TED2018
Hugh Herr: How we'll become cyborgs and extend human potential
休 · 赫尔: 如何成为生化人并扩展人类潜能
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仿生学设计师休 · 赫尔先生说, 人类很快就会拥有新的身体，这将永远模糊自然世界与合成世界之间的界线。在一次令人难忘的谈话中, 他详细介绍了 "神经体现设计", 即他正在麻省理工学院开发的创建生化人功能的方法，并向我们展望未来会以一种重新定义人类潜能的方式提升我们人体机能——也许我们会变成超级英雄。 "我相信本世纪末，与今天的我们相比，人类在形态和动力学方面将发生颠覆性的变化。”他说，“人类将会腾飞和翱翔。”
Hugh Herr - Bionics designer
At MIT, Hugh Herr builds prosthetic knees, legs and ankles that fuse biomechanics with microprocessors to restore (and perhaps enhance) normal gait, balance and speed. Full bio
At MIT, Hugh Herr builds prosthetic knees, legs and ankles that fuse biomechanics with microprocessors to restore (and perhaps enhance) normal gait, balance and speed. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
I'm an MIT professor,
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我是麻省理工学院的教授，
00:15
but I do not design buildings
or computer systems.
or computer systems.
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但我并不设计建筑或计算机系统。
00:18
Rather, I build body parts,
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确切来说，我建造身体部位，
00:22
bionic legs that augment
human walking and running.
human walking and running.
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增加人的行走和运行能力的仿生腿。
00:25
In 1982, I was in
a mountain-climbing accident,
a mountain-climbing accident,
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在 1982年的登山事故中，
因为双腿组织冻伤，
我双腿膝盖以下被迫截肢。
我双腿膝盖以下被迫截肢。
00:28
and both of my legs had to be amputated
due to tissue damage from frostbite.
due to tissue damage from frostbite.
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00:33
Here, you can see my legs:
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看，这就是我的双腿：
00:35
24 sensors, six microprocessors
and muscle-tendon-like actuators.
and muscle-tendon-like actuators.
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有24 个传感器，6个微处理器
和像肌肉肌腱样的驱动器。
和像肌肉肌腱样的驱动器。
我的膝盖以下就是一堆螺栓螺母，
00:40
I'm basically a bunch of nuts and bolts
from the knee down.
from the knee down.
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00:43
But with this advanced bionic technology,
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但是，借助这种先进的仿生技术，
00:46
I can skip, dance and run.
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我可以跳跃、 舞蹈和跑步。
（掌声）
00:50
(Applause)
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谢谢。
00:51
Thank you.
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（掌声）
00:52
(Applause)
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00:55
I'm a bionic man,
but I'm not yet a cyborg.
but I'm not yet a cyborg.
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我是一个仿生人，
但还不是生化人。
但还不是生化人。
01:02
When I think about moving my legs,
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当我想移动双腿时，
01:05
neural signals from
my central nervous system
my central nervous system
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中枢神经系统会发出神经信号，
01:08
pass through my nerves
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通过神经进行传导，
01:09
and activate muscles
within my residual limbs.
within my residual limbs.
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并激活我残余肢体的肌肉。
01:15
Artificial electrodes sense these signals,
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人造电极感应到这些信号，
01:18
and small computers in the bionic limb
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仿生肢体内的小计算机
01:20
decode my nerve pulses
into my intended movement patterns.
into my intended movement patterns.
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对我的神经脉冲解码
并进入预期的运动模式。
并进入预期的运动模式。
01:26
Stated simply,
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简言之，
01:28
when I think about moving,
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当我想移动时，
01:29
that command is communicated
to the synthetic part of my body.
to the synthetic part of my body.
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这个命令被传达到
我身体的合成部分。
我身体的合成部分。
01:34
However, those computers can't input
information into my nervous system.
information into my nervous system.
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然而，计算机却无法
将信息输入到我的神经系统。
将信息输入到我的神经系统。
01:38
When I touch and move my synthetic limbs,
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当我触摸和移动我的合成四肢时，
01:41
I do not experience normal
touch and movement sensations.
touch and movement sensations.
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我感受不到正常触摸和运动的感觉。
01:46
If I were a cyborg and could feel my legs
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如果我是生化人，
而且能通过小电脑输入
神经系统的信息而感觉到我腿的存在，
神经系统的信息而感觉到我腿的存在，
01:51
via small computers inputting information
into my nervous system,
into my nervous system,
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01:55
it would fundamentally change, I believe,
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我相信，它将从根本上
01:57
my relationship to my synthetic body.
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改变我与我的合成身体之间的关系。
02:00
Today, I can't feel my legs,
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现在，我无法感受到双腿的存在，
正因为如此，
02:03
and because of that,
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我的双腿事实上只是独立于
我身体和意志之外的工具而已，
我身体和意志之外的工具而已，
02:04
my legs are separate tools
from my mind and my body.
from my mind and my body.
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它们根本不是我身体的一部分。
02:08
They're not part of me.
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02:11
I believe that if I were a cyborg
and could feel my legs,
and could feel my legs,
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我相信，如果我是生化人
且能感受到双腿的存在，
且能感受到双腿的存在，
02:14
they would become
part of me, part of self.
part of me, part of self.
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它们会成为我身体的
一部分、自我的一部分。
一部分、自我的一部分。
在麻省理工学院，
我们正在考虑神经体现设计。
我们正在考虑神经体现设计。
02:17
At MIT, we're thinking about
NeuroEmbodied Design.
NeuroEmbodied Design.
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02:22
In this design process,
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在这个设计过程中，
02:25
the designer designs human flesh and bone,
the biological body itself,
the biological body itself,
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设计者们设计
人体肌肉和骨骼、生物体本身，
人体肌肉和骨骼、生物体本身，
连同合成物们一起，
02:30
along with synthetics to enhance
the bidirectional communication
the bidirectional communication
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共同增进神经系统
与所构建世界之间的双向沟通。
与所构建世界之间的双向沟通。
02:35
between the nervous system
and the built world.
and the built world.
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神经体现设计是一种
创造生化人功能的方法。
创造生化人功能的方法。
02:39
NeuroEmbodied Design is a methodology
to create cyborg function.
to create cyborg function.
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02:45
In this design process,
designers contemplate a future
designers contemplate a future
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在此设计过程里，
设计者们设想，在未来世界中
设计者们设想，在未来世界中
02:50
in which technology
no longer compromises separate,
no longer compromises separate,
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技术不再妥协于
与我们头脑和身体分离的、
没有任何生命特征的工具；
没有任何生命特征的工具；
02:53
lifeless tools from
our minds and our bodies,
our minds and our bodies,
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02:56
a future in which technology
has been carefully integrated
has been carefully integrated
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未来世界中，技术已被精心整合到
03:00
within our nature,
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我们人类的天性中；
03:01
a world in which
what is biological and what is not,
what is biological and what is not,
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一个是否是生物、
是否是人、
03:04
what is human and what is not,
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03:07
what is nature and what is not
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是否是自然本性的
界限将永远模糊的世界。
03:09
will be forever blurred.
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未来将为人类提供新的身体。
03:11
That future will provide
humanity new bodies.
humanity new bodies.
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03:16
NeuroEmbodied Design
will extend our nervous systems
will extend our nervous systems
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神经体现设计将我们的神经系统
延伸到合成世界中，
03:18
into the synthetic world,
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03:20
and the synthetic world into us,
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同时也将合成世界延伸到我们体内，
这些都将从根本上改变我们。
03:23
fundamentally changing who we are.
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通过设计生物体
03:26
By designing the biological body
to better communicate
to better communicate
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实现与构建的设计世界
进行更好沟通，
进行更好沟通，
03:30
with the built design world,
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人类将在二十一世纪终结残疾，
03:33
humanity will end disability
in this 21st century
in this 21st century
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03:36
and establish the scientific
and technological basis
and technological basis
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并为人类能力的强化
建立科学和技术基础；
03:39
for human augmentation,
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在认知、感情和身体方面，
人类能力的提升
人类能力的提升
03:41
extending human capability
beyond innate, physiological levels,
beyond innate, physiological levels,
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03:46
cognitively, emotionally and physically.
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将超越先天和生理层面。
有许多方法可以超越常规
来建立新的身体，
来建立新的身体，
03:50
There are many ways
in which to build new bodies across scale,
in which to build new bodies across scale,
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从生物分子层面
到组织和器官层面。
到组织和器官层面。
03:54
from the biomolecular
to the scale of tissues and organs.
to the scale of tissues and organs.
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今天，我想谈谈
神经体现设计中的一个领域 ，
神经体现设计中的一个领域 ，
03:58
Today, I want to talk about
one area of NeuroEmbodied Design,
one area of NeuroEmbodied Design,
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04:01
in which the body's tissues
are manipulated and sculpted
are manipulated and sculpted
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使用外科手术和再生技术，
对人体组织进行处理和重塑。
04:05
using surgical and regenerative processes.
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04:10
The current amputation paradigm
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自美国内战以来，
04:11
hasn't changed fundamentally
since the US Civil War
since the US Civil War
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截肢规范并没有发生根本性的改变，
04:16
and has grown obsolete
in light of dramatic advancements
in light of dramatic advancements
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随着执行器、控制系统
和神经接口技术的迅猛发展，
和神经接口技术的迅猛发展，
04:19
in actuators, control systems
and neural interfacing technologies.
and neural interfacing technologies.
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原来的截肢规范早已过时。
一个主要的缺陷是
缺少了用来进行控制和本体感知的
缺少了用来进行控制和本体感知的
04:25
A major deficiency is the lack
of dynamic muscle interactions
of dynamic muscle interactions
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动态肌肉间的相互作用。
04:29
for control and proprioception.
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04:32
What is proprioception?
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什么是本体感知呢？
04:34
When you flex your ankle,
muscles in the front of your leg contract,
muscles in the front of your leg contract,
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当你弯曲脚踝时，
腿前部的肌肉就会收缩，
腿前部的肌肉就会收缩，
同时，腿后部的肌肉则会伸展。
04:37
simultaneously stretching muscles
in the back of your leg.
in the back of your leg.
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当你伸展脚踝时，
肌肉的作用正好相反。
肌肉的作用正好相反。
04:40
The opposite happens
when you extend your ankle.
when you extend your ankle.
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当腿后面的肌肉收缩时，
04:43
Here, muscles in the back
of your leg contract,
of your leg contract,
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腿前面的肌肉就会伸展。
04:45
stretching muscles in the front.
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当这些肌肉弯曲和伸展时，
04:47
When these muscles flex and extend,
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04:49
biological sensors
within the muscle tendons
within the muscle tendons
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肌肉肌腱内的生物传感器
通过神经向大脑发送信息。
04:51
send information
through nerves to the brain.
through nerves to the brain.
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这就是为何我们根本不用看
04:54
This is how we're able to feel
where our feet are
where our feet are
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就能感觉到脚的位置。
04:56
without seeing them with our eyes.
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目前的截肢范式
打破了这些动态肌肉间的关系，
打破了这些动态肌肉间的关系，
05:00
The current amputation paradigm
breaks these dynamic muscle relationships,
breaks these dynamic muscle relationships,
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05:04
and in so doing eliminates
normal proprioceptive sensations.
normal proprioceptive sensations.
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这样做也消除了正常的本体感知能力。
05:08
Consequently, a standard artificial limb
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因此,，一个标准的假肢
05:11
cannot feed back information
into the nervous system
into the nervous system
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无法将假肢在空间中的位置信息
05:14
about where the prosthesis is in space.
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反馈回神经系统中。
05:16
The patient therefore
cannot sense and feel
cannot sense and feel
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病人因而也无法感知和感受到
假肢连接处的位置和动作，
05:19
the positions and movements
of the prosthetic joint
of the prosthetic joint
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除非自己亲眼看到。
05:22
without seeing it with their eyes.
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我的腿就是用这个
内战时期的方法截肢的，
内战时期的方法截肢的，
05:26
My legs were amputated
using this Civil War-era methodology.
using this Civil War-era methodology.
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我能感觉到我的双脚,，
现在就能感觉到它们的存在，
现在就能感觉到它们的存在，
05:30
I can feel my feet,
I can feel them right now
I can feel them right now
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05:33
as a phantom awareness.
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仅仅作为一种幻影意识。
但是，当试图移动它们时，
我却做不到，
我却做不到，
05:35
But when I try to move them, I cannot.
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感觉它们像被卡在
坚硬的溜冰鞋里一样。
坚硬的溜冰鞋里一样。
05:37
It feels like they're stuck
inside rigid ski boots.
inside rigid ski boots.
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在麻省理工学院,，
为了解决这些问题，
为了解决这些问题，
05:40
To solve these problems,
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05:41
at MIT, we invented the agonist-antagonist
myoneural interface,
myoneural interface,
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我们发明了主动肌和
对抗肌肌神经的接口，
对抗肌肌神经的接口，
缩写为AMI。
05:46
or AMI, for short.
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AMI 是一种将残肢中的神经
05:48
The AMI is a method to connect nerves
within the residuum
within the residuum
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05:52
to an external, bionic prosthesis.
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连接到外部仿生假肢的方法。
AMI 是如何设计的，
又是如何工作的呢？
又是如何工作的呢？
05:55
How is the AMI designed,
and how does it work?
and how does it work?
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AMI 包括两块通过手术连接的肌肉：
05:59
The AMI comprises two muscles
that are surgically connected,
that are surgically connected,
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06:03
an agonist linked to an antagonist.
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主动肌和与之连接的对抗肌。
当主动肌在电激信号作用下收缩时，
06:05
When the agonist contracts
upon electrical activation,
upon electrical activation,
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06:08
it stretches the antagonist.
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它会伸展对抗肌。
06:11
This muscle dynamic interaction
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这种肌肉的动态交互作用
导致肌肉肌腱内的生物传感器
06:13
causes biological sensors
within the muscle tendon
within the muscle tendon
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通过神经向中枢神经系统发送
06:16
to send information through the nerve
to the central nervous system,
to the central nervous system,
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06:20
relating information on the muscle
tendon's length, speed and force.
tendon's length, speed and force.
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有关肌肉肌腱长度、
速度和力量的信息。
速度和力量的信息。
06:24
This is how muscle tendon
proprioception works,
proprioception works,
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这就是肌肉肌腱本体的工作原理，
06:27
and it's the primary way we, as humans,
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它也是我们作为人类
感觉和感知四肢位置、
运动和力量的主要途径。
运动和力量的主要途径。
06:29
can feel and sense the positions,
movements and forces on our limbs.
movements and forces on our limbs.
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当肢体被截掉以后，
06:34
When a limb is amputated,
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外科医生把残肢内
这些拮抗肌连接起来，
这些拮抗肌连接起来，
06:35
the surgeon connects these opposing
muscles within the residuum
muscles within the residuum
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形成AMI。
06:39
to create an AMI.
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06:41
Now, multiple AMI
constructs can be created
constructs can be created
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现在，可以创建多个AMI结构
用于多个人工关节的控制和感知。
06:44
for the control and sensation
of multiple prosthetic joints.
of multiple prosthetic joints.
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然后，将人造电极
放在每块AMI 肌肉上，
放在每块AMI 肌肉上，
06:48
Artificial electrodes are then placed
on each AMI muscle,
on each AMI muscle,
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06:51
and small computers within the bionic limb
decode those signals
decode those signals
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仿生肢体内的小计算机
对这些信号解码，
对这些信号解码，
06:55
to control powerful motors
on the bionic limb.
on the bionic limb.
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以控制仿生肢上的强力马达。
06:58
When the bionic limb moves,
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当仿生肢体移动时，
AMI 上的肌肉来回移动，
07:01
the AMI muscles move back and forth,
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通过神经向大脑发送信号，
07:02
sending signals through
the nerve to the brain,
the nerve to the brain,
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使佩戴假肢的人能体验到
07:05
enabling a person wearing the prosthesis
to experience natural sensations
to experience natural sensations
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07:09
of positions and movements
of the prosthesis.
of the prosthesis.
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假肢的位置和运动的自然感觉。
07:12
Can these tissue-design principles
be used in an actual human being?
be used in an actual human being?
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这些组织设计原则
能用于真正的人体吗？
能用于真正的人体吗？
07:17
A few years ago, my good friend
Jim Ewing -- of 34 years --
Jim Ewing -- of 34 years --
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几年前，我34岁的好朋友吉姆 · 尤文
07:21
reached out to me for help.
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向我求助。
吉姆经历一了次可怕的登山事故。
07:24
Jim was in an a terrible
climbing accident.
climbing accident.
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07:26
He fell 50 feet in the Cayman Islands
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在开曼群岛上，他下跌了50英尺，
他的绳子没能接住他，
导致他直接撞到地上。
导致他直接撞到地上。
07:29
when his rope failed to catch him
hitting the ground's surface.
hitting the ground's surface.
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他身上多处受伤，
07:33
He suffered many, many injuries:
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肺被刺穿、许多骨头都断了。
07:35
punctured lungs and many broken bones.
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事故之后，他依然梦想着回到
07:40
After his accident, he dreamed
of returning to his chosen sport
of returning to his chosen sport
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07:43
of mountain climbing,
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自己选择的登山运动众，
07:45
but how might this be possible?
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但这怎么可能呢？
答案就来自于‘’生化人团队‘’，
07:49
The answer was Team Cyborg,
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07:52
a team of surgeons,
scientists and engineers
scientists and engineers
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一个由外科医生、
科学家和工程师组成的团队，
科学家和工程师组成的团队，
07:55
assembled at MIT to rebuild Jim
back to his former climbing prowess.
back to his former climbing prowess.
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聚集在麻省理工学院
帮助吉姆恢复他以前的攀登能力。
帮助吉姆恢复他以前的攀登能力。
08:00
Team member Dr. Matthew Carty
amputated Jim's badly damaged leg
amputated Jim's badly damaged leg
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小组成员马修 · 卡蒂博士
在波士顿的布莱根妇女医院
在波士顿的布莱根妇女医院
08:04
at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston,
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切除了吉姆严重受损的腿，
08:06
using the AMI surgical procedure.
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完全按照AMI 手术步骤进行手术。
他把创建的肌腱滑轮
连接到吉姆的胫骨上，
连接到吉姆的胫骨上，
08:09
Tendon pulleys were created
and attached to Jim's tibia bone
and attached to Jim's tibia bone
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08:12
to reconnect the opposing muscles.
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以重新连接拮抗肌。
08:15
The AMI procedure
reestablished the neural link
reestablished the neural link
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AMI 过程重新建立了
08:18
between Jim's ankle-foot
muscles and his brain.
muscles and his brain.
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吉姆脚踝脚肌肉
和他的大脑之间的神经联系。
和他的大脑之间的神经联系。
08:21
When Jim moves his phantom limb,
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当吉姆移动幻肢时，
08:24
the reconnected muscles
move in dynamic pairs,
move in dynamic pairs,
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重新连接的肌肉也动态成对移动，
08:27
causing signals of proprioception
to pass through nerves to the brain,
to pass through nerves to the brain,
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把本体信号通过神经传送到大脑，
08:31
so Jim experiences normal sensations
with ankle-foot positions and movements,
with ankle-foot positions and movements,
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因此，吉姆能体验到
脚踝-脚的位置和运动的正常感觉，
脚踝-脚的位置和运动的正常感觉，
即使蒙上眼睛。
08:35
even when blindfolded.
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08:37
Here's Jim at the MIT laboratory
after his surgeries.
after his surgeries.
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这是在麻省理工实验室中，
手术后的吉姆。
手术后的吉姆。
08:41
We electrically linked Jim's AMI muscles,
via the electrodes,
via the electrodes,
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我们通过电极将吉姆的AMI肌肉
08:44
to a bionic limb,
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连接到仿生肢体上，
吉姆很快就学会了如何移动仿生肢体，
08:45
and Jim quickly learned
how to move the bionic limb
how to move the bionic limb
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08:48
in four distinct ankle-foot
movement directions.
movement directions.
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四个不同方向的脚踝-脚均可移动。
08:52
We were excited by these results,
but then Jim stood up,
but then Jim stood up,
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大家都对此兴奋不已，
而当吉姆站起来时，
而当吉姆站起来时，
08:55
and what occurred was truly remarkable.
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接下来发生的一切则令人惊叹：
所有由中枢神经系统调节的
假体生理发展
假体生理发展
08:57
All the natural biomechanics
mediated by the central nervous system
mediated by the central nervous system
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经由合成肢体
09:02
emerged via the synthetic limb
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以一种无意识的反射行为
融合在一起。
融合在一起。
09:05
as an involuntary, reflexive action.
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09:08
All the intricacies of foot placement
during stair ascent --
during stair ascent --
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上楼时脚步错综复杂的位置——
（掌声）
09:12
(Applause)
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呈现在我们眼前。
09:16
emerged before our eyes.
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这是吉姆走下台阶，
09:19
Here's Jim descending steps,
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09:21
reaching with his bionic toe
to the next stair tread,
to the next stair tread,
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正伸出仿生脚趾到下一个台阶，
自动地展现自然的动作，
09:24
automatically exhibiting natural motions
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09:27
without him even trying to move his limb.
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甚至不用有意识地试着移动肢体。
因为吉姆的中枢神经系统
能接收本体感知信号，
能接收本体感知信号，
09:29
Because Jim's central nervous system
is receiving the proprioceptive signals,
is receiving the proprioceptive signals,
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09:34
it knows exactly how to control
the synthetic limb in a natural way.
the synthetic limb in a natural way.
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所以，它确切知道
如何自然地控制合成肢体。
如何自然地控制合成肢体。
09:39
Now, Jim moves and behaves
as if the synthetic limb is part of him.
as if the synthetic limb is part of him.
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吉姆活动和做事时，
合成肢体就像他的一部分。
合成肢体就像他的一部分。
09:45
For example, one day in the lab,
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例如，某天在实验室，
09:47
he accidentally stepped
on a roll of electrical tape.
on a roll of electrical tape.
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他意外地踩到一卷电工胶带上，
当东西粘上到你的鞋底上时，
你会怎么做？
你会怎么做？
09:50
Now, what do you do
when something's stuck to your shoe?
when something's stuck to your shoe?
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你不会弯腰去取的，
那样显得太笨了，
那样显得太笨了，
09:53
You don't reach down like this;
it's way too awkward.
it's way too awkward.
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相反，你会抖掉它。
09:56
Instead, you shake it off,
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09:57
and that's exactly what Jim did
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吉姆正是这么做的，
09:59
after being neurally connected to the limb
for just a few hours.
for just a few hours.
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神经接通肢体仅几小时后，
他就甩掉了胶带！
他就甩掉了胶带！
我觉得最有意思的是，
10:03
What was most interesting to me
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10:05
is what Jim was telling us
he was experiencing.
he was experiencing.
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吉姆告诉我们他当时的感受。
10:08
He said, "The robot became part of me."
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他说：‘’机器已成为我的一部分。‘’
10:12
Jim Ewing: The morning after the first
time I was attached to the robot,
time I was attached to the robot,
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吉姆 · 尤文：
我连上机器后的次日早晨，
我连上机器后的次日早晨，
女儿下楼来，问我成为
生化人的感觉如何，
生化人的感觉如何，
10:16
my daughter came downstairs
and asked me how it felt to be a cyborg,
and asked me how it felt to be a cyborg,
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10:21
and my answer was
that I didn't feel like a cyborg.
that I didn't feel like a cyborg.
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我回答说，不觉得自己是生化人，
而是觉得好像是自己的腿回来了。
10:25
I felt like I had my leg,
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10:29
and it wasn't that I was
attached to the robot
attached to the robot
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与其说我连在机器上，
10:34
so much as the robot was attached to me,
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倒不如说是机器连到我身上，
10:36
and the robot became part of me.
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机器已然成为我的一部分，
10:38
It became my leg pretty quickly.
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很快就变成我的腿了。
（掌声）休 · 赫尔：谢谢。
10:41
Hugh Herr: Thank you.
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10:42
(Applause)
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（掌声）
10:45
By connecting Jim's
nervous system bidirectionally
nervous system bidirectionally
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通过将吉姆的神经系统双向连接到
10:49
to his synthetic limb,
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他的合成肢体上，
实现了神经体现。
10:51
neurological embodiment was achieved.
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10:54
I hypothesized that because Jim
can think and move his synthetic limb,
can think and move his synthetic limb,
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我推测，因为吉姆能思考
和移动他的合成肢体，
和移动他的合成肢体，
他还能在神经系统内
感受到那些移动，
感受到那些移动，
10:59
and because he can feel those movements
within his nervous system,
within his nervous system,
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11:03
the prosthesis is no longer
a separate tool,
a separate tool,
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所以，假肢不再是单独的工具，
而是吉姆的一部分，
整个身体不可分割的一部分。
整个身体不可分割的一部分。
11:07
but an integral part of Jim,
an integral part of his body.
an integral part of his body.
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由于神经体现，
吉姆不觉得自己像生化人。
吉姆不觉得自己像生化人。
11:12
Because of this neurological embodiment,
Jim doesn't feel like a cyborg.
Jim doesn't feel like a cyborg.
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他觉得就像找回了自己的腿、
11:17
He feels like he just has his leg back,
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找回自己的身体而已。
11:19
that he has his body back.
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11:21
Now I'm often asked
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现在我经常被问到
11:22
when I'm going to be neurally linked
to my synthetic limbs bidirectionally,
to my synthetic limbs bidirectionally,
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何时会将我的合成肢体
双向接通神经，
双向接通神经，
准备何时成为生化人。
11:26
when I'm going to become a cyborg.
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11:28
The truth is, I'm hesitant
to become a cyborg.
to become a cyborg.
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事实上，
我很犹豫要不要成为生化人。
我很犹豫要不要成为生化人。
11:31
Before my legs were amputated,
I was a terrible student.
I was a terrible student.
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截肢前我是个糟糕的学生。
11:35
I got D's and often F's in school.
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在学校的成绩是 D，常常是 F。
11:38
Then, after my limbs were amputated,
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截肢后，
11:40
I suddenly became an MIT professor.
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我突然成为麻省理工学院的教授了。
（笑声）
11:43
(Laughter)
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（掌声）
11:45
(Applause)
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11:49
Now I'm worried that once I'm neurally
connected to my limbs once again,
connected to my limbs once again,
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现在我有点担心，
我的肢体一旦接通神经，
我的肢体一旦接通神经，
11:53
my brain will remap
back to its not-so-bright self.
back to its not-so-bright self.
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大脑会重新回到那个
不太聪明的自己。
不太聪明的自己。
11:57
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
11:58
But you know what, that's OK,
because at MIT, I already have tenure.
because at MIT, I already have tenure.
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不过没关系，你们也知道，
我已是麻省理工学院的终身教授了。
我已是麻省理工学院的终身教授了。
12:02
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
12:04
(Applause)
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（掌声）
我相信，神经体现设计的范围
12:07
I believe the reach
of NeuroEmbodied Design
of NeuroEmbodied Design
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12:09
will extend far beyond limb replacement
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将远超替换肢体的范围，
它会将人类带入从根本上
12:12
and will carry humanity into realms
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12:15
that fundamentally
redefine human potential.
redefine human potential.
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重新定义人类潜能的领域。
12:18
In this 21st century,
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在二十一世纪，
12:20
designers will extend the nervous system
into powerfully strong exoskeletons
into powerfully strong exoskeletons
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设计师们会把神经系统
延伸到强大的外骨骼，
延伸到强大的外骨骼，
人类能用思想去控制和感知它们。
12:25
that humans can control
and feel with their minds.
and feel with their minds.
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体内的肌肉可重新配置，
12:30
Muscles within the body
can be reconfigured
can be reconfigured
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12:33
for the control of powerful motors,
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以控制强大的马达，
12:36
and to feel and sense
exoskeletal movements,
exoskeletal movements,
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并感受和感知外骨骼的动作，
12:40
augmenting humans' strength,
jumping height and running speed.
jumping height and running speed.
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进而增强人类力量、
跳跃高度和跑步速度。
跳跃高度和跑步速度。
12:44
In this 21st century, I believe humans
will become superheroes.
will become superheroes.
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在二十一世紀，我相信
人类会成为超级英雄。
人类会成为超级英雄。
12:50
Humans may also extend their bodies
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人类也可以延伸自己的身体
到拟人化的结构中，如翅膀，
12:53
into non-anthropomorphic
structures, such as wings,
structures, such as wings,
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在神经系统内控制
和感受每一个翅膀动作。
和感受每一个翅膀动作。
12:57
controlling and feeling each wing movement
within the nervous system.
within the nervous system.
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13:02
Leonardo da Vinci said,
"When once you have tasted flight,
"When once you have tasted flight,
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达芬奇说过：
“一旦尝过飞行的滋味，
“一旦尝过飞行的滋味，
13:06
you will forever walk the earth
with your eyes turned skyward,
with your eyes turned skyward,
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在地上行走时，
你的眼睛依然会看向天空，
你的眼睛依然会看向天空，
13:09
for there you have been
and there you will always long to return."
and there you will always long to return."
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因为你曾去过那里，
而且会一直想回到那里。”
而且会一直想回到那里。”
13:15
During the twilight years of this century,
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在本世纪末，
与今天的我们相比，
我相信人类在形态和动力学方面，
我相信人类在形态和动力学方面，
13:17
I believe humans will be unrecognizable
in morphology and dynamics
in morphology and dynamics
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将发生颠覆性的改变。
13:21
from what we are today.
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13:23
Humanity will take flight and soar.
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人类将会腾飞并翱翔。
13:27
Jim Ewing fell to earth
and was badly broken,
and was badly broken,
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虽然吉姆 · 尤恩坠地
并严重受伤，
并严重受伤，
13:31
but his eyes turned skyward,
where he always longed to return.
where he always longed to return.
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但他的眼睛看着天空，
总是渴望回归。
总是渴望回归。
13:35
After his accident,
he not only dreamed to walk again,
he not only dreamed to walk again,
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事故后，他不仅梦想能再次走路，
13:37
but also to return to his chosen sport
of mountain climbing.
of mountain climbing.
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还梦想回到
他所选择的登山运动。
他所选择的登山运动。
13:41
At MIT, Team Cyborg built Jim
a specialized limb for the vertical world,
a specialized limb for the vertical world,
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在麻省理工学院，生化人团队
专门打造了用于垂直世界的特殊肢体，
专门打造了用于垂直世界的特殊肢体，
13:46
a brain-controlled leg with full position
and movement sensations.
and movement sensations.
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即由大脑控制、
具有完整位置和动作感觉的腿。
具有完整位置和动作感觉的腿。
13:52
Using this technology,
Jim returned to the Cayman Islands,
Jim returned to the Cayman Islands,
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用这种技术，吉姆重回开曼群岛的
13:55
the site of his accident,
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事故发生现场，
13:57
rebuilt as a cyborg
to climb skyward once again.
to climb skyward once again.
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作为被重建的生化人，
再次向着天空攀登。
再次向着天空攀登。
14:01
(Crashing waves)
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（浪涛声）
14:27
(Applause)
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（掌声）
14:43
Thank you.
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谢谢。
（掌声）
14:44
(Applause)
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14:48
Ladies and gentlemen, Jim Ewing,
the first cyborg rock climber.
the first cyborg rock climber.
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先生女士们，这就是
第一个生化人攀岩者——吉姆 · 尤恩!
第一个生化人攀岩者——吉姆 · 尤恩!
14:51
(Applause)
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（掌声）
Translated by Carol Wang
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Hugh Herr - Bionics designerAt MIT, Hugh Herr builds prosthetic knees, legs and ankles that fuse biomechanics with microprocessors to restore (and perhaps enhance) normal gait, balance and speed.
Why you should listen
Hugh Herr co-directs the Center for Extreme Bionics at the MIT Media Lab, where he is pioneering a new class of biohybrid smart prostheses and orthoses to improve the quality of life for thousands of people with physical challenges. A powered ankle-foot prosthesis called the Empower by Ottobock, for instance, emulates the action of a biological leg to create a natural gait, allowing persons with amputation to walk with normal levels of speed and metabolism as if their legs were biological.
Herr also advances powerful body exoskeletons that augment human physicality beyond innate physiological levels, enabling humans to walk and run faster with less metabolic energy. He is the co-founder and Chief Scientific Officer of Dephy Inc., which creates products that augment physiological function through electromechanical enhancement.
Hugh Herr | Speaker | TED.com