TED2018
Hugh Herr: How we'll become cyborgs and extend human potential
Hju Her (Hugh Herr): Kako ćemo postati kiborzi i time proširiti ljudski potencijal
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Ljudi će uskoro imati nova tela koja će zauvek zamagliti granicu između nervnog i sintetičkog sveta, kaže bionički dizajner Hju Her. U nezaboravnom govoru, on objašnjava „neurootelovljavanje“, metodologiju za konstruisanje kiborškog funkcionisanja koju razvija na MIT-u, i pokazuje nam budućnost u kojoj smo poboljšali svoja tela na način koji će redefinisati ljudski potencijal - i pretvoriti nas, možda, i u superheroje. „U završnim godinama ovog veka, verujem da će ljudi biti neprepoznatljivi morfološki i dinamički u odnosu na danas“, kaže Her. „Čovečanstvo će uzleteti.“
Hugh Herr - Bionics designer
At MIT, Hugh Herr builds prosthetic knees, legs and ankles that fuse biomechanics with microprocessors to restore (and perhaps enhance) normal gait, balance and speed. Full bio
At MIT, Hugh Herr builds prosthetic knees, legs and ankles that fuse biomechanics with microprocessors to restore (and perhaps enhance) normal gait, balance and speed. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
I'm an MIT professor,
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Profesor sam na MIT-u,
00:15
but I do not design buildings
or computer systems.
or computer systems.
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ali ne konstruišem zgrade
niti kompjuterske sisteme.
niti kompjuterske sisteme.
00:18
Rather, I build body parts,
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Pravim delove tela,
00:22
bionic legs that augment
human walking and running.
human walking and running.
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bioničke noge koje pomažu
ljudima da hodaju i trče.
ljudima da hodaju i trče.
00:25
In 1982, I was in
a mountain-climbing accident,
a mountain-climbing accident,
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Godine 1982, imao sam
nesreću na planinarenju
nesreću na planinarenju
00:28
and both of my legs had to be amputated
due to tissue damage from frostbite.
due to tissue damage from frostbite.
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i morali su da mi amputiraju obe noge
zbog promrzlina koje su oštetile tkivo.
zbog promrzlina koje su oštetile tkivo.
00:33
Here, you can see my legs:
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Ovde možete videti moje noge:
00:35
24 sensors, six microprocessors
and muscle-tendon-like actuators.
and muscle-tendon-like actuators.
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24 senzora, šest mikroprocesora
i izvršnih jedinica u obliku tetiva.
i izvršnih jedinica u obliku tetiva.
00:40
I'm basically a bunch of nuts and bolts
from the knee down.
from the knee down.
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U suštini sam napravljen
od gomile šrafova od kolena nadole.
od gomile šrafova od kolena nadole.
00:43
But with this advanced bionic technology,
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Ali, sa ovom naprednom
bioničkom tehnologijom
bioničkom tehnologijom
00:46
I can skip, dance and run.
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mogu da skačem, plešem i trčim.
00:50
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
00:51
Thank you.
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Hvala.
00:52
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
00:55
I'm a bionic man,
but I'm not yet a cyborg.
but I'm not yet a cyborg.
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Ja sam bionički čovek,
ali nisam još uvek kiborg.
ali nisam još uvek kiborg.
01:02
When I think about moving my legs,
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Kada razmišljam o pomeranju nogu,
01:05
neural signals from
my central nervous system
my central nervous system
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nervni signali iz mog
centralnog nervnog sistema
centralnog nervnog sistema
01:08
pass through my nerves
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prolaze mi kroz nerve
01:09
and activate muscles
within my residual limbs.
within my residual limbs.
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i aktiviraju mi mišiće u ostacima udova.
01:15
Artificial electrodes sense these signals,
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Veštačke elektrode opažaju te signale
01:18
and small computers in the bionic limb
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i mali kompjuteri u bioničkom udu
01:20
decode my nerve pulses
into my intended movement patterns.
into my intended movement patterns.
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dekodiraju moje nervne impulse
u željene obrasce pokreta.
u željene obrasce pokreta.
01:26
Stated simply,
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Jednostavno rečeno,
01:28
when I think about moving,
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kada pomislim na kretanje,
01:29
that command is communicated
to the synthetic part of my body.
to the synthetic part of my body.
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ta komanda se prenosi
u sintetički deo mog tela.
u sintetički deo mog tela.
01:34
However, those computers can't input
information into my nervous system.
information into my nervous system.
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Međutim, ovi kompjuteri ne mogu
da unesu informacije u moj nervni sistem.
da unesu informacije u moj nervni sistem.
01:38
When I touch and move my synthetic limbs,
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Kada dodirnem i pokrenem
svoje sintetičke udove,
svoje sintetičke udove,
01:41
I do not experience normal
touch and movement sensations.
touch and movement sensations.
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ne osećam normalan dodir i pokrete.
01:46
If I were a cyborg and could feel my legs
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Kad bih bio kiborg i mogao da osetim noge
01:51
via small computers inputting information
into my nervous system,
into my nervous system,
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pomoću malih kompjutera koji ubacuju
informacije u moj nervni sistem,
informacije u moj nervni sistem,
01:55
it would fundamentally change, I believe,
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iz osnova bih, verujem, promenio
01:57
my relationship to my synthetic body.
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odnos prema svom sintetičkom telu.
02:00
Today, I can't feel my legs,
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Sada ne mogu da osetim noge
02:03
and because of that,
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i zbog toga su one
02:04
my legs are separate tools
from my mind and my body.
from my mind and my body.
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odvojena pomagala od mog uma i tela.
02:08
They're not part of me.
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One nisu deo mene.
02:11
I believe that if I were a cyborg
and could feel my legs,
and could feel my legs,
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Verujem da bi, kad bih bio kiborg
i mogao da osetim noge,
i mogao da osetim noge,
02:14
they would become
part of me, part of self.
part of me, part of self.
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one postale deo mene.
02:17
At MIT, we're thinking about
NeuroEmbodied Design.
NeuroEmbodied Design.
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Na MIT-u, razmišljamo
o neurootelovljavanju.
o neurootelovljavanju.
02:22
In this design process,
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U ovom procesu
02:25
the designer designs human flesh and bone,
the biological body itself,
the biological body itself,
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kreator konstruiše
ljudsko meso i kost, biološko telo,
ljudsko meso i kost, biološko telo,
02:30
along with synthetics to enhance
the bidirectional communication
the bidirectional communication
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zajedno sa sintetikom da bi pojačao
dvosmernu komunikaciju
dvosmernu komunikaciju
02:35
between the nervous system
and the built world.
and the built world.
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između nervnog sistema
i konstruisanog sveta.
i konstruisanog sveta.
02:39
NeuroEmbodied Design is a methodology
to create cyborg function.
to create cyborg function.
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Neurootelovljavanje je metodologija
za kreiranje kiborškog funkcionisanja.
za kreiranje kiborškog funkcionisanja.
02:45
In this design process,
designers contemplate a future
designers contemplate a future
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U ovom procesu dizajniranja,
konstruktori razmišljaju o budućnosti
konstruktori razmišljaju o budućnosti
02:50
in which technology
no longer compromises separate,
no longer compromises separate,
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u kojoj tehnologija
više neće sadržati delove
više neće sadržati delove
02:53
lifeless tools from
our minds and our bodies,
our minds and our bodies,
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koji su beživotni i odvojeni
od našeg uma i tela,
od našeg uma i tela,
02:56
a future in which technology
has been carefully integrated
has been carefully integrated
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o budućnosti u kojoj je tehnologija
brižljivo integrisana
brižljivo integrisana
03:00
within our nature,
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u našu prirodu,
03:01
a world in which
what is biological and what is not,
what is biological and what is not,
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o svetu u kome će razlika između
biološkog i nebiološkog,
biološkog i nebiološkog,
03:04
what is human and what is not,
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ljudskog i onog što nije ljudsko,
03:07
what is nature and what is not
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prirodnog i neprirodnog
03:09
will be forever blurred.
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biti zauvek zamagljena.
03:11
That future will provide
humanity new bodies.
humanity new bodies.
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Ta budućnost će doneti
čovečanstvu nova tela.
čovečanstvu nova tela.
03:16
NeuroEmbodied Design
will extend our nervous systems
will extend our nervous systems
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Pomoću neurootelovljavanja
naši nervni sistemi će se proširiti
naši nervni sistemi će se proširiti
03:18
into the synthetic world,
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na sintetički svet,
03:20
and the synthetic world into us,
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a sintetički svet na naša tela,
03:23
fundamentally changing who we are.
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iz osnova nas menjajući.
03:26
By designing the biological body
to better communicate
to better communicate
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Kreiranjem biološkog tela
tako da bolje komunicira
tako da bolje komunicira
03:30
with the built design world,
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sa veštački konstruisanim svetom,
03:33
humanity will end disability
in this 21st century
in this 21st century
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čovečanstvo će iskoreniti
invaliditet u ovom 21. veku
invaliditet u ovom 21. veku
03:36
and establish the scientific
and technological basis
and technological basis
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i uspostaviti naučne i tehnološke osnove
03:39
for human augmentation,
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za unapređivanje ljudi,
03:41
extending human capability
beyond innate, physiological levels,
beyond innate, physiological levels,
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tako što će proširiti ljudsku sposobnost
izvan urođenih, fizioloških granica,
izvan urođenih, fizioloških granica,
03:46
cognitively, emotionally and physically.
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u kognitivnom, emocionalnom
i fizičkom smislu.
i fizičkom smislu.
03:50
There are many ways
in which to build new bodies across scale,
in which to build new bodies across scale,
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Ima mnogo načina za konstruisanje
novih tela u raznim razmerama,
novih tela u raznim razmerama,
03:54
from the biomolecular
to the scale of tissues and organs.
to the scale of tissues and organs.
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od biomolekularnog nivoa
do nivoa tkiva i organa.
do nivoa tkiva i organa.
03:58
Today, I want to talk about
one area of NeuroEmbodied Design,
one area of NeuroEmbodied Design,
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Danas bih želeo da govorim
o jednoj oblasti neurootelovljavanja
o jednoj oblasti neurootelovljavanja
04:01
in which the body's tissues
are manipulated and sculpted
are manipulated and sculpted
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u kojoj se ljudska tkiva
uređuju i oblikuju
uređuju i oblikuju
04:05
using surgical and regenerative processes.
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pomoću hirurških i regenerativnih procesa.
04:10
The current amputation paradigm
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Današnja paradigma amputacije
04:11
hasn't changed fundamentally
since the US Civil War
since the US Civil War
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nije se u osnovi promenila
od Američkog građanskog rata
od Američkog građanskog rata
04:16
and has grown obsolete
in light of dramatic advancements
in light of dramatic advancements
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i zastarela je u svetlu
dramatičnih unapređenja
dramatičnih unapređenja
04:19
in actuators, control systems
and neural interfacing technologies.
and neural interfacing technologies.
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izvršnih jedinica, sistema za upravljanje
i tehnologije nervnog interfejsa.
i tehnologije nervnog interfejsa.
04:25
A major deficiency is the lack
of dynamic muscle interactions
of dynamic muscle interactions
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Veliki nedostatak je manjak
dinamične mišićne interakcije
dinamične mišićne interakcije
04:29
for control and proprioception.
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u cilju kontrole i propriocepcije.
04:32
What is proprioception?
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Šta je propriocepcija?
04:34
When you flex your ankle,
muscles in the front of your leg contract,
muscles in the front of your leg contract,
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Kada zgrčite članak,
prednji nožni mišići vam se skupe,
prednji nožni mišići vam se skupe,
04:37
simultaneously stretching muscles
in the back of your leg.
in the back of your leg.
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istovremeno istežući mišiće
sa zadnje strane noge.
sa zadnje strane noge.
04:40
The opposite happens
when you extend your ankle.
when you extend your ankle.
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Suprotno se dešava kada ispružate članak.
04:43
Here, muscles in the back
of your leg contract,
of your leg contract,
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Sada se mišići sa zadnje
strane noge skupljaju,
strane noge skupljaju,
04:45
stretching muscles in the front.
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istežući pritom prednje mišiće.
04:47
When these muscles flex and extend,
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Kada se ovi mišići savijaju i opružaju,
04:49
biological sensors
within the muscle tendons
within the muscle tendons
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biološki senzori u tetivama
04:51
send information
through nerves to the brain.
through nerves to the brain.
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šalju informaciju kroz nerve do mozga.
04:54
This is how we're able to feel
where our feet are
where our feet are
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Na taj način možemo da osetimo
gde su nam stopala,
gde su nam stopala,
04:56
without seeing them with our eyes.
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a da ih pritom ne vidimo.
05:00
The current amputation paradigm
breaks these dynamic muscle relationships,
breaks these dynamic muscle relationships,
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Trenutna paradigma u amputaciji
raskida ove dinamične veze među mišićima
raskida ove dinamične veze među mišićima
05:04
and in so doing eliminates
normal proprioceptive sensations.
normal proprioceptive sensations.
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i time eliminiše normalne
proprioceptivne osećaje.
proprioceptivne osećaje.
05:08
Consequently, a standard artificial limb
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Stoga, standardni veštački ud
05:11
cannot feed back information
into the nervous system
into the nervous system
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ne može da pošalje u nervni sistem
povratnu informaciju
povratnu informaciju
05:14
about where the prosthesis is in space.
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o tome gde se proteza nalazi u prostoru.
05:16
The patient therefore
cannot sense and feel
cannot sense and feel
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Pacijent stoga ne može da oseti
05:19
the positions and movements
of the prosthetic joint
of the prosthetic joint
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položaj i pokrete protetskog zgloba
05:22
without seeing it with their eyes.
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kad ga ne vidi.
05:26
My legs were amputated
using this Civil War-era methodology.
using this Civil War-era methodology.
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Moje noge su amputirane pomoću
metodologije iz Građanskog rata.
metodologije iz Građanskog rata.
05:30
I can feel my feet,
I can feel them right now
I can feel them right now
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Mogu da osetim stopala,
mogu da ih osetim sada
mogu da ih osetim sada
05:33
as a phantom awareness.
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kao fantomski osećaj.
Ali, kad pokušam da ih pomerim, ne mogu.
05:35
But when I try to move them, I cannot.
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05:37
It feels like they're stuck
inside rigid ski boots.
inside rigid ski boots.
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Imam osećaj kao da su zaglavljene
u krutim skijaškim čizmama.
u krutim skijaškim čizmama.
Da bismo rešili ove probleme,
05:40
To solve these problems,
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05:41
at MIT, we invented the agonist-antagonist
myoneural interface,
myoneural interface,
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na MIT-u smo izmislili
mioneuralni interfejs agonist-antagonist,
mioneuralni interfejs agonist-antagonist,
05:46
or AMI, for short.
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ili, skraćeno, AMI.
05:48
The AMI is a method to connect nerves
within the residuum
within the residuum
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AMI je metod za povezivanje
nerava iz reziduuma
nerava iz reziduuma
05:52
to an external, bionic prosthesis.
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sa eksternom, bioničkom protezom.
05:55
How is the AMI designed,
and how does it work?
and how does it work?
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Kako je konstruisan AMI
i na koji način radi?
i na koji način radi?
05:59
The AMI comprises two muscles
that are surgically connected,
that are surgically connected,
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AMI sadrži dva mišića
koji su povezani hirurškim putem;
koji su povezani hirurškim putem;
06:03
an agonist linked to an antagonist.
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agonist povezan sa antagonistom.
06:05
When the agonist contracts
upon electrical activation,
upon electrical activation,
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Kad se agonist zgrči
usled električne aktivacije,
usled električne aktivacije,
06:08
it stretches the antagonist.
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on izdužuje antagonista.
06:11
This muscle dynamic interaction
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Usled ove mišićne dinamične interakcije,
06:13
causes biological sensors
within the muscle tendon
within the muscle tendon
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biološki senzori u mišićnoj tetivi
06:16
to send information through the nerve
to the central nervous system,
to the central nervous system,
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šalju kroz nerve do centralnog
nervnog sistema informaciju
nervnog sistema informaciju
06:20
relating information on the muscle
tendon's length, speed and force.
tendon's length, speed and force.
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o dužini, brzini i sili tetive.
06:24
This is how muscle tendon
proprioception works,
proprioception works,
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Na taj način funkcioniše
propriocepcija tetive
propriocepcija tetive
06:27
and it's the primary way we, as humans,
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i to je primarni način
na koji mi, kao ljudi,
na koji mi, kao ljudi,
06:29
can feel and sense the positions,
movements and forces on our limbs.
movements and forces on our limbs.
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možemo osetiti položaje, pokrete
i sile u našim udovima.
i sile u našim udovima.
06:34
When a limb is amputated,
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Kad je ud amputiran,
06:35
the surgeon connects these opposing
muscles within the residuum
muscles within the residuum
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hirurg povezuje ove
naspramne mišiće u reziduumu
naspramne mišiće u reziduumu
06:39
to create an AMI.
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da bi napravio AMI.
06:41
Now, multiple AMI
constructs can be created
constructs can be created
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Sada, mogu se napraviti
višestruki AMI konstrukti
višestruki AMI konstrukti
06:44
for the control and sensation
of multiple prosthetic joints.
of multiple prosthetic joints.
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za kontrolu i osećaj
višestrukih protetskih zglobova.
višestrukih protetskih zglobova.
06:48
Artificial electrodes are then placed
on each AMI muscle,
on each AMI muscle,
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Zatim se veštačke elektrode
stavljaju na svaki AMI mišić,
stavljaju na svaki AMI mišić,
06:51
and small computers within the bionic limb
decode those signals
decode those signals
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i mali kompjuteri u bioničkom udu
dekodiraju te signale
dekodiraju te signale
06:55
to control powerful motors
on the bionic limb.
on the bionic limb.
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kako bi kontrolisali snažne motore
na bioničkom udu.
na bioničkom udu.
06:58
When the bionic limb moves,
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Kad se bionički ud pokrene,
07:01
the AMI muscles move back and forth,
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AMI mišići se opruže i zgrče,
07:02
sending signals through
the nerve to the brain,
the nerve to the brain,
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šaljući pritom signale
kroz nerve do mozga,
kroz nerve do mozga,
07:05
enabling a person wearing the prosthesis
to experience natural sensations
to experience natural sensations
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omogućujući osobi koja nosi protezu
da oseti prirodne osećaje
da oseti prirodne osećaje
07:09
of positions and movements
of the prosthesis.
of the prosthesis.
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položaja i pokreta proteze.
07:12
Can these tissue-design principles
be used in an actual human being?
be used in an actual human being?
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Mogu li se ovi principi konstrukcije tkiva
upotrebiti kod stvarnog ljudskog bića?
upotrebiti kod stvarnog ljudskog bića?
07:17
A few years ago, my good friend
Jim Ewing -- of 34 years --
Jim Ewing -- of 34 years --
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Pre par godina, moj dobar prijatelj,
tridesetčetvorogodišnji Džim Juing
tridesetčetvorogodišnji Džim Juing
07:21
reached out to me for help.
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obratio mi se za pomoć.
07:24
Jim was in an a terrible
climbing accident.
climbing accident.
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Džim je imao užasnu nezgodu
na planinarenju.
na planinarenju.
07:26
He fell 50 feet in the Cayman Islands
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Pao je sa 15 metara na Kajmanskim ostrvima
07:29
when his rope failed to catch him
hitting the ground's surface.
hitting the ground's surface.
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pošto ga konopac nije zadržao
i tresnuo je o zemlju.
i tresnuo je o zemlju.
07:33
He suffered many, many injuries:
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Pretrpeo je mnoge povrede:
07:35
punctured lungs and many broken bones.
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probio je pluća i slomio mnogo kostiju.
07:40
After his accident, he dreamed
of returning to his chosen sport
of returning to his chosen sport
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Posle nesreće, sanjao je
da se vrati sportu koji je izabrao,
da se vrati sportu koji je izabrao,
07:43
of mountain climbing,
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planinarenju,
07:45
but how might this be possible?
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ali kako je to moglo da se ostvari?
07:49
The answer was Team Cyborg,
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Odgovor je glasio: pomoću tima Kiborg,
07:52
a team of surgeons,
scientists and engineers
scientists and engineers
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tima hirurga, naučnika i inženjera
07:55
assembled at MIT to rebuild Jim
back to his former climbing prowess.
back to his former climbing prowess.
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okupljenih na MIT-u sa ciljem da povrate
Džimove penjačke sposobnosti.
Džimove penjačke sposobnosti.
08:00
Team member Dr. Matthew Carty
amputated Jim's badly damaged leg
amputated Jim's badly damaged leg
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Član tima dr Metju Karti je amputirao
Džimovu teško oštećenu nogu
Džimovu teško oštećenu nogu
08:04
at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston,
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u bolnici „Brigam
i klinika za žene“ u Bostonu,
i klinika za žene“ u Bostonu,
08:06
using the AMI surgical procedure.
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koristeći hirurški postupak AMI.
08:09
Tendon pulleys were created
and attached to Jim's tibia bone
and attached to Jim's tibia bone
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Napravljene su trohleje za tetive
i pričvršćene za Džimovu golenjaču
i pričvršćene za Džimovu golenjaču
08:12
to reconnect the opposing muscles.
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da bi se ponovo povezali naspramni mišići.
08:15
The AMI procedure
reestablished the neural link
reestablished the neural link
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Postupak AMI je ponovno
uspostavio nervnu vezu
uspostavio nervnu vezu
08:18
between Jim's ankle-foot
muscles and his brain.
muscles and his brain.
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između mišića članka i stopala
i njegovog mozga.
i njegovog mozga.
08:21
When Jim moves his phantom limb,
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Kada Džim pokrene svoj fantomski ud,
08:24
the reconnected muscles
move in dynamic pairs,
move in dynamic pairs,
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ponovno povezani mišići
se pokreću u dinamičnim parovima
se pokreću u dinamičnim parovima
08:27
causing signals of proprioception
to pass through nerves to the brain,
to pass through nerves to the brain,
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i time se signali propriocepcije
pokreću kroz nerve do mozga,
pokreću kroz nerve do mozga,
08:31
so Jim experiences normal sensations
with ankle-foot positions and movements,
with ankle-foot positions and movements,
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tako da Džim ima normalne osećaje
pokreta i položaja članka i stopala,
pokreta i položaja članka i stopala,
čak i kad su mu vezane oči.
08:35
even when blindfolded.
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08:37
Here's Jim at the MIT laboratory
after his surgeries.
after his surgeries.
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Ovo je Džim u laboratoriji
na MIT-u posle operacija.
na MIT-u posle operacija.
08:41
We electrically linked Jim's AMI muscles,
via the electrodes,
via the electrodes,
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Pomoću elektroda smo povezali
Džimove AMI mišiće
Džimove AMI mišiće
08:44
to a bionic limb,
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za bionički ud,
08:45
and Jim quickly learned
how to move the bionic limb
how to move the bionic limb
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i brzo je naučio
kako da pokreće bionički ud
kako da pokreće bionički ud
08:48
in four distinct ankle-foot
movement directions.
movement directions.
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u četiri različita pravca.
08:52
We were excited by these results,
but then Jim stood up,
but then Jim stood up,
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Bili smo oduševljeni ovim rezultatima,
ali onda je Džim ustao
i dogodilo se nešto zaista izuzetno.
i dogodilo se nešto zaista izuzetno.
08:55
and what occurred was truly remarkable.
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08:57
All the natural biomechanics
mediated by the central nervous system
mediated by the central nervous system
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Sva prirodna biomehanika
kojom posreduje centralni nervni sistem
kojom posreduje centralni nervni sistem
09:02
emerged via the synthetic limb
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pojavila se preko sintetičkog zgloba
09:05
as an involuntary, reflexive action.
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kao nevoljna, refleksivna radnja.
09:08
All the intricacies of foot placement
during stair ascent --
during stair ascent --
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Sva složenost pokreta stopala
prilikom penjanja uz stepenice -
prilikom penjanja uz stepenice -
09:12
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
09:16
emerged before our eyes.
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pojavila se pred našim očima.
09:19
Here's Jim descending steps,
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Ovo je Džimov silazak niz stepenice,
09:21
reaching with his bionic toe
to the next stair tread,
to the next stair tread,
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gde dotiče sledeći stepenik
svojim bioničkim prstima,
svojim bioničkim prstima,
09:24
automatically exhibiting natural motions
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automatski praveći prirodne pokrete,
09:27
without him even trying to move his limb.
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a da uopšte nije ni pokušao
da pomeri nogu.
da pomeri nogu.
09:29
Because Jim's central nervous system
is receiving the proprioceptive signals,
is receiving the proprioceptive signals,
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Zbog toga što Džimov
centralni nervni sistem
centralni nervni sistem
prima proprioceptivne signale,
09:34
it knows exactly how to control
the synthetic limb in a natural way.
the synthetic limb in a natural way.
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on tačno zna kako da kontroliše
sintetičku nogu na prirodan način.
sintetičku nogu na prirodan način.
09:39
Now, Jim moves and behaves
as if the synthetic limb is part of him.
as if the synthetic limb is part of him.
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Sada se Džim kreće i ponaša
kao da je sintetički ud deo njega.
kao da je sintetički ud deo njega.
09:45
For example, one day in the lab,
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Na primer, jednog dana u laboratoriji,
09:47
he accidentally stepped
on a roll of electrical tape.
on a roll of electrical tape.
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slučajno je stao na rolnu izolir trake.
09:50
Now, what do you do
when something's stuck to your shoe?
when something's stuck to your shoe?
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Šta radite kad vam se nešto
zalepi za cipelu?
zalepi za cipelu?
Ne odlepljujete ga ovako rukom;
isuviše je nezgodno.
isuviše je nezgodno.
09:53
You don't reach down like this;
it's way too awkward.
it's way too awkward.
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09:56
Instead, you shake it off,
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Umesto toga ga otresete,
09:57
and that's exactly what Jim did
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a to je ono što je Džim uradio
09:59
after being neurally connected to the limb
for just a few hours.
for just a few hours.
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nakon što je bio neurološki povezan
sa nogom tek par sati.
sa nogom tek par sati.
10:03
What was most interesting to me
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Ono što mi je bilo najinteresantnije
10:05
is what Jim was telling us
he was experiencing.
he was experiencing.
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je ono što nam je Džim rekao da oseća.
10:08
He said, "The robot became part of me."
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Rekao je: „Robot je postao deo mene.“
10:12
Jim Ewing: The morning after the first
time I was attached to the robot,
time I was attached to the robot,
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Džim Juing: Prvo jutro
pošto su me povezali sa robotom,
pošto su me povezali sa robotom,
10:16
my daughter came downstairs
and asked me how it felt to be a cyborg,
and asked me how it felt to be a cyborg,
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moja ćerka je sišla i pitala me
kako je biti kiborg
kako je biti kiborg
10:21
and my answer was
that I didn't feel like a cyborg.
that I didn't feel like a cyborg.
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i odgovorio sam joj
da se ne osećam kao kiborg.
da se ne osećam kao kiborg.
10:25
I felt like I had my leg,
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Osećam se kao da imam nogu,
10:29
and it wasn't that I was
attached to the robot
attached to the robot
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i da mi ne izgleda
kao da sam ja prikačen na robota,
kao da sam ja prikačen na robota,
10:34
so much as the robot was attached to me,
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već kao da je robot prikačen na mene
10:36
and the robot became part of me.
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i da je postao deo mene.
10:38
It became my leg pretty quickly.
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To je postala moja noga prilično brzo.
10:41
Hugh Herr: Thank you.
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Hju Her: Hvala.
10:42
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
10:45
By connecting Jim's
nervous system bidirectionally
nervous system bidirectionally
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Povezivanjem Džimovog
nervnog sistema dvosmerno
nervnog sistema dvosmerno
10:49
to his synthetic limb,
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sa njegovom sintetičkom nogom,
10:51
neurological embodiment was achieved.
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postignuto je neurološko otelovljenje.
10:54
I hypothesized that because Jim
can think and move his synthetic limb,
can think and move his synthetic limb,
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Pretpostavio sam da, zato što Džim može
da misli i pomera svoju sintetičku nogu
da misli i pomera svoju sintetičku nogu
10:59
and because he can feel those movements
within his nervous system,
within his nervous system,
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i zato što može da oseti te pokrete
u svom nervnom sistemu,
u svom nervnom sistemu,
11:03
the prosthesis is no longer
a separate tool,
a separate tool,
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proteza nije više posebno pomagalo
11:07
but an integral part of Jim,
an integral part of his body.
an integral part of his body.
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već integralni deo Džima,
integralni deo njegovog tela.
integralni deo njegovog tela.
11:12
Because of this neurological embodiment,
Jim doesn't feel like a cyborg.
Jim doesn't feel like a cyborg.
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Zbog ovog neurološkog otelovljenja,
Džim se ne oseća kao kiborg.
Džim se ne oseća kao kiborg.
11:17
He feels like he just has his leg back,
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Oseća se kao da je povratio svoju nogu,
11:19
that he has his body back.
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da je povratio telo.
11:21
Now I'm often asked
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Često me pitaju
11:22
when I'm going to be neurally linked
to my synthetic limbs bidirectionally,
to my synthetic limbs bidirectionally,
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kada ću se neurološki povezati
sa svojim sintetičkim nogama dvosmerno,
sa svojim sintetičkim nogama dvosmerno,
11:26
when I'm going to become a cyborg.
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kada ću postati kiborg.
11:28
The truth is, I'm hesitant
to become a cyborg.
to become a cyborg.
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Iskreno, ne znam da li to želim.
11:31
Before my legs were amputated,
I was a terrible student.
I was a terrible student.
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Pre nego što su mi amputirane noge,
bio sam očajan đak.
bio sam očajan đak.
11:35
I got D's and often F's in school.
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Dobijao sam dvojke, a često i jedinice.
11:38
Then, after my limbs were amputated,
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Onda, kad su mi noge amputirane,
11:40
I suddenly became an MIT professor.
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odjednom sam postao profesor na MIT-u.
11:43
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
11:45
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
11:49
Now I'm worried that once I'm neurally
connected to my limbs once again,
connected to my limbs once again,
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Sad se brinem da će, kad se neurološki
ponovo povežem sa nogama,
ponovo povežem sa nogama,
11:53
my brain will remap
back to its not-so-bright self.
back to its not-so-bright self.
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moj mozak ponovo da se vrati
u svoje stanje slabe pameti.
u svoje stanje slabe pameti.
11:57
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
11:58
But you know what, that's OK,
because at MIT, I already have tenure.
because at MIT, I already have tenure.
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Ali, u stvari, na MIT-u već imam
stalan posao, tako da je okej.
stalan posao, tako da je okej.
12:02
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
12:04
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
12:07
I believe the reach
of NeuroEmbodied Design
of NeuroEmbodied Design
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Verujem da će se primena
neurootelovljavanja
neurootelovljavanja
12:09
will extend far beyond limb replacement
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proširiti na još mnogo drugih stvari
pored zamene udova
pored zamene udova
12:12
and will carry humanity into realms
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i da će odvesti čovečanstvo u oblasti
12:15
that fundamentally
redefine human potential.
redefine human potential.
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koje iz osnova
redefinišu ljudski potencijal.
redefinišu ljudski potencijal.
12:18
In this 21st century,
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U ovom 21. veku,
12:20
designers will extend the nervous system
into powerfully strong exoskeletons
into powerfully strong exoskeletons
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kreatori će proširiti nervni sistem
na moćne egzoskelete
na moćne egzoskelete
12:25
that humans can control
and feel with their minds.
and feel with their minds.
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koje ljudi mogu da kontrolišu
i osećaju svojim umom.
i osećaju svojim umom.
12:30
Muscles within the body
can be reconfigured
can be reconfigured
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Mišići u telu se mogu rekonfigurisati
12:33
for the control of powerful motors,
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tako da mogu da upravljaju moćnim motorima
12:36
and to feel and sense
exoskeletal movements,
exoskeletal movements,
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i osećaju pokrete egzoskeleta,
12:40
augmenting humans' strength,
jumping height and running speed.
jumping height and running speed.
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povećavajući pritom ljudsku snagu,
visinu skakanja i brzinu trčanja.
visinu skakanja i brzinu trčanja.
12:44
In this 21st century, I believe humans
will become superheroes.
will become superheroes.
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Verujem da će u ovom 21. veku
ljudi postati superheroji.
ljudi postati superheroji.
12:50
Humans may also extend their bodies
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Možda će dodavati
i produžetke na svoja tela
i produžetke na svoja tela
12:53
into non-anthropomorphic
structures, such as wings,
structures, such as wings,
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u vidu neantropomorfnih
struktura, kao što su krila,
struktura, kao što su krila,
12:57
controlling and feeling each wing movement
within the nervous system.
within the nervous system.
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pritom kontrolišući i osećajući
pokrete krila u nervnom sistemu.
pokrete krila u nervnom sistemu.
13:02
Leonardo da Vinci said,
"When once you have tasted flight,
"When once you have tasted flight,
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Leonardo da Vinči je rekao:
„Kad jednom iskusite letenje,
„Kad jednom iskusite letenje,
13:06
you will forever walk the earth
with your eyes turned skyward,
with your eyes turned skyward,
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zauvek ćete hodati zemljom
s pogledom usmerenim ka nebu,
s pogledom usmerenim ka nebu,
13:09
for there you have been
and there you will always long to return."
and there you will always long to return."
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jer ste tamo bili i tamo ćete uvek
čeznuti da se vratite.“
čeznuti da se vratite.“
13:15
During the twilight years of this century,
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U završnim godinama ovog veka,
verujem da će ljudi biti neprepoznatljivi
morfološki i dinamički
morfološki i dinamički
13:17
I believe humans will be unrecognizable
in morphology and dynamics
in morphology and dynamics
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13:21
from what we are today.
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1953
u odnosu na danas.
13:23
Humanity will take flight and soar.
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Čovečanstvo će uzleteti i jezditi.
13:27
Jim Ewing fell to earth
and was badly broken,
and was badly broken,
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Džim Juing je pao na zemlju
i bio gadno povređen,
i bio gadno povređen,
13:31
but his eyes turned skyward,
where he always longed to return.
where he always longed to return.
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ali njegov pogled se okrenuo ka nebu,
gde je uvek čeznuo da se vrati.
gde je uvek čeznuo da se vrati.
13:35
After his accident,
he not only dreamed to walk again,
he not only dreamed to walk again,
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Posle nesreće, nije samo sanjao
da ponovo hoda,
da ponovo hoda,
13:37
but also to return to his chosen sport
of mountain climbing.
of mountain climbing.
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već i da se vrati svom planinarenju.
13:41
At MIT, Team Cyborg built Jim
a specialized limb for the vertical world,
a specialized limb for the vertical world,
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Na MIT-u, tim Kiborg je napravio Džimu
specijalizovanu nogu za vertikalni svet,
specijalizovanu nogu za vertikalni svet,
13:46
a brain-controlled leg with full position
and movement sensations.
and movement sensations.
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nogu koju kontroliše mozak,
sa punim osećajima pokreta i položaja.
sa punim osećajima pokreta i položaja.
13:52
Using this technology,
Jim returned to the Cayman Islands,
Jim returned to the Cayman Islands,
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Koristeći ovu tehnologiju,
Džim se vratio na Kajmanska ostrva,
Džim se vratio na Kajmanska ostrva,
13:55
the site of his accident,
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mesto njegove nesreće,
13:57
rebuilt as a cyborg
to climb skyward once again.
to climb skyward once again.
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popravljen kao kiborg
da bi se popeo još jednom ka nebu.
da bi se popeo još jednom ka nebu.
14:01
(Crashing waves)
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(Huk talasa)
14:27
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
14:43
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
14:44
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
14:48
Ladies and gentlemen, Jim Ewing,
the first cyborg rock climber.
the first cyborg rock climber.
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Dame i gospodo, Džim Juing,
prvi kiborg penjač.
prvi kiborg penjač.
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Hugh Herr - Bionics designerAt MIT, Hugh Herr builds prosthetic knees, legs and ankles that fuse biomechanics with microprocessors to restore (and perhaps enhance) normal gait, balance and speed.
Why you should listen
Hugh Herr co-directs the Center for Extreme Bionics at the MIT Media Lab, where he is pioneering a new class of biohybrid smart prostheses and orthoses to improve the quality of life for thousands of people with physical challenges. A powered ankle-foot prosthesis called the Empower by Ottobock, for instance, emulates the action of a biological leg to create a natural gait, allowing persons with amputation to walk with normal levels of speed and metabolism as if their legs were biological.
Herr also advances powerful body exoskeletons that augment human physicality beyond innate physiological levels, enabling humans to walk and run faster with less metabolic energy. He is the co-founder and Chief Scientific Officer of Dephy Inc., which creates products that augment physiological function through electromechanical enhancement.
Hugh Herr | Speaker | TED.com