim mestima na planeti.
01:17
Long before the meaningful
arrival of Europeans --
arrival of Europeans --
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Davno pre značajnih dolazaka Evropljana,
01:21
indeed, whilst Europe was still
mired in its Dark Age --
mired in its Dark Age --
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zapravo, dok je Evropa
još bila zaglavljena u mračnom dobu,
još bila zaglavljena u mračnom dobu,
01:25
Africans were pioneering techniques
in recording, in nurturing history,
in recording, in nurturing history,
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Afrikanci su prvi koristili tehnike
beleženja i negovanja istorije,
beleženja i negovanja istorije,
01:31
forging revolutionary methods
for keeping their story alive.
for keeping their story alive.
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stvarali revolucionarne metode
da bi održali svoju priču u životu.
da bi održali svoju priču u životu.
01:36
And living history, dynamic heritage --
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A živa istorija, dinamično nasleđe
01:39
it remains important to us.
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i dalje nam je važno.
01:42
We see that manifest in so many ways.
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Vidimo kako se to manifestuje
na toliko mnogo načina.
na toliko mnogo načina.
01:46
I'm reminded of how, just last year --
you might remember it --
you might remember it --
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Podsetih se kako su baš prošle godine,
a možda se sećate toga,
a možda se sećate toga,
01:51
the first members
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prvi članovi grupe Ansar Dine
koja se dovodi u vezu sa Al Kaidom
koja se dovodi u vezu sa Al Kaidom
01:52
of the al Qaeda-affiliated Ansar Dine
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01:55
were indicted for war crimes
and sent to the Hague.
and sent to the Hague.
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optuženi za ratne zločine i poslati u Hag.
01:58
And one of the most notorious
was Ahmad al-Faqi,
was Ahmad al-Faqi,
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Jedan od najpoznatijih
je bio Ahmad al Faki,
je bio Ahmad al Faki,
02:02
who was a young Malian,
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mladi Malijanac,
02:04
and he was charged, not with genocide,
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a on je optužen ne za genocid,
02:06
not with ethnic cleansing,
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ne za etničko čišćenje,
02:08
but with being one
of the instigators of a campaign
of the instigators of a campaign
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već zato što je bio jedan
od podstrekača kampanje
od podstrekača kampanje
02:12
to destroy some of Mali's most
important cultural heritage.
important cultural heritage.
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da se uništi deo najvažnijeg
kulturnog nasleđa Malija.
kulturnog nasleđa Malija.
02:16
This wasn't vandalism;
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To nije bio vandalizam;
02:18
these weren't thoughtless acts.
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to nisu bila nepromišljena dela.
02:21
One of the things that al-Faqi said
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Jedna od stvari koje je al Faki rekao
02:23
when he was asked
to identify himself in court
to identify himself in court
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kada su od njega zatražili
da se predstavi na sudu
da se predstavi na sudu
02:26
was that he was a graduate,
that he was a teacher.
that he was a teacher.
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bila je da je on diplomac, da je učitelj.
02:29
Over the course of 2012,
they engaged in a systematic campaign
they engaged in a systematic campaign
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Tokom 2012. godine su se angažovali
u okviru sistematske kampanje
u okviru sistematske kampanje
02:35
to destroy Mali's cultural heritage.
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da se uništi kulturno nasleđe Malija.
02:39
This was a deeply considered waging of war
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Ovo je u velikoj meri
smatrano za vođenje rata
smatrano za vođenje rata
02:43
in the most powerful way
that could be envisaged:
that could be envisaged:
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na najsnažniji način
koji se može zamisliti:
koji se može zamisliti:
02:46
in destroying narrative,
in destroying stories.
in destroying stories.
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uništavanjem narativa, uništavanjem priča.
02:50
The attempted destruction of nine shrines,
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Pokušaj uništenja devet svetilišta,
02:53
the central mosque
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centralne džamije
02:55
and perhaps as many as 4,000 manuscripts
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i možda čak 4 000 rukopisa
02:58
was a considered act.
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bio je proračunat čin.
03:01
They understood the power of narrative
to hold communities together,
to hold communities together,
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Razumeli su moć narativa
da drži zajednice na okupu
da drži zajednice na okupu
03:07
and they conversely understood
that in destroying stories,
that in destroying stories,
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i shodno tome su razumeli
da će uništavanjem priča,
da će uništavanjem priča,
03:11
they hoped they would destroy a people.
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nadali su se, uništiti narod.
03:14
But just as Ansar Dine
and their insurgency
and their insurgency
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Ali, baš kao što je Ansar Dine
i njene pobunjenike
i njene pobunjenike
03:17
were driven by powerful narratives,
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vodio moćan narativ,
03:21
so was the local population's defense
of Timbuktu and its libraries.
of Timbuktu and its libraries.
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tako je bilo i sa odbranom Timbuktua
i njegovih biblioteka
i njegovih biblioteka
od stane lokalnog stanovništva.
03:25
These were communities who've grown up
with stories of the Mali Empire;
with stories of the Mali Empire;
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Bile su to zajednice koje su odrasle
uz priče o Malijskom carstvu;
uz priče o Malijskom carstvu;
03:29
lived in the shadow
of Timbuktu's great libraries.
of Timbuktu's great libraries.
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živele su u senci
velikih biblioteka Timbuktua.
velikih biblioteka Timbuktua.
03:32
They'd listened to songs
of its origin from their childhood,
of its origin from their childhood,
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Od detinjstva su slušali
pesme o svom poreklu
pesme o svom poreklu
03:36
and they weren't about to give up on that
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i nisu imali nameru da odustanu od toga
03:39
without a fight.
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bez borbe.
03:41
Over difficult months of 2012,
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Tokom teških meseci 2012. godine,
03:44
during the Ansar Dine invasion,
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za vreme invazije Ansar Dine,
03:48
Malians, ordinary people,
risked their lives
risked their lives
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Malijanci, obični ljudi,
rizikovali su svoj život
rizikovali su svoj život
03:52
to secrete and smuggle
documents to safety,
documents to safety,
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da sakriju i prokrijumčare
dokumenta na sigurno mesto,
dokumenta na sigurno mesto,
03:56
doing what they could
to protect historic buildings
to protect historic buildings
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radeći šta mogu
da zaštite istorijske spomenike
da zaštite istorijske spomenike
03:59
and defend their ancient libraries.
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i odbrane stare biblioteke.
04:02
And although they weren't
always successful,
always successful,
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Mada nisu uvek bili uspešni,
04:04
many of the most important manuscripts
were thankfully saved,
were thankfully saved,
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mnogi najvažniji rukopisi
su, srećom, spaseni,
su, srećom, spaseni,
04:08
and today each one of the shrines
that was damaged during that uprising
that was damaged during that uprising
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a danas je obnovljeno svako svetilište
koje je oštećeno tokom tog ustanka,
koje je oštećeno tokom tog ustanka,
04:13
have been rebuilt,
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04:15
including the 14th-century mosque
that is the symbolic heart of the city.
that is the symbolic heart of the city.
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uključujući džamiju iz 14. veka
koja je simbolično srce grada.
koja je simbolično srce grada.
04:20
It's been fully restored.
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U potpunosti je obnovljena.
04:22
But even in the bleakest periods
of the occupation,
of the occupation,
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Ali, čak i u najmračnijim
periodima okupacije,
periodima okupacije,
04:26
enough of the population of Timbuktu
simply would not bow
simply would not bow
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dobar deo stanovništva Timbuktua
jednostavno nije hteo da se klanja
jednostavno nije hteo da se klanja
04:32
to men like al-Faqi.
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ljudima kao što je al Faki.
04:34
They wouldn't allow their history
to be wiped away,
to be wiped away,
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Nisu hteli da dozvole
da se njihova istorija obriše,
da se njihova istorija obriše,
04:37
and anyone who has visited
that part of the world,
that part of the world,
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a svako ko je posetio taj deo sveta
04:40
they will understand why,
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razumeće razlog,
04:42
why stories, why narrative, why histories
are of such importance.
are of such importance.
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zašto su priče, narativ i istorija
od tolikog značaja.
od tolikog značaja.
04:47
History matters.
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Istorija je važna.
04:49
History really matters.
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Istorija je zaista važna.
04:53
And for peoples of African descent,
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A za ljude afričkog porekla,
04:55
who have seen their narrative
systematically assaulted over centuries,
systematically assaulted over centuries,
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koji su vekovima gledali
sistematske napade na svoj narativ
sistematske napade na svoj narativ
05:01
this is critically important.
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ovo je od kritičnog značaja.
05:04
This is part of a recurrent echo
across our history
across our history
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Ovo je deo eha koji stalno
iznova odzvanja kroz našu istoriju,
iznova odzvanja kroz našu istoriju,
05:08
of ordinary people making a stand
for their story, for their history.
for their story, for their history.
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eha običnih ljudi koji se zauzimaju
za svoju priču, za svoju istoriju.
za svoju priču, za svoju istoriju.
05:14
Just as in the 19th century,
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Baš kao u 19. veku,
05:16
enslaved peoples of African
descent in the Caribbean
descent in the Caribbean
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porobljeni narodi
afričkog porekla na Karibima
afričkog porekla na Karibima
05:20
fought under threat of punishment,
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borili su se pod pretnjom kazne,
05:22
fought to practice their religions,
to celebrate Carnival,
to celebrate Carnival,
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borili su se da vrše religijske obrede,
da slave karneval,
da slave karneval,
05:26
to keep their history alive.
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da održavaju istoriju u životu.
05:29
Ordinary people were prepared
to make great sacrifices,
to make great sacrifices,
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Obični ljudi su bili spremni
na velike žrtve,
na velike žrtve,
05:33
some even the ultimate sacrifice,
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neki čak i na krajnju požrtvovanost,
05:36
for their history.
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zarad svoje istorije.
05:38
And it was through control of narrative
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Upravo su se kroz kontrolu narativa
05:41
that some of the most devastating
colonial campaigns were crystallized.
colonial campaigns were crystallized.
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iskristalisale neke od najrazornijih
kolonijalnih kampanja.
kolonijalnih kampanja.
05:45
It was through the dominance
of one narrative over another
of one narrative over another
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Kroz dominaciju jednog narativa nad drugim
05:49
that the worst manifestations
of colonialism became palpable.
of colonialism became palpable.
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postale su primetne
najgore manifestacije kolonijalizma.
najgore manifestacije kolonijalizma.
05:54
When, in 1874, the British
attacked the Ashanti,
attacked the Ashanti,
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Kada su 1874. godine
Britanci napali Asanti,
Britanci napali Asanti,
05:58
they overran Kumasi
and captured the Asantehene.
and captured the Asantehene.
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osvojili su Kumasi
i zarobili kralja Asantija.
i zarobili kralja Asantija.
06:02
They knew that controlling territory
and subjugating the head of state --
and subjugating the head of state --
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Znali su da kontrola nad teritorijom
i pokoravanje poglavara države
i pokoravanje poglavara države
06:07
it wasn't enough.
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nije dovoljno.
06:08
They recognized that
the emotional authority of state
the emotional authority of state
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Prepoznali su da je emocionalni autoritet
države u njenom narativu
države u njenom narativu
06:12
lay in its narrative
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06:15
and the symbols that represented it,
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i simbolima koji je predstavljaju,
kao što je zlatna stolica.
06:17
like the Golden Stool.
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06:19
They understood that control of story
was absolutely critical
was absolutely critical
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Razumeli su da je kontrola nad pričom
od apsolutno kritičnog značaja
od apsolutno kritičnog značaja
06:25
to truly controlling a people.
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da bi se zaista kontrolisao narod.
06:27
And the Ashanti understood, too,
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Asanti su to takođe razumeli
06:29
and they never were to relinquish
the precious Golden Stool,
the precious Golden Stool,
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i nikada se nisu odrekli
dragocene zlatne stolice,
dragocene zlatne stolice,
06:34
never to completely
capitulate to the British.
capitulate to the British.
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nikada se nisu potpuno
predali Britancima.
predali Britancima.
06:39
Narrative matters.
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Narativ je bitan.
06:41
In 1871, Karl Mauch, a German geologist
working in Southern Africa,
working in Southern Africa,
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Godine 1871, Karl Mauh, nemački geolog
koji je radio u južnom delu Afrike,
koji je radio u južnom delu Afrike,
06:47
he stumbled across
an extraordinary complex,
an extraordinary complex,
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naišao je na izuzetan kompleks,
06:51
a complex of abandoned stone buildings.
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kompleks napuštenih kamenih građevina.
06:54
And he never quite recovered
from what he saw:
from what he saw:
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Nikada se nije sasvim oporavio
od onoga što je video:
od onoga što je video:
06:57
a granite, drystone city,
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grad od granita, suvog kamena,
07:00
stranded on an outcrop
above an empty savannah:
above an empty savannah:
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nasađen na stenovitoj površini
iznad prazne savane -
iznad prazne savane -
07:04
Great Zimbabwe.
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Veliki Zimbabve.
07:07
And Mauch had no idea who was responsible
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Mauh nije imao predstavu ko je zaslužan
07:10
for what was obviously
an astonishing feat of architecture,
an astonishing feat of architecture,
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za ovaj zadivljujući poduhvat arhitekture,
07:15
but he felt sure of one single thing:
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ali bio je siguran u jedno:
07:19
this narrative needed to be claimed.
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treba polagati pravo na ovaj narativ.
07:23
He later wrote that the wrought
architecture of Great Zimbabwe
architecture of Great Zimbabwe
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Kasnije je napisao
da je kovana arhitektura Velikog Zimbavea
da je kovana arhitektura Velikog Zimbavea
07:26
was simply too sophisticated,
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jednostavno suviše prefinjena,
07:29
too special to have
been built by Africans.
been built by Africans.
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previše posebna da bi bila izgrađena
od strane Afrikanaca.
od strane Afrikanaca.
07:33
Mauch, like dozens of Europeans
that followed in his footsteps,
that followed in his footsteps,
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Mauh je, kao i desetine Evropljana
koji su krenuli njegovim stopama,
koji su krenuli njegovim stopama,
07:37
speculated on who
might have built the city.
might have built the city.
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teoretisao o tome
ko je mogao izgraditi grad.
ko je mogao izgraditi grad.
07:40
And one went as far as to posit,
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Jedan je išao do te mere da pretpostavi:
07:43
"I do not think that I am far wrong
if I suppose that that ruin on the hill
if I suppose that that ruin on the hill
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„Ne mislim da mnogo grešim
ako prepostavim da je ta ruševina na brdu
ako prepostavim da je ta ruševina na brdu
07:49
is a copy of King Solomon's Temple."
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kopija Solomonovog hrama.“
07:52
And as I'm sure you know, Mauch,
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A siguran sam da znate,
Mauh nije naišao na Solomonov hram,
07:53
he hadn't stumbled upon
King Solomon's Temple,
King Solomon's Temple,
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07:56
but upon a purely African
complex of buildings
complex of buildings
134
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već na isključivo afrički
kompleks građevina
kompleks građevina
08:00
constructed by a purely
African civilization
African civilization
135
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koji je izgradila
isključivo afrička civilizacija
isključivo afrička civilizacija
08:04
from the 11th century onward.
136
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od 11. veka pa nadalje.
08:06
But like Leo Frobenius,
a fellow German anthropologist
a fellow German anthropologist
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Baš kao Leo Frobenijus,
njegov sunarodnik, nemački antropolog
njegov sunarodnik, nemački antropolog
08:10
who speculated some years later,
138
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2345
koji je nagađao nekoliko godina kasnije,
08:12
upon seeing the Nigerian Ife Heads
for the very first time,
for the very first time,
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4007
nakon što je prvi put video
nigerijske glave iz Ife,
nigerijske glave iz Ife,
08:16
that they must have been artifacts
from the long-lost kingdom of Atlantis.
from the long-lost kingdom of Atlantis.
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da mora da su proizvodi
davno izgubljenog kraljevstva Atlantide.
davno izgubljenog kraljevstva Atlantide.
08:22
He felt, just like Hegel,
141
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Imao je, baš kao i Hegel,
08:24
an almost instinctive need
to rob Africa of its history.
to rob Africa of its history.
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gotovo instinktivnu potrebu
da Africi otme njenu istoriju.
da Africi otme njenu istoriju.
08:31
These ideas are so irrational,
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2406
Ove ideju su toliko iracionalne,
08:33
so deeply held,
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1813
tako duboko ukorenjene,
08:35
that even when faced
with the physical archaeology,
with the physical archaeology,
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da čak i fizički suočeni sa arheologijom
08:38
they couldn't think rationally.
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2009
nisu mogli da razmišljaju racionalno.
08:40
They could no longer see.
147
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1998
Nisu više mogli da vide.
08:42
And like so much of Africa's relationship
with Enlightenment Europe,
with Enlightenment Europe,
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A kao i dobar deo odnosa Afrike
sa prosvetiteljstvom Evrope,
sa prosvetiteljstvom Evrope,
08:46
it involved appropriation, denigration
and control of the continent.
and control of the continent.
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to je podrazumevalo prisvajanje imovine,
omalovažavanje i kontrolu nad kontinentom.
omalovažavanje i kontrolu nad kontinentom.
08:52
It involved an attempt
to bend narrative to Europe's ends.
to bend narrative to Europe's ends.
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Obuhvatalo je pokušaj da se narativ
iskrivi prema ciljevima Evrope.
iskrivi prema ciljevima Evrope.
08:57
And if Mauch had really wanted
to find an answer to his question,
to find an answer to his question,
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Da je Mauh zaista hteo
da pronađe odgovor na svoje pitanje:
da pronađe odgovor na svoje pitanje:
09:02
"Where did Great Zimbabwe
or that great stone building come from?"
or that great stone building come from?"
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„Odakle potiče Veliki Zimbabve
ili ta velika kamena građevina?“,
ili ta velika kamena građevina?“,
09:06
he would have needed to begin his quest
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morao bi da započne svoju potragu
09:09
a thousand miles away from Great Zimbabwe,
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hiljade kilometara
izvan Velikog Zimbabvea,
izvan Velikog Zimbabvea,
09:11
at the eastern edge of the continent,
where Africa meets the Indian Ocean.
where Africa meets the Indian Ocean.
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na istočnoj ivici kontinenta,
gde se Afrika sreće sa Indijskim okeanom.
gde se Afrika sreće sa Indijskim okeanom.
09:15
He would have needed to trace
the gold and the goods
the gold and the goods
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Morao bi da prati trag zlata i robe
09:18
from some of the great trading emporia
of the Swahili coast to Great Zimbabwe,
of the Swahili coast to Great Zimbabwe,
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od nekih od velikih trgovačkih središta
na svahilijskoj obali
do Velikog Zimbabvea,
do Velikog Zimbabvea,
09:23
to gain a sense of the scale and influence
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da bi stvorio predstavu o obimu i uticaju
09:27
of that mysterious culture,
159
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1880
te misteriozne kulture,
09:29
to get a picture of Great Zimbabwe
as a political, cultural entity
as a political, cultural entity
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5182
da bi stvorio sliku o Velikom Zimbabveu
kao političkom, kulturnom entitetu
kao političkom, kulturnom entitetu
09:34
through the kingdoms and the civilizations
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kroz kraljevstva i civilizacije
09:37
that were drawn under its control.
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koje su dovedene pod njegovu kontrolu.
09:40
For centuries, traders have been drawn
to that bit of the coast
to that bit of the coast
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Vekovima je trgovce
privlačio taj deo obale
privlačio taj deo obale
09:46
from as far away as India
and China and the Middle East.
and China and the Middle East.
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iz udaljenih zemalja
kao što su Indija, Kina i Srednji istok.
kao što su Indija, Kina i Srednji istok.
09:51
And it might be tempting to interpret,
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Može biti primamljivo da se protumači
09:53
because it's exquisitely
beautiful, that building,
beautiful, that building,
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3110
jer je ovo izuzetno lepa građevina,
09:57
it might be tempting to interpret it
167
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može biti primamljivo da je protumačimo
10:00
as just an exquisite, symbolic jewel,
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3528
prosto kao izvrstan, simbolični dragulj,
10:03
a vast ceremonial sculpture in stone.
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2888
ogromnu ceremonijalnu skulpturu u kamenu.
10:07
But the site must have been a complex
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Ali, ovaj lokalitet mora
da je bio kompleks
da je bio kompleks
10:10
at the center of a significant
nexus of economies
nexus of economies
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u središtu značajnih ekonomskih veza
10:14
that defined this region for a millennium.
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koje su definisale ovu regiju
tokom čitavog milenijuma.
tokom čitavog milenijuma.
10:18
This matters.
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To je važno.
10:20
These narratives matter.
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2039
Ovi narativi su važni.
10:22
Even today, the fight to tell our story
is not just against time.
is not just against time.
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Čak i danas, borba za pričanje naše priče
nije samo protiv vremena,
nije samo protiv vremena,
10:27
It's not just against
organizations like Ansar Dine.
organizations like Ansar Dine.
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3723
nije samo protiv organizacija
poput Ansar Dine.
poput Ansar Dine.
10:31
It's also in establishing
a truly African voice
a truly African voice
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Takođe se sastoji i utemeljivanju
istinskog afričkog glasa
istinskog afričkog glasa
10:35
after centuries of imposed histories.
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2848
nakon vekova nametnute istorije.
10:38
We don't just have
to recolonize our history,
to recolonize our history,
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3431
Ne samo da moramo
da iznova kolonizujemo svoju istoriju,
da iznova kolonizujemo svoju istoriju,
10:42
but we have to find ways to build back
the intellectual underpinning
the intellectual underpinning
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4874
već moramo da pronađem načine
da ponovo izgradimo intelektualne temelje
da ponovo izgradimo intelektualne temelje
10:47
that Hegel denied was there at all.
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2185
čije je postojanje Hegel potpuno negirao.
10:49
We have to rediscover African philosophy,
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2720
Moramo da iznova otkrijemo
afričku filozofiju,
afričku filozofiju,
10:52
African perspectives, African history.
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afričke perspektive, afričku istoriju.
10:57
The flowering of Great Zimbabwe --
it wasn't a freak moment.
it wasn't a freak moment.
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Procvat Velikog Zimbabvea
nije bio čudan trenutak.
nije bio čudan trenutak.
11:01
It was part of a burgeoning change
across the whole of the continent.
across the whole of the continent.
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Bio je deo sve većih promena
na celom kontinentu.
na celom kontinentu.
11:05
Perhaps the great exemplification of that
was Sundiata Keita,
was Sundiata Keita,
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4326
Možda je odličan primer toga
bio Sundijata Kejta,
bio Sundijata Kejta,
11:09
the founder of the Mali Empire,
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2193
osnivač Malijskog carstva,
11:11
probably the greatest empire
that West Africa has ever seen.
that West Africa has ever seen.
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3940
verovatno najvećeg carstva
koje je Zapadna Afrika ikada videla.
koje je Zapadna Afrika ikada videla.
11:15
Sundiata Keita was born about 1235,
189
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3098
Sundijata Kejta je rođen oko 1235. godine,
11:18
growing up in a time of profound flux.
190
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3457
odrastajući u vreme dubokih promena.
11:22
He was seeing the transition
between the Berber dynasties to the north,
between the Berber dynasties to the north,
191
670928
3848
Video je tranziciju
između berberskih dinastija na severu,
između berberskih dinastija na severu,
11:26
he may have heard about the rise
of the Ife to the south
of the Ife to the south
192
674800
3270
možda je čuo za uspon Ifa na jugu,
11:30
and perhaps even the dominance
of the Solomaic Dynasty
of the Solomaic Dynasty
193
678094
5117
možda čak i za prevlast
solomonske dinastije
solomonske dinastije
11:35
in Ethiopia to the east.
194
683235
1703
u Etiopiji na istoku.
11:37
And he must have been aware
that he was living through a moment
that he was living through a moment
195
685516
3636
Mora da je bio svestan
da je živeo u trenutku
da je živeo u trenutku
11:41
of quickening change,
196
689176
1695
ubrzanih promena,
11:42
of growing confidence in our continent.
197
690895
2760
sve većeg poverenja u naš kontinent.
11:46
He must have been aware of new states
198
694370
3165
Mora da je bio svestan novih država
11:49
that were building their influence
199
697559
2464
koje su gradile svoj uticaj
11:52
from as far afield as Great Zimbabwe
and the Swahili sultanates,
and the Swahili sultanates,
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700047
5268
čak od Velikog Zimbabvea
i svahilskih sultanata,
i svahilskih sultanata,
11:57
each engaged directly or indirectly
beyond the continent itself,
beyond the continent itself,
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705339
6247
pri čemu je svaka bila direktno
ili indirektno angažovana van kontinenta,
ili indirektno angažovana van kontinenta,
12:03
each driven also to invest in securing
their intellectual and cultural legacy.
their intellectual and cultural legacy.
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5430
svaka motivisana da ulaže u obezbeđivanje
svog intelektualnog i kulturnog nasleđa.
svog intelektualnog i kulturnog nasleđa.
12:09
He probably would have engaged
in trade with these peer nations
in trade with these peer nations
203
717794
3428
Verovatno bi se uključio u trgovinu
sa ovim bliskim nacijama
sa ovim bliskim nacijama
12:13
as part of a massive continental nexus
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3503
kao deo ogromne kontinentalne povezanosti
12:16
of great medieval African economies.
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724773
2234
velikih srednjevekovnih ekonomija Afrike.
12:19
And like all of those great empires,
206
727608
3599
Kao i sva ta velika carstva,
12:23
Sundiata Keita invested in securing
his legacy through history
his legacy through history
207
731231
5601
Sundijata Kejta je ulagao u to
da osigura svoje nasleđe kroz istoriju
da osigura svoje nasleđe kroz istoriju
12:28
by using story --
208
736856
1602
koristeći priču -
12:31
not just formalizing
the idea of storytelling,
the idea of storytelling,
209
739744
5693
ne samo formalizovanjem
ideje pripovedanja,
ideje pripovedanja,
12:37
but in building a whole convention
210
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2677
već izgradnjom čitavog običaja
12:40
of telling and retelling his story
211
748162
3361
pričanja i ponovnog ispredanja
njegove priče
njegove priče
12:43
as a key to founding a narrative
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2417
kao ključnog za utemeljivanje
narativa svog carstva.
narativa svog carstva.
12:45
for his empire.
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1595
12:47
And these stories, in musical form,
214
755607
3345
O ovim pričama se u muzičkoj formi
12:50
are still sung today.
215
758976
3355
još i danas peva.
12:55
Now, several decades
after the death of Sundiata,
after the death of Sundiata,
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3304
Nekoliko decenija nakon smrti Sundijate,
12:58
a new king ascended the throne,
217
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2399
novi kralj je stupio na presto,
13:01
Mansa Musa, its most famous emperor.
218
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4163
Mansa Musa, njegov najpoznatiji car.
13:05
Now, Mansa Musa is famed
for his vast gold reserves
for his vast gold reserves
219
773309
3157
Mansa Musa je poznat
po svojim ogromnim rezervama zlata
po svojim ogromnim rezervama zlata
13:08
and for sending envoys to the courts
of Europe and the Middle East.
of Europe and the Middle East.
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776490
4017
i po tome što je slao izaslanike
na dvorove Evrope i Bliskog istoka.
na dvorove Evrope i Bliskog istoka.
13:13
He was every bit as ambitious
as his predecessors,
as his predecessors,
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4023
Bio je podjednako ambiciozan
kao i njegovi prethodnici,
kao i njegovi prethodnici,
13:17
but saw a different kind of route
of securing his place in history.
of securing his place in history.
222
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4267
ali je video drugačiji put
ka obezbeđivanju svog mesta u istoriji.
ka obezbeđivanju svog mesta u istoriji.
13:21
In 1324, Mansa Musa
went on pilgrimage to Mecca,
went on pilgrimage to Mecca,
223
789576
4007
Godine 1324, Mansa Musa
je otišao na hodočašće u Meku
je otišao na hodočašće u Meku
13:25
and he traveled
with a retinue of thousands.
with a retinue of thousands.
224
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3331
i putovao je uz pratnju od hiljadu ljudi.
13:28
It's been said that 100 camels
each carried 100 pounds of gold.
each carried 100 pounds of gold.
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6658
Pričalo se da je svaka od 100 kamila
nosila 50 kilograma zlata.
nosila 50 kilograma zlata.
13:35
It's been recorded that he built
a fully functioning mosque
a fully functioning mosque
226
803644
3516
Zabeleženo je da je gradio
potpuno funkcionalne džamije
potpuno funkcionalne džamije
13:39
every Friday of his trip,
227
807184
2167
svakog petka na putovanju
13:41
and performed so many acts of kindness,
228
809375
3121
i da je učinio toliko dobrih dela
13:44
that the great Berber chronicler,
Ibn Battuta, wrote,
Ibn Battuta, wrote,
229
812520
3839
da je veliki berberski hroničar
Ibn Batuta napisao:
Ibn Batuta napisao:
13:48
"He flooded Cairo with kindness,
230
816383
2959
„Preplavio je Kairo dobrotom,
13:51
spending so much in the markets
of North Africa and the Middle East
of North Africa and the Middle East
231
819366
3537
a toliko je trošio na pijacama
Severne Afrike i Srednjeg istoka
Severne Afrike i Srednjeg istoka
13:54
that it affected the price of gold
into the next decade."
into the next decade."
232
822927
4188
da je to uticalo na cenu zlata
u sledećoj deceniji.“
u sledećoj deceniji.“
14:00
And on his return,
233
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1547
U povratku,
14:01
Mansa Musa memorialized his journey
234
829652
3446
Mansa Musa je ovekovečio svoje putovanje
14:05
by building a mosque
at the heart of his empire.
at the heart of his empire.
235
833885
5257
izgradnjom džamije u srcu svog carstva.
14:11
And the legacy of what he left behind,
236
839792
2646
Nasleđe onoga što je ostavio za sobom,
14:14
Timbuktu,
237
842462
1677
Timbuktua,
14:16
it represents one of the great bodies
of written historical material
of written historical material
238
844163
5260
predstavlja jedno od najvećih zbirki
pisanog istorijskog materijala
pisanog istorijskog materijala
14:21
produced by African scholars:
239
849447
2183
koji su proizveli afrički učenjaci:
14:23
about 700,000 medieval documents,
240
851654
3222
oko 700 000 srednjovekovnih dokumenata,
14:26
ranging from scholarly works to letters,
241
854900
3199
od naučnih radova do pisama,
14:30
which have been preserved
often by private households.
often by private households.
242
858123
3048
koja su često bila sačuvana
u privatnim domaćinstvima.
u privatnim domaćinstvima.
14:33
And at its peak,
in the 15th and 16th centuries,
in the 15th and 16th centuries,
243
861195
3483
Na svom vrhuncu, u 15. i 16. veku,
14:36
the university there was as influential
244
864702
3988
tamošnji univerzitet
je bio podjednako uticajan
je bio podjednako uticajan
14:40
as any educational
establishment in Europe,
establishment in Europe,
245
868714
3046
kao i bilo koja druga
obrazovna ustanova u Evropi
obrazovna ustanova u Evropi
14:43
attracting about 25,000 students.
246
871784
2994
i privukao je oko 25 000 učenika.
14:46
This was in a city
of around 100,000 people.
of around 100,000 people.
247
874802
3566
Ovo je bio grad od oko 100 000 ljudi.
14:50
It cemented Timbuktu
as a world center of learning.
as a world center of learning.
248
878392
5178
Učvrstio je Timbuktu
kao svetski centar učenja.
kao svetski centar učenja.
14:55
But this was a very particular
kind of learning
kind of learning
249
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4207
Ali, to je bila naročita vrsta učenja
14:59
that was focused and driven by Islam.
250
887825
3228
koja je bila usmerena na islam
i vođena njime.
i vođena njime.
15:03
And since I first visited Timbuktu,
251
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2243
Od moje prve posete Timbuktuu
15:05
I've visited many other
libraries across Africa,
libraries across Africa,
252
893861
2861
posetio sam mnoge
druge biblioteke širom Afrike
druge biblioteke širom Afrike
15:08
and despite Hegel's view
that Africa has no history,
that Africa has no history,
253
896746
5295
i uprkos Hegelovom gledištu
da Afrika nema istoriju,
da Afrika nema istoriju,
15:14
not only is it a continent
with an embarrassment of history,
with an embarrassment of history,
254
902065
4213
ne samo da je to kontinent
sa brukom od istorije,
sa brukom od istorije,
15:18
it has developed unrivaled systems
for collecting and promoting it.
for collecting and promoting it.
255
906302
4830
već je razvio i sisteme bez premca
za njeno prikupljanje i negovanje.
za njeno prikupljanje i negovanje.
15:23
There are thousands of small archives,
256
911634
2821
Postoje hiljade malih arhiva,
15:26
textile drum stores,
257
914479
1898
prodavnica tekstilnih bubnjeva,
15:28
that have become more than repositories
of manuscripts and material culture.
of manuscripts and material culture.
258
916401
4871
koji su postali više od skladišta rukopisa
i materijalnih proizvoda kulture.
i materijalnih proizvoda kulture.
15:33
They have become fonts
of communal narrative,
of communal narrative,
259
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3139
Postali su izvori narativa zajednica,
15:36
symbols of continuity,
260
924459
2260
simboli kontinuiteta,
15:38
and I'm pretty sure that many
of those European philosophers
of those European philosophers
261
926743
3126
a prilično sam siguran da mora
da su mnogi od tih evropskih filozofa
da su mnogi od tih evropskih filozofa
15:41
who questioned an African
intellectual tradition
intellectual tradition
262
929893
3497
koji su dovodili u pitanje
afričku intelektualnu tradiciju,
afričku intelektualnu tradiciju,
15:45
must have, beneath their prejudices,
263
933414
2877
ispod svojih predubeđenja
15:48
been aware of the contribution
of Africa's intellectuals
of Africa's intellectuals
264
936315
5191
bili svesni doprinosa intelektualaca Afike
15:53
to Western learning.
265
941530
1333
zapadnom učenju.
15:54
They must have known
266
942887
1238
Mora da su znali
15:56
of the great North African
medieval philosophers
medieval philosophers
267
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za velike srednjevekovne
filozofe Severne Afrike
filozofe Severne Afrike
15:59
who had driven the Mediterranean.
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koji su podsticali Sredozemlje.
16:01
They must have known about
and been aware of
and been aware of
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Mora da su znali ili bili svesni
one tradicije koja je deo hrišćanstva,
one tradicije koja je deo hrišćanstva,
16:04
that tradition that is part
of Christianity, of the three wise men.
of Christianity, of the three wise men.
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o tri mudraca.
16:09
And in the medieval period,
Balthazar, that third wise man,
Balthazar, that third wise man,
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U periodu srednjeg veka,
Baltazar, treći mudrac,
Baltazar, treći mudrac,
16:14
was represented as an African king.
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bio je predstavljen kao afrički kralj.
16:16
And he became hugely popular
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Postao je veoma popularan
16:19
as the third intellectual leg
of Old World learning,
of Old World learning,
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kao treći intelektualni stožer
učenja Starog sveta,
učenja Starog sveta,
16:23
alongside Europe and Asia, as a peer.
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uz Evropu i Aziju kao ravnopravan.
16:27
These things were well-known.
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Ove stvari su bile dobro poznate.
16:31
These communities
did not grow up in isolation.
did not grow up in isolation.
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3624
Ove zajednice nisu rasle u izolaciji.
16:35
Timbuktu's wealth and power developed
because the city became
because the city became
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4109
Bogatstvo i moć Timbuktua
razvili su se jer je grad postao
razvili su se jer je grad postao
16:39
a hub of lucrative
intercontinental trade routes.
intercontinental trade routes.
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4080
središte unosnih interkontinentalnih
trgovačkih puteva.
trgovačkih puteva.
16:43
This was one center
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Bio je to jedan centar
16:45
in a borderless, transcontinental,
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2550
na kontinentu bez granica,
transkontinentalnom,
transkontinentalnom,
16:48
ambitious, outwardly focused,
confident continent.
confident continent.
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996201
3887
ambicioznom, samouverenom kontinentu
usmerenom ka spolja.
usmerenom ka spolja.
16:52
Berber merchants,
they carried salt and textiles
they carried salt and textiles
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Berberski trgovci su prenosili so, tekstil
16:56
and new precious goods and learning
down into West Africa
down into West Africa
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3800
i novu dragocenu robu i učenja
u Zapadnu Afriku
u Zapadnu Afriku
17:00
from across the desert.
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preko pustinje.
17:03
But as you can see from this map
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Ali, kao što možete videti na ovoj mapi
17:06
that was produced a little time
after the life of Mansa Musa,
after the life of Mansa Musa,
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1014719
4245
koja je napravljena malo nakon
kraja života Manse Muse,
kraja života Manse Muse,
17:10
there was also a nexus
of sub-Saharan trade routes,
of sub-Saharan trade routes,
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4602
takođe je postojao i spoj
podsaharskih trgovinskih puteva
podsaharskih trgovinskih puteva
17:15
along which African ideas and traditions
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3260
duž kojih su afričke ideje i tradicije
17:18
added to the intellectual
worth of Timbuktu
worth of Timbuktu
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3623
pridodavale intelektualnoj
vrednosti Timbuktua,
vrednosti Timbuktua,
17:22
and indeed across the desert to Europe.
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2980
pa čak i preko pustinje do Evrope.
17:26
Manuscripts and material culture,
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3730
Rukopisi i materijalni proizvodi kulture
17:30
they have become fonts
of communal narrative,
of communal narrative,
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4927
postali su izvori zajedničkog narativa,
17:35
symbols of continuity.
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2043
simboli kontinuiteta.
17:37
And I'm pretty sure that
those European intellectuals
those European intellectuals
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4711
Prilično sam siguran
da su ti evropski intelektualci
da su ti evropski intelektualci
17:41
who cast aspersions on our history,
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3734
koji su klevetali našu istoriju
17:45
they knew fundamentally
about our traditions.
about our traditions.
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3915
u suštini znali za naše tradicije.
17:50
And today, as strident forces
like Ansar Dine and Boko Haram
like Ansar Dine and Boko Haram
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1058155
4710
Danas, dok gromkim silama
kao što su Ansar Dine i Boko Haram
kao što su Ansar Dine i Boko Haram
17:54
grow popular in West Africa,
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1062889
1913
raste popularnost u Zapadnoj Africi,
17:56
it's that spirit of truly indigenous,
dynamic, intellectual defiance
dynamic, intellectual defiance
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taj duh pravog domaćeg,
dinamičnog, intelektualnog prkosa
dinamičnog, intelektualnog prkosa
18:02
that holds ancient
traditions in good stead.
traditions in good stead.
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2954
održava stare tradicije u dobrom stanju.
18:05
When Mansa Musa made Timbuktu his capital,
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3199
Kada je Mansa Musa
učinio Timbuktu svojom prestonicom,
učinio Timbuktu svojom prestonicom,
18:08
he looked upon the city
as a Medici looked upon Florence:
as a Medici looked upon Florence:
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3978
gledao je na grad kao što je jedan Mediči
sagledavao Firencu:
sagledavao Firencu:
18:12
as the center of an open, intellectual,
entrepreneurial empire
entrepreneurial empire
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1080663
5059
kao centar otvorenog, intelektualnog,
preduzetničkog carstva
preduzetničkog carstva
koje se razvijalo na dobrim idejama,
odakle god da su one dolazile.
odakle god da su one dolazile.
18:17
that thrived on great ideas
wherever they came from.
wherever they came from.
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3317
18:21
The city, the culture,
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2249
Grad, kultura,
18:23
the very intellectual DNA of this region
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sama intelektualna DNK ove regije
18:26
remains so beautifully
complex and diverse,
complex and diverse,
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1094502
3693
ostaje tako lepo složena i raznolika
18:30
that it will always remain, in part,
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1098219
2669
da će uvek delom ostati
18:32
located in storytelling traditions
that derive from indigenous,
that derive from indigenous,
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4312
smeštena u tradicijama pripovedanja
koje proističu iz starosedelačkih,
koje proističu iz starosedelačkih,
18:37
pre-Islamic traditions.
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1765
preislamskih tradicija.
18:39
The highly successful form of Islam
that developed in Mali became popular
that developed in Mali became popular
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5607
Veoma uspešan oblik islama koji se razvio
u Maliju postao je popularan
u Maliju postao je popularan
18:44
because it accepted those freedoms
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2049
jer je prihvatio te slobode
18:46
and that inherent cultural diversity.
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2482
i tu svojstvenu kulturološku raznolikost.
18:49
And the celebration of that complexity,
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2427
Proslava te složenosti,
18:51
that love of rigorously
contested discourse,
contested discourse,
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1119698
4025
ta ljubav prema strogo
osporavanom diskursu,
osporavanom diskursu,
18:55
that appreciation of narrative,
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1123747
1844
to uvažavanje narativa,
18:57
was and remains, in spite of everything,
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3274
bilo je i ostaje, uprkos svemu,
19:00
the very heart of West Africa.
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3410
samo srce Zapadne Afrike.
19:04
And today, as the shrines and the mosque
vandalized by Ansar Dine
vandalized by Ansar Dine
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1132347
4582
Danas, dok su svetilišta i džamije
koje je uništio Ansar Dine
koje je uništio Ansar Dine
19:08
have been rebuilt,
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1136953
1157
iznova izgrađivani,
19:10
many of the instigators
of their destruction have been jailed.
of their destruction have been jailed.
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1138134
3827
mnogi podstrekači njihovog uništenja
smešteni su u zatvor.
smešteni su u zatvor.
19:13
And we are left with powerful lessons,
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1141985
2902
Ostale su nam snažne lekcije
19:16
reminded once again
of how our history and narrative
of how our history and narrative
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4356
da nas još jednom podsete
kako su naša istorija i narativ
kako su naša istorija i narativ
19:21
have held communities
together for millennia,
together for millennia,
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1149291
3907
hiljadama godina
održavale zajednice ujedinjenim,
održavale zajednice ujedinjenim,
19:25
how they remain vital
in making sense of modern Africa.
in making sense of modern Africa.
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1153222
3726
kako su i dalje od vitalnog značaja
za razumevanje savremene Afrike.
za razumevanje savremene Afrike.
19:29
And we're also reminded
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1157906
1510
Takođe nas podsećaju
19:31
of how the roots of this confident,
intellectual, entrepreneurial,
intellectual, entrepreneurial,
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1159440
5024
kako je korenima ove samopouzdane,
intelektualne, preduzetničke,
intelektualne, preduzetničke,
19:36
outward-facing, culturally porous,
tariff-free Africa
tariff-free Africa
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1164488
4784
spolja usmerene, kulturno porozne,
bescarinske Afrike
bescarinske Afrike
19:41
was once the envy of the world.
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1169296
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nekada zavideo svet.
19:44
But those roots, they remain.
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1172181
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Ali, ti koreni opstaju.
19:46
Thank you very much.
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Hvala vam puno.
19:48
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Gus Casely-Hayford - Cultural historianGus Casely-Hayford writes, lectures, curates and broadcasts about African culture.
Why you should listen
Dr. Gus Casely-Hayford is a curator and cultural historian who focuses on African culture. He has presented two series of The Lost Kingdoms of Africa for the BBC and has lectured widely on African art and culture, advising national and international bodies (including the United Nations and the Canadian, Dutch and Norwegian Arts Councils) on heritage and culture.
In 2005, Casely-Hayford deployed his leadership, curatorial, fundraising and communications skills to organize the biggest celebration of Africa that Britain has ever hosted; more than 150 organizations put on more than 1,000 exhibitions and events to showcase African culture. Now, he is developing a National Portrait Gallery exhibition that will tell the story of abolition of slavery through 18th- and 19th-century portraits -- an opportunity to bring many of the most important paintings of black figures together in Britain for the first time.
Gus Casely-Hayford | Speaker | TED.com