TEDGlobal 2017
Gus Casely-Hayford: The powerful stories that shaped Africa
葛斯·凱斯里海佛: 形塑了非洲的強大故事
Filmed:
Readability: 5.8
1,248,246 views
在歷史的快速流動當中，即使是帝國也可能被遺忘。葛斯·凱斯里海佛的這場演說談到的範圍很廣泛，他分享了非洲的原始故事，這些故事常常未被記錄、被遺失、未被分享出去。前往大辛巴威，這座古城的神秘起源以及先進建築仍然讓考古學家困惑。或來到馬里帝國統治者曼薩·穆薩的時代，他用巨大的財富建立了廷巴克圖的傳奇性圖書館。同時想想還有什麼我們可能不經意忽視掉的其他歷史教訓。
Gus Casely-Hayford - Cultural historian
Gus Casely-Hayford writes, lectures, curates and broadcasts about African culture. Full bio
Gus Casely-Hayford writes, lectures, curates and broadcasts about African culture. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Now, Hegel -- he very famously said
0
1007
2985
黑格爾說過一句有名言，
00:16
that Africa was a place without history,
1
4016
2807
他說，非洲是個沒有歷史的地方，
沒有過去，也沒有敘事。
00:18
without past, without narrative.
2
6847
2088
然而我認為，沒其他大陸像非洲
這樣齊心一致地培養它的歷史，
這樣齊心一致地培養它的歷史，
00:20
Yet, I'd argue that no other continent
has nurtured, has fought for,
has nurtured, has fought for,
3
8959
5828
為它的歷史而戰，並頌揚它的歷史。
00:26
has celebrated its history
more concertedly.
more concertedly.
4
14811
3468
為了能够讓非洲敘事延續下去，
00:30
The struggle to keep
African narrative alive
African narrative alive
5
18303
3069
非洲的人們一直在進行着
00:33
has been one of the most consistent
6
21396
2091
最持續、最艱苦的鬥爭，
00:35
and hard-fought endeavors
of African peoples,
of African peoples,
7
23511
2909
至今仍然如此。
00:38
and it continues to be so.
8
26444
1973
在面對被奴役、殖民主義、
種族主義，以及戰爭等等，
種族主義，以及戰爭等等，
00:40
The struggles endured and the sacrifices
made to hold onto narrative
made to hold onto narrative
9
28441
4711
人民為了守住非洲敘事
所承受的艱苦、所做出的犧牲，
所承受的艱苦、所做出的犧牲，
00:45
in the face of enslavement, colonialism,
racism, wars and so much else
racism, wars and so much else
10
33176
6049
一直就是我們歷史的核心敘事。
00:51
has been the underpinning narrative
11
39249
2011
00:53
of our history.
12
41284
1269
00:55
And our narrative has not just
survived the assaults
survived the assaults
13
43434
3161
我們的敘事不僅在歷史
對它的攻擊之下存活下來。
00:58
that history has thrown at it.
14
46619
1795
我們留下了許多物質文化、
01:00
We've left a body of material culture,
15
48438
3722
藝術精華以及智慧產物。
01:04
artistic magistery
and intellectual output.
and intellectual output.
16
52184
3893
我們勘測了、繪製了、
捕捉了我們的歷史，
捕捉了我們的歷史，
01:08
We've mapped and we've charted
and we've captured our histories
and we've captured our histories
17
56101
4636
是地球上任何其他地方的準繩。
01:12
in ways that are the measure
of anywhere else on earth.
of anywhere else on earth.
18
60761
3782
01:17
Long before the meaningful
arrival of Europeans --
arrival of Europeans --
19
65063
4556
遠在歐洲人意義深長的抵達之前——
的確，當歐洲仍陷在
黑暗時代中時——
黑暗時代中時——
01:21
indeed, whilst Europe was still
mired in its Dark Age --
mired in its Dark Age --
20
69643
3540
非洲人已在開創記錄
和滋養歷史的技術，
和滋養歷史的技術，
01:25
Africans were pioneering techniques
in recording, in nurturing history,
in recording, in nurturing history,
21
73207
5384
01:31
forging revolutionary methods
for keeping their story alive.
for keeping their story alive.
22
79287
4773
打造出革命性的方法，
來讓故事延續下去。
來讓故事延續下去。
01:36
And living history, dynamic heritage --
23
84823
2962
而活著的歷史、動態的遺產——
它對我們而言仍然是重要的。
01:39
it remains important to us.
24
87809
2312
我們見過它以非常多種
不同方式呈現。
不同方式呈現。
01:42
We see that manifest in so many ways.
25
90145
3720
01:46
I'm reminded of how, just last year --
you might remember it --
you might remember it --
26
94576
4848
我想起了去年
——你們可能還記得——
——你們可能還記得——
加入艾蓋達組織支助的
伊斯蘭衛士的最早的成員
伊斯蘭衛士的最早的成員
01:51
the first members
27
99448
1171
01:52
of the al Qaeda-affiliated Ansar Dine
28
100643
2425
被控告犯有戰爭犯罪，
而後被送到海牙。
而後被送到海牙。
01:55
were indicted for war crimes
and sent to the Hague.
and sent to the Hague.
29
103092
3222
最惡名昭彰的一位
就是艾哈邁德·艾法奇
就是艾哈邁德·艾法奇
01:58
And one of the most notorious
was Ahmad al-Faqi,
was Ahmad al-Faqi,
30
106338
4558
他是位年輕的馬里人，
02:02
who was a young Malian,
31
110920
1444
他被控的罪名不是大屠殺，
02:04
and he was charged, not with genocide,
32
112388
2126
不是種族清洗，
02:06
not with ethnic cleansing,
33
114538
1916
而是教唆摧毀馬里最重要的
02:08
but with being one
of the instigators of a campaign
of the instigators of a campaign
34
116478
3815
一些文化資產的活動。
02:12
to destroy some of Mali's most
important cultural heritage.
important cultural heritage.
35
120317
4421
那不是非故意的破壞；
02:16
This wasn't vandalism;
36
124762
1798
也並不是未經思考的草率行為。
02:18
these weren't thoughtless acts.
37
126584
2197
當艾馬蒂被要求在法庭上
02:21
One of the things that al-Faqi said
38
129389
1829
報出自己的身份時，他說到一點，
02:23
when he was asked
to identify himself in court
to identify himself in court
39
131242
2933
他說他是大學畢業生，
而且他是老師。
而且他是老師。
02:26
was that he was a graduate,
that he was a teacher.
that he was a teacher.
40
134199
2863
02:29
Over the course of 2012,
they engaged in a systematic campaign
they engaged in a systematic campaign
41
137661
5633
在 2012 年間，他們進行了
一個規劃完善的活動，
一個規劃完善的活動，
目標是要摧毀馬里的文化遺產。
02:35
to destroy Mali's cultural heritage.
42
143318
3239
這是經過深入考量後進行的戰爭，
02:39
This was a deeply considered waging of war
43
147142
4325
且進行的方式是
人能想像出來最強大的方式來
人能想像出來最強大的方式來
02:43
in the most powerful way
that could be envisaged:
that could be envisaged:
44
151491
2683
摧毀敘事，摧毀故事。
02:46
in destroying narrative,
in destroying stories.
in destroying stories.
45
154198
3362
02:50
The attempted destruction of nine shrines,
46
158210
3363
他們試圖摧毀九個聖壇、
中央清真寺、
02:53
the central mosque
47
161597
1494
可能還有約四千份手稿，
02:55
and perhaps as many as 4,000 manuscripts
48
163115
3493
都是仔細考量過的行為。
02:58
was a considered act.
49
166632
2343
03:01
They understood the power of narrative
to hold communities together,
to hold communities together,
50
169729
5352
他們知道敘事有著
能將社區團結起來的力量，
能將社區團結起來的力量，
他們藉由反向思考了解到
通過摧毀故事，
通過摧毀故事，
03:07
and they conversely understood
that in destroying stories,
that in destroying stories,
51
175105
4218
他們就有可能摧毀一個民族。
03:11
they hoped they would destroy a people.
52
179347
2915
但正如伊斯蘭衛士和他們的暴動
03:14
But just as Ansar Dine
and their insurgency
and their insurgency
53
182286
3497
是被強大的敘事所驅使的，
03:17
were driven by powerful narratives,
54
185807
3216
當地人民為廷巴克圖
及其圖書館所做的防禦也一樣。
及其圖書館所做的防禦也一樣。
03:21
so was the local population's defense
of Timbuktu and its libraries.
of Timbuktu and its libraries.
55
189047
4357
這些社區的人
聽著馬里帝國的故事長大；
聽著馬里帝國的故事長大；
03:25
These were communities who've grown up
with stories of the Mali Empire;
with stories of the Mali Empire;
56
193428
4230
他們住在廷巴克圖偉大的
圖書館的影子底下。
圖書館的影子底下。
03:29
lived in the shadow
of Timbuktu's great libraries.
of Timbuktu's great libraries.
57
197682
3161
他們從孩提時就在聽著
關於廷巴克圖起源的歌曲，
關於廷巴克圖起源的歌曲，
03:32
They'd listened to songs
of its origin from their childhood,
of its origin from their childhood,
58
200867
3857
而他們不願意
03:36
and they weren't about to give up on that
59
204748
2742
不嘗試抵抗就放棄那一切。
03:39
without a fight.
60
207514
1582
在 2012 年的艱苦月份中，
03:41
Over difficult months of 2012,
61
209120
3212
在伊斯蘭衛士入侵的時期，
03:44
during the Ansar Dine invasion,
62
212356
3952
馬里人、平民百姓，冒著生命危險，
03:48
Malians, ordinary people,
risked their lives
risked their lives
63
216332
3826
把文件藏起來並偷運到安全的地方，
03:52
to secrete and smuggle
documents to safety,
documents to safety,
64
220182
3469
盡他們所能，去保護歷史建築，
03:56
doing what they could
to protect historic buildings
to protect historic buildings
65
224628
3306
去保衛他們古老的圖書館。
03:59
and defend their ancient libraries.
66
227958
2300
雖然他們不一定都能成功，
04:02
And although they weren't
always successful,
always successful,
67
230282
2654
許多最重要的手稿
都很幸運地被保存下來了，
都很幸運地被保存下來了，
04:04
many of the most important manuscripts
were thankfully saved,
were thankfully saved,
68
232960
3683
今天，在那次暴動中受損的所有聖壇
04:08
and today each one of the shrines
that was damaged during that uprising
that was damaged during that uprising
69
236667
4905
都已被重建，
04:13
have been rebuilt,
70
241596
1792
包括一間十四世紀的清真寺，
它象徵該城市的心臟。
它象徵該城市的心臟。
04:15
including the 14th-century mosque
that is the symbolic heart of the city.
that is the symbolic heart of the city.
71
243412
5218
它已經被完全復原了。
04:20
It's been fully restored.
72
248654
1816
即使在被佔領期間
最令人沮喪的時候，
最令人沮喪的時候，
04:22
But even in the bleakest periods
of the occupation,
of the occupation,
73
250494
4405
廷巴克圖還是有足夠的人民
就是不願意屈服於
就是不願意屈服於
04:26
enough of the population of Timbuktu
simply would not bow
simply would not bow
74
254923
5393
像艾馬蒂這樣的人。
04:32
to men like al-Faqi.
75
260340
1867
他們不允許他們的歷史被抹滅。
04:34
They wouldn't allow their history
to be wiped away,
to be wiped away,
76
262231
3063
任何曾經造訪過
世界的那個角落的人，
世界的那個角落的人，
04:37
and anyone who has visited
that part of the world,
that part of the world,
77
265318
3267
都能夠了解為什麼，
04:40
they will understand why,
78
268609
1828
為什麼故事，為什麼敘事，
為什麼歷史有這麼重要。
為什麼歷史有這麼重要。
04:42
why stories, why narrative, why histories
are of such importance.
are of such importance.
79
270461
5133
歷史很重要。
04:47
History matters.
80
275618
2336
歷史真的關乎緊要。
04:49
History really matters.
81
277978
2738
對於看到數世紀來自己的故事
04:53
And for peoples of African descent,
82
281227
2236
04:55
who have seen their narrative
systematically assaulted over centuries,
systematically assaulted over centuries,
83
283487
5618
不斷被有系統地攻擊的
非洲後裔而言，
非洲後裔而言，
這是極度重要的。
05:01
this is critically important.
84
289129
2527
這是一部份不斷重覆的共鳴，
迴盪在我們那段關於
迴盪在我們那段關於
05:04
This is part of a recurrent echo
across our history
across our history
85
292131
4048
平民百姓為了他們的故事及歷史
而挺身抵抗的歷史當中。
而挺身抵抗的歷史當中。
05:08
of ordinary people making a stand
for their story, for their history.
for their story, for their history.
86
296203
5307
05:14
Just as in the 19th century,
87
302385
1669
就如同十九世紀
05:16
enslaved peoples of African
descent in the Caribbean
descent in the Caribbean
88
304078
3969
在加勒比海被奴役的非洲後裔，
05:20
fought under threat of punishment,
89
308071
2314
在懲罰的威脅之下決定一戰，
05:22
fought to practice their religions,
to celebrate Carnival,
to celebrate Carnival,
90
310409
4151
為了實踐他們的宗教，
為了慶祝狂歡節而戰，
為了慶祝狂歡節而戰，
為了延續他們的歷史而戰。
05:26
to keep their history alive.
91
314584
2735
平民百姓都準備好
要做出偉大的犧牲，
要做出偉大的犧牲，
05:29
Ordinary people were prepared
to make great sacrifices,
to make great sacrifices,
92
317343
3880
05:33
some even the ultimate sacrifice,
93
321247
3226
有些人最終也為了他們的歷史
犧牲了。
05:36
for their history.
94
324497
1390
05:38
And it was through control of narrative
95
326965
2445
透過對敘事的控制，
一些最具毀滅性的
殖民活動才得以存在。
殖民活動才得以存在。
05:41
that some of the most devastating
colonial campaigns were crystallized.
colonial campaigns were crystallized.
96
329434
4336
透過支配一個又一個的敘事，
05:45
It was through the dominance
of one narrative over another
of one narrative over another
97
333794
3855
殖民主義最糟糕的
表現形式才得以具現。
表現形式才得以具現。
05:49
that the worst manifestations
of colonialism became palpable.
of colonialism became palpable.
98
337673
4555
在 1874 年，當英國攻打阿善提時，
05:54
When, in 1874, the British
attacked the Ashanti,
attacked the Ashanti,
99
342795
3893
他們侵佔蹂躪了庫馬西，
捕捉了阿散蒂西里王。
捕捉了阿散蒂西里王。
05:58
they overran Kumasi
and captured the Asantehene.
and captured the Asantehene.
100
346712
3628
他們知道，控制領土
和制服國家領袖——
和制服國家領袖——
06:02
They knew that controlling territory
and subjugating the head of state --
and subjugating the head of state --
101
350364
4773
是不夠的。
06:07
it wasn't enough.
102
355161
1557
他們明白，國家情感的中心
06:08
They recognized that
the emotional authority of state
the emotional authority of state
103
356742
3524
在該國家的敘事當中，
06:12
lay in its narrative
104
360290
1823
06:15
and the symbols that represented it,
105
363118
2562
以及代表它的象徵當中，
比如金凳子。
（註：阿散蒂西里王的寶座）
（註：阿散蒂西里王的寶座）
06:17
like the Golden Stool.
106
365704
1362
06:19
They understood that control of story
was absolutely critical
was absolutely critical
107
367706
5467
他們了解，如果要真正
控制一個民族，
控制一個民族，
對故事的控制是至關重要的。
06:25
to truly controlling a people.
108
373197
2247
阿善提人也明白這一點，
06:27
And the Ashanti understood, too,
109
375468
2079
他們始終不願放棄，
不肯交出寶貴的金凳子，
不肯交出寶貴的金凳子，
06:29
and they never were to relinquish
the precious Golden Stool,
the precious Golden Stool,
110
377571
4410
06:34
never to completely
capitulate to the British.
capitulate to the British.
111
382005
4585
始終沒有完全屈從於英國人。
06:39
Narrative matters.
112
387289
2344
敘事是至關緊要的。
在 1871 年，在南非工作的
德國地理學家卡爾·毛赫
德國地理學家卡爾·毛赫
06:41
In 1871, Karl Mauch, a German geologist
working in Southern Africa,
working in Southern Africa,
113
389657
5658
偶然發現了一個非凡的建築群，
06:47
he stumbled across
an extraordinary complex,
an extraordinary complex,
114
395339
4057
由廢棄的石頭房屋組成的建築群。
06:51
a complex of abandoned stone buildings.
115
399420
2726
而他始終未能全然忘懷：
06:54
And he never quite recovered
from what he saw:
from what he saw:
116
402170
3316
一個花崗岩乾砌的城市，
06:57
a granite, drystone city,
117
405510
3233
位於空蕩大草原露出的礦脈上：
07:00
stranded on an outcrop
above an empty savannah:
above an empty savannah:
118
408767
3801
大辛巴威。
07:04
Great Zimbabwe.
119
412592
1728
07:07
And Mauch had no idea who was responsible
120
415073
3492
毛赫完全不知道是誰建造了
這顯然十分驚人的建築壯舉，
07:10
for what was obviously
an astonishing feat of architecture,
an astonishing feat of architecture,
121
418589
5066
但他很確定一件事：
07:15
but he felt sure of one single thing:
122
423679
3543
必須要找到這敘事的歸屬。
07:19
this narrative needed to be claimed.
123
427246
3790
他後來寫道：大辛巴威的精心構思建築
07:23
He later wrote that the wrought
architecture of Great Zimbabwe
architecture of Great Zimbabwe
124
431060
3844
實在是太精密、太特別了，
07:26
was simply too sophisticated,
125
434928
2739
07:29
too special to have
been built by Africans.
been built by Africans.
126
437691
3533
因此不可能是非洲人建造的。
毛赫，和數十位跟隨
他腳步的歐洲人一樣，
他腳步的歐洲人一樣，
07:33
Mauch, like dozens of Europeans
that followed in his footsteps,
that followed in his footsteps,
127
441248
4527
臆測了誰可能建造了這個城市。
07:37
speculated on who
might have built the city.
might have built the city.
128
445799
2780
其中一個人竟然斷定說：
07:40
And one went as far as to posit,
129
448603
3214
「我猜測這山丘上的遺跡
是仿效所羅門聖殿的，
是仿效所羅門聖殿的，
07:43
"I do not think that I am far wrong
if I suppose that that ruin on the hill
if I suppose that that ruin on the hill
130
451841
5725
我想我應該不會錯得離譜。」
07:49
is a copy of King Solomon's Temple."
131
457590
2551
我相信你們都知道，
07:52
And as I'm sure you know, Mauch,
132
460165
1731
毛赫偶然發現的並非所羅門聖殿，
07:53
he hadn't stumbled upon
King Solomon's Temple,
King Solomon's Temple,
133
461920
2944
他發現的是純非洲的建築群，
07:56
but upon a purely African
complex of buildings
complex of buildings
134
464888
3546
在十一世紀，
由純非洲的文明所建造。
由純非洲的文明所建造。
08:00
constructed by a purely
African civilization
African civilization
135
468458
3627
08:04
from the 11th century onward.
136
472109
1956
但就像幾年之後，德國人類學家
李歐·佛洛班尼爾斯
李歐·佛洛班尼爾斯
08:06
But like Leo Frobenius,
a fellow German anthropologist
a fellow German anthropologist
137
474089
4151
在初次看到奈及利亞
伊費青銅頭像時，
伊費青銅頭像時，
08:10
who speculated some years later,
138
478264
2345
08:12
upon seeing the Nigerian Ife Heads
for the very first time,
for the very first time,
139
480633
4007
他揣測這些頭像可能是來自
失落的亞特蘭提斯的文物。
失落的亞特蘭提斯的文物。
08:16
that they must have been artifacts
from the long-lost kingdom of Atlantis.
from the long-lost kingdom of Atlantis.
140
484664
5407
就像黑格爾一樣，
08:22
He felt, just like Hegel,
141
490095
2577
他幾乎是本能地感覺
他必須掠奪非洲的歷史。
他必須掠奪非洲的歷史。
08:24
an almost instinctive need
to rob Africa of its history.
to rob Africa of its history.
142
492696
5739
08:31
These ideas are so irrational,
143
499216
2406
這些想法非常不理性，
且根深蒂固。
08:33
so deeply held,
144
501646
1813
即使面對實體的古物，
08:35
that even when faced
with the physical archaeology,
with the physical archaeology,
145
503483
3199
他們也無法理性思考。
08:38
they couldn't think rationally.
146
506706
2009
他們已經無法看清楚。
08:40
They could no longer see.
147
508739
1998
就像非洲和啟蒙時代
歐洲之間的關係，
歐洲之間的關係，
08:42
And like so much of Africa's relationship
with Enlightenment Europe,
with Enlightenment Europe,
148
510761
4181
它涉及了對該大陸的
佔用、詆毀，和控制。
佔用、詆毀，和控制。
08:46
it involved appropriation, denigration
and control of the continent.
and control of the continent.
149
514966
5783
它涉及了為迎合歐洲而將敘事改變。
08:52
It involved an attempt
to bend narrative to Europe's ends.
to bend narrative to Europe's ends.
150
520773
4740
08:57
And if Mauch had really wanted
to find an answer to his question,
to find an answer to his question,
151
525955
4193
如果毛赫真的想要為
他的這個問題找到答案：
他的這個問題找到答案：
「大辛巴威或是那偉大的
石建築是從哪裡來的？」
石建築是從哪裡來的？」
09:02
"Where did Great Zimbabwe
or that great stone building come from?"
or that great stone building come from?"
152
530172
4654
他其實必須在大辛巴威以外
09:06
he would have needed to begin his quest
153
534850
2200
09:09
a thousand miles away from Great Zimbabwe,
154
537074
2689
幾千英哩的地方，
展開他的追尋之旅，
展開他的追尋之旅，
也就是這塊大陸的東岸，
非洲和印度洋交接的地方。
非洲和印度洋交接的地方。
09:11
at the eastern edge of the continent,
where Africa meets the Indian Ocean.
where Africa meets the Indian Ocean.
155
539787
3819
他應該從斯華西里海岸的那一些
09:15
He would have needed to trace
the gold and the goods
the gold and the goods
156
543630
3208
與大辛巴威做貿易的大型商業中心，
追蹤黃金和商品的來源，
追蹤黃金和商品的來源，
09:18
from some of the great trading emporia
of the Swahili coast to Great Zimbabwe,
of the Swahili coast to Great Zimbabwe,
157
546862
4815
09:23
to gain a sense of the scale and influence
158
551701
3459
來探究那神秘文化的
規模和影響；
09:27
of that mysterious culture,
159
555184
1880
透過大辛巴威所控制的王國和文明，
09:29
to get a picture of Great Zimbabwe
as a political, cultural entity
as a political, cultural entity
160
557088
5182
來了解大辛巴威成為政治、
09:34
through the kingdoms and the civilizations
161
562294
3441
文化實體的真實情況。
09:37
that were drawn under its control.
162
565759
2459
數世紀以來，商人都被
吸引到該海岸的那個小區域，
吸引到該海岸的那個小區域，
09:40
For centuries, traders have been drawn
to that bit of the coast
to that bit of the coast
163
568242
5035
他們來自遠方，如印度、
中國、中東等地。
中國、中東等地。
09:46
from as far away as India
and China and the Middle East.
and China and the Middle East.
164
574463
4746
人們可能會傾向這樣詮釋，
09:51
And it might be tempting to interpret,
165
579233
2687
因為那建築十分精緻美麗。
09:53
because it's exquisitely
beautiful, that building,
beautiful, that building,
166
581944
3110
人們可能會傾向將它詮釋成
09:57
it might be tempting to interpret it
167
585078
2988
一個精緻、象徵性的珠寶，
10:00
as just an exquisite, symbolic jewel,
168
588090
3528
一個巨大的儀式性石雕。
10:03
a vast ceremonial sculpture in stone.
169
591642
2888
10:07
But the site must have been a complex
170
595022
3157
但這個遺跡建築群，
在過去肯定是位在許多經濟體
所形成之重要網路的中心，
所形成之重要網路的中心，
10:10
at the center of a significant
nexus of economies
nexus of economies
171
598203
4555
定義了這個區域長達一千年的時間。
10:14
that defined this region for a millennium.
172
602782
3081
10:18
This matters.
173
606395
1716
這是非常重要的。
這些敘事是至關緊要的。
10:20
These narratives matter.
174
608135
2039
即使現今，我們為了說出故事而戰，
並不只是在對抗時間。
並不只是在對抗時間。
10:22
Even today, the fight to tell our story
is not just against time.
is not just against time.
175
610198
5041
也並不只是對抗
像伊斯蘭衛士的組織。
像伊斯蘭衛士的組織。
10:27
It's not just against
organizations like Ansar Dine.
organizations like Ansar Dine.
176
615263
3723
在經過了數世紀
一直被強加上的歷史之後，
一直被強加上的歷史之後，
10:31
It's also in establishing
a truly African voice
a truly African voice
177
619010
4074
我們也為了建立真正的非洲聲音。
10:35
after centuries of imposed histories.
178
623108
2848
10:38
We don't just have
to recolonize our history,
to recolonize our history,
179
626775
3431
我們不僅是要重新殖民我們的歷史，
我們必需要找到方法來重新建立
10:42
but we have to find ways to build back
the intellectual underpinning
the intellectual underpinning
180
630230
4874
完全被黑格爾否認曾在那裡存在的。
10:47
that Hegel denied was there at all.
181
635128
2185
10:49
We have to rediscover African philosophy,
182
637866
2720
我們得要重新發現非洲的哲學、
非洲的觀點、非洲的歷史。
10:52
African perspectives, African history.
183
640610
4002
大辛巴威的繁榮——
它並不是個特異的時刻。
它並不是個特異的時刻。
10:57
The flowering of Great Zimbabwe --
it wasn't a freak moment.
it wasn't a freak moment.
184
645651
3510
它是整個大陸急速改變的一部份。
11:01
It was part of a burgeoning change
across the whole of the continent.
across the whole of the continent.
185
649185
3973
很好的範例或許就是松迪亞塔可塔。
11:05
Perhaps the great exemplification of that
was Sundiata Keita,
was Sundiata Keita,
186
653182
4326
他是馬里帝國的開創者，
11:09
the founder of the Mali Empire,
187
657532
2193
而馬里帝國可能是
西非史上最偉大的帝國。
西非史上最偉大的帝國。
11:11
probably the greatest empire
that West Africa has ever seen.
that West Africa has ever seen.
188
659749
3940
松迪亞塔可塔大約生於 1235 年，
11:15
Sundiata Keita was born about 1235,
189
663713
3098
成長於一個巨大變遷的時代。
11:18
growing up in a time of profound flux.
190
666835
3457
他看到北邊巴巴里的改朝換代，
11:22
He was seeing the transition
between the Berber dynasties to the north,
between the Berber dynasties to the north,
191
670928
3848
他可能也聽到南邊伊費的崛起，
11:26
he may have heard about the rise
of the Ife to the south
of the Ife to the south
192
674800
3270
11:30
and perhaps even the dominance
of the Solomaic Dynasty
of the Solomaic Dynasty
193
678094
5117
甚至東邊衣索比亞
所羅門王朝的統治。
11:35
in Ethiopia to the east.
194
683235
1703
11:37
And he must have been aware
that he was living through a moment
that he was living through a moment
195
685516
3636
他一定有意識到，他身處在一個
快速改變的時刻，
11:41
of quickening change,
196
689176
1695
對我們的大陸越來越有信心的時刻。
11:42
of growing confidence in our continent.
197
690895
2760
11:46
He must have been aware of new states
198
694370
3165
他一定意識到
新的國家在建立它們的影響力，
11:49
that were building their influence
199
697559
2464
偏遠到大辛巴威
和蘇丹統治的斯華西里。
和蘇丹統治的斯華西里。
11:52
from as far afield as Great Zimbabwe
and the Swahili sultanates,
and the Swahili sultanates,
200
700047
5268
它們都被直接或間接地
與非洲以外有所連結，
與非洲以外有所連結，
11:57
each engaged directly or indirectly
beyond the continent itself,
beyond the continent itself,
201
705339
6247
它們個別也都投入心力去
保護它們的知識和文化遺產。
保護它們的知識和文化遺產。
12:03
each driven also to invest in securing
their intellectual and cultural legacy.
their intellectual and cultural legacy.
202
711610
5430
12:09
He probably would have engaged
in trade with these peer nations
in trade with these peer nations
203
717794
3428
他可能有和這些國家進行貿易。
這是偉大的中世紀非洲經濟體的
12:13
as part of a massive continental nexus
204
721246
3503
大規模大陸連結網的一部份。
12:16
of great medieval African economies.
205
724773
2234
12:19
And like all of those great empires,
206
727608
3599
如同所有偉大的帝國，
松迪亞塔可塔也投入心力
去保護他的歷史遺產，
去保護他的歷史遺產，
12:23
Sundiata Keita invested in securing
his legacy through history
his legacy through history
207
731231
5601
用的方式就是故事——
12:28
by using story --
208
736856
1602
12:31
not just formalizing
the idea of storytelling,
the idea of storytelling,
209
739744
5693
不僅是把說故事的
這個想法給正式化，
這個想法給正式化，
他還建立了完整的常規習俗
12:37
but in building a whole convention
210
745461
2677
來敘述和重述他的故事。
12:40
of telling and retelling his story
211
748162
3361
建造敘事對於他的帝國十分關鍵。
12:43
as a key to founding a narrative
212
751547
2417
12:45
for his empire.
213
753988
1595
他的故事以音樂的形式訴說，
12:47
And these stories, in musical form,
214
755607
3345
至今仍然被唱誦著。
12:50
are still sung today.
215
758976
3355
12:55
Now, several decades
after the death of Sundiata,
after the death of Sundiata,
216
763371
3304
在松迪亞塔死後數十年，
一個新國王登上王位，
12:58
a new king ascended the throne,
217
766699
2399
曼薩穆薩，馬里最有名的帝王。
13:01
Mansa Musa, its most famous emperor.
218
769122
4163
曼薩·穆薩以儲存大量黃金而聞名，
13:05
Now, Mansa Musa is famed
for his vast gold reserves
for his vast gold reserves
219
773309
3157
他也以派使節到歐洲
和中東的朝廷而聞名。
和中東的朝廷而聞名。
13:08
and for sending envoys to the courts
of Europe and the Middle East.
of Europe and the Middle East.
220
776490
4017
13:13
He was every bit as ambitious
as his predecessors,
as his predecessors,
221
781238
4023
他的野心完全不輸給他的前人，
但他發現一種不同的方式
可以保護他在歷史上的地位。
可以保護他在歷史上的地位。
13:17
but saw a different kind of route
of securing his place in history.
of securing his place in history.
222
785285
4267
在 1324 年，曼薩·穆薩去麥加朝聖，
13:21
In 1324, Mansa Musa
went on pilgrimage to Mecca,
went on pilgrimage to Mecca,
223
789576
4007
他此行的扈從就有數千人。
13:25
and he traveled
with a retinue of thousands.
with a retinue of thousands.
224
793607
3331
傳說有 100 隻駱駝，
每隻載著 100 磅的黃金。
每隻載著 100 磅的黃金。
13:28
It's been said that 100 camels
each carried 100 pounds of gold.
each carried 100 pounds of gold.
225
796962
6658
有記錄指出，旅程中的每個星期五
13:35
It's been recorded that he built
a fully functioning mosque
a fully functioning mosque
226
803644
3516
他都會建立一間功能完整的清真寺，
13:39
every Friday of his trip,
227
807184
2167
做了非常多的仁慈之舉。
13:41
and performed so many acts of kindness,
228
809375
3121
偉大的巴巴里編年史家
伊本·巴圖塔寫到：
伊本·巴圖塔寫到：
13:44
that the great Berber chronicler,
Ibn Battuta, wrote,
Ibn Battuta, wrote,
229
812520
3839
「他用仁慈淹沒了開羅，
13:48
"He flooded Cairo with kindness,
230
816383
2959
在北非和中東的市場花了如此多錢，
13:51
spending so much in the markets
of North Africa and the Middle East
of North Africa and the Middle East
231
819366
3537
以致於影響到了接下來
十年的黃金價格。」
十年的黃金價格。」
13:54
that it affected the price of gold
into the next decade."
into the next decade."
232
822927
4188
14:00
And on his return,
233
828081
1547
回程時，
曼薩·穆薩紀念他這趟旅程的方式是
14:01
Mansa Musa memorialized his journey
234
829652
3446
14:05
by building a mosque
at the heart of his empire.
at the heart of his empire.
235
833885
5257
在他的帝國的心臟地帶
建立一座清真寺。
建立一座清真寺。
14:11
And the legacy of what he left behind,
236
839792
2646
他留給後世的遺產，
就是廷巴克圖，
14:14
Timbuktu,
237
842462
1677
它代表了由非洲學者所寫的
14:16
it represents one of the great bodies
of written historical material
of written historical material
238
844163
5260
最大量的書面歷史材料之一：
14:21
produced by African scholars:
239
849447
2183
大約有七十萬份中世紀文件，
14:23
about 700,000 medieval documents,
240
851654
3222
從學術著作到信件應有盡有。
14:26
ranging from scholarly works to letters,
241
854900
3199
這些大都被私人保存下來。
14:30
which have been preserved
often by private households.
often by private households.
242
858123
3048
在巔峰時期，在十五及十六世紀時，
14:33
And at its peak,
in the 15th and 16th centuries,
in the 15th and 16th centuries,
243
861195
3483
那裡的大學的影響力完全不輸給
14:36
the university there was as influential
244
864702
3988
歐洲的任何教育機關，
14:40
as any educational
establishment in Europe,
establishment in Europe,
245
868714
3046
吸引了約兩萬五千名學生。
14:43
attracting about 25,000 students.
246
871784
2994
這個城市在那時的人口約為十萬人。
14:46
This was in a city
of around 100,000 people.
of around 100,000 people.
247
874802
3566
它奠定了廷巴克圖成為
世界學習中心的地位。
世界學習中心的地位。
14:50
It cemented Timbuktu
as a world center of learning.
as a world center of learning.
248
878392
5178
但那裡的學習非常特別，
14:55
But this was a very particular
kind of learning
kind of learning
249
883594
4207
以伊斯蘭為主，並由伊斯蘭驅使。
14:59
that was focused and driven by Islam.
250
887825
3228
15:03
And since I first visited Timbuktu,
251
891594
2243
自從我初次造訪廷巴克圖以後，
我走訪了全非洲許多其他的圖書館。
15:05
I've visited many other
libraries across Africa,
libraries across Africa,
252
893861
2861
儘管黑格爾認為非洲沒有歷史，
15:08
and despite Hegel's view
that Africa has no history,
that Africa has no history,
253
896746
5295
它不只是有著龐大歷史的大陸，
15:14
not only is it a continent
with an embarrassment of history,
with an embarrassment of history,
254
902065
4213
它還發展出無敵的體制
來收集和推行它。
來收集和推行它。
15:18
it has developed unrivaled systems
for collecting and promoting it.
for collecting and promoting it.
255
906302
4830
15:23
There are thousands of small archives,
256
911634
2821
那裡有數以千計的小檔案館，
紡織桶商店，
15:26
textile drum stores,
257
914479
1898
變成了不只是手稿
和有形文化的貯藏處。
和有形文化的貯藏處。
15:28
that have become more than repositories
of manuscripts and material culture.
of manuscripts and material culture.
258
916401
4871
它們變成了共有敘事的泉源
15:33
They have become fonts
of communal narrative,
of communal narrative,
259
921296
3139
和延續的象徵。
15:36
symbols of continuity,
260
924459
2260
我非常肯定，許多曾經質疑
15:38
and I'm pretty sure that many
of those European philosophers
of those European philosophers
261
926743
3126
非洲知識傳統的歐洲哲學家，
15:41
who questioned an African
intellectual tradition
intellectual tradition
262
929893
3497
在他們的偏見之下，
15:45
must have, beneath their prejudices,
263
933414
2877
一定也有意識到非洲
知識份子對西方學習
知識份子對西方學習
15:48
been aware of the contribution
of Africa's intellectuals
of Africa's intellectuals
264
936315
5191
所做的貢獻。
15:53
to Western learning.
265
941530
1333
他們一定知道
15:54
They must have known
266
942887
1238
偉大的北非中世紀哲學家
15:56
of the great North African
medieval philosophers
medieval philosophers
267
944149
2828
驅動了地中海。
15:59
who had driven the Mediterranean.
268
947001
2492
他們一定知道且有意識到
16:01
They must have known about
and been aware of
and been aware of
269
949517
3111
16:04
that tradition that is part
of Christianity, of the three wise men.
of Christianity, of the three wise men.
270
952940
5029
基督教傳統中的三位智者。
在中世紀，第三位智者，伯沙撒，
16:09
And in the medieval period,
Balthazar, that third wise man,
Balthazar, that third wise man,
271
957993
3989
是以非洲國王的形象出現。
16:14
was represented as an African king.
272
962006
2703
他變得非常有名，
16:16
And he became hugely popular
273
964733
2604
被視為舊世界（東半球）的
第三隻知識之腳，
第三隻知識之腳，
16:19
as the third intellectual leg
of Old World learning,
of Old World learning,
274
967361
3985
與歐洲和亞洲齊名。
16:23
alongside Europe and Asia, as a peer.
275
971370
3498
16:27
These things were well-known.
276
975652
3876
這些事都是眾所皆知的。
這些社區並沒有在孤立中成長。
16:31
These communities
did not grow up in isolation.
did not grow up in isolation.
277
979552
3624
廷巴克圖的財富和權力
之所以會發展的原因是
之所以會發展的原因是
16:35
Timbuktu's wealth and power developed
because the city became
because the city became
278
983200
4109
這城市變成了有利可圖的
跨大陸貿易路線的中心。
跨大陸貿易路線的中心。
16:39
a hub of lucrative
intercontinental trade routes.
intercontinental trade routes.
279
987333
4080
這是在沒有邊界、
16:43
This was one center
280
991437
2166
橫貫大陸、有野心、
16:45
in a borderless, transcontinental,
281
993627
2550
著重對外的自信大陸的一個中心。
16:48
ambitious, outwardly focused,
confident continent.
confident continent.
282
996201
3887
16:52
Berber merchants,
they carried salt and textiles
they carried salt and textiles
283
1000874
3922
巴巴里商人，帶著鹽和織物、
新的珍貴商品，以及知識，
16:56
and new precious goods and learning
down into West Africa
down into West Africa
284
1004820
3800
越過沙漠，來到西非。
17:00
from across the desert.
285
1008644
2556
但各位可以在這張地圖上看到，
17:03
But as you can see from this map
286
1011224
3471
這張圖是在曼薩·穆薩的
年代之後不久製做的，
年代之後不久製做的，
17:06
that was produced a little time
after the life of Mansa Musa,
after the life of Mansa Musa,
287
1014719
4245
上面也有撒哈拉以南的貿易路線圖，
17:10
there was also a nexus
of sub-Saharan trade routes,
of sub-Saharan trade routes,
288
1018988
4602
沿著這些路線，非洲想法和傳統
17:15
along which African ideas and traditions
289
1023614
3260
增加了廷巴克圖的知識價值，
17:18
added to the intellectual
worth of Timbuktu
worth of Timbuktu
290
1026898
3623
且的確跨越了沙漠到達歐洲。
17:22
and indeed across the desert to Europe.
291
1030545
2980
17:26
Manuscripts and material culture,
292
1034420
3730
手稿和物質文化，
它們變成共有敘事的泉源、
17:30
they have become fonts
of communal narrative,
of communal narrative,
293
1038174
4927
延續的象徵。
17:35
symbols of continuity.
294
1043125
2043
我很確定，那些誹謗我們歷史的
17:37
And I'm pretty sure that
those European intellectuals
those European intellectuals
295
1045192
4711
歐洲知識份子，
17:41
who cast aspersions on our history,
296
1049927
3734
他們從根本上知道我們的傳統。
17:45
they knew fundamentally
about our traditions.
about our traditions.
297
1053685
3915
17:50
And today, as strident forces
like Ansar Dine and Boko Haram
like Ansar Dine and Boko Haram
298
1058155
4710
現今，當強硬的力量，
如伊斯蘭衛和博科聖地，
如伊斯蘭衛和博科聖地，
在西非變得普遍時，
17:54
grow popular in West Africa,
299
1062889
1913
是那真正本土的、動態的、
知性的反抗精神，
知性的反抗精神，
17:56
it's that spirit of truly indigenous,
dynamic, intellectual defiance
dynamic, intellectual defiance
300
1064826
5610
在保護著、支撐著古老傳統。
18:02
that holds ancient
traditions in good stead.
traditions in good stead.
301
1070460
2954
當曼薩·穆薩把廷巴克圖設為首都時，
18:05
When Mansa Musa made Timbuktu his capital,
302
1073438
3199
他看待這個城市就像是
麥第奇家族看待佛羅倫斯：
麥第奇家族看待佛羅倫斯：
18:08
he looked upon the city
as a Medici looked upon Florence:
as a Medici looked upon Florence:
303
1076661
3978
視為是一個放發、知識、
企業家的帝國的中心，
企業家的帝國的中心，
18:12
as the center of an open, intellectual,
entrepreneurial empire
entrepreneurial empire
304
1080663
5059
而這個帝國靠著來自各處的
偉大點子而興盛。
偉大點子而興盛。
18:17
that thrived on great ideas
wherever they came from.
wherever they came from.
305
1085746
3317
這個城市、這個文化、
18:21
The city, the culture,
306
1089087
2249
和這個區域以知識為本的基因，
18:23
the very intellectual DNA of this region
307
1091360
3118
仍然以一種美麗的方式，
保持著複雜性和多樣性，
保持著複雜性和多樣性，
18:26
remains so beautifully
complex and diverse,
complex and diverse,
308
1094502
3693
而它有一部份將會永遠保留在
18:30
that it will always remain, in part,
309
1098219
2669
來自本土的、伊斯蘭之前的
傳統所衍生出的
傳統所衍生出的
18:32
located in storytelling traditions
that derive from indigenous,
that derive from indigenous,
310
1100912
4312
說故事傳統裡。
18:37
pre-Islamic traditions.
311
1105248
1765
在馬里所發展出的極成功的
伊斯蘭形式變得很普遍，
伊斯蘭形式變得很普遍，
18:39
The highly successful form of Islam
that developed in Mali became popular
that developed in Mali became popular
312
1107037
5607
因為它接受了那些自由，
18:44
because it accepted those freedoms
313
1112668
2049
以及那固有的文化多樣性。
18:46
and that inherent cultural diversity.
314
1114741
2482
而去讚頌那複雜性、
18:49
And the celebration of that complexity,
315
1117247
2427
那爭議辯論之愛、
18:51
that love of rigorously
contested discourse,
contested discourse,
316
1119698
4025
那對敘事之欣賞，
18:55
that appreciation of narrative,
317
1123747
1844
不論如何，曾是，也仍然是
18:57
was and remains, in spite of everything,
318
1125615
3274
西非的中心精神。
19:00
the very heart of West Africa.
319
1128913
3410
現今，被伊斯蘭衛士
任意破壞的聖壇和清真寺
任意破壞的聖壇和清真寺
19:04
And today, as the shrines and the mosque
vandalized by Ansar Dine
vandalized by Ansar Dine
320
1132347
4582
已經被重建，
19:08
have been rebuilt,
321
1136953
1157
許多煽動這些
破壞行為的人已經入獄。
破壞行為的人已經入獄。
19:10
many of the instigators
of their destruction have been jailed.
of their destruction have been jailed.
322
1138134
3827
留給我們很有影響力的教訓，
19:13
And we are left with powerful lessons,
323
1141985
2902
再次提醒了我們，我們的歷史和敘事
19:16
reminded once again
of how our history and narrative
of how our history and narrative
324
1144911
4356
是如何讓社區團結了一千年；
19:21
have held communities
together for millennia,
together for millennia,
325
1149291
3907
在了解現代非洲方面，它們
如何持續扮演不可缺的角色。
如何持續扮演不可缺的角色。
19:25
how they remain vital
in making sense of modern Africa.
in making sense of modern Africa.
326
1153222
3726
19:29
And we're also reminded
327
1157906
1510
這也提醒了我們，
這有自信、有智慧、企業家的、
面向外、具文化慘透性，
面向外、具文化慘透性，
19:31
of how the roots of this confident,
intellectual, entrepreneurial,
intellectual, entrepreneurial,
328
1159440
5024
且免關稅的非洲，它的根基也曾經是
19:36
outward-facing, culturally porous,
tariff-free Africa
tariff-free Africa
329
1164488
4784
19:41
was once the envy of the world.
330
1169296
2466
世界所羨慕的對象。
19:44
But those roots, they remain.
331
1172181
2570
而那些根基，它們仍然存在。
非常謝謝。
19:46
Thank you very much.
332
1174775
1213
（掌聲）
19:48
(Applause)
333
1176012
4150
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Gus Casely-Hayford - Cultural historianGus Casely-Hayford writes, lectures, curates and broadcasts about African culture.
Why you should listen
Dr. Gus Casely-Hayford is a curator and cultural historian who focuses on African culture. He has presented two series of The Lost Kingdoms of Africa for the BBC and has lectured widely on African art and culture, advising national and international bodies (including the United Nations and the Canadian, Dutch and Norwegian Arts Councils) on heritage and culture.
In 2005, Casely-Hayford deployed his leadership, curatorial, fundraising and communications skills to organize the biggest celebration of Africa that Britain has ever hosted; more than 150 organizations put on more than 1,000 exhibitions and events to showcase African culture. Now, he is developing a National Portrait Gallery exhibition that will tell the story of abolition of slavery through 18th- and 19th-century portraits -- an opportunity to bring many of the most important paintings of black figures together in Britain for the first time.
Gus Casely-Hayford | Speaker | TED.com