ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Pholeros - Architect
Paul Pholeros was a director of Healthabitat, a longstanding effort to improve the health of indigenous people by improving their living housing.

Why you should listen

"Change comes slowly," said architect Paul Pholeros. Which is why he spent more than 30 years committedly working on urban, rural, and remote architectural projects throughout his native Australia and beyond. In particular, he focused on improving the living environments of poor people, understanding that environment plays a key and often overlooked role in health.

An architect himself, Pholeros met his two co-directors in the organization Healthabitat in 1985, when the three were challenged by Yami Lester, the director of an Aboriginal-controlled health service in the Anangu Pitjatjantjara Lands in northwest South Australia, to "stop people getting sick." The findings from that project guided their thinking, as Pholeros and his partners worked to improve sanitation, connect electricity, and provide washing and water facilities to indigenous communities. Above all, the team focused on engaging these local communities to help themselves--and to pass on their skills to others. In this way, a virtuous circle of fighting poverty was born.

Since 2007, Healthabitat has expanded its work beyond Australia, working on similar projects in the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. In 2011, the firm was awarded the international UN Habitat and Building and Social Housing Foundation's World Habitat Award, and a Leadership in Sustainability prize from the Australian Institute of Architects. In 2012, Healthabitat was one of the six Australian representatives at the Venice International Architectural Biennale.

Paul Pholeros passed away on February 1, 2016. 

More profile about the speaker
Paul Pholeros | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxSydney

Paul Pholeros: How to reduce poverty? Fix homes

保尔•蓬乐若思(Paul Pholeros): 要减贫,先修房

Filmed:
1,402,141 views

1985年, 一名提供医疗卫生服务的土著领导人启发了建筑师保尔•蓬乐若思(Paul Pholeros),在澳大利亚南部的一个土著小社区内,开展了一个“不再有人生病“的项目计划。关键的理念是:不光要考虑治疗问题,而且要改善当地环境。在他充满激情的演讲中,蓬乐若思描述了他目前运营的减贫组织“Healthabitat”所开展的一些项目——通过实用的设计方案,解决澳大利亚内外的贫困现象。
- Architect
Paul Pholeros was a director of Healthabitat, a longstanding effort to improve the health of indigenous people by improving their living housing. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:13
The idea理念 of eliminating消除 poverty贫穷 is a great goal目标.
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“消除贫困”是一个伟大的目标。
00:18
I don't think anyone任何人 in this room房间 would disagree不同意.
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我想在座各位都会赞同这点。
00:22
What worries me is when politicians政治家 with money
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令我担心的是,当有钱的政客
00:27
and charismatic魅力 rock stars明星
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和耀眼的摇滚明星们
00:30
use the words,
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使用这样的词语时,
00:32
it all just sounds声音 so, so simple简单.
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这个目标听上去太过于轻松容易了。
00:38
Now, I've got no bucket of money today今天
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我今天来一没带一大笔钱,
00:42
and I've got no policy政策 to release发布,
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二也没什么政策可以发布,
00:45
and I certainly当然 haven't没有 got a guitar吉他.
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很明显我也没拎把吉他上来。
00:47
I'll leave离开 that to others其他.
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我把这些东西留给别人去用吧。
00:50
But I do have an idea理念,
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不过,我倒是带了一个想法,
00:52
and that idea理念 is called Housing住房 for Health健康.
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一个叫做“健康住所”的想法。
00:55
Housing住房 For Health健康 works作品 with poor较差的 people.
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“健康住所”与穷人一起工作。
00:58
It works作品 in the places地方 where they live生活,
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在他们住的地方开展工作,
01:01
and the work is doneDONE to improve提高 their health健康.
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目的是改善他们的卫生健康。
01:05
Over the last 28 years年份,
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过去的28年里,
01:07
this tough强硬, grinding磨碎, dirty work
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全澳大利亚,还有最近在海外地区,
01:10
has been doneDONE by literally按照字面 thousands数千 of people
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有实实在在成千上万的人
01:14
around Australia澳大利亚, and more recently最近 overseas海外,
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干完了这项又脏、又苦、又累的工作,
01:17
and their work has proven证明 that focused重点 design设计
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并且他们的工作证明了,有针对性的方案
01:21
can improve提高 even the poorest最穷 living活的 environments环境.
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可以改善哪怕是最恶劣的生活环境。
01:25
It can improve提高 health健康, and it can play a part部分
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这项工作可以改善卫生健康,就算是不能消除贫困,
01:28
in reducing减少, if not eliminating消除, poverty贫穷.
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也可以起到减轻贫困的作用。
01:33
I'm going to start开始 where the story故事 began开始, 1985,
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我来把这个故事从头讲起,1985年,
01:36
in central中央 Australia澳大利亚.
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在澳大利亚中部。
01:38
A man called Yami雅美 Lester莱斯特, an Aboriginal土著 man,
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有一位名叫亚米·莱斯特的土著男子,
01:41
was running赛跑 a health健康 service服务.
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当年正在提供医疗卫生服务。
01:44
Eighty八十 percent百分 of what walked in the door,
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他看过的百分之八十的病例,
01:46
in terms条款 of illness疾病, was infectious传染病 disease疾病 --
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都是传染性疾病——
01:50
third第三 world世界, developing发展 world世界 infectious传染病 disease疾病,
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第三世界,或是发展中国家典型的、
01:53
caused造成 by a poor较差的 living活的 environment环境.
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因恶劣生活环境而引起的传染性疾病。
01:58
Yami雅美 assembled组装 a team球队 in Alice爱丽丝 Springs.
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亚米在艾丽斯斯普林斯(澳大利亚中部城市)组建了一支团队。
02:02
He got a medical doctor医生.
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其中有一名医生,
02:05
He got an environmental环境的 health健康 guy.
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还有一名环境卫生人员。
02:08
And he hand-selected手选 a team球队 of local本地 Aboriginal土著 people
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他亲自挑选了一支由当地土著人组成的医疗团队
02:13
to work on this project项目.
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来开展这个项目。
02:15
Yami雅美 told us at that first meeting会议, there's no money.
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亚米在起初的那次会议上告诉我们,他们没有资金。
02:19
Always a good start开始, no money.
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真是光脚的不怕穿鞋的,有前途!
02:22
You have six months个月.
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你有6个月的时间,
02:24
And I want you to start开始 on a project项目 which哪一个 in his language语言
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我让你去启动一个用他的土著语称为
02:26
he called "uwankarauwankara palyankupalyanku kanyintjakukanyintjaku,"
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“uwankara palyanku kanyintjaku”的项目,
02:30
which哪一个, translated翻译, is "a plan计划 to stop people getting得到 sick生病,"
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翻译过来就是“不再有人生病计划”,
02:35
a profound深刻 brief简要.
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多么简练而深奥啊!
02:39
That was our task任务.
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那就我们的任务。
02:42
First step, the medical doctor医生 went away
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第一步,那名医生走了
02:44
for about six months个月,
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大概有半年时间,
02:46
and he worked工作 on what were to become成为
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他去进行研究调查,并得出
02:48
these nine health健康 goals目标, what were we aiming瞄准 at.
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我们要认准的这九项卫生健康目标。
02:55
After six months个月 of work, he came来了 to my office办公室
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进行六个月的工作后,他来到我的办公室
02:57
and presented呈现 me with those nine words on a piece of paper.
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递给我一张纸,上面写着这九个词。
03:01
[Washing洗涤, clothes衣服, wastewater废水, nutrition营养... ]
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[九项健康居住做法:清洗、衣服、废水、营养、拥挤状况、动物+、灰尘、温度、损害]
03:02
Now, I was very, very unimpressed不为所动.
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我当时真的是无语了。
03:06
Come on.
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拜托!
03:08
Big ideas思路 need big words
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表达伟大的想法要用些高阶词汇
03:11
and preferably优选 a lot of them.
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并且要多多益善才对吧。
03:13
This didn't fit适合 the bill法案.
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这玩意儿也太差劲了吧。
03:15
What I didn't see and what you can't see
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但是你我没看出来的是,
03:19
is that he'd他会 assembled组装 thousands数千 of pages网页
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他搜集整理了数千页的
03:24
of local本地, national国民 and international国际 health健康 research研究
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当地、国家和全球健康研究报告,
03:27
that filled填充 out the picture图片 as to why these
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并从这些报告中提炼出来
03:30
were the health健康 targets目标.
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可以解释这些卫生健康目标的图片。
03:32
The pictures图片 that came来了 a bit later后来
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我们很快拿到了这些图片,
03:35
had a very simple简单 reason原因.
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使用图片的原因很简单。
03:36
The Aboriginal土著 people who were our bosses老板
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我们的“老板们”(对“服务对象”打趣的说法)都是土著人
03:38
and the senior前辈 people were most commonly常用 illiterate文盲,
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而且那些年长者大多都不识字,
03:42
so the story故事 had to be told in pictures图片
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所以我们必须用图片来传达信息
03:44
of what were these goals目标.
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告诉他们这些目标。
03:46
We work with the community社区,
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我们要为这个社区服务,
03:48
not telling告诉 them what was going to happen发生
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就不可能用他们不懂的语言
03:50
in a language语言 they didn't understand理解.
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去告诉他们将要发生的事情。
03:53
So we had the goals目标, and each one of these goals目标 --
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好吧,我们有了这些目标—
03:56
and I won't惯于 go through通过 them all —
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我就不一一列举了——
03:58
puts看跌期权 at the center中央 the person and their health健康 issue问题,
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每个目标都是以“人”和他们的健康问题为中心的,
04:02
and it then connects所连接 them
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然后将这些目标
04:04
to the bits of the physical物理 environment环境
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和为保持他们良好健康而切实需要的
04:07
that are actually其实 needed需要 to keep their health健康 good.
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那些物理环境因素相联系。
04:11
And the highest最高 priority优先, you see on the screen屏幕,
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其中最重要的一点,请看大屏幕,
04:13
is washing洗涤 people once一旦 a day, particularly尤其 children孩子.
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就是人人每天清洗一次,尤其是给儿童。
04:18
Now I hope希望 most of you are thinking思维,
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你们可能会想,
04:19
"What? That sounds声音 simple简单."
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“啥?就这么简单?”
04:21
Now, I'm going to ask you all a very personal个人 question.
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好吧,我问诸位一个非常私人的问题。
04:25
This morning早上 before you came来了,
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今天早上出门前,
04:26
who could have had a wash using运用 a shower淋浴?
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有谁可以冲澡?
04:31
I'm not going to ask if you had a shower淋浴,
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其实我问的很委婉,
04:33
because I'm too polite有礼貌. That's it. (Laughter笑声)
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我没直接问你们有没有洗澡。(笑声)
04:36
Okay. All right.
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好吧,好吧。
04:38
I think it's fair公平 to say, most people here
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我觉得可以不含糊地说,在座大部分人
04:40
could have had a shower淋浴 this morning早上.
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今天早上都有冲澡的条件。
04:42
I'm going to ask you to do some more work.
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现在我想请各位做件事
04:44
I want you all to select选择 one of the houses房屋
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请各位在屏幕上的25所房子中,
04:47
of the 25 houses房屋 you see on the screen屏幕.
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选择一所。
04:49
I want you to select选择 one of them and note注意
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请选好并留意
04:50
the position位置 of that house
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那所房子的位置
04:52
and keep that in your head.
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而且要记住它的位置。
04:53
Have you all got a house? I'm going to ask you
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选好了么?一定要选对哟,
04:56
to live生活 there for a few少数 months个月, so make sure you've got it right.
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因为我要让你在那儿住几个月。
04:58
It's in the northwest西北 of Western西 Australia澳大利亚, very pleasant愉快 place地点.
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这些房子位于西澳大利亚州的西北部,很不错的地方。
05:02
Okay. Let's see if your shower淋浴 in that house is working加工.
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好了。我们来看看你房子里的淋浴器好不好使。
05:07
I hear some "awAW"s and I hear some "aahAAH."
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我听到一些“哦~~~”还有一些“啊~~~”
05:10
If you get a green绿色 tick, your shower's小灵通 working加工.
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恭喜打绿钩的朋友们,你们的淋浴器可以正常使用。
05:13
You and your kids孩子 are fine.
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你们和你们孩子会没事儿的。
05:14
If you get a red cross交叉,
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不过打了红叉的朋友们么,
05:16
well, I've looked看着 carefully小心 around the room房间
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我得仔细检查检查那间浴室
05:19
and it's not going to make much difference区别 to this crew船员.
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这对在座各位其实不会有什么影响。
05:22
Why? Because you're all too old.
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为什么呢?因为各位的年龄都太大了。
05:24
And I know that's going to come as a shock休克 to some of you,
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我知道有人可能会觉得诧异,
05:26
but you are.
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但各位的年龄的确太大。
05:28
Now before you get offended生气 and leave离开,
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各位准备愤然离席之前,
05:30
I've got to say that being存在 too old in this case案件
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我得解释一下,我说的“年龄太大”
05:32
means手段 that pretty漂亮 much everyone大家 in the room房间, I think,
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意思是,基本上在座的每一位,
05:35
is over five years年份 of age年龄.
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都超过5岁了。
05:39
We're really concerned关心 with kids孩子 naught to five.
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而我们真正担心的是那些零到五岁的孩子。
05:42
And why? Washing洗涤 is the antidote解药 to the sort分类 of bugs虫子,
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为什么呢?因为清洗能够消灭那些
05:48
the common共同 infectious传染病 diseases疾病 of the eyes眼睛, the ears耳朵,
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感染眼睛、耳朵、胸部和皮肤等
05:51
the chest胸部 and the skin皮肤
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常见传染性疾病,
05:54
that, if they occur发生 in the first five years年份 of life,
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如果孩子在5岁之前染上这些疾病,
05:57
permanently永久 damage损伤 those organs器官.
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那些器官就会终身受损。
06:01
They leave离开 a lifelong终身 remnant.
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会贻害他们的终身。
06:04
That means手段 that, by the age年龄 of five,
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也就是说,到五岁的时候,
06:07
you can't see as well for the rest休息 of your life.
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你会失明,而且是终身失明。
06:09
You can't hear as well for the rest休息 of your life.
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你会失聪,而且是终身失聪。
06:12
You can't breath呼吸 as well. You've lost丢失 a third第三
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你会呼吸困难。因为到5岁的时候,
06:13
of your lung capacity容量 by the age年龄 of five.
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你已经损失了三分之一的肺功能。
06:16
And even skin皮肤 infection感染, which哪一个 we originally本来 thought
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就连我们平时不在乎的肌肤感染
06:19
wasn't that big a problem问题,
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也会变成大问题,
06:22
mild温和 skin皮肤 infections感染 naught to five give you
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五岁以前轻微的肌肤感染
06:24
a greatly非常 increased增加 chance机会 of renal failure失败,
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将大大增加肾衰竭的几率,
06:27
needing需要 dialysis透析 at age年龄 40.
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你可能到40岁时就需要做透析了。
06:30
This is a big deal合同, so the ticks and crosses十字架 on the screen屏幕
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这可不是闹着玩儿的!所以屏幕上的这些钩钩叉叉
06:33
are actually其实 critical危急 for young年轻 kids孩子.
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其实对小儿来说是至关重要的。
06:36
Those ticks and crosses十字架 represent代表 the 7,800 houses房屋
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屏幕上这些钩钩和叉叉的比例,
06:39
we've我们已经 looked看着 at nationally国内 around Australia澳大利亚,
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和我们在澳大利亚全境调查过的7800所房子的比例,
06:41
the same相同 proportion比例.
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相一致。
06:43
What you see on the screen屏幕 -- 35 percent百分 of those
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正如屏幕上所显示的 — 有50000土著人民
06:46
not-so-famous不那么出名 houses房屋 lived生活 in by 50,000 indigenous土著 people,
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住在其中35%的不起眼的房子里,
06:50
35 percent百分 had a working加工 shower淋浴.
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35%的房子配有能用的淋浴器。
06:53
Ten percent百分 of those same相同 7,800 houses房屋
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那7800所相同房子中,
06:57
had safe安全 electrical电动 systems系统,
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10%配有安全供电系统,
06:59
and 58 percent百分 of those houses房屋
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58%的房子
07:03
had a working加工 toilet厕所.
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有可用的厕所。
07:07
These are by a simple简单, standard标准 test测试:
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检测标准很简单:
07:10
In the case案件 of the shower淋浴, does it have hot and cold water,
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就淋浴而言,有没有冷热水,
07:14
two taps水龙头 that work,
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两个龙头是否正常工作,
07:17
a shower淋浴 rose玫瑰 to get water onto your head
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淋浴喷头能否出水,
07:21
or onto your body身体, and a drain排水 that takes the water away?
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地漏能否正常排水?
07:23
Not well designed设计, not beautiful美丽, not elegant优雅 --
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无需考虑设计是否美观大方,
07:27
just that they function功能.
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只要工作正常就行。
07:29
And the same相同 test测试 for the electrical电动 system系统 and the toilets洗手间.
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检测电力系统和厕所的标准也是这样的。
07:33
Housing住房 for Health健康 projects项目 aren't about measuring测量 failure失败.
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“健康住所”的项目不是为考量故障。
07:36
They're actually其实 about improving提高 houses房屋.
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这些项目其实是为改善住房条件。
07:39
We start开始 on day one of every一切 project项目 -- we've我们已经 learned学到了,
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我们在每个项目确定的头一天就开工——经验告诉我们,
07:43
we don't make promises许诺, we don't do reports报告.
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光说不练假把式,用不着承诺,也用不着打报告。
07:46
We arrive到达 in the morning早上 with tools工具, tons of equipment设备,
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我们一早带来各种工具和很多设备,
07:50
trades交易, and we train培养 up a local本地 team球队 on the first day
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同时,我们在开工第一天训练一支当地团队
07:54
to start开始 work.
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来开展工作。
07:55
By the evening晚间 of the first day, a few少数 houses房屋
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到第一天夜幕降临的时候,
07:58
in that community社区 are better
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那个社区中的一些房子
07:59
than when we started开始 in the morning早上.
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相比我们早上开工的时候,已经有所改善。
08:01
That work continues继续 for six to 12 months个月
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那项工作持续了半年到一年时间,
08:04
until直到 all the houses房屋 are improved改善
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直到所有的房子都得以修善
08:05
and we've我们已经 spent花费 our budget预算 of 7,500
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每所房子总共花掉我们
08:08
dollars美元 total per house.
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7500美元的预算。
08:10
That's our average平均 budget预算.
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那是我们的平均预算。
08:12
At the end结束 of six months个月 to a year, we test测试 every一切 house again.
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在每个项目的最后,我们都会逐一复查每所房子。
08:16
It's very easy简单 to spend money.
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想花钱很容易。
08:18
It's very difficult to improve提高 the function功能
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难的是改善一所房子里
08:21
of all those parts部分 of the house,
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所有那些部分的功能,
08:23
and for a whole整个 house, the nine healthy健康 living活的 practices做法,
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就一所房子而言,是指那九项健康居住做法,
08:26
we test测试, check and fix固定 250 items项目 in every一切 house.
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我们测试、检查和维修每所房子的250项细节。
08:31
And these are the results结果
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这些是我们花费7500美元
08:32
we can get with our 7,500 dollars美元.
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所能实现的结果。
08:35
We can get showers阵雨 up to 86 percent百分 working加工,
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在那7500所房子中,
08:37
we can get electrical电动 systems系统 up to 77 percent百分 working加工,
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我们能让其中86%的淋浴器正常使用,
08:41
and we can get 90 percent百分 of toilets洗手间 working加工
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我们能让其中77%的电力系统正常运转,
08:44
in those 7,500 houses房屋.
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我们能让其中90%的厕所正常使用。
08:46
Thank you. (Applause掌声)
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谢谢。(掌声)
08:55
The teams球队 do a great job工作, and that's their work.
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那就是我们团队的工作,他们真的很棒。
09:00
I think there's an obvious明显 question
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你们可能在想一个问题
09:02
that I hope希望 you're thinking思维 about.
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一个很明显的问题。
09:05
Why do we have to do this work?
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我们干嘛非要做这项工作?
09:08
Why are the houses房屋 in such这样 poor较差的 condition条件?
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这些房子的条件为啥如此糟糕?
09:11
Seventy七十 percent百分 of the work we do
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我们工作的70%
09:13
is due应有 to lack缺乏 of routine常规 maintenance保养,
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是修复因缺少常规维修而造成的故障,
09:14
the sort分类 of things that happen发生 in all our houses房屋.
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那种在我们所有人家中都会发生的事儿。
09:16
Things wear穿 out.
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什么东西坏了,不能用了,之类的。
09:18
Should have been doneDONE by state government政府 or local本地 government政府.
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州政府或当地政府本应做好这些事儿。
09:21
Simply只是 not doneDONE, the house doesn't work.
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可惜他们没做,结果那些房子就出了问题。
09:24
Twenty-one二十一 percent百分 of the things we fix固定
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我们工作的21%
09:26
are due应有 to faulty不完善的 construction施工,
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是修复因施工问题造成的故障,
09:28
literally按照字面 things that are built内置 upside上边 down and back-to-front后端到前端.
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什么东西装反了,装倒了之类的。
09:31
They don't work. We have to fix固定 them.
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这些东西出了问题,我们就得去修。
09:33
And if you've lived生活 in Australia澳大利亚 in the last 30 years年份,
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如果你在过去的30年里住在澳大利亚,
09:37
the final最后 cause原因 -- You will have heard听说 always
192
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这最后一个原因——你一定早已耳闻
09:41
that indigenous土著 people trash垃圾 houses房屋.
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“土著人的垃圾住房”。
09:43
It's one of the almost几乎 rock-solid坚若磐石 pieces of evidence证据,
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这似乎成为了铁一般的佐证,
09:46
which哪一个 I've never seen看到 evidence证据 for,
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虽然我从没亲眼见过,
09:48
that's always ruled统治 out as that's the problem问题 with indigenous土著 housing住房.
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这一伪证一直被认为是土著人住房问题的主要根源。
09:51
Well, nine percent百分 of what we spend is damage损伤,
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好吧,我们只有9%的工作是修复那些损坏、
09:54
misuse滥用 or abuse滥用 of any sort分类.
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误用、或滥用之类原因而造成的故障。
09:57
We argue争论 strongly非常 that the people living活的 in the house
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我们可以很明确说,住在房子的人
10:01
are simply只是 not the problem问题.
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根本就不是问题所在。
10:03
And we'll go a lot further进一步 than that.
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不仅如此,我们更要说
10:04
The people living活的 in the house are actually其实
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住在房子里的人其实是
10:06
a major重大的 part部分 of the solution.
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解决问题的主要力量。
10:09
Seventy-five七十五 percent百分 of our national国民 team球队 in Australia澳大利亚,
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我们在澳大利亚70%的团队成员
10:13
over 75 at the minute分钟,
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1931
刚才这一百分比已经超过75%,
10:15
are actually其实 local本地, indigenous土著 people
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其实是当地的土著人民,
10:17
from the communities社区 we work in.
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他们来自我们项目帮助过的社区。
10:19
They do all aspects方面 of the work.
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所有方面的工作都是他们在干。
10:22
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
10:27
In 2010, for example, there were 831,
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比如,2010年,
10:31
all over Australia澳大利亚, and the Torres托雷斯 Strait海峡 Islands岛屿,
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在澳大利亚各州和托雷斯海峡诸岛,
10:34
all states状态, working加工 to improve提高 the houses房屋
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我们有831人致力于改善
10:37
where they and their families家庭 live生活,
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他们和他们家人所居住的房子,
10:38
and that's an important重要 thing.
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这非常重要。
10:41
Our work's作品 always had a focus焦点 on health健康. That's the key.
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我们的工作关注健康。这是关键。
10:46
The developing发展 world世界 bug窃听器 trachoma沙眼, it causes原因 blindness失明.
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发展中国家的沙眼病能够致盲。
10:49
It's a developing发展 world世界 illness疾病,
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这是一种发展中国家常见的疾病,
10:52
and yet然而, the picture图片 you see behind背后
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然而,这张图所显示的是
10:54
is in an Aboriginal土著 community社区 in the late晚了 1990s
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在上世纪90年代末的一个土著社区
10:57
where 95 percent百分 of school-aged学龄 kids孩子 had active活性 trachoma沙眼
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其中,95%的学龄儿童患有活动性沙眼
11:01
in their eyes眼睛 doing damage损伤.
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损伤着他们的眼睛。
11:04
Okay, what do we do?
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好吧,怎么办?
11:06
Well, first thing we do, we get showers阵雨 working加工.
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3223
我们要做的第一件事,是让淋浴器工作正常。
11:09
Why? Because that flushes刷新 the bug窃听器 out.
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为什么?因为淋浴可以洗掉眼睛里的病菌。
11:11
We put washing洗涤 facilities设备 in the school学校 as well,
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我们也在学校里安装了盥洗设施,
11:13
so kids孩子 can wash their faces面孔 many许多 times during the day.
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以保证孩子们可以每天洗上几次脸。
11:16
We wash the bug窃听器 out.
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把病菌洗掉。
11:18
Second第二, the eye doctors医生 tell us that dust灰尘 scours腹泻 the eye
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4033
接着,眼科医生告诉我们灰尘会摩擦眼睛,
11:22
and lets让我们 the bug窃听器 in quick. So what do we do?
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使得病菌很快地侵入眼内。怎么办?
11:24
We call up the doctor医生 of dust灰尘, and there is such这样 a person.
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我们找来一位灰尘医生,别不信,真有这样的医生。
11:28
He was loaned贷款 to us by a mining矿业 company公司.
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一个采矿公司把他借调给我们。
11:30
He controls控制 dust灰尘 on mining矿业 company公司 sites网站,
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他在那家公司的矿区中专职控制灰尘,
11:32
and he came来了 out, and within a day it worked工作 out
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2801
然后他来帮忙,花了不到一天的时间
11:35
that most dust灰尘 in this community社区 was
234
683417
2022
发现这个社区里的大多数灰尘
11:37
within a meter仪表 of the ground地面, the wind-driven风动 dust灰尘,
235
685439
2749
集中漂浮在距离地面一米的范围内,属于风动灰尘,
11:40
so he suggested建议 making制造 mounds土墩 to catch抓住 the dust灰尘
236
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3093
于是他建议用造土堆的方法
11:43
before it went into the house area
237
691281
1993
来阻挡灰尘飘进居住区域
11:45
and affected受影响 the eyes眼睛 of kids孩子.
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1782
去影响孩子们的眼睛。
11:47
So we used dirt污垢 to stop dust灰尘.
239
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3758
所以我们用土阻挡了粉尘。
11:50
We did it. He provided提供 us dust灰尘 monitors显示器.
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2629
我们做到了。他给了我们几个灰尘检测器。
11:53
We tested测试 and we reduced减少 the dust灰尘.
241
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2269
我们检测后发现灰尘的确减少了。
11:55
Then we wanted to get rid摆脱 of the bug窃听器 generally通常.
242
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2196
然后我们要搞定那些病菌。
11:57
So how do we do that?
243
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1155
怎么办?
11:59
Well, we call up the doctor医生 of flies苍蝇,
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2897
我们找来了一位苍蝇医生,
12:01
and yes there is a doctor医生 of flies苍蝇.
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没错儿,真有干这行的医生。
12:04
As our Aboriginal土著 mate伴侣 said,
246
712411
1750
就像我们土著哥们儿说的那样,
12:06
"You white白色 fellows研究员 ought应该 to get out more."
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2039
“你们这帮白人应该多出去走走,长长见识。”
12:08
(Laughter笑声)
248
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2179
(笑声)
12:10
And the doctor医生 of flies苍蝇 very quickly很快 determined决心
249
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3445
然后这位苍蝇医生很快就找出了
12:13
that there was one fly that carried携带的 the bug窃听器.
250
721824
3835
携带那种病菌的苍蝇。
12:17
He could give school学校 kids孩子 in this community社区
251
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2714
他给这个社区的学生们发放了
12:20
the beautiful美丽 fly trap陷阱 you see above以上 in the slide滑动.
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幻灯上显示的这种别致的捕蝇器。
12:23
They could trap陷阱 the flies苍蝇, send发送 them to him in Perth珀斯.
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学生们抓到苍蝇以后,将它们送回苍蝇医生在珀斯的研究室。
12:26
When the bug窃听器 was in the gut肠道, he'd他会 send发送 back
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因为这些病菌生活在苍蝇的内脏中,于是苍蝇医生从珀斯
12:28
by return返回 post岗位 some dung beetles甲虫.
255
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2195
寄回来了一些屎壳郎虫。
12:30
The dung beetles甲虫 ate the camel骆驼 dung,
256
738988
1655
这些屎壳郎给力地抢食苍蝇们的骆驼粪,
12:32
the flies苍蝇 died死亡 through通过 lack缺乏 of food餐饮,
257
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导致苍蝇们因为食物短缺而死亡,
12:35
and trachoma沙眼 dropped下降.
258
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1497
沙眼病菌的也就减少了。
12:36
And over the year, trachoma沙眼 dropped下降
259
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2558
一年之后,当地的沙眼病菌
12:39
radically根本 in this place地点, and stayed low.
260
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大幅减少,而且一直很少。
12:42
We changed the environment环境, not just treated治疗 the eyes眼睛.
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我们不仅仅治了眼病,还改变了环境。
12:46
And finally最后, you get a good eye.
262
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最终,还你一双明亮的眼睛。
12:50
All these small health健康 gains收益
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这些小小的健康成果
12:53
and small pieces of the puzzle难题 make a big difference区别.
264
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和健康难题中的那些小问题,产生了巨大的不同。
12:56
The New South Wales威尔士 Department of Health健康,
265
764040
1952
新南威尔士卫生部,
12:57
that radical激进 organization组织,
266
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1091
那个激进的组织,
12:59
did an independent独立 trial审讯 over three years年份
267
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用三年多时间做了一个独立的追踪调查
13:02
to look at 10 years年份 of the work we've我们已经 been doing
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调查我们10年来
13:05
in these sorts排序 of projects项目 in New South Wales威尔士,
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2671
在新南威尔士地区所做的这类项目,
13:07
and they found发现 a 40-percent-百分 reduction减少
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3648
结果他们发现,
13:11
in hospital醫院 admissions招生 for the illnesses疾病
271
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3436
因恶劣环境而致病的入院人数
13:14
that you could attribute属性 to the poor较差的 environment环境.
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减少了40%。
13:17
A 40-percent-百分 reduction减少.
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40%啊朋友们!
13:19
(Applause掌声)
274
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7761
(掌声)
13:27
Just to show显示 that the principles原则 we've我们已经 used
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我还想展示一下,我们把在澳大利亚的工作原理
13:29
in Australia澳大利亚 can be used in other places地方,
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1991
应用到世界上其他地方,
13:31
I'm just going to go to one other place地点, and that's Nepal尼泊尔,
277
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我只展示其中的一个地方,就是尼泊尔,
13:34
and what a beautiful美丽 place地点 to go.
278
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1912
多么美丽的地方!
13:36
We were asked by a small village of 600 people
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3510
那儿有一个600人的小村子,
13:39
to go in and make toilets洗手间 where none没有 existed存在.
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3912
请我们去解决当地没有厕所的问题。
13:43
Health健康 was poor较差的.
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2623
那儿卫生条件很差。
13:46
We went in with no grand盛大 plan计划, no grand盛大 promises许诺
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我们去的时候,没有宏伟的计划,也没有对伟大方案
13:48
of a great program程序, just the offer提供 to build建立
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的庄严承诺,我们就是去
13:50
two toilets洗手间 for two families家庭.
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给两户人家修建两个厕所。
13:52
It was during the design设计 of the first toilet厕所
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在我们设计第一个厕所的时候
13:56
that I went for lunch午餐, invited邀请 by the family家庭
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我被请去那户人家吃午饭。
13:58
into their main主要 room房间 of the house.
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当我走到他们客厅的时候,
14:00
It was choking窒息的 with smoke抽烟.
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屋里浓烟滚滚。
14:02
People were cooking烹饪 on their only fuel汽油 source资源, green绿色 timber木材.
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人们正用他们的唯一燃料 — 生木材烧饭。
14:06
The smoke抽烟 coming未来 off that timber木材 is choking窒息的,
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那股烟真是太呛了,
14:08
and in an enclosed封闭 house, you simply只是 can't breathe呼吸.
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要是在一个密闭房间里,会熏死人的。
14:11
Later后来 we found发现 the leading领导 cause原因 of illness疾病 and death死亡
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之后,我们发现当地居民最大的病因和死因
14:15
in this particular特定 region地区 is through通过 respiratory呼吸 failure失败.
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就是呼吸系统衰竭。
14:19
So all of a sudden突然 we had two problems问题.
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于是一下子我们又多出了一个新问题。
14:21
We were there originally本来 to look at toilets洗手间
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我们本来是去察看厕所情况
14:23
and get human人的 waste浪费 off the ground地面. That's fine.
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解决随地大小便问题。这不难办。
14:25
But all of a sudden突然 now there was a second第二 problem问题.
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但是一下子我们有了第二个问题。
14:28
How do we actually其实 get the smoke抽烟 down? So two problems问题,
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我们怎样才能搞定这股浓烟?总共俩问题,
14:31
and design设计 should be about more than one thing.
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我们的设计方案就不能孤注一掷。
14:34
Solution: Take human人的 waste浪费, take animal动物 waste浪费,
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解决办法:把人畜粪便,
14:38
put it into a chamber, out of that extract提取 biogas沼气,
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堆进一个小房间内,从而提取沼气,
14:41
methane甲烷 gas加油站.
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就是甲烷气体。
14:43
The gas加油站 gives three to four hours小时 cooking烹饪 a day --
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这家人每天可以用这种洁净、无烟而且免费的气体,
14:46
clean清洁, smokeless无烟 and free自由 for the family家庭.
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烧3到4小时的饭。
14:50
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
14:55
I put it to you, is this eliminating消除 poverty贫穷?
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我要问一个诸位:“这算不算消除贫困?”
14:58
And the answer回答 from the Nepali尼泊尔 team球队 who is working加工
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正在工作的尼泊尔团队
15:01
at the minute分钟 would say, don't be ridiculous荒谬,
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估计会说:别逗了,
15:04
we have three million百万 more toilets洗手间 to build建立
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先把剩下的300万个厕所建好
15:06
before we can even make a stab at that claim要求.
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再讨论这个问题吧。
15:09
And I don't pretend假装 anything else其他.
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我没有吹嘘。
15:12
But as we all sit here today今天,
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就在我们今天坐在这儿的时候,
15:14
there are now over 100 toilets洗手间 built内置
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这个村子和周边的二个村里
15:16
in this village and a couple一对 nearby附近.
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已经建好了100多个厕所。
15:18
Well over 1,000 people use those toilets洗手间.
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有1000多人使用这些厕所。
15:22
Yami雅美 Lama喇嘛, he's a young年轻 boy男孩.
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有一位少年名叫雅美·喇嘛,
15:25
He's got significantly显著 less gut肠道 infection感染
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曾患有脏器感染。因为现在用上了厕所,
15:28
because he's now got toilets洗手间,
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他的病症明显减轻了,
15:29
and there isn't human人的 waste浪费 on the ground地面.
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而且再也没人随地大小便了。
15:33
Kanji汉子 Maya玛雅, she's a mother母亲 and a proud骄傲 one.
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有位自豪的母亲名叫康吉玛雅。
15:37
She's probably大概 right now cooking烹饪 lunch午餐 for her family家庭
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她现在可能正在用无烟燃料— 沼气
15:41
on biogas沼气, smokeless无烟 fuel汽油.
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为她的家人做饭。
15:44
Her lungs have got better, and they'll他们会 get better
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她的肺现在好多了,而且今后会越来越好
15:46
as time increases增加, because she's not cooking烹饪 in the same相同 smoke抽烟.
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因为她已经彻底告别浓烟。
15:49
Surya苏里亚 takes the waste浪费 out of the biogas沼气 chamber
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苏尔亚将正在制造沼气的粪肥
15:52
when it's shed the gas加油站, he puts看跌期权 it on his crops作物.
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施在他的庄稼上。
15:55
He's trebled三倍 his crop作物 income收入,
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他的庄稼现在带给他原来三倍的收入,
15:57
more food餐饮 for the family家庭 and more money for the family家庭.
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带给一家人更多的粮食和更多的金钱。
16:01
And finally最后 Bishnu比什努,
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还有比什努,
16:02
the leader领导 of the team球队, has now understood了解
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当地团队的带头人,现在明白了
16:06
that not only have we built内置 toilets洗手间,
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我们不仅修建了厕所,
16:08
we've我们已经 also built内置 a team球队,
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同时我们也培养了一支团队,
16:11
and that team球队 is now working加工 in two villages村庄
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这支团队现在正在两个村子里干活
16:13
where they're training训练 up the next下一个 two villages村庄
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同时他们也在训练下两个村里的村民
16:16
to keep the work expanding扩大.
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不断扩展这项工作。
16:18
And that, to me, is the key.
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我觉得这才是关键。
16:19
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
16:24
People are not the problem问题.
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“人”不是问题所在。
16:28
We've我们已经 never found发现 that.
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我们向来都是这么认为的。
16:29
The problem问题: poor较差的 living活的 environment环境,
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真正的问题出在:恶劣的居住环境,
16:31
poor较差的 housing住房, and the bugs虫子 that do people harm危害.
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糟糕的住房条件,还有各种损害人体健康的病原体。
16:36
None没有 of those are limited有限 by geography地理,
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所有这些问题都不受地域、
16:39
by skin皮肤 color颜色 or by religion宗教. None没有 of them.
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肤色或宗教信仰的限制。
16:44
The common共同 link链接 between之间 all the work we've我们已经 had to do
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串联着我们所有工作的是
16:47
is one thing, and that's poverty贫穷.
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两个字:贫穷。
16:51
Nelson纳尔逊 Mandela曼德拉 said, in the mid-中-2000s,
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纳尔逊·曼德拉在二十一世纪一十年代中叶,
16:54
not too far from here, he said that
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那个并不遥远的过去,他曾说过,
16:56
like slavery奴隶制度 and Apartheid种族隔离, "Poverty贫穷 is not natural自然.
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就像奴隶制和种族隔离一样,“贫困现象不是自然的,
17:01
It's man-made人造 and can be overcome克服 and eradicated根除
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它是人为的,人类可以通过采取各种行动
17:05
by the actions行动 of human人的 beings众生."
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来战胜和根除贫困现象。“
17:08
I want to end结束 by saying it's been the actions行动
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最后,我想说的是
17:12
of thousands数千 of ordinary普通 human人的 beings众生
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正是通过成千上万普通人的行动
17:15
doing, I think, extraordinary非凡 work,
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和他们杰出的工作,
17:19
that have actually其实 improved改善 health健康,
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健康水平才真正得以提高,
17:21
and, maybe only in a small way, reduced减少 poverty贫穷.
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而且,通过一点一滴的努力,减轻了贫困。
17:25
Thank you very much for your time.
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感谢各位到场!
17:27
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Pholeros - Architect
Paul Pholeros was a director of Healthabitat, a longstanding effort to improve the health of indigenous people by improving their living housing.

Why you should listen

"Change comes slowly," said architect Paul Pholeros. Which is why he spent more than 30 years committedly working on urban, rural, and remote architectural projects throughout his native Australia and beyond. In particular, he focused on improving the living environments of poor people, understanding that environment plays a key and often overlooked role in health.

An architect himself, Pholeros met his two co-directors in the organization Healthabitat in 1985, when the three were challenged by Yami Lester, the director of an Aboriginal-controlled health service in the Anangu Pitjatjantjara Lands in northwest South Australia, to "stop people getting sick." The findings from that project guided their thinking, as Pholeros and his partners worked to improve sanitation, connect electricity, and provide washing and water facilities to indigenous communities. Above all, the team focused on engaging these local communities to help themselves--and to pass on their skills to others. In this way, a virtuous circle of fighting poverty was born.

Since 2007, Healthabitat has expanded its work beyond Australia, working on similar projects in the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. In 2011, the firm was awarded the international UN Habitat and Building and Social Housing Foundation's World Habitat Award, and a Leadership in Sustainability prize from the Australian Institute of Architects. In 2012, Healthabitat was one of the six Australian representatives at the Venice International Architectural Biennale.

Paul Pholeros passed away on February 1, 2016. 

More profile about the speaker
Paul Pholeros | Speaker | TED.com