TEDGlobal 2012
Sarah-Jayne Blakemore: The mysterious workings of the adolescent brain
Sarah-Jayne Blakemore: Misteriozno djelovanje mozga adolescenata
Filmed:
Readability: 5
3,041,951 views
Zašto nam se tinejdžeri čine impulzivnijima, manje samosvjesnima nego odrasli? Kognitivna neuroznanstvenica Sarah-Jayne Blackmore uspoređuje prefrontalni korteks adolescenata s onim odraslih osoba, kako bi nam pokazala na koji je način tipično "tinejdžersko" ponašanje uzrokovano s mozgom koji raste i razvija se.
Sarah-Jayne Blakemore - Cognitive Neuroscientist
Sarah-Jayne Blakemore studies the social brain -- the network of brain regions involved in understanding other people -- and how it develops in adolescents. Full bio
Sarah-Jayne Blakemore studies the social brain -- the network of brain regions involved in understanding other people -- and how it develops in adolescents. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
Fifteen years ago, it was widely assumed
0
688
2889
Prije petnaest godina smatralo se
00:19
that the vast majority of brain development
1
3577
2050
da se velika većina razvoja mozga
00:21
takes place in the first few years of life.
2
5627
2979
odvija u prvih nekoliko godina života.
00:24
Back then, 15 years ago, we didn't have the ability
3
8606
2712
Tad, prije 15 godina, nismo mogli
00:27
to look inside the living human brain
4
11318
2621
pogledati u živi ljudski mozak
00:29
and track development across the lifespan.
5
13939
3038
i pratiti njegov razvoj kroz životni vijek.
00:32
In the past decade or so, mainly due to advances
6
16977
3161
U prošlom desetljeću, ponajviše zbog napretka
00:36
in brain imaging technology
7
20138
1805
tehnologije snimanja mozga
00:37
such as magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI,
8
21943
2943
poput magnetske rezonance ili MRI-ja,
00:40
neuroscientists have started to look inside the living
9
24886
3127
neuroznanstvenici su započeli gledati
00:43
human brain of all ages, and to track changes
10
28013
2419
u živi ljudski mozak svih starosti, i pratiti promjene
00:46
in brain structure and brain function,
11
30432
2871
u strukturi mozga i moždanim funkcijama.
00:49
so we use structural MRI if you'd like to take a snapshot,
12
33303
3677
Tako koristimo strukturni MRI ako želimo
00:52
a photograph, at really high resolution of the inside
13
36980
3062
fotografirati, pri jako visokoj rezoluciji,
00:55
of the living human brain, and we can ask questions like,
14
40042
3220
živi ljudski mozak i možemo postaviti pitanja poput:
00:59
how much gray matter does the brain contain,
15
43262
2440
"Koliko sive tvari mozak sadrži
01:01
and how does that change with age?
16
45702
1803
i kako se to mijenja s godinama?"
01:03
And we also use functional MRI, called fMRI,
17
47505
3712
Također, koristimo funkcionalni MRI, nazvan fMRI,
01:07
to take a video, a movie, of brain activity
18
51217
3395
kako bismo napravili snimku, film, aktivnosti mozga
01:10
when participants are taking part in some kind of task
19
54612
2868
dok sudionici sudjeluju u nekom zadatku
01:13
like thinking or feeling or perceiving something.
20
57480
2892
poput razmišljanja ili osjećanja
ili percipiranja nečega.
ili percipiranja nečega.
01:16
So many labs around the world are involved in this kind
21
60372
2766
Mnogi laboratoriji diljem svijeta uključeni su u takva
01:19
of research, and we now have a really rich
22
63138
2230
istraživanja i sad stvarno imamo vrijednu
01:21
and detailed picture of how the living human brain develops,
23
65368
3524
i detaljnu sliku načina
na koji se razvija živi ljudski mozak.
na koji se razvija živi ljudski mozak.
01:24
and this picture has radically changed the way
24
68892
3068
Ta je slika radikalno promijenila način
01:27
we think about human brain development
25
71960
2633
na koji razmišljamo o razvoju mozga,
01:30
by revealing that it's not all over in early childhood,
26
74593
2768
otkrivajući da nije sve gotovo u ranom djetinjstvu,
01:33
and instead, the brain continues to develop
27
77361
2711
već se mozak nastavlja razvijati
01:35
right throughout adolescence and into the '20s and '30s.
28
80072
4046
kroz adolescenciju te kroz 20-e i 30-e godine.
01:40
So adolescence is defined as the period of life that starts
29
84118
3979
Adolescencija je definirana
kao razdoblje života koje započinje
kao razdoblje života koje započinje
01:43
with the biological, hormonal, physical changes of puberty
30
88097
4396
s biološkim, hormonskim
i psihičkim promjenama puberteta,
i psihičkim promjenama puberteta,
01:48
and ends at the age at which an individual attains
31
92493
3285
a završava kad pojedinac dosegne
01:51
a stable, independent role in society.
32
95778
3451
stabilnu, nezavisnu ulogu u društvu.
01:55
(Laughter)
33
99229
1790
(Smijeh)
01:56
It can go on a long time. (Laughter)
34
101019
2765
Može dugo potrajati. (Smijeh)
01:59
One of the brain regions that changes most dramatically
35
103784
3019
Jedno od područja mozga koja se najviše mijenja
02:02
during adolescence is called prefrontal cortex.
36
106803
3264
tijekom adolescencije zove se prefrontalni korteks.
02:05
So this is a model of the human brain,
37
110067
2977
Ovo je model ljudskog mozga,
02:08
and this is prefrontal cortex, right at the front.
38
113044
2880
a ovo je prefrontalni korteks, skroz naprijed.
02:11
Prefrontal cortex is an interesting brain area.
39
115924
2509
Prefrontalni korteks je zanimljivo područje mozga.
02:14
It's proportionally much bigger in humans than
40
118433
3114
Proporcionalno je mnogo veće kod čovjeka nego
02:17
in any other species, and it's involved in a whole range of
41
121547
3627
kod ijedne druge vrste, a uključeno je u cijeli niz
02:21
high level cognitive functions, things like decision-making,
42
125190
3272
viših kognitivnih funkcija, poput donošenja odluka,
02:24
planning, planning what you're going to do tomorrow
43
128462
2090
planiranja, planiranja onog što ćete raditi sutra
02:26
or next week or next year, inhibiting
44
130552
2740
ili sljedeći tjedan ili sljedeće godine,
02:29
inappropriate behavior, so stopping yourself saying
45
133292
2666
sprječavanja neprimjerenog ponašanja,
npr. zaustavljanje sama sebe kako ne bi rekli
npr. zaustavljanje sama sebe kako ne bi rekli
02:31
something really rude or doing something really stupid.
46
135958
2925
nešto zaista nepristojno ili učinili nešto zaista glupo.
02:34
It's also involved in social interaction,
47
138883
1778
Uključen je i u društvene interakcije,
02:36
understanding other people, and self-awareness.
48
140661
3124
razumijevanje drugih ljudi i samosvijest.
02:39
So MRI studies looking at the development of this region
49
143785
3050
MRI istraživanja razvoja tog područja
02:42
have shown that it really undergoes dramatic development
50
146835
2470
pokazala su da doista prolazi kroz dramatičan razvoj
02:45
during the period of adolescence.
51
149305
2933
kroz razdoblje adolescencije.
02:48
So if you look at gray matter volume, for example,
52
152238
2958
Ako pogledate obujam sive tvari, na primjer,
02:51
gray matter volume across age from age four to 22 years
53
155196
4849
obujam sive tvari povećava se od 4. do 22. godine,
02:55
increases during childhood, which is what you can see
54
160045
2322
povećava se tijekom djetinjstva, što možete vidjeti
02:58
on this graph. It peaks in early adolescence.
55
162367
3753
na ovom grafikonu. Doseže vrh u ranoj adolescenciji.
03:02
The arrows indicate peak gray matter volume
56
166120
2565
Strelice pokazuju vrhunac obujma sive tvari
03:04
in prefrontal cortex. You can see that that peak happens
57
168685
3466
u prefrontalnom korteksu. Možete vidjeti da se taj vrh
03:08
a couple of years later in boys relative to girls,
58
172151
3510
kod dječaka pojavljuje nekoliko godina kasnije
u odnosu na djevojčice,
u odnosu na djevojčice,
03:11
and that's probably because boys go through puberty
59
175661
1839
vjerojatno zbog toga što dječaci
kasnije prolaze kroz pubertet
kasnije prolaze kroz pubertet
03:13
a couple of years later than girls on average,
60
177500
2252
nego djevojčice, u prosjeku,
03:15
and then during adolescence, there's a significant decline
61
179752
3435
te da tijekom adolescencije
postoji značajno smanjenje
postoji značajno smanjenje
03:19
in gray matter volume in prefrontal cortex.
62
183187
2685
u obujmu sive tvari u prefrontalnom korteksu.
03:21
Now that might sound bad, but actually this is
63
185872
2025
To možda zvuči loše, ali u stvarnosti je ovo
03:23
a really important developmental process, because
64
187897
3150
zaista važan razvojni proces,
03:26
gray matter contains cell bodies and connections
65
191047
4106
zato što siva tvar sadrži stanice
03:31
between cells, the synapses, and this decline
66
195153
3454
i veze među stanicama, sinapse, te se ovo smanjenje
03:34
in gray matter volume during prefrontal cortex
67
198607
2745
obujma sive tvari u prefrontalnom korteksu
03:37
is thought to correspond to synaptic pruning,
68
201352
2892
smatra ekvivalentom sinaptičkom obrezivanju,
03:40
the elimination of unwanted synapses.
69
204244
2323
eliminaciji neželjenih sinapsi.
03:42
This is a really important process. It's partly dependent
70
206567
3133
Ovo je vrlo važan proces. Djelomično ovisi
03:45
on the environment that the animal or the human is in,
71
209700
3134
o okruženju u kojem se nalaze životinje i ljudi,
03:48
and the synapses that are being used are strengthened,
72
212834
3444
i sinapse koje se koriste postaju jače,
03:52
and synapses that aren't being used
73
216278
1933
a sinapse koje se ne koriste
03:54
in that particular environment are pruned away.
74
218211
2332
u tom posebnom okruženju obrezuju se.
03:56
You can think of it a bit like pruning a rosebush.
75
220543
2506
Možete to zamisliti kao obrezivanje ružinog grma.
03:58
You prune away the weaker branches so that
76
223049
2840
Obrezujete slabije grane tako da
04:01
the remaining, important branches, can grow stronger,
77
225889
3038
ostale, važne grane mogu narasti snažnije
04:04
and this process, which effectively fine-tunes brain tissue
78
228927
3926
i taj proces, koji učinkovito podešava moždano tkivo
04:08
according to the species-specific environment,
79
232853
2667
prema okruženju specifičnom za određenu vrstu,
04:11
is happening in prefrontal cortex and in other brain regions
80
235520
2915
događa se u prefrontalnom korteksu
i u drugim područjima mozga
i u drugim područjima mozga
04:14
during the period of human adolescence.
81
238435
3554
tijekom razdoblja ljudske adolescencije.
04:17
So a second line of inquiry that we use to track changes
82
241989
3701
Drugi pravac istraživanja koji smo koristili
kako bismo pratili promjene
kako bismo pratili promjene
04:21
in the adolescent brain is using functional MRI
83
245690
3252
u mozgu adolescenata
jest korištenje funkcionalne MRI
jest korištenje funkcionalne MRI
04:24
to look at changes in brain activity across age.
84
248942
3273
za gledanje promjena
u moždanoj aktivnosti kroz godine.
u moždanoj aktivnosti kroz godine.
04:28
So I'll just give you an example from my lab.
85
252215
1642
Dat ću vam primjer iz svog laboratorija,
04:29
So in my lab, we're interested in the social brain, that is
86
253857
3561
Dakle, u mom nas laboratoriju zanima društveni mozak,
04:33
the network of brain regions that we use to understand
87
257418
3584
odnosno mreža područja mozga
koju koristimo za razumijevanje
koju koristimo za razumijevanje
04:36
other people and to interact with other people.
88
261002
2433
drugih ljudi ili za interakciju s drugim ljudima.
04:39
So I like to show a photograph of a soccer game
89
263435
3766
Želim vam pokazati fotografiju nogometne utakmice
04:43
to illustrate two aspects of how your social brains work.
90
267201
4407
kako bih vam prikazala dva aspekta
na koje funkcionira vaš društveni mozak.
na koje funkcionira vaš društveni mozak.
04:47
So this is a soccer game. (Laughter)
91
271608
1433
Ovo je nogometna utakmica. (Smijeh)
04:48
Michael Owen has just missed a goal, and he's lying
92
273041
2642
Michael Owen je upravo promašio gol
04:51
on the ground, and the first aspect of the social brain
93
275683
2802
i leži na zemlji, a prvi aspekt društvenog mozga
04:54
that this picture really nicely illustrates is how automatic
94
278485
2959
koji ova slika stvarno lijepo prikazuje jest kako su
04:57
and instinctive social emotional responses are,
95
281444
3050
automatski i instinktivni
društveno emocionalni odgovori.
društveno emocionalni odgovori.
05:00
so within a split second of Michael Owen missing this goal,
96
284494
2964
Tako unutar pola sekunde otkad je
Michael Owen promašio ovaj gol
Michael Owen promašio ovaj gol
05:03
everyone is doing the same thing with their arms
97
287458
1810
svi rade istu stvar svojim rukama
05:05
and the same thing with their face, even Michael Owen
98
289268
1803
i istu stvar svojim licem, čak i Michael Owen
05:06
as he slides along the grass, is doing the same thing
99
291071
1824
dok klizi po travi radi istu stvar
05:08
with his arms, and presumably has a similar
100
292895
2269
svojim rukama, i vjerojatno ima
05:11
facial expression, and the only people who don't
101
295164
1974
sličan izraz lica, a jedini ljudi koji ga nemaju
05:13
are the guys in yellow at the back — (Laughs) —
102
297138
3461
dečki su u žutom u pozadini -- (Smijeh) --
05:16
and I think they're on the wrong end of the stadium,
103
300599
2543
i mislim da su na pogrešnoj strani stadiona
05:19
and they're doing another social emotional response
104
303142
2295
te imaju drugu društveno emocionalnu reakciju
05:21
that we all instantly recognize, and that's the second aspect
105
305437
2635
koju svi mi u trenutku prepoznajemo,
a to je drugi aspekt
a to je drugi aspekt
05:23
of the social brain that this picture really nicely illustrates,
106
308072
3636
društvenog mozga koji ova slika
stvarno lijepo dočarava,
stvarno lijepo dočarava,
05:27
how good we are at reading other people's behavior,
107
311708
3382
kako dobro čitamo ponašanje drugih ljudi,
05:30
their actions, their gestures, their facial expressions,
108
315090
2677
njihove radnje, njihove geste, njihove izraze lica,
05:33
in terms of their underlying emotions and mental states.
109
317767
3816
u smislu njihovih osnovnih emocija
i mentalnog stanja.
i mentalnog stanja.
05:37
So you don't have to ask any of these guys.
110
321583
1777
Pa ne morate pitati ni jednog od ovih dečki.
05:39
You have a pretty good idea of what they're feeling
111
323360
2541
Imate dobru predodžbu onoga što osjećaju
05:41
and thinking at this precise moment in time.
112
325901
2588
i misle u tom trenutku.
05:44
So that's what we're interested in looking at in my lab.
113
328489
1756
To je ono što želimo promatrati u mom laboratoriju.
05:46
So in my lab, we bring adolescents and adults into the lab
114
330245
3572
Dakle, u moj laboratorij
dovodimo adolescente i odrasle
dovodimo adolescente i odrasle
05:49
to have a brain scan, we give them some kind of task
115
333833
2385
na skeniranje mozga, dajemo im nekakav zadatak
05:52
that involves thinking about other people, their minds,
116
336218
3294
koji uključuje razmišljanje
o drugim ljudima, njihovim umovima,
o drugim ljudima, njihovim umovima,
05:55
their mental states, their emotions, and one of the findings
117
339512
2894
njihovom mentalnom stanju,
njihovim emocijama. Jedan od nalaza
njihovim emocijama. Jedan od nalaza
05:58
that we've found several times now, as have other labs
118
342406
2846
koji smo pronašli već nekoliko puta,
kao i mnogi drugi laboratoriji diljem svijeta,
kao i mnogi drugi laboratoriji diljem svijeta,
06:01
around the world, is part of the prefrontal cortex called
119
345252
3218
jest dio prefrontalnog korteksa koji se zove
06:04
medial prefrontal cortex, which is shown in blue on the slide,
120
348470
3218
središnji prefrontalni korteks, koji je prikazan plavo na slajdu,
06:07
and it's right in the middle of prefrontal cortex
121
351688
2756
a nalazi se u sredini prefrontalnog korteksa
06:10
in the midline of your head.
122
354444
2398
duž sredine vaše glave.
06:12
This region is more active in adolescents when they make
123
356842
3283
To područje je aktivnije kod adolescenata
06:16
these social decisions and think about other people
124
360125
2127
kad donose društvene odluke
i razmišljaju o drugim ljudima,
i razmišljaju o drugim ljudima,
06:18
than it is in adults, and this is actually a meta-analysis
125
362252
2801
nego što je kod odraslih, i to je zapravo meta-analiza
06:20
of nine different studies in this area from labs around
126
365053
3240
devet različitih istraživanja u ovom području iz laboratorija
06:24
the world, and they all show the same thing, that activity
127
368293
2700
diljem svijeta, i sva su pokazala da se aktivnost
06:26
in this medial prefrontal cortex area decreases
128
370993
3370
u središnjem prefrontalnom korteksu smanjuje
06:30
during the period of adolescence.
129
374363
2447
tijekom razdoblja adolescencije.
06:32
And we think that might be because adolescents and adults
130
376810
2644
Mislimo da je to zbog toga što adolescenti i odrasli
06:35
use a different mental approach, a different
131
379454
2366
koriste drugačiji mentalni pristup,
06:37
cognitive strategy, to make social decisions,
132
381820
3418
drugačiju kognitivnu strategiju,
za donošenje društvenih odluka,
za donošenje društvenih odluka,
06:41
and one way of looking at that is to do behavioral studies
133
385238
3516
i jedan od načina gledanja na to
bihevioralna su istraživanja
bihevioralna su istraživanja
06:44
whereby we bring people into the lab and we give them
134
388754
1977
u kojima ljudima u laboratoriju dajemo
06:46
some kind of behavioral task, and I'll just give you
135
390731
2544
nekakvu vrstu bihevioralnog zadatka.
06:49
another example of the kind of task that we use in my lab.
136
393275
3210
Dat ću vam još jedan primjer vrste zadatka
kakav koristimo u mom laboratoriju.
kakav koristimo u mom laboratoriju.
06:52
So imagine that you're the participant in one of our
137
396485
2648
Zamislite da ste sudionik u jednom
06:55
experiments. You come into the lab,
138
399133
1725
od naših pokusa. Dolazite u laboratorij,
06:56
you see this computerized task.
139
400858
2674
vidite ovaj računalni zadatak.
06:59
In this task, you see a set of shelves.
140
403532
2790
U ovom zadatku vidite set polica.
07:02
Now, there are objects on these shelves, on some of them,
141
406322
2817
Predmeti su na policama, na nekima od njih,
07:05
and you'll notice there's a guy standing behind the set
142
409139
2971
i primijetit ćete da čovjek stoji iza police
07:08
of shelves, and there are some objects that he can't see.
143
412110
3585
te da neke predmete on ne može vidjeti.
07:11
They're occluded, from his point of view, with a kind of
144
415695
2279
Oni su zaklonjeni, iz njegovog kuta gledanja,
07:13
gray piece of wood.
145
417974
2644
nekim komadom sivog drveta.
07:16
This is the same set of shelves from his point of view.
146
420618
3484
Ovo je isti set polica iz njegovog kuta gledišta.
07:20
Notice that there are only some objects that he can see,
147
424102
3493
Primijetite da on može vidjeti
samo određene predmete,
samo određene predmete,
07:23
whereas there are many more objects that you can see.
148
427595
2452
dok je mnogo više predmeta koje vi možete vidjeti.
07:25
Now your task is to move objects around.
149
430047
2196
Vaš je zadatak pomicati predmete uokolo.
07:28
The director, standing behind the set of shelves,
150
432243
2362
Voditelj, koji stoji iza polica
07:30
is going to direct you to move objects around,
151
434605
2745
usmjeravat će vas da pomičete predmete uokolo,
07:33
but remember, he's not going to ask you to move objects
152
437350
1894
ali zapamtite, neće vas tražiti da pomičete predmete
07:35
that he can't see. This introduces a really interesting
153
439244
3720
koje on ne možete vidjeti. To uvodi zaista zanimljiv
07:38
condition whereby there's a kind of conflict
154
442964
2193
uvjet zbog kojeg postoji određeni konflikt
07:41
between your perspective and the director's perspective.
155
445157
3168
između vaše perspektive i voditeljeve perspektive.
07:44
So imagine he tells you to move the top truck left.
156
448325
3240
Zamislite da vam kaže
da pomaknete gornji kamion ulijevo.
da pomaknete gornji kamion ulijevo.
07:47
There are three trucks there. You're going to instinctively
157
451565
2031
Ondje su tri kamiona. Vi ćete instinktivno
07:49
go for the white truck, because that's the top truck
158
453611
2150
krenuti po bijeli kamion jer to je gornji kamion
07:51
from your perspective, but then you have to remember,
159
455761
2818
iz vaše perspektive, ali tad se morate sjetiti
07:54
"Oh, he can't see that truck, so he must mean
160
458579
2059
da on ne može vidjeti taj kamion
pa vjerojatno želi
pa vjerojatno želi
07:56
me to move the blue truck," which is the top truck
161
460638
2757
da pomaknete plavi kamion, koji je gornji kamion
07:59
from his perspective. Now believe it or not,
162
463395
2645
iz njegove perspektive. Vjerovali ili ne,
08:01
normal, healthy, intelligent adults like you make errors
163
466040
2951
normalna, zdrava inteligentna odrasla osoba
poput vas radi pogreške
poput vas radi pogreške
08:04
about 50 percent of the time on that kind of trial.
164
468991
3140
oko 50 posto vremena u takvoj vrsti pokusa.
08:08
They move the white truck instead of the blue truck.
165
472131
2843
Pomiču bijeli kamion umjesto plavog kamiona.
08:10
So we give this kind of task to adolescents and adults,
166
474974
3316
Zadatak te vrste dajemo adolescentima i odraslima,
08:14
and we also have a control condition
167
478290
1554
a također imamo i kontrolni uvjet,
08:15
where there's no director and instead we give people a rule.
168
479844
4061
gdje nema voditelja,
a umjesto toga ljudima dajemo pravilo.
a umjesto toga ljudima dajemo pravilo.
08:19
We tell them, okay, we're going to do exactly the same thing
169
483905
1914
Kažemo im: Radit ćemo potpuno istu stvar,
08:21
but this time there's no director. Instead you've got to
170
485819
2837
ali ovaj put nema voditelja. Umjesto toga trebate
08:24
ignore objects with the dark gray background.
171
488656
3207
ignorirati predmete s tamno sivom pozadinom.
08:27
You'll see that this is exactly the same condition, only
172
491863
2700
Vidjeti ćete da je to potpuno isti uvjet, samo što
08:30
in the no-director condition they just have to remember
173
494563
2846
kad uvjeta nepostojanja voditelja trebaju se sjetiti
08:33
to apply this somewhat arbitrary rule, whereas
174
497409
3071
primijeniti to proizvoljno pravilo,
08:36
in the director condition, they have to remember
175
500480
1680
dok kod uvjeta s voditeljem, moraju se sjetiti
08:38
to take into account the director's perspective
176
502160
3541
uzeti u obzir voditeljevu perspektivu
08:41
in order to guide their ongoing behavior.
177
505701
4297
kako bi usmjeravali svoje ponašanje.
08:45
Okay, so if I just show you the percentage errors
178
509998
2610
Ako vam pokažem postotak pogrešaka
08:48
in a large developmental study we did,
179
512608
2566
u velikom razvojnom istraživanju koje smo proveli,
08:51
this is in a study ranging from age seven to adulthood,
180
515174
3554
ovo je u istraživanju u rasponu
od sedme godine do odrasle dobi,
od sedme godine do odrasle dobi,
08:54
and what you're going to see is the percentage errors
181
518728
1210
a ono što ćete vidjeti jest postotak pogrešaka
08:55
in the adult group in both conditions,
182
519938
1974
kod grupe odraslih kod oba uvjeta.
08:57
so the gray is the director condition, and you see
183
521927
3271
Sivo je uvjet s voditeljem i vidite kako
09:01
that our intelligent adults are making errors about 50 percent
184
525198
2573
naši inteligentni odrasli rade pogreške
oko 50 posto vremena
oko 50 posto vremena
09:03
of the time, whereas they make far fewer errors
185
527771
2715
dok manje pogrešaka rade
09:06
when there's no director present, when they just have
186
530486
2028
kad voditeljne postoji, kad se samo treba
09:08
to remember that rule of ignoring the gray background.
187
532514
3081
sjetiti pravila ignoriranja sive pozadine.
09:11
Developmentally, these two conditions develop
188
535595
2668
Razvojno se ta dva uvjeta razvijaju
09:14
in exactly the same way. Between late childhood
189
538263
2923
u potpuno istom smjeru. Između kasnog djetinjstva
09:17
and mid-adolescence, there's an improvement,
190
541186
2241
i sredine adolescencije, postoji poboljšanje,
09:19
in other words a reduction of errors, in both of these trials,
191
543427
3351
drugim riječima, smanjenje pogrešaka u oba pokusa
09:22
in both of these conditions.
192
546778
1120
kod oba uvjeta.
09:23
But it's when you compare the last two groups,
193
547898
2285
Ali, kad usporedite posljednje dvije grupe,
09:26
the mid-adolescent group and the adult group
194
550183
1952
grupu srednje adolescencije i grupu odraslih,
09:28
where things get really interesting, because there, there is
195
552135
3160
postaje doista zanimljivo zato što ne postoji
09:31
no continued improvement in the no-director condition.
196
555295
3038
kontinuirano poboljšanje kod
uvjeta nepostojanja voditelja.
uvjeta nepostojanja voditelja.
09:34
In other words, everything you need to do in order to
197
558333
2930
Drugim riječima, sve što trebate napraviti kako biste
09:37
remember the rule and apply it seems to be fully developed
198
561263
2706
zapamtili pravilo i primijenili ga, čini se da se potpuno razvilo
09:39
by mid-adolescence, whereas in contrast,
199
563969
2531
do sredine adolescencije, a u kontrastu s tim,
09:42
if you look at the last two gray bars, there's still
200
566500
2397
ako pogledate dvije posljednje sive trake, još uvijek
09:44
a significant improvement in the director condition
201
568897
3150
postoji značajno poboljšanje u uvjetu s voditeljem
09:47
between mid-adolescence and adulthood, and what
202
572047
2441
između sredine adolescencije i odrasle dobi.
09:50
this means is that the ability to take into account someone
203
574488
3376
To znači da se sposobnost uzimanja u obzir
09:53
else's perspective in order to guide ongoing behavior,
204
577864
3285
perspektive nekog drugog
kako bismo usmjeravali ponašanje u tijeku,
kako bismo usmjeravali ponašanje u tijeku,
09:57
which is something, by the way, that we do in everyday life all
205
581149
2259
što je, usput rečeno, ono što stalno radimo
09:59
the time, is still developing in mid-to-late adolescence.
206
583408
4606
u svakodnevnom životu, još uvijek razvija
od sredine do kraja adolescencije.
od sredine do kraja adolescencije.
10:03
So if you have a teenage son or a daughter and you
207
588014
2540
Ako imate sina ili kćer tinejdžere
10:06
sometimes think they have problems taking other people's
208
590554
2409
i ponekad mislite da imaju problem viđenja
10:08
perspectives, you're right. They do. And this is why.
209
592963
3756
tuđe perspektive, u pravu ste.
Imaju problem. I ovo je razlog tome.
Imaju problem. I ovo je razlog tome.
10:12
So we sometimes laugh about teenagers.
210
596719
3513
Ponekad se smijemo tinejdžerima.
10:16
They're parodied, sometimes even demonized in the media
211
600232
3863
Parodiramo ih,
ponekad čak i demoniziramo u medijima
ponekad čak i demoniziramo u medijima
10:19
for their kind of typical teenage behavior. They take risks,
212
604095
3527
zbog njihovog tipično tinejdžerskog ponašanja.
Oni riskiraju,
Oni riskiraju,
10:23
they're sometimes moody, they're very self-conscious.
213
607622
2771
ponekad su ćudljivi, vrlo su samosvijesni.
10:26
I have a really nice anecdote from a friend of mine
214
610393
2493
Znam zgodnu priču svog prijatelja.
10:28
who said that the thing he noticed most
215
612886
2487
Rekao je da je ono što je najviše primijetio
10:31
about his teenage daughters before and after puberty
216
615373
2981
kod svojih kćeri tinejdžerki, prije i nakon puberteta,
10:34
was their level of embarrassment in front of him.
217
618354
2244
bila njihova razina neugode pred njim.
10:36
So, he said, "Before puberty, if my two daughters
218
620614
2489
Rekao je: "Prije puberteta, ako su se moje kćeri
10:39
were messing around in a shop, I'd say, 'Hey,
219
623103
2254
zezale po trgovini, rekao bih im
10:41
stop messing around and I'll sing your favorite song,'
220
625357
1749
da prestanu pa ću im otpjevati
njihovu najdražu pjesmu.
njihovu najdražu pjesmu.
10:43
and instantly they'd stop messing around and he'd sing
221
627106
1901
Odmah bi prestale i on bi pjevao
10:44
their favorite song. After puberty, that became the threat.
222
629007
3471
njihovu najdražu pjesmu.
Nakon puberteta, to je postala prijetnja.
Nakon puberteta, to je postala prijetnja.
10:48
(Laughter)
223
632478
1817
(Smijeh)
10:50
The very notion of their dad singing in public
224
634295
3477
Sama pomisao na to da njihov tata pjeva u javnosti
10:53
was enough to make them behave.
225
637772
2363
bila je dovoljna da se ponašaju pristojno.
10:56
So people often ask,
226
640135
1428
Ljudi često pitaju:
10:57
"Well, is adolescence a kind of recent phenomenon?
227
641563
2633
"Je li adolescencija vrsta novijeg fenomena,
11:00
Is it something we've invented recently in the West?"
228
644196
2122
nešto što smo nedavno izmislili na Zapadu?"
11:02
And actually, the answer is probably not. There are lots
229
646318
2668
I zapravo, odgovor je
da vjerojatno nije. Postoje mnogi
da vjerojatno nije. Postoje mnogi
11:04
of descriptions of adolescence in history that sound
230
648986
3423
opisi adolescencije u povijesti koji zvuče
11:08
very similar to the descriptions we use today.
231
652409
2157
jako slično opisima koje danas koristimo.
11:10
So there's a famous quote by Shakespeare from "The Winter's Tale"
232
654566
4233
Postoji poznat Shakespeareov citat iz "Zimske priče"
11:14
where he describes adolescence as follows:
233
658799
2775
koji ovako opisuje adolescenciju:
11:17
"I would there were no age between ten and
234
661574
2846
"Želio bih da ne postoje godine
između desete i dvadesettreće,
između desete i dvadesettreće,
11:20
three-and-twenty, or that youth would sleep out the rest;
235
664420
3240
ili da mladi prespavajuto doba;
11:23
for there is nothing in the between but getting wenches
236
667660
2091
jer ne postoji ništa između doli ostavljanja djeve
11:25
with child, wronging the ancientry, stealing, fighting." (Laughter)
237
669751
6223
s djetetom, griješenja o starost, krađe, tuče."
(Smijeh)
(Smijeh)
11:31
He then goes on to say, "Having said that, would any
238
675974
4534
Nastavlja: "Rekavši to, bi li itko
11:36
but these boiled brains of nineteen and two-and-twenty
239
680508
3145
od tih kuhanih mozgova od devetnaest i dvadesetdvije
11:39
hunt in this weather?" (Laughter)
240
683653
2498
išao u lov po ovakvom vremenu?" (Smijeh)
11:42
So almost 400 years ago, Shakespeare was portraying
241
686151
2926
Skoro prije 400 godina, Shakespeare je oslikavao
11:44
adolescents in a very similar light to the light that we
242
689077
2724
adolescente u svjetlu
vrlo sličnom onom u kakvom ih mi
vrlo sličnom onom u kakvom ih mi
11:47
portray them in today, but today we try to understand
243
691801
3459
oslikavamo danas, ali danas pokušavamo razumjeti
11:51
their behavior in terms of the underlying changes
244
695260
3087
njihovo ponašanje s obzirom na osnovne promjene
11:54
that are going on in their brain.
245
698347
1938
koje se odvijaju u njihovom mozgu.
11:56
So for example, take risk-taking. We know that adolescents
246
700285
3608
Na primjer, uzmite preuzimanje rizika.
Znamo da adolescenti
Znamo da adolescenti
11:59
have a tendency to take risks. They do.
247
703893
2325
imaju sklonost preuzimanju rizika. Zaista imaju.
12:02
They take more risks than children or adults,
248
706218
2632
Riskiraju više nego djeca ili odrasli,
12:04
and they are particularly prone to taking risks
249
708850
2460
posebno su skloni preuzimanju rizika
12:07
when they're with their friends. There's an important drive
250
711310
2968
kad su sa svojim prijateljima. Postoji važan nagon
12:10
to become independent from one's parents
251
714278
2486
da postanu neovisni o vlastitim roditeljima
12:12
and to impress one's friends in adolescence.
252
716764
2824
te da impresioniraju prijatelje u adolescenciji.
12:15
But now we try to understand that in terms of
253
719588
2599
Ali sad to pokušavamo razumjeti s obzirom na
12:18
the development of a part of their brain called the limbic system,
254
722187
2993
razvoj dijela njihovog mozga
koji se zove limbički sustav
koji se zove limbički sustav
12:21
so I'm going to show you the limbic system in red
255
725180
2543
pa ću vam pokazati limbički sustav obojen crveno
12:23
in the slide behind me, and also on this brain.
256
727723
1865
na slajdu iza mene i na ovom mozgu.
12:25
So the limbic system is right deep inside the brain,
257
729588
3109
Limbički sustav je duboko u unutrašnjosti mozga
12:28
and it's involved in things like emotion processing
258
732697
3733
i uključen je u stvari poput obrade emocija
12:32
and reward processing. It gives you the rewarding feeling
259
736430
3150
i obrade nagrađivanja. Pruža vam osjećaj nagrade
12:35
out of doing fun things, including taking risks.
260
739580
3296
kad radite zabavne stvari,
uključujući preuzimanje rizika.
uključujući preuzimanje rizika.
12:38
It gives you the kick out of taking risks.
261
742876
2365
Pruža vam osjećaj zadovoljstva kad riskirate.
12:41
And this region, the regions within the limbic system,
262
745241
3048
Otkriveno je da ovo područje,
područja unutar limbičkog sustava,
područja unutar limbičkog sustava,
12:44
have been found to be hypersensitive to the rewarding
263
748289
3419
veoma osjetljivo na nagrađujući osjećaj
12:47
feeling of risk-taking in adolescents compared with adults,
264
751708
3769
pri riskiranju kod adolescenata
u usporedbi s odraslima.
u usporedbi s odraslima.
12:51
and at the very same time, the prefrontal cortex,
265
755477
3702
Istovremeno, prefrontalni korteks,
12:55
which you can see in blue in the slide here,
266
759179
2274
koji možete vidjeti obojen u plavo na slajdu,
12:57
which stops us taking excessive risks,
267
761453
2867
koji nas sprječava da prekomjerno riskiramo,
13:00
is still very much in development in adolescents.
268
764320
3398
još je uvijek u razvoju kod adolescenata.
13:03
So brain research has shown that the adolescent brain
269
767718
3667
Dakle, straživanja mozga pokazala su
da mozak adolescenata
da mozak adolescenata
13:07
undergoes really quite profound development,
270
771385
3342
prolazi kroz prilično opsežan razvoj,
13:10
and this has implications for education, for rehabilitation,
271
774727
3956
a to utječe na obrazovanje, rehabilitaciju
13:14
and intervention. The environment, including teaching,
272
778683
4020
i intervenciju. Okruženje, uključujući poučavanje,
13:18
can and does shape the developing adolescent brain,
273
782703
3409
može oblikovati i oblikuje razvoj mozga adolescenata,
13:22
and yet it's only relatively recently that we have been
274
786112
2802
ali još do nedavno
13:24
routinely educating teenagers in the West.
275
788914
2505
rutinski smo poučavali tinejdžere na Zapadu.
13:27
All four of my grandparents, for example, left school
276
791419
3753
Obje moje bake i oba djeda,
na primjer, napustili su školu
na primjer, napustili su školu
13:31
in their early adolescence. They had no choice.
277
795172
3834
u svojoj ranoj adolescenciji. Nisu imali izbora.
13:34
And that's still the case for many, many teenagers
278
799006
2774
I to i danas čine mnogi tinejdžeri
13:37
around the world today. Forty percent of teenagers
279
801780
3167
diljem svijeta. Četrdeset posto tinejdžera
13:40
don't have access to secondary school education.
280
804947
4222
nema pristup srednjoškolskom obrazovanju.
13:45
And yet, this is a period of life where the brain is
281
809169
2639
A to je razdoblje života kad je mozak
13:47
particularly adaptable and malleable.
282
811808
2847
posebno prilagodljiv i lako se formira.
13:50
It's a fantastic opportunity for learning and creativity.
283
814655
3770
To je odlična prilika za učenje i kreativnost.
13:54
So what's sometimes seen as the problem
284
818425
2233
Ono što se ponekad čini kao problem
13:56
with adolescents — heightened risk-taking, poor impulse
285
820658
2476
kod adolescenata --- pojačano riskiranje, impulzivnost,
13:59
control, self-consciousness — shouldn't be stigmatized.
286
823134
3942
samosvijest --- ne bi smjelo biti stigmatizirano.
14:02
It actually reflects changes in the brain that provide
287
827076
2837
Zapravo odražava promjene u mozgu koje pružaju
14:05
an excellent opportunity for education
288
829913
2914
odličnu priliku za obrazovanje
14:08
and social development. Thank you. (Applause)
289
832827
4430
i društveni razvoj. Hvala. (Pljesak)
14:13
(Applause)
290
837257
7770
(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sarah-Jayne Blakemore - Cognitive NeuroscientistSarah-Jayne Blakemore studies the social brain -- the network of brain regions involved in understanding other people -- and how it develops in adolescents.
Why you should listen
Remember being a teenager? Rocked internally with hormones, outwardly with social pressures, you sometimes wondered what was going on in your head. So does Sarah-Jayne Blakemore. And what she and others in her field are finding is: The adolescent brain really is different.
New brain imaging research and clever experiments are revealing how the cortex develops -- the executive part of the brain that handles things like planning, self-awareness, analysis of consequences and behavioral choices. It turns out that these regions develop more slowly during adolescence, and in fascinating ways that relate to risk-taking, peer pressure and learning.
Which leads to a bigger question: How can we better target education to speak to teenagers' growing, changing brains?
Sarah-Jayne Blakemore | Speaker | TED.com