TEDMED 2016
Anjan Chatterjee: How your brain decides what is beautiful
安贾恩·查特吉: 大脑是如何定义美的
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安贾恩·查特吉使用进化心理学和认知神经科学来研究自然界最迷人的概念之一：美。 一起来进一步了解为什么一些特定的线条，颜色，还有形状会激发我们迷人的，深邃的大脑。
Anjan Chatterjee - Cognitive neuroscientist
Anjan Chatterjee seeks to answer a tantalizing question: Why is beauty so gripping? Full bio
Anjan Chatterjee seeks to answer a tantalizing question: Why is beauty so gripping? Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
It's 1878.
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那是在1878年，
00:16
Sir Francis Galton
gives a remarkable talk.
gives a remarkable talk.
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弗朗西斯 · 盖尔顿先生
00:21
He's speaking to the anthropologic
institute of Great Britain and Ireland.
institute of Great Britain and Ireland.
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在英国和爱尔兰皇家人类学研究所
做了一个震惊四座的演讲。
做了一个震惊四座的演讲。
00:26
Known for his pioneering work
in human intelligence,
in human intelligence,
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他因在人类智慧方面的
开创性工作而闻名，
开创性工作而闻名，
盖尔顿是一个杰出的博学家。
00:30
Galton is a brilliant polymath.
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00:33
He's an explorer,
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他是个开拓者，
00:35
an anthropologist,
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人类学家，
00:37
a sociologist,
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社会学家，
00:38
a psychologist
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心理学家
00:40
and a statistician.
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和统计学家。
同时他也是一位优生学家。
00:43
He's also a eugenist.
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00:46
In this talk,
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在这个演讲当中，
00:48
he presents a new technique
by which he can combine photographs
by which he can combine photographs
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他展示了一个可以结合照片
00:53
and produce composite portraits.
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来生成组合肖像的新技术。
这项技术可以被用来区分不同人种。
00:56
This technique could be used
to characterize different types of people.
to characterize different types of people.
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01:02
Galton thinks that if he combines
photographs of violent criminals,
photographs of violent criminals,
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盖尔顿认为，如果
让他对凶犯的照片进行组合，
让他对凶犯的照片进行组合，
01:08
he will discover the face of criminality.
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他就会揭开犯罪的真面目。
但令他吃惊的是，
01:12
But to his surprise,
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组合出来的肖像
01:14
the composite portrait that he produces
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01:17
is beautiful.
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面容十分俊朗。
盖尔顿惊人的发现产生了
一个令人回味的问题：
一个令人回味的问题：
01:22
Galton's surprising finding
raises deep questions:
raises deep questions:
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什么是美？
01:25
What is beauty?
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01:28
Why do certain configurations of line
and color and form excite us so?
and color and form excite us so?
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为什么一些独特线条，颜色和形状的
组合激发了我们的兴趣？
组合激发了我们的兴趣？
在茫茫的人类历史中，
01:36
For most of human history,
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人们尝试着用逻辑和猜测
来解答这些问题。
来解答这些问题。
01:37
these questions have been approached
using logic and speculation.
using logic and speculation.
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01:44
But in the last few decades,
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但在过去的几十年里，
科学家们利用进化心理学
和神经科学
和神经科学
01:45
scientists have addressed
the question of beauty
the question of beauty
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01:48
using ideas from evolutionary psychology
and tools of neuroscience.
and tools of neuroscience.
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作为工具，解答了“美”的问题。
01:54
We're beginning to glimpse
the why and the how of beauty,
the why and the how of beauty,
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我们开始窥探美丽背后的原因，
01:58
at least in terms of what it means
for the human face and form.
for the human face and form.
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至少是在人类的
脸部和体型的范畴内。
脸部和体型的范畴内。
02:03
And in the process,
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在这个过程之中，
一些发现让我们感到很惊喜。
02:04
we're stumbling upon some surprises.
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谈到发现彼此的美时，
02:08
When it comes to seeing
beauty in each other,
beauty in each other,
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02:11
while this decision is certainly
subjective for the individual,
subjective for the individual,
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这样的决定对所有人
而言都是主观的，
而言都是主观的，
02:16
it's sculpted by factors that contribute
to the survival of the group.
to the survival of the group.
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是由有助于群体生存的
因素塑造而成的。
因素塑造而成的。
02:20
Many experiments have shown
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很多研究都显示了
存在一些基本常数，
使得一张脸具有吸引力。
使得一张脸具有吸引力。
02:23
that a few basic parameters contribute
to what makes a face attractive.
to what makes a face attractive.
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02:28
These include averaging, symmetry
and the effects of hormones.
and the effects of hormones.
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其中包括均衡，对称
和荷尔蒙的效应。
和荷尔蒙的效应。
02:34
Let's take each one of these in turn.
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让我们来分别说说每个因素。
盖尔顿发现
02:38
Galton's finding
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02:40
that composite or average faces
are typically more attractive
are typically more attractive
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组合的或者均衡过的面孔，
一般会比单一的面孔更加吸引人，
02:45
than each individual face
that contributes to the average
that contributes to the average
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因为它们被复制了许多次。
02:48
has been replicated many times.
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02:51
This laboratory finding fits
with many people's intuitions.
with many people's intuitions.
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这项实验的发现
印证了许多人的直觉。
印证了许多人的直觉。
02:56
Average faces represent
the central tendencies of a group.
the central tendencies of a group.
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平均化的脸代表了
一个群体的中心倾向。
一个群体的中心倾向。
03:01
People with mixed features
represent different populations,
represent different populations,
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有混合特征的人
代表着不同种类的人群，
代表着不同种类的人群，
03:06
and presumably harbor
greater genetic diversity
greater genetic diversity
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可能拥有了更大的遗传多样性，
03:09
and adaptability to the environment.
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也能更好的适应环境。
03:12
Many people find mixed-race
individuals attractive
individuals attractive
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很多人发现混血的人
更加具有吸引力，
更加具有吸引力，
03:16
and inbred families less so.
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而近交系家庭则反之。
03:20
The second factor that contributes
to beauty is symmetry.
to beauty is symmetry.
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第二个促成美的因素是对称性。
03:25
People generally find symmetric faces
more attractive than asymmetric ones.
more attractive than asymmetric ones.
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人们通常发现对称的脸
要比非对称的好看。
要比非对称的好看。
03:30
Developmental abnormalities
are often associated with asymmetries.
are often associated with asymmetries.
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异常的发育经常会与非对称有关。
在植物，动物和人类身上，
03:36
And in plants, animals and humans,
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03:39
asymmetries often arise
from parasitic infections.
from parasitic infections.
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非对称性一般来自于寄生虫感染。
03:43
Symmetry, it turns out,
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事实证明，
对称也是一种健康的标志。
03:45
is also an indicator of health.
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03:50
In the 1930s,
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在20世纪30年代，
03:52
a man named Maksymilian Faktorowicz
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一个叫做马思琦米兰 · 法克罗奇司的人
（Maksymilian Faktorowicz）
（Maksymilian Faktorowicz）
03:55
recognized the importance
of symmetry for beauty
of symmetry for beauty
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在设计美容千分尺时
03:58
when he designed the beauty micrometer.
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发现了对称美的重要性。
利用这种设备，
04:02
With this device,
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他可以检测到一些
04:03
he could measure minor asymmetric flaws
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04:06
which he could then make up for
with products he sold from his company,
with products he sold from his company,
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较小的非对称瑕疵，
然后使用他自己公司的产品
然后使用他自己公司的产品
弥补这些瑕疵，
这家以他的名字命名的公司，
这家以他的名字命名的公司，
04:11
named brilliantly
after himself, Max Factor,
after himself, Max Factor,
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就是现今世界上
最有名的美妆品牌之一
最有名的美妆品牌之一
04:14
which, as you know,
is one of the world's most famous brands
is one of the world's most famous brands
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“蜜丝佛陀（Max Factor）”。
04:18
for "make up."
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04:20
The third factor that contributes
to facial attractiveness
to facial attractiveness
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第三个使脸部有吸引力的因素是
04:24
is the effect of hormones.
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荷尔蒙的效果。
04:27
And here, I need to apologize
for confining my comments
for confining my comments
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在这个演讲中，评论只局限于异性恋，
对此我表示歉意。
04:32
to heterosexual norms.
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04:35
But estrogen and testosterone
play important roles
play important roles
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但是雌性激素和睾丸酮
确实在塑造我们认为
确实在塑造我们认为
04:40
in shaping features
that we find attractive.
that we find attractive.
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有吸引力的特征方面
发挥了重要作用。
发挥了重要作用。
04:43
Estrogen produces features
that signal fertility.
that signal fertility.
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雌性激素促成了与生育力有关的特质。
04:48
Men typically find women attractive
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男性通常会觉得
年轻且成熟的女性更有吸引力。
04:51
who have elements
of both youth and maturity.
of both youth and maturity.
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04:56
A face that's too baby-like might
mean that the girl is not yet fertile,
mean that the girl is not yet fertile,
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一个长着娃娃脸的女孩
可能意味着生育力不强，
可能意味着生育力不强，
所以男性会觉得
05:01
so men find women attractive
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大眼睛，厚嘴唇和尖下巴
像是年轻的迹象，
像是年轻的迹象，
05:03
who have large eyes,
full lips and narrow chins
full lips and narrow chins
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这样的女性会更有吸引力，
05:07
as indicators of youth,
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同时，高颧骨也象征着成熟。
05:09
and high cheekbones
as an indicator of maturity.
as an indicator of maturity.
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睾丸酮则产生了男性化的特质。
05:14
Testosterone produces features
that we regard as typically masculine.
that we regard as typically masculine.
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05:20
These include heavier brows,
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这包括更重的眉毛，
更尖的脸颊，
05:22
thinner cheeks
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05:24
and bigger, squared-off jaws.
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更大的，方形的下巴。
05:26
But here's a fascinating irony.
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但是这里存在一个有趣的讽刺。
在许多的物种当中，
05:29
In many species,
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恰恰相反，
05:30
if anything,
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睾丸酮会抑制免疫系统。
05:32
testosterone suppresses the immune system.
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05:37
So the idea that testosterone-infused
features are a fitness indicator
features are a fitness indicator
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所以关于睾丸酮旺盛
是一种健康迹象的说法
是一种健康迹象的说法
05:41
doesn't really make a whole lot of sense.
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在总体上就没有什么意义了。
05:44
Here, the logic is turned on its head.
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在这一点上，逻辑开始发挥作用了。
科学家利用障碍性原则，
05:47
Instead of a fitness indicator,
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05:49
scientists invoke a handicap principle.
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取代了健康的迹象。
05:54
The most commonly cited
example of a handicap
example of a handicap
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最常被引用的障碍性的例子，
05:58
is the peacock's tail.
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是雄孔雀的尾巴。
06:00
This beautiful but cumbersome tail
doesn't exactly help the peacock
doesn't exactly help the peacock
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这个既美丽又笨重的尾巴
06:04
avoid predators
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并不会帮助孔雀躲避天敌，
06:06
and approach peahens.
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或者去接近雌孔雀。
06:09
Why should such an extravagant
appendage evolve?
appendage evolve?
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为什么孔雀会进化出
如此奢侈的附肢出来呢？
如此奢侈的附肢出来呢？
就连查尔斯 · 达尔文
06:13
Even Charles Darwin,
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06:16
in an 1860 letter to Asa Gray wrote
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都在1860年写给
阿萨 · 格雷的信中提到，
阿萨 · 格雷的信中提到，
06:19
that the sight of the peacock's tail
made him physically ill.
made him physically ill.
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一见孔雀尾巴就让他开始抱恙。
06:24
He couldn't explain it
with his theory of natural selection,
with his theory of natural selection,
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他不能用自然选择的理论去解释，
06:27
and out of this frustration,
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在沮丧之外，
06:28
he developed the theory
of sexual selection.
of sexual selection.
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他还创建了一种理论，
叫做性别选择。
叫做性别选择。
在这个基础上来理解，
06:33
On this account,
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孔雀展示它们的尾巴是一种性诱惑，
06:34
the display of the peacock's tail
is about sexual enticement,
is about sexual enticement,
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这种诱惑的手段会使
雄孔雀有更高的几率去交配，
雄孔雀有更高的几率去交配，
06:39
and this enticement means
it's more likely the peacock will mate
it's more likely the peacock will mate
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06:45
and have offspring.
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然后拥有后代。
06:47
Now, the modern twist
on this display argument
on this display argument
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目前， 有新的研究显示，
06:51
is that the peacock is also
advertising its health to the peahen.
advertising its health to the peahen.
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雄孔雀是在对雌孔雀
展示自己的健康状况。
展示自己的健康状况。
06:58
Only especially fit organisms
can afford to divert resources
can afford to divert resources
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只有特别健康的生物才有能力
07:03
to maintaining such
an extravagant appendage.
an extravagant appendage.
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去维持如此夸张的附肢。
07:06
Only especially fit men can afford
the price that testosterone levies
the price that testosterone levies
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在免疫系统当中，
只有非常健康的男性
只有非常健康的男性
才能维持睾丸酮的水准。
07:11
on their immune system.
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做个比喻，想想一下
07:13
And by analogy, think of the fact
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只有非常富有的男性才可以
买得起超过一万美金一块的手表
买得起超过一万美金一块的手表
07:16
that only very rich men can afford
to pay more than $10,000 for a watch
to pay more than $10,000 for a watch
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07:23
as a display of their financial fitness.
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来展现他们在经济上的富有。
07:27
Now, many people hear these kinds
of evolutionary claims
of evolutionary claims
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许多人听说了这种进化观点，
07:29
and think they mean that we somehow
are unconsciously seeking mates
are unconsciously seeking mates
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认为我们其实是在通过潜意识
寻找健康的伴侣。
07:35
who are healthy.
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但是我觉得这个观点也许并不正确。
07:37
And I think this idea
is probably not right.
is probably not right.
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07:42
Teenagers and young adults are not exactly
known for making decisions
known for making decisions
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年轻人择偶时并不知道
07:47
that are predicated on health concerns.
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如何对健康做出判断。
07:50
But they don't have to be,
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但是他们并不需要那么做，
让我解释一下为什么。
07:52
and let me explain why.
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想象有一群人，
07:55
Imagine a population
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07:57
in which people have three different
kinds of preferences:
kinds of preferences:
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他们有三种不同的偏好：
绿色，橙色和红色。
08:01
for green, for orange and for red.
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在他们的观点里，
08:05
From their point of view,
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这些偏好跟健康没有一点关联；
08:07
these preferences have
nothing to do with health;
nothing to do with health;
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他们只是喜欢他们所喜欢的。
08:09
they just like what they like.
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不过如果这些偏好跟
08:12
But if it were also the case
that these preferences are associated
that these preferences are associated
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繁衍的后代有关——
08:16
with the different likelihood
of producing offspring --
of producing offspring --
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08:19
let's say in a ratio of 3:2:1 --
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比如在一个3：2：1的比例中——
在第一代里，
08:23
then in the first generation,
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会有三个喜欢绿色，
两个喜欢橙色，一个喜欢红色，
两个喜欢橙色，一个喜欢红色，
08:24
there would be 3 greens
to 2 oranges to 1 red,
to 2 oranges to 1 red,
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在后续的每一代当中，
08:27
and in each subsequent generation,
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绿色的比例在不断上升，
08:30
the proportion of greens increase,
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到了第十代，
08:34
so that in 10 generations,
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百分之九十八的人会更喜欢绿色。
08:35
98 percent of this population
has a green preference.
has a green preference.
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08:39
Now, a scientist coming in
and sampling this population
and sampling this population
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现在，一个科学家
对这些人进行抽样调查，
对这些人进行抽样调查，
08:43
discovers that green
preferences are universal.
preferences are universal.
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发现对绿色的偏爱已经非常普遍了。
08:47
So the point about this little
abstract example
abstract example
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所以从这个有点抽象的例子
我们可以发现，
我们可以发现，
08:51
is that while preferences
for specific physical features
for specific physical features
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对于某种物理特征的偏好
08:56
can be arbitrary for the individual,
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如果具有遗传性，
09:00
if those features are heritable
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那就会被传递到个人身上，
并且它们跟生殖优势有关。
09:05
and they are associated
with a reproductive advantage,
with a reproductive advantage,
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09:09
over time,
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随着时间的推移，
这些特征就会成为
某一群体的共性。
某一群体的共性。
09:10
they become universal for the group.
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09:15
So what happens in the brain
when we see beautiful people?
when we see beautiful people?
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所以，当我们看到高颜值的人时，
我们的大脑里发生了什么？
我们的大脑里发生了什么？
有吸引力的脸会刺激大脑后部
09:22
Attractive faces activate
parts of our visual cortex
parts of our visual cortex
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09:26
in the back of the brain,
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一部分视觉皮质中
一个叫梭状回的区域，
09:28
an area called the fusiform gyrus,
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主要是用来审示面容的，
09:30
that is especially tuned
to processing faces,
to processing faces,
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09:33
and an adjacent area called
the lateral occipital complex,
the lateral occipital complex,
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相邻的区域称为侧枕叶,
是用来审阅目标的。
09:37
that is especially attuned
to processing objects.
to processing objects.
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此外，
09:40
In addition,
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吸引人的脸庞激活了
我们大脑前部深处的
我们大脑前部深处的
09:42
attractive faces activate parts
of our reward and pleasure centers
of our reward and pleasure centers
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09:47
in the front and deep in the brain,
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奖赏和娱乐中心部位，
其中包括一些复杂的区域名称，
09:50
and these include areas
that have complicated names,
that have complicated names,
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比如腹侧纹状体，
09:53
like the ventral striatum,
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眶额叶皮层，
09:55
the orbitofrontal cortex
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和腹内侧前额叶皮层。
09:57
and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
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10:00
Our visual brain that is tuned
to processing faces
to processing faces
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我们的视觉大脑在审阅脸部时
10:04
interacts with our pleasure centers
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与监管愉悦的中枢相呼应，
10:07
to underpin the experience of beauty.
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从而加强了对美的感受。
10:11
Amazingly, while we all
engage with beauty,
engage with beauty,
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令人惊讶的是，当我们
在与美进行交流时，
在与美进行交流时，
在毫无意识的情况下，
10:15
without our knowledge,
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美也在与我们进行互动。
10:17
beauty also engages us.
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10:20
Our brains respond to attractive faces
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即便我们没有注意，
10:23
even when we're not thinking about beauty.
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我们的大脑会也会对
有吸引力的脸部产生反应。
有吸引力的脸部产生反应。
10:26
We conducted an experiment
in which people saw a series of faces,
in which people saw a series of faces,
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我们进行了一个实验，
人们观察一系列的脸
人们观察一系列的脸
并遵循一个条件，
10:30
and in one condition,
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他们要比较一对面孔，
判断是否是同一个人。
判断是否是同一个人。
10:32
they had to decide if a pair of faces
were the same or a different person.
were the same or a different person.
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10:39
Even in this condition,
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甚至在这种情况下，
10:42
attractive faces drove neural activity
robustly in their visual cortex,
robustly in their visual cortex,
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迷人的面孔也会使
他们的视觉皮层神经活动强烈，
他们的视觉皮层神经活动强烈，
尽管他们正在思考一个人的身份，
10:48
despite the fact that they were thinking
about a person's identity
about a person's identity
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而不是他们的美貌。
10:52
and not their beauty.
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10:55
Another group similarly found
automatic responses to beauty
automatic responses to beauty
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对另外一组人的测试表明，
他们的愉悦中枢
他们的愉悦中枢
10:59
within our pleasure centers.
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同样对美自动产生了反应。
11:02
Taken together, these studies suggest
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综合起来，这些研究表明
11:06
that our brain automatically
responds to beauty
responds to beauty
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结合视觉与愉悦，
11:10
by linking vision and pleasure.
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我们的大脑会自动对美作出反应。
11:13
These beauty detectors, it seems,
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当我们看见美丽的东西时，
11:16
ping every time we see beauty,
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这些美的探测器就会发出信号，
11:18
regardless of whatever else
we might be thinking.
we might be thinking.
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跟我们在想什么无关。
11:23
We also have a "beauty is good"
stereotype embedded in the brain.
stereotype embedded in the brain.
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还有一种“美即是好”的
传统刻在我们的脑海中。
传统刻在我们的脑海中。
11:29
Within the orbitofrontal cortex,
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在眼窝前额皮层内，
有重叠的神经活动
11:31
there's overlapping neural activity
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对美丽与善良做出反应，
11:33
in response to beauty and to goodness,
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当人们没有明确地
思考美丽或善良时，
思考美丽或善良时，
11:39
and this happens even when people
aren't explicitly thinking
aren't explicitly thinking
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11:42
about beauty or goodness.
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这种反应也会发生。
11:45
Our brains seem to reflexively
associate beauty and good.
associate beauty and good.
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我们的大脑好像会
自动把美与善对应起来。
自动把美与善对应起来。
11:50
And this reflexive association
may be the biologic trigger
may be the biologic trigger
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而且这种反射可能是
关于对“美”诸多误解的生物触发器。
11:54
for the many social effects of beauty.
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11:58
Attractive people receive
all kinds of advantages in life.
all kinds of advantages in life.
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吸引力强的人一生都会
受到各种各样的厚待。
受到各种各样的厚待。
12:03
They're regarded as more intelligent,
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他们会被认为更加聪明，
更加值得信任，
12:06
more trustworthy,
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甚至会得到更高的工资
和更少的惩罚，
和更少的惩罚，
12:07
they're given higher pay
and lesser punishments,
and lesser punishments,
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即使这种判断是毫无根据的。
12:11
even when such judgments
are not warranted.
are not warranted.
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12:15
These kinds of observations
reveal beauty's ugly side.
reveal beauty's ugly side.
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这些发现揭露了美的
丑陋的那一面。
丑陋的那一面。
12:19
In my lab, we recently found
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我的实验室
12:21
that people with minor facial
anomalies and disfigurements
anomalies and disfigurements
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最近发现了脸部有缺陷的人
会被认为没有那么好，那么的善良，
12:26
are regarded as less good, less kind,
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没那么聪明和有能力，
也没那么努力。
也没那么努力。
12:30
less intelligent, less competent
and less hardworking.
and less hardworking.
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不幸的是，我们都有一个
“丑即是恶”的刻板印象。
“丑即是恶”的刻板印象。
12:35
Unfortunately, we also have
a "disfigured is bad" stereotype.
a "disfigured is bad" stereotype.
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12:42
This stereotype is probably
exploited and magnified
exploited and magnified
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由于大众媒体的传播，
这个刻板印象可能
这个刻板印象可能
被利用且放大了，
12:49
by images in popular media,
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12:51
in which facial disfigurement
is often used as a shorthand
is often used as a shorthand
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其中面部的丑陋
通常被作为一种象征，
通常被作为一种象征，
12:55
to depict someone of villainous character.
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来刻画反面人物。
12:59
We need to understand
these kinds of implicit biases
these kinds of implicit biases
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我们需要去理解这些隐晦的偏见，
13:02
if we are to overcome them
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如果我们想要去克服它们，
13:04
and aim for a society
in which we treat people fairly,
in which we treat people fairly,
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并致力于发展一个人人平等的社会，
以人们的行为为基础，而不是以貌取人。
13:08
based on their behavior and not
on the happenstance of their looks.
on the happenstance of their looks.
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我想给大家留下一个最后的思考。
13:16
Let me leave you with one final thought.
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美是一种进步的产物。
13:21
Beauty is a work in progress.
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13:24
The so-called universal
attributes of beauty
attributes of beauty
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所谓美的普遍特质，
是在更新世近二百万年的
时期中被选定的。
时期中被选定的。
13:27
were selected for during the almost
two million years of the Pleistocene.
two million years of the Pleistocene.
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13:33
Life was nasty, brutish
and a very long time ago.
and a very long time ago.
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很久之前的生命是肮脏的，野蛮的。
13:40
The selection criteria
for reproductive success from that time
for reproductive success from that time
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当时的生育存活率的选择标准
现在已经不再适用了。
13:45
doesn't really apply today.
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13:47
For example,
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举个例子，
死于寄生虫病并不是
现在最常见的死因，
现在最常见的死因，
13:49
death by parasite is not one
of the top ways that people die,
of the top ways that people die,
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13:53
at least not in the technologically
developed world.
developed world.
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至少不是在科技发达的国家。
13:57
From antibiotics to surgery,
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从抗生素到手术，
计划生育到人工授精，
14:00
birth control to in vitro fertilization,
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14:03
the filters for reproductive success
are being relaxed.
are being relaxed.
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繁殖成效的筛选标准被放宽了。
14:07
And under these relaxed conditions,
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在放宽的情况之下，
14:10
preference and trait combinations
are free to drift
are free to drift
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偏好与特质的组合可以随意发生转移，
14:14
and become more variable.
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更加可变。
14:17
Even as we are profoundly
affecting our environment,
affecting our environment,
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即使我们在深深地影响我们的环境，
14:22
modern medicine
and technological innovation
and technological innovation
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现代医药和技术革新
14:26
is profoundly affecting
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在深刻的影响
美丽本质的意义。
14:28
the very essence of what it means
to look beautiful.
to look beautiful.
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14:33
The universal nature of beauty is changing
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当我们正在改变世界的时候，
14:35
even as we're changing the universe.
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美的普遍特质也正在改变。
14:40
Thank you.
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谢谢。
（掌声）
14:42
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Anjan Chatterjee - Cognitive neuroscientistAnjan Chatterjee seeks to answer a tantalizing question: Why is beauty so gripping?
Why you should listen
In his recent book, The Aesthetic Brain: How We Evolved to Desire Beauty and Enjoy Art, cognitive neuroscientist Anjan Chatterjee investigates neural responses to beauty, explaining that the faces and places we find aesthetically pleasing may promote evolutionary success.
With numerous publications to his name in areas such as attention, spatial cognition and neuroethics, Chatterjee is the former president of the Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Society and the International Association of Empirical Aesthetics, and he is also a founding member of the Board of Governors of the Neuroethics Society. In 2016, Chatterjee was awarded the Rudolph Arnheim Award for contributions to psychology and the arts. Currently at the Center for Cognitive Neuroscience at the University of Pennsylvania, Chatterjee's cutting edge work in neuroaesthetics bridges art and neuroscience in complex and fascinating ways.
Anjan Chatterjee | Speaker | TED.com