TEDxProvidence
Alyson McGregor: Why medicine often has dangerous side effects for women
Alyson McGregor: 为什么药物常常对女性有危险的副作用？
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在过去的大半个世纪中，经过监管审批投放到市场的药物是完全针对男性进行测试的，这就导致了不适合女性的用药剂量以及不良的副作用。医学研究中男性和女性重要的生理区别只是最近才得到重视。急诊医生Alyson McGregor研究了这些差异，在这个精彩的演讲中，她探讨了男性如何成为医学研究的模型，以及深入了解异性间的差别如何能够进一步帮助研发针对所有人更有效的治疗方法。
Alyson McGregor - Women's health pioneer
Alyson McGregor studies women's health, especially as it relates to emergency care -- when time-sensitive, life-or-death decisions are made using drugs and treatments mainly tested on men. Full bio
Alyson McGregor studies women's health, especially as it relates to emergency care -- when time-sensitive, life-or-death decisions are made using drugs and treatments mainly tested on men. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
We all go to doctors.
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我们都会去看病就医。
00:16
And we do so with trust and blind faith
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我们还盲目的坚信
他们所做的测试以及所开的处方药
00:21
that the test they are ordering
and the medications they're prescribing
and the medications they're prescribing
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都是有医学根据的——
00:25
are based upon evidence --
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为了能更好的帮助我们。
00:28
evidence that's designed to help us.
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00:32
However, the reality is that that hasn't
always been the case for everyone.
always been the case for everyone.
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然而，现实状况是这些依据
并非对每个人都适用。
并非对每个人都适用。
00:39
What if I told you
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假如我告诉你
医学研究的成果在过去的一个世纪以来
00:40
that the medical science discovered
over the past century
over the past century
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仅仅只是基于一半的人口数据得来的呢？
00:44
has been based on only
half the population?
half the population?
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我是一个急诊医生。
00:48
I'm an emergency medicine doctor.
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00:50
I was trained to be prepared
in a medical emergency.
in a medical emergency.
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接受的都是医疗急救方面的训练。
00:54
It's about saving lives. How cool is that?
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也就是关于拯救生命。
听起来很酷吧？
听起来很酷吧？
01:00
OK, there's a lot of runny noses
and stubbed toes,
and stubbed toes,
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好吧，当然也有很多涕水横流
和撞伤脚趾的患者，
和撞伤脚趾的患者，
但是不论是谁走进急诊室的大门，
01:03
but no matter who walks
through the door to the ER,
through the door to the ER,
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我们都会做相同的测试，
01:07
we order the same tests,
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开相同的处方，
01:09
we prescribe the same medication,
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从来不曾考虑过患者的性别。
01:11
without ever thinking about the sex
or gender of our patients.
or gender of our patients.
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01:17
Why would we?
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我们为何不考虑呢？
01:19
We were never taught that there were
any differences between men and women.
any differences between men and women.
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因为我们从未被教导过
男女之间有何不同。
男女之间有何不同。
最近的一项政府责任研究显示，
被从市场上撤回的
被从市场上撤回的
01:22
A recent Government Accountability study
revealed that 80 percent of the drugs
revealed that 80 percent of the drugs
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药品中80%都是由于
01:27
withdrawn from the market
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会对女性产生副作用。
01:29
are due to side effects on women.
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01:33
So let's think about that for a minute.
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让我们思考一下。
为什么药物已经在市场上开始流通后
01:35
Why are we discovering
side effects on women
side effects on women
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我们才发觉其对女性有副作用呢？
01:39
only after a drug has been
released to the market?
released to the market?
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01:43
Do you know that it takes years
for a drug to go from an idea
for a drug to go from an idea
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你知道一种药物从一个想法开始，
到在实验室里对细胞进行测试，
01:49
to being tested on cells in a laboratory,
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到动物研究，
01:52
to animal studies,
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到临床人体试验，
01:54
to then clinical trials on humans,
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最后再经过监管审批程序，
01:56
finally to go through
a regulatory approval process,
a regulatory approval process,
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经由你的医生开处方给你，
这一系列过程需要多少年吗？
这一系列过程需要多少年吗？
02:00
to be available for your doctor
to prescribe to you?
to prescribe to you?
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02:06
Not to mention the millions and billions
of dollars of funding
of dollars of funding
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更不用说还需要
成百上千亿美金的投资款项
成百上千亿美金的投资款项
去推动这一切。
02:09
it takes to go through that process.
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02:13
So why are we discovering
unacceptable side effects
unacceptable side effects
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那么为何在经历重重验证后，
我们仍发现
我们仍发现
那些不可接受的副作用
会出现在半数人口身上呢？
会出现在半数人口身上呢？
02:16
on half the population
after that has gone through?
after that has gone through?
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02:23
What's happening?
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究竟发生了什么？
02:24
Well, it turns out that those cells
used in that laboratory,
used in that laboratory,
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事实证明，被实验室用于测试的细胞，
都是雄性细胞。
02:28
they're male cells,
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动物研究时所用的也是雄性动物，
02:30
and the animals used
in the animal studies were male animals,
in the animal studies were male animals,
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而临床试验则几乎完全是针对男性的。
02:34
and the clinical trials have been
performed almost exclusively on men.
performed almost exclusively on men.
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02:41
How is it that the male model became
our framework for medical research?
our framework for medical research?
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为什么男性模型会成为医学研究的框架呢？
让我们来看一个已被媒体
广泛传播的示例吧，
广泛传播的示例吧，
02:46
Let's look at an example that has been
popularized in the media,
popularized in the media,
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是关于一种助眠药物Ambien的。
02:50
and it has to do
with the sleep aid Ambien.
with the sleep aid Ambien.
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20多年前Ambien被投放到市场，
02:53
Ambien was released on the market
over 20 years ago,
over 20 years ago,
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迄今为止，医生们已经
开出了数以百万计的处方，
开出了数以百万计的处方，
02:58
and since then, hundreds of millions
of prescriptions have been written,
of prescriptions have been written,
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主要是针对女性患者，因为女性
遭受的睡眠障碍普遍比男性多。
遭受的睡眠障碍普遍比男性多。
03:03
primarily to women, because women
suffer more sleep disorders than men.
suffer more sleep disorders than men.
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03:09
But just this past year,
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然而仅仅在去年，
美国食品及药物管理局（FDA）
才建议针对女性
才建议针对女性
03:11
the Food and Drug Administration
recommended cutting the dose in half
recommended cutting the dose in half
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消减一半的剂量，
03:14
for women only,
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因为他们刚意识到女性代谢药物的速度
03:17
because they just realized
that women metabolize the drug
that women metabolize the drug
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比男性慢得多，
03:20
at a slower rate than men,
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这意味着她们一早醒来后
03:23
causing them to wake up in the morning
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身体里所含的活性药物成分将会更多。
03:25
with more of the active drug
in their system.
in their system.
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然后她们就昏昏欲睡地坐进驾驶座，
03:28
And then they're drowsy and they're
getting behind the wheel of the car,
getting behind the wheel of the car,
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面临着高概率的机动车事故。
03:32
and they're at risk
for motor vehicle accidents.
for motor vehicle accidents.
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03:36
And I can't help but think,
as an emergency physician,
as an emergency physician,
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作为一名急诊医生，我不禁想到，
那么多年来我看过的病人中，
有多少人
有多少人
03:40
how many of my patients
that I've cared for over the years
that I've cared for over the years
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经历的机动车事故
03:45
were involved in a motor vehicle accident
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是可以避免的，
03:48
that possibly could have been prevented
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如果这种分析能在20年前进行并实施，
03:52
if this type of analysis was performed
and acted upon 20 years ago
and acted upon 20 years ago
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尤其在药品流通到市场上之前。
03:57
when this drug was first released.
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04:01
How many other things need
to be analyzed by gender?
to be analyzed by gender?
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还有多少其他事情是需要做性别分析的？
04:05
What else are we missing?
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我们还遗漏了什么？
04:09
World War II changed a lot of things,
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第二次世界大战改变了许多事情，
其中一件就是保护所有人
04:13
and one of them was this need
to protect people
to protect people
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避免成为医学研究的无辜受害者。
04:16
from becoming victims of medical research
without informed consent.
without informed consent.
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04:21
So some much-needed guidelines
or rules were set into place,
or rules were set into place,
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许多政策和规则需要立即制定出来，
其中一部分就旨在保护育龄女性
04:25
and part of that was this desire
to protect women of childbearing age
to protect women of childbearing age
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不受参与医学研究的威胁。
04:30
from entering into any
medical research studies.
medical research studies.
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04:34
There was fear: what if something
happened to the fetus during the study?
happened to the fetus during the study?
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因为存在这样的担心：
如果胎儿在研究中受到伤害怎么办？
如果胎儿在研究中受到伤害怎么办？
04:39
Who would be responsible?
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谁会为此负责呢？
04:41
And so the scientists
at this time actually thought
at this time actually thought
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所以当时的科学家们还认为
04:44
this was a blessing in disguise,
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这是因祸得福，
因为事实上——
男性的体征是非常平稳的。
男性的体征是非常平稳的。
04:47
because let's face it -- men's bodies
are pretty homogeneous.
are pretty homogeneous.
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04:52
They don't have the constantly
fluctuating levels of hormones
fluctuating levels of hormones
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他们不会有长期荷尔蒙紊乱的情况
去扰乱整齐的数据，
所以他们只把男性作为研究对象。
所以他们只把男性作为研究对象。
04:56
that could disrupt clean data
they could get if they had only men.
they could get if they had only men.
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05:01
It was easier. It was cheaper.
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这样更简单，也更廉价。
05:05
Not to mention, at this time,
there was a general assumption
there was a general assumption
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更何况，在那个时候人们普遍认为
05:08
that men and women
were alike in every way,
were alike in every way,
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男性和女性的生理特征几乎一模一样，
除了生殖器官和性激素之外。
05:12
apart from their reproductive organs
and sex hormones.
and sex hormones.
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05:17
So it was decided:
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于是就有了这样一个决定：
05:21
medical research was performed on men,
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所有医学研究测试都针对男性，
之后的研究结果再应用于女性身上。
05:24
and the results were later
applied to women.
applied to women.
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05:29
What did this do to the notion
of women's health?
of women's health?
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这对女性健康的概念有什么影响呢？
女性的健康被与生殖相等同：
05:32
Women's health became synonymous
with reproduction:
with reproduction:
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乳房，卵巢，子宫，怀孕。
05:37
breasts, ovaries, uterus, pregnancy.
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05:42
It's this term we now refer
to as "bikini medicine."
to as "bikini medicine."
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这些词都统称为“比基尼药学”。
05:46
And this stayed this way
until about the 1980s,
until about the 1980s,
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这种现象一直持续到上世纪八十年代，
直到医学界以及公共卫生负责人
05:49
when this concept was challenged
by the medical community
by the medical community
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对此提出异议，当他们发现
05:52
and by the public health policymakers
when they realized that
when they realized that
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在所有医学研究中排除女性
05:56
by excluding women
from all medical research studies
from all medical research studies
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反而是欲速则不达，
06:01
we actually did them a disservice,
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因为除了生殖问题之外，
06:04
in that apart from reproductive issues,
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我们对女性病人的独特需求
06:06
virtually nothing was known
about the unique needs
about the unique needs
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一无所知。
06:09
of the female patient.
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06:12
Since that time, an overwhelming amount
of evidence has come to light
of evidence has come to light
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从那时起，大量证据不断涌现，
指明了男女之间在各方面都存在差异。
06:18
that shows us just how different
men and women are in every way.
men and women are in every way.
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06:29
You know, we have this saying in medicine:
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我们在医学中有这么一句话：
不能把小孩儿当作成人的微缩版。
06:32
children are not just little adults.
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06:36
And we say that to remind ourselves
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我们这么说是为了提醒自己
儿童的生理状况其实和成人不同。
06:38
that children actually have
a different physiology than normal adults.
a different physiology than normal adults.
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06:44
And it's because of this that the medical
specialty of pediatrics came to light.
specialty of pediatrics came to light.
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而就是因为这个，医学界中才有儿科。
现在我们有儿童医学研究
来改善他们的生活。
来改善他们的生活。
06:49
And we now conduct research on children
in order to improve their lives.
in order to improve their lives.
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06:57
And I know the same thing
can be said about women.
can be said about women.
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我知道，女性也面临同样的情况。
女性不只是有女性生殖器官的男性。
06:59
Women are not just men
with boobs and tubes.
with boobs and tubes.
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07:06
But they have their own
anatomy and physiology
anatomy and physiology
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她们有自己独特的生理结构，
也需要受到同样的重视。
07:10
that deserves to be studied
with the same intensity.
with the same intensity.
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07:15
Let's take the cardiovascular
system, for example.
system, for example.
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我们拿心血管系统来举例。
07:18
This area in medicine has done the most
to try to figure out
to try to figure out
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这个医学领域做出了许多努力试图找到
为什么男性和女性心脏病
发作的症状不同。
发作的症状不同。
07:22
why it seems men and women have
completely different heart attacks.
completely different heart attacks.
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07:27
Heart disease is the number one killer
for both men and women,
for both men and women,
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心脏病在两性中都是最常见的死因，
但是在心脏病发作第一年内
女性死亡率比男性要高。
女性死亡率比男性要高。
07:33
but more women die within the first year
of having a heart attack than men.
of having a heart attack than men.
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07:39
Men will complain
of crushing chest pain --
of crushing chest pain --
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发病时，男性常常抱怨有胸口剧痛——
像一头大象坐在胸口一样。
07:43
an elephant is sitting on their chest.
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07:46
And we call this typical.
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我们把这叫做典型心脏病。
07:49
Women have chest pain, too.
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女性也会经历胸痛。
但是更多女性会抱怨 “感觉不对劲，”
07:52
But more women than men
will complain of "just not feeling right,"
will complain of "just not feeling right,"
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08:00
"can't seem to get enough air in,"
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“好像喘不过气来，”
“感觉最近太累了。”
08:03
"just so tired lately."
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08:07
And for some reason we call this atypical,
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我们通常把这个叫做非典型心脏病，
尽管我刚才提到过，人口的一半是女性。
08:09
even though, as I mentioned,
women do make up half the population.
women do make up half the population.
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08:15
And so what is some of the evidence
to help explain some of these differences?
to help explain some of these differences?
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那我们有什么证据来解释这些差异呢？
08:21
If we look at the anatomy,
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如果从解剖学的角度来看的话，
女性环绕着心脏的血管
要比男性的小一些，
要比男性的小一些，
08:24
the blood vessels that surround the heart
are smaller in women compared to men,
are smaller in women compared to men,
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这些血管发展疾病的方式
在不同性别间
在不同性别间
08:30
and the way that those blood vessels
develop disease is different
develop disease is different
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也存在着差异。
08:35
in women compared to men.
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08:37
And the test that we use to determine
if someone is at risk for a heart attack,
if someone is at risk for a heart attack,
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而我们诊断病人心脏病发病率的测试
原本是根据男性的生理特征
来设计，检测和完善的，
来设计，检测和完善的，
08:43
well, they were initially designed
and tested and perfected in men,
and tested and perfected in men,
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所以并不适用于女性。
08:47
and so aren't as good
at determining that in women.
at determining that in women.
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08:52
And then if we think
about the medications --
about the medications --
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接下来再看看药品——
常用的药品，比如阿司匹林。
08:55
common medications
that we use, like aspirin.
that we use, like aspirin.
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08:59
We give aspirin to healthy men to help
prevent them from having a heart attack,
prevent them from having a heart attack,
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我们让健康男性服用阿司匹林
来预防心脏病，
来预防心脏病，
但是你知道如果给健康女性阿司匹林，
09:04
but do you know that if you
give aspirin to a healthy woman,
give aspirin to a healthy woman,
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其实是有害的吗？
09:08
it's actually harmful?
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09:12
What this is doing is merely telling us
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这些都是在告诉我们
我们对这方面的了解还十分有限。
09:14
that we are scratching the surface.
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09:19
Emergency medicine
is a fast-paced business.
is a fast-paced business.
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急诊药物是一个快节奏商业。
09:23
In how many life-saving areas of medicine,
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在多少旨在挽救生命的药学领域，
比如癌症和中风，
09:26
like cancer and stroke,
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在男女之间存在重要的区别，
让我们可以用来发展医学？
让我们可以用来发展医学？
09:30
are there important differences between
men and women that we could be utilizing?
men and women that we could be utilizing?
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09:36
Or even, why is it that some people
get those runny noses
get those runny noses
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甚至，为什么有些人比其他人
更容易流鼻涕，
09:41
more than others,
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或者那些碰伤脚趾的人使用的止痛药
09:43
or why the pain medication that we give
to those stubbed toes
to those stubbed toes
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只在某些人身上管用？
09:46
work in some and not in others?
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09:53
The Institute of Medicine has said
every cell has a sex.
every cell has a sex.
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医学研究所已经发现每个细胞
都有自己的性别。
都有自己的性别。
09:59
What does this mean?
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这代表什么呢？
10:02
Sex is DNA.
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生理性别就是DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）。
社会性别则取决于一个人在社会中的
举动和表现。
举动和表现。
10:04
Gender is how someone
presents themselves in society.
presents themselves in society.
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10:09
And these two may not always match up,
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这两者并不一定完全匹配，
比如我们看到的变性人群体。
10:12
as we can see with our
transgendered population.
transgendered population.
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10:16
But it's important to realize
that from the moment of conception,
that from the moment of conception,
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但是我们必须要认识到，
从受孕的那一刻起，
从受孕的那一刻起，
我们身体里的每一个细胞——
10:21
every cell in our bodies --
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皮肤，头发，心脏，肺脏——
10:23
skin, hair, heart and lungs --
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都包含着我们独特的DNA，
10:27
contains our own unique DNA,
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而这些DNA中就含有决定你的性别，
10:30
and that DNA contains
the chromosomes that determine
the chromosomes that determine
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是男性还是女性的染色体。
10:34
whether we become
male or female, man or woman.
male or female, man or woman.
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10:40
It used to be thought
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过去我们常认为
照片中的性染色体——
10:42
that those sex-determining
chromosomes pictured here --
chromosomes pictured here --
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男性是XY，女性是XX——
10:46
XY if you're male, XX if you're female --
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只会决定你会有卵巢还是睾丸，
10:49
merely determined whether you
would be born with ovaries or testes,
would be born with ovaries or testes,
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而这些器官产生的性激素
10:54
and it was the sex hormones
that those organs produced
that those organs produced
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是我们看到的异性区别的原因。
10:58
that were responsible for the differences
we see in the opposite sex.
we see in the opposite sex.
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11:04
But we now know that
that theory was wrong --
that theory was wrong --
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但是我们现在知道这个理论是错误的——
至少是不全面的。
11:09
or it's at least a little incomplete.
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幸好有像来自怀特海德研究所的
Page博士一样的科学家，
Page博士一样的科学家，
11:12
And thankfully, scientists like Dr. Page
from the Whitehead Institute,
from the Whitehead Institute,
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一直在进行Y染色体的研究，
11:16
who works on the Y chromosome,
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还有加州大学洛杉矶分校的杨博士，
11:18
and Doctor Yang from UCLA,
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他们已经找到证据指明我们身体中
11:21
they have found evidence that tells us
that those sex-determining chromosomes
that those sex-determining chromosomes
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每个细胞中的性染色体
11:26
that are in every cell in our bodies
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在我们的一生中一直处于活跃状态，
11:29
continue to remain active
for our entire lives
for our entire lives
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11:36
and could be what's responsible
for the differences we see
for the differences we see
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而且可能和我们观察到的男女
用药剂量上的差别有关，
11:40
in the dosing of drugs,
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还有男性和女性对疾病的易感性和
11:42
or why there are differences
between men and women
between men and women
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病情严重程度存在区别的原因。
11:45
in the susceptibility
and severity of diseases.
and severity of diseases.
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11:51
This new knowledge is the game-changer,
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这个新发现会彻底改变我们的认知，
11:57
and it's up to those scientists
that continue to find that evidence,
that continue to find that evidence,
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当前科学家有责任继续
寻找和研究这些证据，
寻找和研究这些证据，
但是临床医生有责任去分析这些数据，
12:00
but it's up to the clinicians
to start translating this data
to start translating this data
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并运用于临床上。
12:05
at the bedside, today.
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12:09
Right now.
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现在就要采取行动。
12:13
And to help do this, I'm a co-founder
of a national organization
of a national organization
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为了推动这项工作，
我与人合作创立了一个全国性组织，
我与人合作创立了一个全国性组织，
叫做“性别研究女性健康协会”，
12:16
called Sex and Gender
Women's Health Collaborative,
Women's Health Collaborative,
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我们收集了所有的这些相关数据，
用于教学
用于教学
12:19
and we collect all of this data
so that it's available for teaching
so that it's available for teaching
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和患者护理。
12:24
and for patient care.
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12:26
And we're working to bring together
the medical educators to the table.
the medical educators to the table.
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我们试图汇集医学教育家来一起合作。
12:31
That's a big job.
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这是一项巨大的任务。
12:34
It's changing the way medical training
has been done since its inception.
has been done since its inception.
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从一开始，这就在改变医疗培训的方式。
12:41
But I believe in them.
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但是我相信他们能够做到。
12:43
I know they're going to see the value
of incorporating the gender lens
of incorporating the gender lens
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我知道他们会认识到性别研究的重要性，
并把它纳入课程中。
12:49
into the current curriculum.
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12:52
It's about training the future
health care providers correctly.
health care providers correctly.
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这直接联系到对未来医疗人员的
正确培训。
正确培训。
13:00
And regionally,
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在本地，
我是布朗大学急诊医药学科
13:01
I'm a co-creator of a division within
the Department of Emergency Medicine
the Department of Emergency Medicine
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一个部门的联合创始人，
13:05
here at Brown University,
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部门的名字是“急诊医疗中的性别研究”，
13:07
called Sex and Gender
in Emergency Medicine,
in Emergency Medicine,
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我们正在对男性和女性在紧急状况中
13:09
and we conduct the research to determine
the differences between men and women
the differences between men and women
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不同的反应进行研究，
13:14
in emergent conditions,
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比如心脏病，中风，脓血症和药物滥用，
13:16
like heart disease and stroke
and sepsis and substance abuse,
and sepsis and substance abuse,
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但是我们始终相信教育是最重要的。
13:21
but we also believe
that education is paramount.
that education is paramount.
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13:27
We've created a 360-degree
model of education.
model of education.
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我们创造了一个全方位的教育模式。
我们有针对医生，护士，学生和病人的
13:31
We have programs for the doctors,
for the nurses, for the students
for the nurses, for the students
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课程方案。
13:37
and for the patients.
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13:39
Because this cannot just be left up
to the health care leaders.
to the health care leaders.
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因为我们不能把问题都留给医疗管理者。
13:44
We all have a role in making a difference.
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我们每一个人都有责任去改变现状。
13:48
But I must warn you: this is not easy.
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但是我必须事先提醒你们：
这并不简单。
这并不简单。
13:53
In fact, it's hard.
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事实上十分艰难。
13:57
It's essentially changing the way
we think about medicine
we think about medicine
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这在实质上改变了我们看待药物，
健康，还有研究的方式。
14:01
and health and research.
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14:05
It's changing our relationship
to the health care system.
to the health care system.
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这也改变了我们和医疗系统之间的关系。
14:09
But there's no going back.
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但是我们已经无路可退了。
14:13
We now know just enough
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我们现在所了解的已经足够证明
我们之前的做法是错误的。
14:17
to know that we weren't doing it right.
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14:21
Martin Luther King, Jr. has said,
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马丁路德金曾说过，
“改变不会自动到来，
14:24
"Change does not roll in
on the wheels of inevitability,
on the wheels of inevitability,
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唯有经过不断抗争。”
14:28
but comes through continuous struggle."
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14:32
And the first step
towards change is awareness.
towards change is awareness.
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而我们要做的第一步就是提高意识。
14:36
This is not just about improving
medical care for women.
medical care for women.
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这不仅仅关系到女性的医疗保健。
14:40
This is about personalized,
individualized health care for everyone.
individualized health care for everyone.
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这是关于每一个人的个性化，
个体化的医疗。
个体化的医疗。
14:47
This awareness has the power to transform
medical care for men and women.
medical care for men and women.
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这种意识有能力完全改变两性的医疗。
14:54
And from now on, I want you
to ask your doctors
to ask your doctors
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从现在开始，
我想让你们问问自己的医生，
我想让你们问问自己的医生，
你们接受的治疗是否针对你的性别。
15:00
whether the treatments you are receiving
are specific to your sex and gender.
are specific to your sex and gender.
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15:06
They may not know the answer --
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他们或许不知道答案——
但马上就会知道了。
15:08
yet.
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15:11
But the conversation has begun,
and together we can all learn.
and together we can all learn.
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改变已经发生了，
我们可以一起学习和进步。
我们可以一起学习和进步。
15:15
Remember, for me
and my colleagues in this field,
and my colleagues in this field,
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请记住，对我和我的同事而言，
你的性别很重要。
15:20
your sex and gender matter.
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15:23
Thank you.
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谢谢！
（掌声）
15:24
(Applause)
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Reviewed by Yinchun Rui
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alyson McGregor - Women's health pioneerAlyson McGregor studies women's health, especially as it relates to emergency care -- when time-sensitive, life-or-death decisions are made using drugs and treatments mainly tested on men.
Why you should listen
Alyson J. McGregor MD is co-founder and director for the Sex and Gender in Emergency Medicine (SGEM) Division (formerly Women’s Health in Emergency Care) within the Department of Emergency Medicine at Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University.
Her group's aim is to establish research and educational endeavors that promote sex- and gender-specific medicine and women’s health as they relate to emergency care. Dr. McGregor received her medical degree at Boston University School of Medicine and residency training at Brown, where she continues to work as an attending physician at RI Hospital Emergency Department. Dr. McGregor is an Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine and also serves as co-director for the SGEM Fellowship and co-founder of the national organization Sex and Gender Women’s Health Collaborative.
Alyson McGregor | Speaker | TED.com