ABOUT THE SPEAKER
J. Marshall Shepherd - Meteorologist
Dr. J. Marshall Shepherd is a leading international expert in weather and climate and is the Georgia Athletic Association Distinguished Professor of Geography and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Georgia.

Why you should listen

Dr. J. Marshall Shepherd was the 2013 President of American Meteorological Society (AMS), the nation's largest and oldest professional/science society in the atmospheric and related sciences. He serves as Director of the University of Georgia's (UGA) Atmospheric Sciences Program and Full Professor in the Department of Geography where he is Associate Department Head.

Shepherd is also the host of The Weather Channel’s Weather Geeks, a pioneering Sunday talk show dedicated to science, and he is a contributor to Forbes Magazine. Dr. Shepherd routinely appears on national media outlets like CNN, The Weather Channel, CBS's Face The Nation and more. He also provides expertise to NASA, NOAA, The White House, Congress and other stakeholders.

More profile about the speaker
J. Marshall Shepherd | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxUGA

J. Marshall Shepherd: 3 kinds of bias that shape your worldview

J·马歇尔·谢博德: 塑造你的世界观的三种偏见

Filmed:
2,252,877 views

是什么塑造了我们对科学的认知(和误解)? 气象学家 J·马歇尔·谢博德在一场令人大开眼界的演讲中,解释了确认偏误、达克效应和认知失调是如何影响我们自认为知道的东西,并分享了他的经验,我们如何用更强大的东西——知识——来替代这些偏见。
- Meteorologist
Dr. J. Marshall Shepherd is a leading international expert in weather and climate and is the Georgia Athletic Association Distinguished Professor of Geography and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Georgia. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
I'm a meteorologist气象 by degree,
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我是一名气象学家,
00:14
I have a bachelor's本科,
master's硕士 and PhD博士 in physical物理 meteorology气象,
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我有物理气象学的学士、
硕士和博士学位,
00:17
so I'm a meteorologist气象, card carrying携带.
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所以我是个气象学家,有证的。
00:20
And so with that comes
four questions问题, always.
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然而总有4个问题等着我,
在这件事儿上我的预测总是对的。
00:25
This is one prediction预测
I will always get right.
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(笑声)
00:27
(Laughter笑声)
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这些问题是,
00:29
And those questions问题 are,
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“马修,你在哪个频道呢?”
00:31
"Marshall马歇尔, what channel渠道 are you on?"
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(笑声)
00:34
(Laughter笑声)
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“谢博德博士,明天天气怎么样?”
00:36
"Dr博士. Shepherd牧羊人, what's the weather天气
going to be tomorrow明天?"
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(笑声)
00:38
(Laughter笑声)
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啊,我喜欢这个:
00:39
And oh, I love this one:
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“我女儿明年九月结婚,
是个户外婚礼。
00:41
"My daughter女儿 is getting得到 married已婚
next下一个 September九月, it's an outdoor户外 wedding婚礼.
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到时会下雨吗?”
00:45
Is it going to rain?"
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(笑声)
00:46
(Laughter笑声)
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没开玩笑,我总被问这些问题,
然而我并不知道答案,
00:47
Not kidding开玩笑, I get those,
and I don't know the answer回答 to that,
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科学在这儿不管用。
00:50
the science科学 isn't there.
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00:53
But the one I get a lot these days is,
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但我这些天经常被问的是,
“谢博德博士,你相信气候变化吗?”
00:56
"Dr博士. Shepherd牧羊人, do you believe
in climate气候 change更改?"
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01:01
"Do you believe in global全球 warming变暖?"
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“你相信全球变暖吗?”
01:04
Now, I have to gather收集 myself
every一切 time I get that question.
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如今每次被问到这些问题时,
我都得打起精神。
因为这是个不恰当的问题——
01:08
Because it's an ill-posed摆在不恰当的 question --
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科学可不是一个信仰体系。
01:10
science科学 isn't a belief信仰 system系统.
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01:12
My son儿子, he's 10 --
he believes相信 in the tooth齿 fairy仙女.
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我10岁的儿子相信牙仙的存在。
01:16
And he needs需求 to get over that,
because I'm losing失去 dollars美元, fast快速.
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他得克服这一点,因为太费钱了。
(传说牙仙会用金币把小孩子掉的牙换走)
01:20
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
他的确相信牙仙。
01:22
But he believes相信 in the tooth齿 fairy仙女.
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01:24
But consider考虑 this.
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但想一想这个。
01:27
Bank银行 of America美国 building建造,
there, in Atlanta亚特兰大.
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这是亚特兰大的美国银行大楼。
你从没听到人说,
01:29
You never hear anyone任何人 say,
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“你相信吗,如果你到那个楼顶,
01:32
"Do you believe, if you go
to the top最佳 of that building建造
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抛个球,它就会掉下去?”
01:35
and throw a ball off, it's going to fall秋季?"
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01:37
You never hear that,
because gravity重力 is a thing.
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你从没听过,因为重力是实际存在的。
01:42
So why don't we hear the question,
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所以为什么我们不会听到这个问题,
“你相信重力吗?”
01:44
"Do you believe in gravity重力?"
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但我们肯定听过这个问题,
01:46
But of course课程, we hear the question,
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“你相信全球变暖吗?”
01:48
"Do you believe in global全球 warming变暖?"
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01:52
Well, consider考虑 these facts事实.
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考虑到这些事实:
01:55
The American美国 Association协会
for the Advancement进步 of Science科学, AAASAaas,
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美国科学促进会,简称AAAS,
这是一个在科学领域的主要组织,
01:58
one of the leading领导
organizations组织 in science科学,
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曾就不同的科学课题
向科学家和公众提问。
02:01
queried查询 scientists科学家们 and the public上市
on different不同 science科学 topics主题.
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这是其中一些课题:
02:05
Here are some of them:
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转基因产品,动物研究,人类进化。
02:06
genetically基因 modified改性 food餐饮,
animal动物 research研究, human人的 evolution演化.
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02:11
And look at what the scientists科学家们
say about those,
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看看科学家对这些怎么说,
红色代表那些在研究这些课题的人,
02:14
the people that actually其实
study研究 those topics主题, in red,
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灰色,则代表公众的态度。
02:16
versus the gray灰色, what the public上市 thinks.
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这是怎么造成的?
02:19
How did we get there?
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02:21
How did we get there?
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为什么会有这么大的差异?
02:24
That scientists科学家们 and the public上市
are so far apart距离 on these science科学 issues问题.
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科学家和公众在这些
科学问题上意见如此相左。
02:29
Well, I'll come a little bit
closer接近 to home for me,
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好了,我要说个我比较擅长的,
气候变化。
02:31
climate气候 change更改.
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02:33
Eighty-seven87个 percent百分 of scientists科学家们
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87%的科学家
认为是人类的行为导致了气候变化,
02:36
believe that humans人类 are contributing贡献
to climate气候 change更改.
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02:41
But only 50 percent百分 of the public上市?
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但只有50%的公众这样认为。
02:45
How did we get there?
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为什么会这样?
这就引出了问题,
02:46
So it begs乞求 the question,
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是什么塑造了我们对科学的认知?
02:48
what shapes形状 perceptions看法 about science科学?
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02:54
It's an interesting有趣 question
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这是个有趣的问题,
我也一直在思考这个问题。
02:56
and one that I've been
thinking思维 about quite相当 a bit.
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03:00
I think that one thing that shapes形状
perceptions看法 in the public上市, about science科学,
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我想有一件事影响了
公众对科学的看法,
就是信仰体系和偏见,
03:05
is belief信仰 systems系统 and biases偏见.
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03:08
Belief信仰 systems系统 and biases偏见.
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信仰体系和偏见。
我来解释一下。
03:09
Go with me for a moment时刻.
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03:12
Because I want to talk
about three elements分子 of that:
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我想要谈一谈这个问题的三个元素:
确认偏误,达克效应
03:14
confirmation确认 bias偏压, Dunning-Kruger邓宁-克鲁格 effect影响
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和认知失调。
03:18
and cognitive认知 dissonance不和谐.
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这些听起来都有点像不切实际的
学术术语,它们也确实是这样的。
03:20
Now, these sound声音 like big, fancy幻想,
academic学术的 terms条款, and they are.
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03:24
But when I describe描述 them,
you're going to be like, "Oh!
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但当我进一步做出解释时,
你们就会恍然大悟,“哦!
我听说过这个;
我甚至知道有人就是这样的。”
03:28
I recognize认识 that; I even know
somebody that does that."
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03:33
Confirmation确认 bias偏压.
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确认偏误。
03:36
Finding查找 evidence证据 that supports支持
what we already已经 believe.
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寻找证据来支持我们已经相信的事。
我们对此可能多少都难辞其咎。
03:40
Now, we're probably大概 all
a little bit guilty有罪 of that at times.
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03:45
Take a look at this.
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看看这个。
我有自己的Twitter账户。
03:46
I'm on Twitter推特.
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通常,遇到下雪的时候,
03:48
And often经常, when it snows下雪,
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我会收到这样的转发。
03:50
I'll get this tweet鸣叫 back to me.
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(笑声)
03:52
(Laughter笑声)
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“嘿,谢博德博士,我院子里
有20英寸的全球变暖(指雪),
03:55
"Hey, Dr博士. Shepherd牧羊人, I have 20 inches英寸
of global全球 warming变暖 in my yard,
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你们这些家伙在说啥,气候变化?”
03:58
what are you guys
talking about, climate气候 change更改?"
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我其实收到了很多那样的推特。
04:01
I get that tweet鸣叫 a lot, actually其实.
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04:04
It's a cute可爱 tweet鸣叫,
it makes品牌 me chuckle暗笑 as well.
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这条推特挺逗的,也让我忍俊不禁。
但它在科学上是站不住脚的。
04:07
But it's oh, so fundamentally从根本上
scientifically科学 flawed有缺陷.
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04:12
Because it illustrates说明
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因为它说明了
发推特的人并不理解
04:13
that the person tweeting啁啾
doesn't understand理解
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天气和气候的差异。
04:15
the difference区别
between之间 weather天气 and climate气候.
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04:19
I often经常 say, weather天气 is your mood心情
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我常说,天气是你的情绪,
而气候是你的个性。
04:23
and climate气候 is your personality个性.
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04:26
Think about that.
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想想看。
天气是你的情绪,气候是你的个性。
04:28
Weather天气 is your mood心情,
climate气候 is your personality个性.
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你今天的情绪不一定
能代表你的个性,
04:30
Your mood心情 today今天 doesn't necessarily一定
tell me anything about your personality个性,
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所以即使有一天特别冷,
也不能说明气候变化了,
04:34
nor也不 does a cold day tell me anything
about climate气候 change更改,
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有一天特别热,也一样不能代表什么。
04:37
or a hot day, for that matter.
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04:41
Dunning-Kruger邓宁-克鲁格.
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达克效应。
(高估自己的能力)
04:43
Two scholars学者 from Cornell康奈尔
came来了 up with the Dunning-Kruger邓宁-克鲁格 effect影响.
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康奈尔大学的两位学者
提出了达克效应。
如果你去查阅同行评议的论文,
04:46
If you go look up
the peer-reviewed同行评审 paper for this,
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你会看到各种很炫的术语:
04:49
you will see all kinds
of fancy幻想 terminology术语:
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这是一种虚幻的优越感,
以为我们什么都知道。
04:51
it's an illusory虚幻 superiority优势 complex复杂,
thinking思维 we know things.
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换句话说,人们高估了
自己所掌握的知识。
04:55
In other words, people think
they know more than they do.
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04:59
Or they underestimate低估
what they don't know.
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或者说,他们低估了他们的无知。
05:02
And then, there's cognitive认知 dissonance不和谐.
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然后是认知失调。
(新信息冲击现有认知)
05:06
Cognitive认知 dissonance不和谐 is interesting有趣.
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认知失调很有趣。
05:09
We just recently最近 had Groundhog土拨鼠 Day, right?
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我们刚刚过了土拨鼠节,是吧?
(北美传统节日,用土拨鼠预测时令)
05:13
Now, there's no better definition定义
of cognitive认知 dissonance不和谐
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对认知失调最好的解释就好比是,
一个聪明人问我
啮齿动物的预测是否准确。
05:15
than intelligent智能 people asking me
if a rodent's啮齿动物的 forecast预测 is accurate准确.
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(笑声)
05:19
(Laughter笑声)
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但我一直都能理解。
05:22
But I get that, all of the time.
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(笑声)
05:24
(Laughter笑声)
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我也听说过黄历。
05:26
But I also hear
about the Farmer's农民 Almanac年鉴.
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我们靠着黄历长大,人们很熟悉它。
05:29
We grew成长 up on the Farmer's农民 Almanac年鉴,
people are familiar with it.
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05:34
The problem问题 is, it's only
about 37 percent百分 accurate准确,
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但问题在于,根据
宾夕法尼亚州立大学的研究,
它的准确性只有37%。
05:37
according根据 to studies学习
at Penn佩恩 State University大学.
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05:43
But we're in an era时代 of science科学
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但我们身在科学的时代,
我们确实可以预测天气。
05:47
where we actually其实
can forecast预测 the weather天气.
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不管信不信,我知道你们有些人
会说:“好吧好吧,你说的都对”,
05:49
And believe it or not, and I know
some of you are like, "Yeah, right,"
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我们对天气预测的
准确率有90%或者更高。
05:52
we're about 90 percent百分 accurate准确, or more,
with weather天气 forecast预测.
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但你们只会记得偶尔几次的
失误,可别不承认。
05:55
You just tend趋向 to remember记得
the occasional偶然 miss小姐, you do.
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(笑声)
05:58
(Laughter笑声)
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06:02
So confirmation确认 bias偏压,
Dunning-Kruger邓宁-克鲁格 and cognitive认知 dissonance不和谐.
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所以确认偏误,达克效应和认知失调。
我认为是这些形成了
人们对科学的偏见和看法。
06:05
I think those shape形状 biases偏见 and perceptions看法
that people have about science科学.
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06:11
But then, there's literacy读写能力
and misinformation误传
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但是,文化素养和错误信息
也会让我们陷入困境。
06:13
that keep us boxed盒装 in, as well.
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06:17
During the hurricane飓风 season季节 of 2017,
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在2017年的飓风季,
媒体机构不得不指派记者,
06:20
media媒体 outlets网点 had to actually其实
assign分配 reporters记者
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06:24
to dismiss解雇 fake information信息
about the weather天气 forecast预测.
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驳斥有关天气预报的虚假信息。
06:30
That's the era时代 that we're in.
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这就是我们所在的时代。
06:32
I deal合同 with this all the time
in social社会 media媒体.
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我一直在社交媒体上应对这些问题。
有人会在推特上发布预报——
06:35
Someone有人 will tweet鸣叫 a forecast预测 --
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这是飓风厄玛的预报,但问题是:
06:36
that's a forecast预测 for Hurricane飓风 Irma伊尔马,
but here's这里的 the problem问题:
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它不是官方飓风中心发布的。
06:39
it didn't come from the Hurricane飓风 Center中央.
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06:42
But people were tweeting啁啾
and sharing分享 this; it went viral病毒.
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但人们在推特上分享这个,
消息就扩散开了。
它根本就不是国家飓风中心发布的。
06:45
It didn't come from
the National国民 Hurricane飓风 Center中央 at all.
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06:50
So I spent花费 12 years年份 of my career事业 at NASANASA
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在来到乔治亚大学之前,
我在NASA工作了12年,
06:52
before coming未来
to the University大学 of Georgia格鲁吉亚,
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06:54
and I chair椅子 their Earth地球 Science科学
Advisory咨询 Committee委员会,
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我是地球科学咨询委员会的主席,
我上周刚刚去过华盛顿。
06:57
I was just up there last week in DCDC.
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我看到了一些很有趣的事情。
06:59
And I saw some really interesting有趣 things.
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这是NASA的模型和
来自卫星的科学数据
07:01
Here's这里的 a NASANASA model模型
and science科学 data数据 from satellite卫星
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显示了2017年飓风季的情况。
07:04
showing展示 the 2017 hurricane飓风 season季节.
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你们看到那边的哈维飓风没?
07:06
You see Hurricane飓风 Harvey哈维 there?
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07:09
Look at all the dust灰尘 coming未来 off of Africa非洲.
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看看这些从非洲飘来的尘土。
07:12
Look at the wildfires野火 up in northwest西北 US
and in western西 Canada加拿大.
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看看美国西北部和加拿大西部的野火。
飓风厄玛来了。
07:17
There comes Hurricane飓风 Irma伊尔马.
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07:20
This is fascinating迷人 to me.
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这对我很有吸引力。
07:23
But admittedly固然, I'm a weather天气 geek极客.
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无可否认,我是个气象迷。
07:26
But more importantly重要的, it illustrates说明
that we have the technology技术
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但更重要的是,它展示了我们拥有的科技
不仅可以观察天气和气候系统,
07:30
to not only observe the weather天气
and climate气候 system系统,
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而且可以预测它。
07:33
but predict预测 it.
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07:34
There's scientific科学 understanding理解,
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这就是科学理念,
所以我们刚才说的那些观念和偏见
07:36
so there's no need for some
of those perceptions看法 and biases偏见
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是真的毫无用处。
07:39
that we've我们已经 been talking about.
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我们拥有知识。
07:41
We have knowledge知识.
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但是想想这个…
07:42
But think about this ...
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这是飓风哈维过后的
德克萨斯州休斯顿。
07:43
This is Houston休斯顿, Texas德州,
after Hurricane飓风 Harvey哈维.
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07:47
Now, I write a contribution贡献
for "Forbes福布斯" magazine杂志 periodically定期,
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现在,我定期为《福布斯》杂志撰稿,
07:50
and I wrote an article文章 a week before
Hurricane飓风 Harvey哈维 made制作 landfall登陆, saying,
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在飓风哈维登陆前一周,
我写了一篇文章说,
“可能会有40到50英寸的降雨量。”
07:55
"There's probably大概 going to be
40 to 50 inches英寸 of rainfall雨量."
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07:58
I wrote that a week before it happened发生.
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我在它发生的前一周写了这个文章。
但是,当你和休斯敦的人交谈时,
08:01
But yet然而, when you talk
to people in Houston休斯顿,
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人们会说,“我没想到会这么糟糕。”
08:03
people are saying, "We had no idea理念
it was going to be this bad."
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08:07
I'm just...
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我只能…
(叹息)
08:08
(Sigh)
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(笑声)
08:09
(Laughter笑声)
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整整提前了一周。
08:10
A week before.
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但是——
08:11
But --
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我知道这有点可笑,但现实是,
08:13
I know, it's amusing有趣, but the reality现实 is,
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让我们理解经验水平之外的
东西真的很困难。
08:15
we all struggle斗争 with perceiving感知 something
outside of our experience经验 level水平.
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休斯顿的人总在经历下雨,
08:21
People in Houston休斯顿
get rain all of the time,
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雨水泛滥很平常。
08:24
they flood洪水 all of the time.
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08:26
But they've他们已经 never experienced有经验的 that.
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但他们从没有遭受过那样的情况。
08:29
Houston休斯顿 gets得到 about 34 inches英寸 of rainfall雨量
for the entire整个 year.
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休斯顿全年降雨量约为34英寸。
而那段时间,他们
在3天内遭受了50英寸。
08:33
They got 50 inches英寸 in three days.
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08:37
That's an anomaly不规则 event事件,
that's outside of the normal正常.
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这是异常事件,超出了正常范围。
08:42
So belief信仰 systems系统 and biases偏见,
literacy读写能力 and misinformation误传.
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所以信仰体系和偏见,
文化素养和错误信息。
我们如何走出左右我们认知的框框?
08:45
How do we step out of the boxes盒子
that are cornering转弯 our perceptions看法?
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08:50
Well we don't even have to go to Houston休斯顿,
we can come very close to home.
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我们甚至不需要去休斯顿,
在家附近就可以观察到。
(笑声)
08:54
(Laughter笑声)
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还记得“末日暴雪”吗?
08:55
Remember记得 "Snowpocalypse雪启示录?"
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(笑声)
08:57
(Laughter笑声)
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雪魔?
08:59
Snowmageddon斯诺马格登?
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雪巨人?
09:00
Snowzilla斯诺齐拉?
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不管你怎么称呼她,
09:02
Whatever随你 you want to call it.
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都只有两英寸的雪。
09:04
All two inches英寸 of it.
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(笑声)
09:06
(Laughter笑声)
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两英寸厚的雪就使亚特兰大市瘫痪了。
09:09
Two inches英寸 of snow
shut关闭 the city of Atlanta亚特兰大 down.
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(笑声)
09:11
(Laughter笑声)
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09:14
But the reality现实 is,
we were in a winter冬季 storm风暴 watch,
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但事实是,我们在严防冬季风暴,
我们去了冬季天气咨询机构,
09:19
we went to a winter冬季 weather天气 advisory咨询,
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很多人都认为雪灾会降级,
09:21
and a lot of people perceived感知 that
as being存在 a downgrade下坡,
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“哦,不会那么糟的。”
09:24
"Oh, it's not going to be as bad."
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事实上,人们的感觉是,不会这么糟糕,
09:26
When in fact事实, the perception知觉
was that it was not going to be as bad,
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但其实雪灾升级了。
09:29
but it was actually其实 an upgrade升级.
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随着模型的出现,情况在变得更糟。
09:31
Things were getting得到 worse更差
as the models楷模 were coming未来 in.
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这就是我们被自己的
认知束缚的一个例子。
09:33
So that's an example of how we get
boxed盒装 in by our perceptions看法.
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09:38
So, the question becomes,
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所以问题就变成了,
我们如何扩大我们的认知半径?
09:40
how do we expand扩大 our radius半径?
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09:45
The area of a circle is "piPI r squared平方".
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圆的面积是 π R的平方。
我们增加半径,就能增加面积。
09:47
We increase增加 the radius半径,
we increase增加 the area.
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我们如何扩大我们理解科学的半径?
09:50
How do we expand扩大 our radius半径
of understanding理解 about science科学?
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09:54
Here are my thoughts思念.
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这是我的思考。
09:56
You take inventory库存 of your own拥有 biases偏见.
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你们列出自己的偏见。
我想让你们所有人都这么做。
09:59
And I'm challenging具有挑战性的 you all to do that.
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列出你们的偏见。
10:01
Take an inventory库存 of your own拥有 biases偏见.
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10:04
Where do they come from?
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它们来自哪里?
你的教养,你的政治观点,你的信仰——
10:06
Your upbringing教养, your political政治
perspective透视, your faith信仰 --
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你自己的偏见是如何形成的?
10:09
what shapes形状 your own拥有 biases偏见?
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10:13
Then, evaluate评估 your sources来源 --
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然后,评估你的信息来源——
你在哪里获取科学信息?
10:15
where do you get
your information信息 on science科学?
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10:18
What do you read, what do you listen to,
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你读什么,你听什么,
什么是你获得科学信息的来源?
10:20
to consume消耗 your information信息 on science科学?
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10:23
And then, it's important重要 to speak说话 out.
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然后,重要的是说出来。
谈谈你如何评估你的偏见和信息来源。
10:25
Talk about how you evaluated评估 your biases偏见
and evaluated评估 your sources来源.
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我想让你们听听这个40秒的小片段,
10:29
I want you to listen to this
little 40-second clip
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来自美国顶尖的电视
气象学家之一,格雷格·费舍尔,
10:32
from one of the top最佳
TV电视 meteorologists气象学 家 in the US, Greg格雷格 Fishel菲谢尔,
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他住在Durham的Raleigh地区。
10:37
in the Raleigh罗利, Durham达勒姆 area.
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他在那个地区很受尊敬。
10:39
He's revered尊敬 in that region地区.
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但他是个气候怀疑论者。
10:40
But he was a climate气候 skeptic怀疑论者.
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但是听听他关于发声是怎么说的。
10:42
But listen to what he says
about speaking请讲 out.
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格雷格·费舍尔:
“我犯过的错误,
10:44
Greg格雷格 Fishel菲谢尔:
The mistake错误 I was making制造
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并且直到最近我才意识到的是,
10:46
and didn't realize实现 until直到 very recently最近,
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我只看那些
10:48
was that I was only looking
for information信息
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能支撑我想法的信息,
10:50
to support支持 what I already已经 thought,
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从来不对任何相反的信息感兴趣。
10:53
and was not interested有兴趣
in listening to anything contrary相反.
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10:58
And so I woke醒来 up one morning早上,
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所以有一天早晨我醒来,
脑海中有个问题,
11:00
and there was this question in my mind心神,
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11:04
"Greg格雷格, are you engaging
in confirmation确认 bias偏压?
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‘格雷格,你是不是陷入了确认偏误?
你是不是只看那些支持你想法的信息。’
11:07
Are you only looking for information信息
to support支持 what you already已经 think?"
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11:12
And if I was honest诚实 with myself,
and I tried试着 to be,
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如果我对自己诚实,也试图对自己诚实,
我得承认是这样的。
11:14
I admitted承认 that was going on.
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11:17
And so the more I talked to scientists科学家们
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所以我和科学家交谈的次数越多,
阅读同行评议的文献越多,
11:19
and read peer-reviewed同行评审 literature文学
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我也努力像我在
宾夕法尼亚州立大学上学时
11:21
and tried试着 to conduct进行 myself the way
I'd been taught to conduct进行 myself
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被教导的那样去要求自己,
11:26
at Penn佩恩 State when I was a student学生,
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11:29
it became成为 very difficult for me
to make the argument论据
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对我来说,就越难证明
我们一点也没有被影响。
11:32
that we weren't at least最小
having some effect影响.
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也许,到底被影响了多少还是个疑问,
11:34
Maybe there was still a doubt怀疑
as to how much,
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但作为一个科学家或一个人,
说‘一点也没被影响’
11:36
but to say "nothing" was not
a responsible主管 thing for me to do
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是一件不负责任的事情。”
11:41
as a scientist科学家 or a person.
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11:45
JMSJms: Greg格雷格 Fishel菲谢尔 just talked
about expanding扩大 his radius半径
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JMS:格雷格·费舍尔刚刚在说
扩大他认知科学的半径。
11:49
of understanding理解 of science科学.
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当我们扩大我们的半径时,
11:50
And when we expand扩大 our radius半径,
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不是为了创造一个更好的未来,
11:52
it's not about making制造 a better future未来,
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而是为了保留我们所知的生活。
11:56
but it's about preserving
life as we know it.
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12:00
So as we think about expanding扩大
our own拥有 radius半径 in understanding理解 science科学,
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所以当我们想要扩大
我们对科学的理解范围时,
12:06
it's critical危急 for Athens雅典, Georgia格鲁吉亚,
for Atlanta亚特兰大, Georgia格鲁吉亚,
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这对乔治亚州的雅典和亚特兰大,
对乔治亚州和整个世界都很重要。
12:09
for the state of Georgia格鲁吉亚,
and for the world世界.
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12:12
So expand扩大 your radius半径.
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所以,扩大你的半径吧。
谢谢。
12:14
Thank you.
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(鼓掌)
12:16
(Applause掌声)
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Translated by jacks jun
Reviewed by Maggie Wang

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
J. Marshall Shepherd - Meteorologist
Dr. J. Marshall Shepherd is a leading international expert in weather and climate and is the Georgia Athletic Association Distinguished Professor of Geography and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Georgia.

Why you should listen

Dr. J. Marshall Shepherd was the 2013 President of American Meteorological Society (AMS), the nation's largest and oldest professional/science society in the atmospheric and related sciences. He serves as Director of the University of Georgia's (UGA) Atmospheric Sciences Program and Full Professor in the Department of Geography where he is Associate Department Head.

Shepherd is also the host of The Weather Channel’s Weather Geeks, a pioneering Sunday talk show dedicated to science, and he is a contributor to Forbes Magazine. Dr. Shepherd routinely appears on national media outlets like CNN, The Weather Channel, CBS's Face The Nation and more. He also provides expertise to NASA, NOAA, The White House, Congress and other stakeholders.

More profile about the speaker
J. Marshall Shepherd | Speaker | TED.com