TED2018
Hugh Herr: How we'll become cyborgs and extend human potential
休 · 赫爾: 我們將如何成為生化人和擴展人類的潛能
Filmed:
Readability: 6.3
1,888,103 views
仿生學設計師休 · 赫爾認為，人類很快將會擁有新的肢體，這些肢體將使自然世界和人造世界間的界限永遠模糊。 在這難忘的演講中，他詳細介紹在麻省理工學院開發的創造人體機器人功能的「神經體現設計」。他向我們展示，未來重新定義人類潛能的方式將能夠增強體能 ，也許還能變成超級英雄。 他相信「本世紀末將會出現當前人類無法辨識的形態和動力學。」他預測「人類將會飛行和翱翔」。
Hugh Herr - Bionics designer
At MIT, Hugh Herr builds prosthetic knees, legs and ankles that fuse biomechanics with microprocessors to restore (and perhaps enhance) normal gait, balance and speed. Full bio
At MIT, Hugh Herr builds prosthetic knees, legs and ankles that fuse biomechanics with microprocessors to restore (and perhaps enhance) normal gait, balance and speed. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
I'm an MIT professor,
0
1388
2186
我是麻省理工學院的教授，
00:15
but I do not design buildings
or computer systems.
or computer systems.
1
3598
2976
但我不設計建築物或電腦系統。
00:18
Rather, I build body parts,
2
6938
2477
而是建造人體的部件，
00:22
bionic legs that augment
human walking and running.
human walking and running.
3
10133
3024
能增強人類行走
和跑步能力的仿生腿。
和跑步能力的仿生腿。
00:25
In 1982, I was in
a mountain-climbing accident,
a mountain-climbing accident,
4
13812
2933
1982 年我在英國遭遇登山事故，
00:28
and both of my legs had to be amputated
due to tissue damage from frostbite.
due to tissue damage from frostbite.
5
16769
3634
由於凍傷造成組織損傷，
我的雙腿不得不被截肢。
我的雙腿不得不被截肢。
00:33
Here, you can see my legs:
6
21245
1937
在這裡，你可以看到我的雙腿：
00:35
24 sensors, six microprocessors
and muscle-tendon-like actuators.
and muscle-tendon-like actuators.
7
23206
5300
24 個傳感器，6 個微處理器
和肌肉腱狀執行器。
和肌肉腱狀執行器。
00:40
I'm basically a bunch of nuts and bolts
from the knee down.
from the knee down.
8
28530
2869
基本上我膝蓋以下
是一堆螺母和螺栓。
是一堆螺母和螺栓。
00:43
But with this advanced bionic technology,
9
31846
2356
但藉助這種先進的仿生技術，
00:46
I can skip, dance and run.
10
34226
2242
我能跳躍、跳舞和跑步。
00:50
(Applause)
11
38138
1044
（掌聲）
00:51
Thank you.
12
39206
1151
謝謝。
00:52
(Applause)
13
40381
2610
（掌聲）
00:55
I'm a bionic man,
but I'm not yet a cyborg.
but I'm not yet a cyborg.
14
43015
3929
我是個仿生人，
但還不是個生化人。
但還不是個生化人。
01:02
When I think about moving my legs,
15
50284
2802
當我想移動雙腿時，
01:05
neural signals from
my central nervous system
my central nervous system
16
53110
3119
來自中樞神經系統的神經信號
01:08
pass through my nerves
17
56253
1619
通過我的神經
01:09
and activate muscles
within my residual limbs.
within my residual limbs.
18
57896
3111
激活殘肢內的肌肉。
01:15
Artificial electrodes sense these signals,
19
63380
2659
人造電極感應這些信號，
01:18
and small computers in the bionic limb
20
66063
2465
仿生肢體中的小型電腦
01:20
decode my nerve pulses
into my intended movement patterns.
into my intended movement patterns.
21
68552
4023
將神經脈衝解碼為
我所預期的運動模式。
我所預期的運動模式。
01:26
Stated simply,
22
74493
1901
簡而言之，
01:28
when I think about moving,
23
76418
1331
當我想要移動時，
01:29
that command is communicated
to the synthetic part of my body.
to the synthetic part of my body.
24
77773
4197
該命令會傳達給我身體的合成部分。
01:34
However, those computers can't input
information into my nervous system.
information into my nervous system.
25
82466
3778
但是這些電腦訊息
無法傳入我的神經系統。
無法傳入我的神經系統。
01:38
When I touch and move my synthetic limbs,
26
86838
2889
當我觸摸、移動我的合成肢體時，
01:41
I do not experience normal
touch and movement sensations.
touch and movement sensations.
27
89751
3253
我沒有正常的觸摸、運動的感覺。
01:46
If I were a cyborg and could feel my legs
28
94108
4036
如果我是一個生化人，
我就能感受我的雙腿，
我就能感受我的雙腿，
01:51
via small computers inputting information
into my nervous system,
into my nervous system,
29
99255
3826
能通過小型電腦傳訊息
給神經系統來感受我的雙腿，
給神經系統來感受我的雙腿，
01:55
it would fundamentally change, I believe,
30
103105
2358
我相信那會從根本上改變
01:57
my relationship to my synthetic body.
31
105487
2744
我與合成身體的關係。
02:00
Today, I can't feel my legs,
32
108605
1825
今天，我感覺不到自己的雙腿，
02:03
and because of that,
33
111788
1182
因此，我的雙腿是獨立於
02:04
my legs are separate tools
from my mind and my body.
from my mind and my body.
34
112994
3445
頭腦和身體之外的工具。
02:08
They're not part of me.
35
116463
1382
它們不是我的一部分。
02:11
I believe that if I were a cyborg
and could feel my legs,
and could feel my legs,
36
119480
3286
我相信如果我是一個生化人
就能夠感受到雙腿，
就能夠感受到雙腿，
02:14
they would become
part of me, part of self.
part of me, part of self.
37
122790
2428
雙腿會成為我的一部分，
自我的一部分。
自我的一部分。
02:17
At MIT, we're thinking about
NeuroEmbodied Design.
NeuroEmbodied Design.
38
125923
4145
在麻省理工學院，我們正思考
神經體現（NeuroEmbodied）設計。
神經體現（NeuroEmbodied）設計。
02:22
In this design process,
39
130092
1777
在這設計過程中，
02:25
the designer designs human flesh and bone,
the biological body itself,
the biological body itself,
40
133110
5463
設計師設計生物體本身，
肌肉和骨骼，
肌肉和骨骼，
02:30
along with synthetics to enhance
the bidirectional communication
the bidirectional communication
41
138597
4937
以及合成材料，
用來增強神經系統
和人造物間的雙向交流。
和人造物間的雙向交流。
02:35
between the nervous system
and the built world.
and the built world.
42
143558
2482
02:39
NeuroEmbodied Design is a methodology
to create cyborg function.
to create cyborg function.
43
147406
4389
神經體現設計是一種
創造生化人功能的方法。
創造生化人功能的方法。
02:45
In this design process,
designers contemplate a future
designers contemplate a future
44
153843
4351
在這個設計過程中，
設計師思考的未來技術
02:50
in which technology
no longer compromises separate,
no longer compromises separate,
45
158218
3151
不再是獨立於頭腦
和身體之外的無生命工具；
和身體之外的無生命工具；
02:53
lifeless tools from
our minds and our bodies,
our minds and our bodies,
46
161393
2928
02:56
a future in which technology
has been carefully integrated
has been carefully integrated
47
164345
3826
而是技術已經被仔細
整合在我們天性中的未來。
整合在我們天性中的未來。
03:00
within our nature,
48
168195
1571
03:01
a world in which
what is biological and what is not,
what is biological and what is not,
49
169790
3175
在這個世界裡
什麼是生物，什麼不是，
什麼是生物，什麼不是，
03:04
what is human and what is not,
50
172989
2086
什麼是人類，什麼不是，
03:07
what is nature and what is not
51
175099
2057
什麼是天然的，什麼不是，
03:09
will be forever blurred.
52
177180
2187
將永遠界線模糊。
03:11
That future will provide
humanity new bodies.
humanity new bodies.
53
179391
3476
這未來將提供人類新的身體。
03:16
NeuroEmbodied Design
will extend our nervous systems
will extend our nervous systems
54
184156
2739
神經體現設計將把我們的神經系統
擴展到合成的世界，
03:18
into the synthetic world,
55
186919
1674
03:20
and the synthetic world into us,
56
188617
2476
並將合成世界擴展到我們，
03:23
fundamentally changing who we are.
57
191117
2650
從根本上改變我們是誰。
03:26
By designing the biological body
to better communicate
to better communicate
58
194994
3054
通過設計生物體
來與設計出來的世界溝通得更好，
03:30
with the built design world,
59
198072
1787
03:33
humanity will end disability
in this 21st century
in this 21st century
60
201080
2985
人類將在 21 世紀結束殘疾，
03:36
and establish the scientific
and technological basis
and technological basis
61
204089
3550
並建立增強人類的科學和技術基礎，
03:39
for human augmentation,
62
207663
1301
來增強人類的能力，
03:41
extending human capability
beyond innate, physiological levels,
beyond innate, physiological levels,
63
209937
4457
使之超越先天、生理水平、
03:46
cognitively, emotionally and physically.
64
214418
3126
認知、情感和身體。
03:50
There are many ways
in which to build new bodies across scale,
in which to build new bodies across scale,
65
218218
4232
有很多方法能構建
不同規模的新身體部位，
不同規模的新身體部位，
03:54
from the biomolecular
to the scale of tissues and organs.
to the scale of tissues and organs.
66
222474
3945
從生物分子到組織和器官的規模。
03:58
Today, I want to talk about
one area of NeuroEmbodied Design,
one area of NeuroEmbodied Design,
67
226443
3206
今天，我想談一個
神經體現設計的領域，
神經體現設計的領域，
04:01
in which the body's tissues
are manipulated and sculpted
are manipulated and sculpted
68
229673
4064
用手術和再生的過程
來操縱和雕刻人體的組織。
04:05
using surgical and regenerative processes.
69
233761
2546
04:10
The current amputation paradigm
70
238331
1636
目前截肢的做法
04:11
hasn't changed fundamentally
since the US Civil War
since the US Civil War
71
239991
4067
自美國內戰以來
並沒有在根本上改變；
並沒有在根本上改變；
04:16
and has grown obsolete
in light of dramatic advancements
in light of dramatic advancements
72
244082
3754
它早已過時，
鑑於我們在執行器、控制系統
和神經接口技術方面的巨大進步。
和神經接口技術方面的巨大進步。
04:19
in actuators, control systems
and neural interfacing technologies.
and neural interfacing technologies.
73
247860
3936
04:25
A major deficiency is the lack
of dynamic muscle interactions
of dynamic muscle interactions
74
253058
4278
一個主要的缺陷是欠缺
控制和本體感覺
動態肌肉間的相互作用。
動態肌肉間的相互作用。
04:29
for control and proprioception.
75
257360
2142
04:32
What is proprioception?
76
260682
1850
什麼是本體感覺？
04:34
When you flex your ankle,
muscles in the front of your leg contract,
muscles in the front of your leg contract,
77
262556
3238
當你腳踝向上翹時前面的腿肌收縮
04:37
simultaneously stretching muscles
in the back of your leg.
in the back of your leg.
78
265818
2976
同時後面的腿肌伸展。
04:40
The opposite happens
when you extend your ankle.
when you extend your ankle.
79
268818
2485
當你伸長腳踝時恰恰相反，
04:43
Here, muscles in the back
of your leg contract,
of your leg contract,
80
271327
2232
你的腿後肌肉收縮
04:45
stretching muscles in the front.
81
273583
1721
而腿前肌肉伸展。
04:47
When these muscles flex and extend,
82
275328
1976
肌肉伸縮時，
04:49
biological sensors
within the muscle tendons
within the muscle tendons
83
277328
2334
肌腱內的生物傳感器
04:51
send information
through nerves to the brain.
through nerves to the brain.
84
279686
2476
通過神經向大腦發送訊息。
04:54
This is how we're able to feel
where our feet are
where our feet are
85
282186
2604
這就是何以我們不用眼睛看
04:56
without seeing them with our eyes.
86
284814
2546
也能夠感受到腳在哪裡。
05:00
The current amputation paradigm
breaks these dynamic muscle relationships,
breaks these dynamic muscle relationships,
87
288186
4223
目前的截肢做法打斷了
肌肉的動態關係，
肌肉的動態關係，
05:04
and in so doing eliminates
normal proprioceptive sensations.
normal proprioceptive sensations.
88
292433
4096
因而消除了正常的本體感覺。
05:08
Consequently, a standard artificial limb
89
296553
2739
因此，一般的義肢
05:11
cannot feed back information
into the nervous system
into the nervous system
90
299316
2675
不能把義肢在空間的位置訊息
05:14
about where the prosthesis is in space.
91
302015
2744
反饋給神經系統。
05:16
The patient therefore
cannot sense and feel
cannot sense and feel
92
304783
3157
因此，病人若不用眼睛觀察
05:19
the positions and movements
of the prosthetic joint
of the prosthetic joint
93
307964
2967
就看不到和感覺不到
05:22
without seeing it with their eyes.
94
310955
2095
義肢關節的位置和動作。
05:26
My legs were amputated
using this Civil War-era methodology.
using this Civil War-era methodology.
95
314153
3944
我的腿被用這種
內戰時期的方法截肢。
內戰時期的方法截肢。
05:30
I can feel my feet,
I can feel them right now
I can feel them right now
96
318626
2556
我能感覺到我的腳，
我現在能感覺到的
是幽靈意識的形式。
是幽靈意識的形式。
05:33
as a phantom awareness.
97
321206
1859
05:35
But when I try to move them, I cannot.
98
323089
1889
但當我嘗試移動它們時則動不了。
05:37
It feels like they're stuck
inside rigid ski boots.
inside rigid ski boots.
99
325002
2746
感覺它們像是被困在硬硬的雪靴內面。
05:40
To solve these problems,
100
328730
1156
為了解決這問題，
05:41
at MIT, we invented the agonist-antagonist
myoneural interface,
myoneural interface,
101
329910
5038
我們麻省理工學院發明了
收縮及伸長肌的神經脈衝界面
（agonist-antagonist myoneural interface），
（agonist-antagonist myoneural interface），
05:46
or AMI, for short.
102
334972
1833
簡稱 AMI。
05:48
The AMI is a method to connect nerves
within the residuum
within the residuum
103
336829
3634
AMI 是一種將殘留的神經
05:52
to an external, bionic prosthesis.
104
340487
2223
連接到外部仿生義肢的方法。
05:55
How is the AMI designed,
and how does it work?
and how does it work?
105
343405
3095
AMI 是如何設計、如何運作的？
05:59
The AMI comprises two muscles
that are surgically connected,
that are surgically connected,
106
347508
3509
AMI 包括兩塊手術連接起來肌肉，
06:03
an agonist linked to an antagonist.
107
351041
2317
收縮肌連接著伸長肌。
（agonist/antagonist muscle）
（agonist/antagonist muscle）
06:05
When the agonist contracts
upon electrical activation,
upon electrical activation,
108
353909
2799
當電子訊號觸發收縮肌這邊時，
06:08
it stretches the antagonist.
109
356732
2492
會拉長另一邊的伸長肌。
06:11
This muscle dynamic interaction
110
359248
2282
這種肌肉的相互作用
06:13
causes biological sensors
within the muscle tendon
within the muscle tendon
111
361554
3032
會導致肌腱內的生物傳感器
06:16
to send information through the nerve
to the central nervous system,
to the central nervous system,
112
364610
3469
通過神經向中樞神經系統發送訊息，
06:20
relating information on the muscle
tendon's length, speed and force.
tendon's length, speed and force.
113
368103
4604
發送有關肌腱長度、
速度和力道的訊息。
速度和力道的訊息。
06:24
This is how muscle tendon
proprioception works,
proprioception works,
114
372731
2318
這就是肌腱本體感覺的工作原理，
06:27
and it's the primary way we, as humans,
115
375073
2643
它是我們人類能夠感知肢體位置、
06:29
can feel and sense the positions,
movements and forces on our limbs.
movements and forces on our limbs.
116
377740
4126
動作和力量的主要方式。
06:34
When a limb is amputated,
117
382386
1302
被截肢時
06:35
the surgeon connects these opposing
muscles within the residuum
muscles within the residuum
118
383712
4120
外科醫生連接殘肢內的這些相對肌肉
06:39
to create an AMI.
119
387856
1217
以形成 AMI。
06:41
Now, multiple AMI
constructs can be created
constructs can be created
120
389097
3093
如今可以創建多個 AMI 構造
06:44
for the control and sensation
of multiple prosthetic joints.
of multiple prosthetic joints.
121
392214
3961
來控制和感覺多個義肢關節。
06:48
Artificial electrodes are then placed
on each AMI muscle,
on each AMI muscle,
122
396199
3398
然後將人造電極
放置在每個 AMI 肌肉上，
放置在每個 AMI 肌肉上，
06:51
and small computers within the bionic limb
decode those signals
decode those signals
123
399621
3651
仿生肢體內的小電腦解碼這些信號
06:55
to control powerful motors
on the bionic limb.
on the bionic limb.
124
403296
2912
來控制仿生肢體上強大的電動機。
06:58
When the bionic limb moves,
125
406933
2160
當仿生肢體移動時，
07:01
the AMI muscles move back and forth,
126
409117
1857
AMI 肌肉前後移動，
07:02
sending signals through
the nerve to the brain,
the nerve to the brain,
127
410998
2192
將信號通過神經發送到大腦，
07:05
enabling a person wearing the prosthesis
to experience natural sensations
to experience natural sensations
128
413214
4142
使佩戴義肢的人能夠體驗
義肢的位置和動作的自然感覺。
07:09
of positions and movements
of the prosthesis.
of the prosthesis.
129
417380
2484
07:12
Can these tissue-design principles
be used in an actual human being?
be used in an actual human being?
130
420492
4134
這些組織設計的原則
可實際用在人的身上嗎？
可實際用在人的身上嗎？
07:17
A few years ago, my good friend
Jim Ewing -- of 34 years --
Jim Ewing -- of 34 years --
131
425786
3809
幾年前，我 34 歲的好朋友吉姆 · 尤恩，
07:21
reached out to me for help.
132
429619
1722
向我尋求幫助。
07:24
Jim was in an a terrible
climbing accident.
climbing accident.
133
432272
2056
吉姆遭遇了可怕的登山事故，
07:26
He fell 50 feet in the Cayman Islands
134
434352
2698
在開曼群島摔下 50 英尺，
07:29
when his rope failed to catch him
hitting the ground's surface.
hitting the ground's surface.
135
437074
3198
因繩索沒能拉住他而撞擊地面。
07:33
He suffered many, many injuries:
136
441339
2470
他受了許多傷，
07:35
punctured lungs and many broken bones.
137
443833
3214
肺部被刺破，許多骨頭破碎。
07:40
After his accident, he dreamed
of returning to his chosen sport
of returning to his chosen sport
138
448060
3730
事故發生後，他夢想要回去爬山。
07:43
of mountain climbing,
139
451814
1304
07:45
but how might this be possible?
140
453142
1877
但怎麼辦到呢？
07:49
The answer was Team Cyborg,
141
457322
2222
答案是生化人團隊，
07:52
a team of surgeons,
scientists and engineers
scientists and engineers
142
460369
3239
由外科醫生、科學家
和工程師組成的團隊
和工程師組成的團隊
07:55
assembled at MIT to rebuild Jim
back to his former climbing prowess.
back to his former climbing prowess.
143
463632
4842
在麻省理工學院
重建吉姆以前的攀登實力。
重建吉姆以前的攀登實力。
08:00
Team member Dr. Matthew Carty
amputated Jim's badly damaged leg
amputated Jim's badly damaged leg
144
468498
4056
隊員馬修卡蒂醫師
截斷吉姆嚴重受傷的腿，
截斷吉姆嚴重受傷的腿，
08:04
at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston,
145
472578
2112
手術地點是波士頓的
布萊根婦女醫院，
布萊根婦女醫院，
08:06
using the AMI surgical procedure.
146
474714
2072
使用 AMI 手術程序，
08:09
Tendon pulleys were created
and attached to Jim's tibia bone
and attached to Jim's tibia bone
147
477262
3405
他把創建的肌腱滑輪
連接到吉姆的脛骨上，
連接到吉姆的脛骨上，
重新連接對應的肌肉。
08:12
to reconnect the opposing muscles.
148
480691
2039
08:15
The AMI procedure
reestablished the neural link
reestablished the neural link
149
483460
2905
AMI 程序重新建立了吉姆
08:18
between Jim's ankle-foot
muscles and his brain.
muscles and his brain.
150
486389
2875
腳踝肌肉和大腦間的神經聯繫。
08:21
When Jim moves his phantom limb,
151
489854
2564
當吉姆移動他的幻肢時，
08:24
the reconnected muscles
move in dynamic pairs,
move in dynamic pairs,
152
492442
3008
重接的肌肉以動態配對動作，
08:27
causing signals of proprioception
to pass through nerves to the brain,
to pass through nerves to the brain,
153
495474
4437
使本體感受信號
通過神經傳遞到大腦，
通過神經傳遞到大腦，
08:31
so Jim experiences normal sensations
with ankle-foot positions and movements,
with ankle-foot positions and movements,
154
499935
3620
所以即使蒙住眼睛，
吉姆也會經歷腳踝位置
和動作的正常感覺。
和動作的正常感覺。
08:35
even when blindfolded.
155
503579
1316
08:37
Here's Jim at the MIT laboratory
after his surgeries.
after his surgeries.
156
505842
3437
這是手術後吉姆在麻省理工實驗室。
08:41
We electrically linked Jim's AMI muscles,
via the electrodes,
via the electrodes,
157
509303
3120
我們通過電極連接吉姆的
AMI 肌肉與仿生肢體，
08:44
to a bionic limb,
158
512447
1158
08:45
and Jim quickly learned
how to move the bionic limb
how to move the bionic limb
159
513629
2761
吉姆很快就學會如何移動仿生肢體，
08:48
in four distinct ankle-foot
movement directions.
movement directions.
160
516414
2904
在四個不同的腳踝動作方向移動。
08:52
We were excited by these results,
but then Jim stood up,
but then Jim stood up,
161
520000
3063
我們對這些結果感到興奮。
吉姆接著站了起來，
08:55
and what occurred was truly remarkable.
162
523087
2866
發生的事情真的非常了不起。
08:57
All the natural biomechanics
mediated by the central nervous system
mediated by the central nervous system
163
525977
4016
所有中樞神經系統介面
所導引的自然生物力學，
所導引的自然生物力學，
09:02
emerged via the synthetic limb
164
530017
3349
都通過合成肢體呈現
09:05
as an involuntary, reflexive action.
165
533390
3515
無意識、反射的行為。
09:08
All the intricacies of foot placement
during stair ascent --
during stair ascent --
166
536929
3897
上樓時所有錯綜複雜的腳部位置
09:12
(Applause)
167
540850
3498
（掌聲）
09:16
emerged before our eyes.
168
544372
1904
呈現在我們眼前。
09:19
Here's Jim descending steps,
169
547644
1825
這是吉姆走下台階，
09:21
reaching with his bionic toe
to the next stair tread,
to the next stair tread,
170
549493
2992
用他的仿生腳趾伸向下一階，
09:24
automatically exhibiting natural motions
171
552509
2516
自動展現自然的動作，
09:27
without him even trying to move his limb.
172
555049
2792
他甚至不用嘗試移動肢體。
09:29
Because Jim's central nervous system
is receiving the proprioceptive signals,
is receiving the proprioceptive signals,
173
557865
4613
由於吉姆的中樞神經系統
接收本體感受的信號，
接收本體感受的信號，
09:34
it knows exactly how to control
the synthetic limb in a natural way.
the synthetic limb in a natural way.
174
562502
4047
所以它確切知道
如何自然地控制合成肢體。
如何自然地控制合成肢體。
09:39
Now, Jim moves and behaves
as if the synthetic limb is part of him.
as if the synthetic limb is part of him.
175
567635
5587
現在吉姆的動作和行為
就像合成肢體是他的一部分。
就像合成肢體是他的一部分。
09:45
For example, one day in the lab,
176
573746
1960
例如，某天在實驗室，
09:47
he accidentally stepped
on a roll of electrical tape.
on a roll of electrical tape.
177
575730
3096
他不小心踩到了一卷電氣膠帶。
09:50
Now, what do you do
when something's stuck to your shoe?
when something's stuck to your shoe?
178
578850
2627
東西粘上你的鞋底時，你會怎麼做？
09:53
You don't reach down like this;
it's way too awkward.
it's way too awkward.
179
581501
2611
你不會彎腰去取，那太笨拙了，
09:56
Instead, you shake it off,
180
584136
1294
而是會把它抖掉。
09:57
and that's exactly what Jim did
181
585454
1825
吉姆正是如此，
09:59
after being neurally connected to the limb
for just a few hours.
for just a few hours.
182
587303
3166
他在神經連接到肢體後
幾個小時抖掉它。
幾個小時抖掉它。
10:03
What was most interesting to me
183
591436
1977
我最感興趣的
10:05
is what Jim was telling us
he was experiencing.
he was experiencing.
184
593437
2868
是吉姆告訴我們他經歷到的。
10:08
He said, "The robot became part of me."
185
596329
3325
他說：「機器人成了我的一部分。」
10:12
Jim Ewing: The morning after the first
time I was attached to the robot,
time I was attached to the robot,
186
600217
3786
吉姆 · 尤恩：我連上
機器後的次日早晨，
機器後的次日早晨，
10:16
my daughter came downstairs
and asked me how it felt to be a cyborg,
and asked me how it felt to be a cyborg,
187
604027
5366
女兒下樓來，問我
成為生化人的感覺如何，
成為生化人的感覺如何，
10:21
and my answer was
that I didn't feel like a cyborg.
that I didn't feel like a cyborg.
188
609417
3969
我回答不覺得自己是個生化人。
10:25
I felt like I had my leg,
189
613410
3826
我覺得自己的腿回來了，
10:29
and it wasn't that I was
attached to the robot
attached to the robot
190
617260
4721
不是我連在機器上，
10:34
so much as the robot was attached to me,
191
622005
2621
而是機器連到我身上。
10:36
and the robot became part of me.
192
624650
1532
機器成了我的一部分，
10:38
It became my leg pretty quickly.
193
626206
2491
很快就成了我的腿。
10:41
Hugh Herr: Thank you.
194
629617
1151
休赫爾：謝謝。
10:42
(Applause)
195
630792
3088
（掌聲）
10:45
By connecting Jim's
nervous system bidirectionally
nervous system bidirectionally
196
633904
3373
通過將吉姆的神經系統
雙向連接到他的合成肢體上，
10:49
to his synthetic limb,
197
637301
1770
10:51
neurological embodiment was achieved.
198
639095
2924
實現了神經體現。
10:54
I hypothesized that because Jim
can think and move his synthetic limb,
can think and move his synthetic limb,
199
642043
5477
我推測因為吉姆能夠
思考和移動合成肢體，
思考和移動合成肢體，
10:59
and because he can feel those movements
within his nervous system,
within his nervous system,
200
647544
4310
能感覺到神經系統中的這些動作，
11:03
the prosthesis is no longer
a separate tool,
a separate tool,
201
651878
3127
所以義肢不再是單獨的工具，
11:07
but an integral part of Jim,
an integral part of his body.
an integral part of his body.
202
655029
4396
而是吉姆身體不可分割的一部分。
11:12
Because of this neurological embodiment,
Jim doesn't feel like a cyborg.
Jim doesn't feel like a cyborg.
203
660108
3998
由於這神經體現，
吉姆不覺得自己像個機器人。
吉姆不覺得自己像個機器人。
11:17
He feels like he just has his leg back,
204
665215
2217
他感覺他得回自己的腿，
11:19
that he has his body back.
205
667456
1547
得回自己的身體。
11:21
Now I'm often asked
206
669580
1151
現在我經常被問到
11:22
when I'm going to be neurally linked
to my synthetic limbs bidirectionally,
to my synthetic limbs bidirectionally,
207
670755
3556
什麼時候我要雙向接上
合成肢體的神經，
合成肢體的神經，
11:26
when I'm going to become a cyborg.
208
674335
1784
什麼時候要成為生化人。
11:28
The truth is, I'm hesitant
to become a cyborg.
to become a cyborg.
209
676143
2763
事實是我很猶豫要不要成為生化人。
11:31
Before my legs were amputated,
I was a terrible student.
I was a terrible student.
210
679966
3207
在截肢之前我是個糟糕的學生，
11:35
I got D's and often F's in school.
211
683197
2823
經常在學校得 D 和 F。
11:38
Then, after my limbs were amputated,
212
686044
2729
截肢後，
11:40
I suddenly became an MIT professor.
213
688797
2099
我突然成為麻省理工學院的教授。
11:43
(Laughter)
214
691353
2167
（笑聲）
11:45
(Applause)
215
693544
3722
（掌聲）
11:49
Now I'm worried that once I'm neurally
connected to my limbs once again,
connected to my limbs once again,
216
697290
4477
現在我擔心，
一旦神經再次接上義肢，
一旦神經再次接上義肢，
11:53
my brain will remap
back to its not-so-bright self.
back to its not-so-bright self.
217
701791
3690
我的大腦就會重新回到
那個不怎麼聰明的我。
那個不怎麼聰明的我。
11:57
(Laughter)
218
705505
1302
（笑聲）
11:58
But you know what, that's OK,
because at MIT, I already have tenure.
because at MIT, I already have tenure.
219
706831
4071
知道嗎，沒關係，因為
我已有麻省理工的終身教職。
我已有麻省理工的終身教職。
12:02
(Laughter)
220
710926
1628
（笑聲）
12:04
(Applause)
221
712578
2865
（掌聲）
12:07
I believe the reach
of NeuroEmbodied Design
of NeuroEmbodied Design
222
715467
2358
我相信神經體現設計的範圍
12:09
will extend far beyond limb replacement
223
717849
2857
將遠遠超出替換肢體的範圍，
12:12
and will carry humanity into realms
224
720730
2704
而會將人類從根本上帶入
12:15
that fundamentally
redefine human potential.
redefine human potential.
225
723458
2690
重新定義人類潛能的領域。
12:18
In this 21st century,
226
726866
1719
在 21 世紀，
12:20
designers will extend the nervous system
into powerfully strong exoskeletons
into powerfully strong exoskeletons
227
728609
4437
設計師們會把神經系統擴展為
12:25
that humans can control
and feel with their minds.
and feel with their minds.
228
733070
4207
人類能用思想控制
和感受的強力外骨骼。
和感受的強力外骨骼。
12:30
Muscles within the body
can be reconfigured
can be reconfigured
229
738139
3143
體內的肌肉可以重新配置，
12:33
for the control of powerful motors,
230
741306
2913
以控制強大的馬達，
12:36
and to feel and sense
exoskeletal movements,
exoskeletal movements,
231
744243
4104
感受和感知外骨骼的動作，
12:40
augmenting humans' strength,
jumping height and running speed.
jumping height and running speed.
232
748371
3761
增強人類的力量、
跳躍的高度和跑步的速度。
跳躍的高度和跑步的速度。
12:44
In this 21st century, I believe humans
will become superheroes.
will become superheroes.
233
752807
4650
我相信人類將在 21 世紀
成為超級英雄。
成為超級英雄。
12:50
Humans may also extend their bodies
234
758313
3611
人類也可能將自己的身體
12:53
into non-anthropomorphic
structures, such as wings,
structures, such as wings,
235
761948
2991
延伸到非擬人化結構，例如翅膀，
12:57
controlling and feeling each wing movement
within the nervous system.
within the nervous system.
236
765805
4031
控制和感受神經系統內的
每一翅膀動作。
每一翅膀動作。
13:02
Leonardo da Vinci said,
"When once you have tasted flight,
"When once you have tasted flight,
237
770716
3394
李奧納多 · 達文西說過：
「一旦你嘗試過飛行，
「一旦你嘗試過飛行，
13:06
you will forever walk the earth
with your eyes turned skyward,
with your eyes turned skyward,
238
774134
3527
走在地上時你的眼睛
將會永遠朝向天空，
將會永遠朝向天空，
13:09
for there you have been
and there you will always long to return."
and there you will always long to return."
239
777685
4666
因為一旦你上去過那裡，
就會一直想要回到那裡去。」
就會一直想要回到那裡去。」
13:15
During the twilight years of this century,
240
783490
2040
我相信本世紀末將會出現
13:17
I believe humans will be unrecognizable
in morphology and dynamics
in morphology and dynamics
241
785554
4230
今天的人類所無法辨識的
13:21
from what we are today.
242
789808
1953
形態和動力學。
13:23
Humanity will take flight and soar.
243
791785
2935
人類將會飛行並翱翔。
13:27
Jim Ewing fell to earth
and was badly broken,
and was badly broken,
244
795695
3302
吉姆 · 尤恩墜地並嚴重傷殘，
13:31
but his eyes turned skyward,
where he always longed to return.
where he always longed to return.
245
799021
3380
但他的眼睛轉向天空，
總是渴望回歸。
總是渴望回歸。
13:35
After his accident,
he not only dreamed to walk again,
he not only dreamed to walk again,
246
803281
2556
事故後，他不僅夢想再次走路，
13:37
but also to return to his chosen sport
of mountain climbing.
of mountain climbing.
247
805861
2864
還要回到他所選擇的登山運動。
13:41
At MIT, Team Cyborg built Jim
a specialized limb for the vertical world,
a specialized limb for the vertical world,
248
809657
4738
麻省理工學院的生化團隊
為他造了專門用於垂直世界的肢體，
為他造了專門用於垂直世界的肢體，
13:46
a brain-controlled leg with full position
and movement sensations.
and movement sensations.
249
814419
4230
具有完整位置和動作的感覺，
由大腦全面控制的腿。
由大腦全面控制的腿。
13:52
Using this technology,
Jim returned to the Cayman Islands,
Jim returned to the Cayman Islands,
250
820065
3223
用這技術，吉姆回到
開曼群島的事故現場，
開曼群島的事故現場，
13:55
the site of his accident,
251
823312
1907
13:57
rebuilt as a cyborg
to climb skyward once again.
to climb skyward once again.
252
825243
4008
重建為生化人，再次爬上天空。
14:01
(Crashing waves)
253
829275
1777
（浪潮聲）
14:27
(Applause)
254
855727
7000
（掌聲）
14:43
Thank you.
255
871578
1151
謝謝。
14:44
(Applause)
256
872753
3581
（掌聲）
14:48
Ladies and gentlemen, Jim Ewing,
the first cyborg rock climber.
the first cyborg rock climber.
257
876358
3461
先生女士們，吉姆 · 尤恩，
世界上第一個生化攀岩者。
世界上第一個生化攀岩者。
14:51
(Applause)
258
879843
7000
（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Hugh Herr - Bionics designerAt MIT, Hugh Herr builds prosthetic knees, legs and ankles that fuse biomechanics with microprocessors to restore (and perhaps enhance) normal gait, balance and speed.
Why you should listen
Hugh Herr co-directs the Center for Extreme Bionics at the MIT Media Lab, where he is pioneering a new class of biohybrid smart prostheses and orthoses to improve the quality of life for thousands of people with physical challenges. A powered ankle-foot prosthesis called the Empower by Ottobock, for instance, emulates the action of a biological leg to create a natural gait, allowing persons with amputation to walk with normal levels of speed and metabolism as if their legs were biological.
Herr also advances powerful body exoskeletons that augment human physicality beyond innate physiological levels, enabling humans to walk and run faster with less metabolic energy. He is the co-founder and Chief Scientific Officer of Dephy Inc., which creates products that augment physiological function through electromechanical enhancement.
Hugh Herr | Speaker | TED.com