ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Bloom - Psychologist
Paul Bloom explores some of the most puzzling aspects of human nature, including pleasure, religion, and morality.

Why you should listen

In Paul Bloom’s last book, How Pleasure Works, he explores the often-mysterious enjoyment that people get out of experiences such as sex, food, art, and stories. His latest book, Just Babies, examines the nature and origins of good and evil. How do we decide what's fair and unfair? What is the relationship between emotion and rationality in our judgments of right and wrong? And how much of morality is present at birth? To answer these questions, he and his colleagues at Yale study how babies make moral decisions. (How do you present a moral quandary to a 6-month-old? Through simple, gamelike experiments that yield surprisingly adult-like results.)  

Paul Bloom is a passionate teacher of undergraduates, and his popular Introduction to Psychology 110 class has been released to the world through the Open Yale Courses program. He has recently completed a second MOOC, “Moralities of Everyday Life”, that introduced moral psychology to tens of thousands of students. And he also presents his research to a popular audience though articles in The Atlantic, The New Yorker, and The New York Times. Many of the projects he works on are student-initiated, and all of them, he notes, are "strongly interdisciplinary, bringing in theory and research from areas such as cognitive, social, and developmental psychology, evolutionary theory, linguistics, theology and philosophy." 

He says: "A growing body of evidence suggests that humans do have a rudimentary moral sense from the very start of life."

More profile about the speaker
Paul Bloom | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2011

Paul Bloom: The origins of pleasure

Paul bloom: Origjina e kenaqesise

Filmed:
2,137,903 views

Pse ne na pelqen nje pikture origjinale me shume se ajo e fallco? Psikologu Paul Bloom argumenton qe qeniet njerzore jane themelore-- qe besimet tona rreth historise te nje objekti qe ndryshon se si e perjetojme ate, jo vetem si nje iluzion, por si nje tipar i thelle i asaj qe kenaqesia (dhe dhibmja ) eshte.
- Psychologist
Paul Bloom explores some of the most puzzling aspects of human nature, including pleasure, religion, and morality. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
I'm going to talk today
0
0
2000
Une do te flas sot
00:17
about the pleasures of everyday life.
1
2000
2000
per kenaqesite e jetes tone te perditshme.
00:19
But I want to begin with a story
2
4000
2000
Por une dua ta filloj me nje histori
00:21
of an unusual and terrible man.
3
6000
2000
te nje njeriu te tmerrshem dhe te pazakonte.
00:23
This is Hermann Goering.
4
8000
2000
Ky eshte Hermann Goering ( Geringu )
00:25
Goering was Hitler's second in command in World War II,
5
10000
3000
Geringu ishte i dyti ne komande pas Hitlerit ne Luften e Dyte Boterore,
00:28
his designated successor.
6
13000
2000
trashgimtari i disenjuar pas tij.
00:30
And like Hitler,
7
15000
2000
Dhe si Hitleri,
00:32
Goering fancied himself a collector of art.
8
17000
2000
Geringu imagjinoi vehten si koleksionist arti.
00:34
He went through Europe, through World War II,
9
19000
2000
Gjate luftes se dyte boterore kaloi nepermes evropes,
00:36
stealing, extorting and occasionally buying
10
21000
3000
duke vjedhur, zhvatur dhe rastesisht duke blere
00:39
various paintings for his collection.
11
24000
2000
piktura te ndryshme per koleksionin e tij .
00:41
And what he really wanted was something by Vermeer.
12
26000
3000
Dhe ajo cfare ai donte vertet ishte dicka nga Vermeer.
00:44
Hitler had two of them, and he didn't have any.
13
29000
3000
Hitleri kishte dy piktura te tij, kurse ai nuk kishte asnje.
00:47
So he finally found an art dealer,
14
32000
2000
Keshtu perfundimisht gjeti nje tregtar të veprave artistike,
00:49
a Dutch art dealer named Han van Meegeren,
15
34000
3000
nje tregtar Holandez te quajtur Han van Meergeren,
00:52
who sold him a wonderful Vermeer
16
37000
2000
qe i shiti atij nje nje Vermeer te mrekullueshem
00:54
for the cost of what would now be 10 million dollars.
17
39000
3000
per vleren qe do te kishin sot 10 milion dollare.
00:57
And it was his favorite artwork ever.
18
42000
3000
Dhe ajo ishte vepra e preferuar e te gjitha koherave.
01:00
World War II came to an end,
19
45000
2000
Luftes se Dyte po i vinte fundi ,
01:02
and Goering was captured, tried at Nuremberg
20
47000
3000
dhe Geringu u kap, u gjykua ne Nuremberg
01:05
and ultimately sentenced to death.
21
50000
3000
dhe ne fund u denua me vdekje.
01:08
Then the Allied forces went through his collections
22
53000
2000
Me pas forcat aleate rremuan mes koleksioneve te tij
01:10
and found the paintings
23
55000
2000
dhe gjeten pikturat
01:12
and went after the people who sold it to him.
24
57000
2000
dhe me pas te gjenin njerezit qe ja kishin shitur atij.
01:14
And at some point the Dutch police came into Amsterdam
25
59000
3000
Dhe deri ne ate pike sa qe policia holandeze erdhi ne Amsterdam
01:17
and arrested Van Meegeren.
26
62000
2000
dhe arrestoi Van Meergeren.
01:19
Van Meegeren was charged with the crime of treason,
27
64000
3000
Van Meergeren u akuzua per tradhti ,
01:22
which is itself punishable by death.
28
67000
3000
qe eshte edhe e denueshme me vdekje.
01:25
Six weeks into his prison sentence,
29
70000
2000
Gjashte jave ne nje burg ku vuante denimin ,
01:27
van Meegeren confessed.
30
72000
2000
Van Meerengen foli .
01:29
But he didn't confess to treason.
31
74000
2000
Por ai nuk e pranoi tradhtine.
01:31
He said, "I did not sell a great masterpiece
32
76000
3000
Ai tha, " Une nuk i shita kryevepren e madhe
01:34
to that Nazi.
33
79000
2000
atij Nazisti.
01:36
I painted it myself; I'm a forger."
34
81000
3000
Une e pikturova vete: Une jam nje falsifikator."
01:39
Now nobody believed him.
35
84000
3000
Por asnjeri nuk i besoj atij.
01:42
And he said, "I'll prove it.
36
87000
2000
Dhe ai tha, " Une do ta deshmoj kete.
01:44
Bring me a canvas and some paint,
37
89000
2000
Me sillni nje canavace dhe bojra,
01:46
and I will paint a Vermeer much better
38
91000
2000
dhe une do ta pikturoj nje Vermeer me mire
01:48
than I sold that disgusting Nazi.
39
93000
2000
se sa ajo qe i shita atij Nazisti te shpifur..
01:50
I also need alcohol and morphine, because it's the only way I can work."
40
95000
3000
Edhe une dua te pi alkol dhe morfine, sepse eshte e vetmja menyre qe une te punoj.
01:53
(Laughter)
41
98000
2000
( Te qeshura )
01:55
So they brought him in.
42
100000
2000
Dhe ata i sollen ate qe kerkoi.
01:57
He painted a beautiful Vermeer.
43
102000
3000
Ai pikturoi nje Vermeer shume te bukur.
02:00
And then the charges of treason were dropped.
44
105000
3000
Dhe me pas akuza per tradhi ra poshte.
02:03
He had a lesser charge of forgery,
45
108000
2000
Ai mori nje akuze me te vogel per falsifikator,
02:05
got a year sentence
46
110000
2000
dhe beri nje vit burg
02:07
and died a hero to the Dutch people.
47
112000
3000
dhe vdiq si hero per Holandezet.
02:11
There's a lot more to be said about van Meegeren,
48
116000
3000
Ka me shume per te thene reth Van Meergeren,
02:14
but I want to turn now to Goering,
49
119000
2000
por dua te kthehem tani tek Geringu,
02:16
who's pictured here being interrogated at Nuremberg.
50
121000
3000
piktura e te cilit eshte bere objekt hetimi ne Nuremberg.
02:19
Now Goering was, by all accounts, a terrible man.
51
124000
2000
Geringu ishte, nga te gjitha anet, nje njeri i tmerrshem.
02:21
Even for a Nazi, he was a terrible man.
52
126000
3000
Madje edhe per Nazistet, ai ishte nje njeri i tmerrshem.
02:24
His American interrogators described him
53
129000
3000
Hetuesit Amrikane e pershkruajne ate
02:27
as an amicable psychopath.
54
132000
2000
si nje psikopat te dashur.
02:29
But you could feel sympathy
55
134000
2000
Por ju mund te ndjeni keqardhje
02:31
for the reaction he had
56
136000
2000
per reagimin qe ai pati
02:33
when he was told that his favorite painting
57
138000
2000
kur mori vesh qe piktuara e tij e preferuar
02:35
was actually a forgery.
58
140000
2000
ishte nje fallco.
02:37
According to his biographer,
59
142000
2000
Sipas biografeve te tij,
02:39
"He looked as if for the first time
60
144000
2000
"Ai dukej si nje njeri qe per here te pare
02:41
he had discovered there was evil in the world."
61
146000
2000
kishte zbuluar qe ne bote ekzistone e keqja."
02:43
(Laughter)
62
148000
3000
( Te qeshura )
02:46
And he killed himself soon afterwards.
63
151000
3000
Dhe ai vrau vehten me pas.
02:49
He had discovered after all
64
154000
2000
Ai kishte zbuluar mbi te gjtha
02:51
that the painting he thought was this
65
156000
2000
qe piktura qe ai mendonte ishte se ishte kjo
02:53
was actually that.
66
158000
3000
aktualisht ishte ajo .
02:56
It looked the same,
67
161000
2000
Dukej si e njejta,
02:58
but it had a different origin, it was a different artwork.
68
163000
2000
por kishte nje prejardhje tjeter, ishte nje punim atistik i ndryshem.
03:00
It wasn't just him who was in for a shock.
69
165000
2000
Nuk ishte vetem ai qe kishte pesuar nje tronditje.
03:02
Once van Meegeren was on trial, he couldn't stop talking.
70
167000
3000
Kur Van Meegeren doli ne gjygj, ai nuk ndalonte se foluri.
03:05
And he boasted about all the great masterpieces
71
170000
2000
Dhe ai mburrej per cdo veper artistike
03:07
that he himself had painted
72
172000
2000
qe ai kishte pikturuar
03:09
that were attributed to other artists.
73
174000
2000
qe i ishin atribuar artisteve te tjeere.
03:11
In particular, "The Supper at Emmaus"
74
176000
2000
Ne vecanti , "Darka ne Emmanus"
03:13
which was viewed as Vermeer's finest masterpiece, his best work --
75
178000
3000
qe ishte pare si nje prej kryeveprave te Vermeer-ut, puna e tij me e mire --
03:16
people would come [from] all over the world to see it --
76
181000
3000
njerezit vinin nga e gjithe bota per ta pare ate --
03:19
was actually a forgery.
77
184000
2000
dhe aktualisht ishte nje kopje e falsifikuar.
03:21
It was not that painting, but that painting.
78
186000
2000
Nuk ishte vetem piktura, por edhe stili piktures.
03:23
And when that was discovered,
79
188000
2000
Dhe kur kjo u zbulua,
03:25
it lost all its value and was taken away from the museum.
80
190000
3000
e humbi te gjithe vleren dhe u hoq nga muzeumi.
03:28
Why does this matter?
81
193000
2000
Perse kjo ka rendesi ?
03:30
I'm a psychologists -- why do origins matter so much?
82
195000
3000
Per ju psikologet, pse origjina ka rendesi kaq shume?
03:33
Why do we respond so much
83
198000
2000
Perse i pergigjemi kaq shume
03:35
to our knowledge of where something comes from?
84
200000
3000
njohurive tona prej ku dicka e ka origjinen?
03:38
Well there's an answer that many people would give.
85
203000
2000
Mire, ka nje pergjigje qe te gjithe do ta jepnin.
03:40
Many sociologists like Veblen and Wolfe
86
205000
3000
Disa sociologjiste ashtu sic Veblen dhe Wolfe
03:43
would argue that the reason why we take origins so seriously
87
208000
3000
do te argumentonin qe aryeja pse origjina duhet marre seriozisht
03:46
is because we're snobs, because we're focused on status.
88
211000
3000
eshte sepse ne jemi snoba, sepse jemi te fokusuar te statuti.
03:49
Among other things,
89
214000
2000
Midis shume gjerave,
03:51
if you want to show off how rich you are, how powerful you are,
90
216000
2000
nqs do te tregosh sa i pasur je , sa i fuqushem je ,
03:53
it's always better to own an original than a forgery
91
218000
2000
eshte gjithmone me mire te zoteresh dicka autentike sa sa nje kopje te saj
03:55
because there's always going to be fewer originals than forgeries.
92
220000
3000
sepse gjithmone do vazhdoje te kete me pak origjinale se sa fallco.
03:59
I don't doubt that that plays some role,
93
224000
2000
Une nuk dyshoj qe kjo ka rendesi,
04:01
but what I want to convince you of today
94
226000
2000
por ajo qe une dua qe t'ju mbush mendjen sot
04:03
is that there's something else going on.
95
228000
2000
eshte qe ka dicka tjeter qe po ndodh.
04:05
I want to convince you
96
230000
2000
Une dua tju bind juve
04:07
that humans are, to some extent, natural born essentialists.
97
232000
3000
qe njerzit jane, deri diku, thelbesisht te lindur natyral.
04:10
What I mean by this
98
235000
2000
Ajo cfare dua te them me kete
04:12
is we don't just respond to things as we see them,
99
237000
2000
eshte qe ne nuk i pershtatemi gjerave ashtu sic i shikojme,
04:14
or feel them, or hear them.
100
239000
2000
apo i ndiejme, apo i degjojme ato.
04:16
Rather, our response is conditioned on our beliefs,
101
241000
3000
Perkundrazi, pergjigja jone eshte e kushtezuar nga besimi yne,
04:19
about what they really are, what they came from,
102
244000
3000
por cfare jane ne te vertete, nga kane ardhur keto,
04:22
what they're made of, what their hidden nature is.
103
247000
3000
prej cfare jane bere, cfare karakteri te fshehur kane.
04:25
I want to suggest that this is true,
104
250000
2000
Une dua te sugjeroj qe kjo eshte e vertete,
04:27
not just for how we think about things,
105
252000
2000
jo vetem per nga menyra se si ne mendojme per gjerat,
04:29
but how we react to things.
106
254000
2000
por se si ne reagojme me gjerat.
04:31
So I want to suggest that pleasure is deep --
107
256000
2000
Keshtu qe une dua te sugjeroj qe kenaqesia eshte e thelle --
04:33
and that this isn't true
108
258000
2000
dhe kjo nuk eshte e vertete
04:35
just for higher level pleasures like art,
109
260000
3000
vetem per nje nivel te larte te kenaqesise si arti ,
04:38
but even the most seemingly simple pleasures
110
263000
3000
por madje edhe me sa duket kenaqesite e thjeshta
04:41
are affected by our beliefs about hidden essences.
111
266000
3000
jane influencuar nga besimi yne per esencat e fshehura.
04:44
So take food.
112
269000
2000
Le te marrim ushqimin.
04:46
Would you eat this?
113
271000
2000
A do ta hanit kete ?
04:48
Well, a good answer is, "It depends. What is it?"
114
273000
3000
Mire pra, nje pergjigje e mire eshte, " Varet. Cfare eshte?"
04:51
Some of you would eat it if it's pork, but not beef.
115
276000
2000
Disa nga ju do ta hanin ate n.q.s. do ishte mish derri, por jo mish lope.
04:53
Some of you would eat it if it's beef, but not pork.
116
278000
3000
Disa nga ju do ta hanin n.q.s eshte mish lope, por jo derri.
04:56
Few of you would eat it if it's a rat
117
281000
2000
Disa nga ju do ta hanin n.q.s eshte mish miu
04:58
or a human.
118
283000
2000
apo njeriu.
05:00
Some of you would eat it only if it's a strangely colored piece of tofu.
119
285000
3000
Disa nga ju do ta hanin sikur te ishte nje cope ushqimi vegjetarian e cudtishme e ngjyrosur .
05:04
That's not so surprising.
120
289000
2000
Kjo nuk eshte e cuditshme.
05:06
But what's more interesting
121
291000
2000
Por ajo qe eshte me interesante
05:08
is how it tastes to you
122
293000
2000
eshte se si ti e shijon ate
05:10
will depend critically on what you think you're eating.
123
295000
3000
do te percaktoje forte se cfare ti po mendon se ti po ha.
05:13
So one demonstration of this was done with young children.
124
298000
3000
Keshtu, nje demonstrim i kesaj eshte bere me femijet.
05:16
How do you make children
125
301000
2000
Si do ti benit ju femijet
05:18
not just be more likely to eat carrots and drink milk,
126
303000
3000
jo vetem te hane karrota dhe te pijne qumesht,
05:21
but to get more pleasure from eating carrots and drinking milk --
127
306000
3000
por te kenaqen nga karrotat dhe pirja e qumshtit --
05:24
to think they taste better?
128
309000
2000
qe te mendojne qe ato shijone me mire?
05:26
It's simple, you tell them they're from McDonald's.
129
311000
3000
Eshte e thjeshte, ju i thoni atyre qe eshte bere prej McDonaldit
05:29
They believe McDonald's food is tastier,
130
314000
2000
Ata besojne qe ushqimi i MCDonald-it eshte me i shijshem,
05:31
and it leads them to experience it as tastier.
131
316000
3000
dhe i con ata ne perjetimin qe eshte me e shijshme.
05:34
How do you get adults to really enjoy wine?
132
319000
2000
Si do i beni te rriturit te besojne qe te pelqejne veren?
05:36
It's very simple:
133
321000
2000
Eshte shume e thjeshte:
05:38
pour it from an expensive bottle.
134
323000
2000
derdhe ate nga nje shishe e shtrenjte .
05:40
There are now dozens, perhaps hundreds of studies showing
135
325000
3000
Sot ka qindra, ndoshta mijera studime qe tregojne
05:43
that if you believe you're drinking the expensive stuff,
136
328000
2000
qe n.q.s ti ti mendon qe po pi dicka te shtrenjte,
05:45
it tastes better to you.
137
330000
2000
ajo te shijon me shume .
05:47
This was recently done with a neuroscientific twist.
138
332000
3000
Kjo eshte bere se fundmi nje gershetim me neuroshkencen.
05:50
They get people into a fMRI scanner,
139
335000
2000
Ata marrin njerez i fusin ne fMRI skaner,
05:52
and while they're lying there, through a tube,
140
337000
2000
dhe ndersa ata qendrojne aty, permes nje tubi,
05:54
they get to sip wine.
141
339000
2000
atyre ju japin nje gllenjke vere.
05:56
In front of them on a screen is information about the wine.
142
341000
3000
Perpara tyre ne nje ekran gjendet informacioni rreth veres.
05:59
Everybody, of course,
143
344000
2000
Cdonjeri, patjeter,
06:01
drinks exactly the same wine.
144
346000
2000
pi ekzaktesisht te njejen vere.
06:03
But if you believe you're drinking expensive stuff,
145
348000
3000
Por n.q.s ti beson qe ti po pi dicka qe eshte e shrenjte,
06:06
parts of the brain associated with pleasure and reward
146
351000
3000
disa pjese te trurit te lishur me kenaqesine dhe shperblimin
06:09
light up like a Christmas tree.
147
354000
2000
te krijojne pershtypjen e nje peme Krishtlindjeje.
06:11
It's not just that you say it's more pleasurable, you say you like it more,
148
356000
3000
Nuk eshte vetem qe ti thua eshte me e pelqyeshme, ti thua qe me pelqen me shume,
06:14
you really experience it in a different way.
149
359000
3000
por ti vertet e perjeton ate ne nje menyre tjeter.
06:17
Or take sex.
150
362000
3000
Ose te marrim seksin.
06:20
These are stimuli I've used in some of my studies.
151
365000
3000
Ka disa stimilues qe une kame perdorur ne disa nga studimet e mia.
06:23
And if you simply show people these pictures,
152
368000
3000
Dhe ne qofte se ti i tregon njerezve keto foto,
06:26
they'll say these are fairly attractive people.
153
371000
2000
ata do te thone qe ato jane njefarsoj terheqese per njerzit.
06:28
But how attractive you find them,
154
373000
3000
Por sa terheqese jane per ty,
06:31
how sexually or romantically moved you are by them,
155
376000
3000
sa terhiqeni ju prej tyre seksualisht apo romantikisht,
06:34
rests critically on who you think you're looking at.
156
379000
3000
qendron kryesisht mbi ke ti mendon se po veshtron.
06:37
You probably think the picture on the left is male,
157
382000
3000
Ti mbase mendon qe piktura ne te majte eshte nje mashkull,
06:40
the one on the right is female.
158
385000
2000
tjetra ne te djathe eshte femer.
06:42
If that belief turns out to be mistaken, it will make a difference.
159
387000
3000
N.q.s ky besim ngaterrohet, do te perbente ndryshim .
06:45
(Laughter)
160
390000
2000
(E qeshur)
06:47
It will make a difference if they turn out to be
161
392000
2000
Ndryshimi do te ishte sikur ato te dilnin qe te ishin
06:49
much younger or much older than you think they are.
162
394000
3000
shume me te rinj se sa te vjeter nga c'mendoje ti .
06:52
It will make a difference if you were to discover
163
397000
2000
Do te bente ndryshim n.q.s se ti do te zbuloje
06:54
that the person you're looking at with lust
164
399000
2000
qe personi qe ti po shikon me deshire
06:56
is actually a disguised version of your son or daughter,
165
401000
2000
eshte aktualisht nje version i maskuar i djalit apo vajzes tende,
06:58
your mother or father.
166
403000
2000
mamase apo babait.
07:00
Knowing somebody's your kin typically kills the libido.
167
405000
3000
Te dish se dikush eshte gjaku yt, zakonisht e vret epshin.
07:03
Maybe one of the most heartening findings
168
408000
2000
Ndoshta nje nga rezultatet me inkurajuese
07:05
from the psychology of pleasure
169
410000
2000
nga psikologjia e kenaqesise
07:07
is there's more to looking good than your physical appearance.
170
412000
3000
eshte me e rendesishme te dukesh mire se sa aparenca fizike.
07:10
If you like somebody, they look better to you.
171
415000
3000
N.q.s. ti do nje person, ata te duken me te mire per ty.
07:13
This is why spouses in happy marriages
172
418000
3000
Kjo eshte arsyeja sepse nuset kur martohen
07:16
tend to think that their husband or wife
173
421000
2000
kane tendence te mendojne qe burri i tyre apo gruaja
07:18
looks much better than anyone else thinks that they do.
174
423000
3000
duket me mire se cdo njeri tjeter e sheh se duket .
07:21
(Laughter)
175
426000
2000
( Te qeshura )
07:23
A particularly dramatic example of this
176
428000
3000
Nje shembull i vecante e dramatik i kesaj
07:26
comes from a neurological disorder known as Capgras syndrome.
177
431000
3000
vjen si pasoje e c'regullimit reurologjik i njohur si sindroma Capgras.
07:29
So Capgras syndrome is a disorder
178
434000
3000
Keshtu, sindroma Capgras eshte nje crregullim
07:32
where you get a specific delusion.
179
437000
2000
ku ti vuan nje zhgenjim specifik.
07:34
Sufferers of Capgras syndrome
180
439000
2000
Ata qe vuajne nga sindroma Capgras
07:36
believe that the people they love most in the world
181
441000
2000
mendojne qe se njerzit qe ata duan me shume ne te gjithe boten
07:38
have been replaced by perfect duplicates.
182
443000
2000
jane zevendesuar nga disa kopje te ngjashme.
07:40
Now often, a result of Capgras syndrome is tragic.
183
445000
3000
Dhe shpesh, pasojat e sindromes Cargras jane tragjike.
07:43
People have murdered those that they loved,
184
448000
2000
Njerezit kane vrare ata qe kane dashur me shume
07:45
believing that they were murdering an imposter.
185
450000
3000
duke menduar qe po vrasin nje mashtrues.
07:48
But there's at least one case
186
453000
2000
Por ka te pakten nje rast
07:50
where Capgras syndrome had a happy ending.
187
455000
2000
ku sindroma Capgras ka nje fund te mire.
07:52
This was recorded in 1931.
188
457000
2000
Eshte regjistruar me 1931.
07:54
"Research described a woman with Capgras syndrome
189
459000
3000
"Kerkuesit pershkruan nje grua me sindromen Capgras
07:57
who complained about her poorly endowed and sexually inadequate lover."
190
462000
3000
qe ankohej per te dashurin e saj te varfer dhe te pa papershtatshem seksualisht "
08:00
But that was before she got Capgras syndrome.
191
465000
3000
Por kjo ishte perpara se ajo te semurej nga sindroma Capgras.
08:03
After she got it, "She was happy to report
192
468000
2000
Mbasi ajo e mori , "Ajo ishte e lumtur dhe thoshte
08:05
that she has discovered that he possessed a double
193
470000
3000
qe kishte gjetur nje njeri identik si ai
08:08
who was rich, virile, handsome and aristocratic."
194
473000
2000
qe ishte i pasur, me pamje mashkullore, i pashem, dhe aristoktrat."
08:10
Of course, it was the same man,
195
475000
2000
Sigurisht, ishte po i njejti njeri,
08:12
but she was seeing him in different ways.
196
477000
2000
por ajo e kishte pare ate menyre tjeter.
08:14
As a third example,
197
479000
2000
Shembulli trete,
08:16
consider consumer products.
198
481000
2000
eshte per produktet e konsumit.
08:18
So one reason why you might like something is its utility.
199
483000
3000
Pra, nje arsye pse ju mund te mendoni se dicka eshte e nevojshme.
08:21
You can put shoes on your feet; you can play golf with golf clubs;
200
486000
3000
Ti mund te veshesh kepuce ne kembe; mund te luash golf ne klubet e golfit;
08:24
and chewed up bubble gum doesn't do anything at all for you.
201
489000
3000
dhe te pertypesh nje camcakez qe s'ben agje per ty .
08:27
But each of these three objects has value
202
492000
2000
Por secila nga keto sende ka nje vlere
08:29
above and beyond what it can do for you
203
494000
2000
siper dhe pertej asa qe ai mund te beje per ty
08:31
based on its history.
204
496000
2000
bazuar ne historine e vet.
08:33
The golf clubs were owned by John F. Kennedy
205
498000
3000
Klubet e golfit ishin te John. F. Kennedy
08:36
and sold for three-quarters of a million dollars at auction.
206
501000
3000
dhe ai i shiti per 3/4 e nje milioni ne ankand.
08:39
The bubble gum was chewed up by pop star Britney Spears
207
504000
3000
Camcakizi ishte pertypur nga nje pop star si Britney Spears
08:42
and sold for several hundreds of dollars.
208
507000
2000
dhe eshte shitur per disa qindra dollare.
08:44
And in fact, there's a thriving market
209
509000
2000
Dhe ne fakt, aty eshte nje market qe lulezon
08:46
in the partially eaten food of beloved people.
210
511000
3000
ne tregun e ushqimeve pjeserisht te ngrena prej njerezve te dashur.
08:49
(Laughter)
211
514000
2000
(Te qeshura)
08:51
The shoes are perhaps the most valuable of all.
212
516000
3000
Kepucet jane ndoshta me me vlere se te gjitha.
08:54
According to an unconfirmed report,
213
519000
2000
Sipas nje lajmi te pakonfirmuar,
08:56
a Saudi millionaire offered 10 million dollars
214
521000
2000
nje milioner arab ofroi 10 milione dollare
08:58
for this pair of shoes.
215
523000
2000
per keto pale kepuce.
09:00
They were the ones thrown at George Bush
216
525000
3000
Ishin ato qe iu gjuajten Gorxh Bushit
09:03
at an Iraqi press conference several years ago.
217
528000
2000
ne Irak ne nje konference disa vite me pare.
09:05
(Applause)
218
530000
2000
(Duartrokitje)
09:07
Now this attraction to objects
219
532000
2000
Tani kjo joshje per sendet
09:09
doesn't just work for celebrity objects.
220
534000
2000
nuk funsionon vetem per objektete te famshmeve.
09:11
Each one of us, most people,
221
536000
2000
Cdokush nga ne, shumica e njerezve
09:13
have something in our life that's literally irreplaceable,
222
538000
3000
kane dicka ne jeten e tyre qe eshte vertete e pazevendesueshme,
09:16
in that it has value because of its history --
223
541000
3000
ne aspektin se ajo ka vlere prej historise se saj --
09:19
maybe your wedding ring, maybe your child's baby shoes --
224
544000
3000
ndoshta unaza e marteses, apo kepucet e bebit --
09:22
so that if it was lost, you couldn't get it back.
225
547000
3000
keshtu n.q.s. ajo humbet, ti nuk mund ta marresh mbrapsht.
09:25
You could get something that looked like it or felt like it,
226
550000
2000
Ti mund te gjesh dicka qe ngjan me te apo te ben te ndjehesh ngjashem,
09:27
but you couldn't get the same object back.
227
552000
3000
por ti nuk mund t'a kesh te njejtin objekt perseri.
09:30
With my colleagues George Newman and Gil Diesendruck,
228
555000
3000
Me koleget e mi George Newman dhe Diesendruck,
09:33
we've looked to see what sort of factors, what sort of history, matters
229
558000
3000
ne kemi vene re per te pare cfare lloj faktoresh, cfare lloj ngjarjesh, kane rendesi
09:36
for the objects that people like.
230
561000
2000
per sendet qe njerezit duan.
09:38
So in one of our experiments,
231
563000
2000
Keshtu qe ne nje nga eksperimentet tona,
09:40
we asked people to name a famous person who they adored,
232
565000
3000
ne kemi pyetur njerzit per te permendur nje person te famshem qe ata e kishin adhuruar,
09:43
a living person they adored.
233
568000
2000
nje person qe jeton qe ata e adhuronin.
09:45
So one answer was George Clooney.
234
570000
2000
Keshtu pergjigjja e dikujy ishte Xhorxh Kluni .
09:47
Then we asked them,
235
572000
2000
Dhe ne i pyetem ata,
09:49
"How much would you pay for George Clooney's sweater?"
236
574000
2000
"Sa do te paguanit per pulovren e Xhorxh Klunit?"
09:51
And the answer is a fair amount --
237
576000
2000
Dhe pergjigja ishte nje shume e konsiderueshme --
09:53
more than you would pay for a brand new sweater
238
578000
3000
me shume sesa do te paguaje per nje pulover te re
09:56
or a sweater owned by somebody who you didn't adore.
239
581000
3000
apo nje pulover qe e ka pasur dikush qe nuk e pelqeni.
09:59
Then we asked other groups of subjects --
240
584000
2000
Pastaj pyetem nje grup tjeter --
10:01
we gave them different restrictions
241
586000
2000
i dhame atyre kufizime te ndryshme
10:03
and different conditions.
242
588000
2000
dhe kushte te ndryshme.
10:05
So for instance, we told some people,
243
590000
2000
Keshtu ne kete rast, ne i thame disave prej tyre,
10:07
"Look, you can buy the sweater,
244
592000
2000
"Shikoni, ju mund te blini nje pulover,
10:09
but you can't tell anybody you own it,
245
594000
2000
por pa i thene njeriut qe ju e keni ate,
10:11
and you can't resell it."
246
596000
2000
dhe qe ju nuk mund ta rishisni."
10:13
That drops the value of it,
247
598000
2000
Kjo beri qe vlera e saj te binte ,
10:15
suggesting that that's one reason why we like it.
248
600000
3000
duke sugjeruar qe kjo ishte aryeja pse ne e donim ate.
10:18
But what really causes an effect
249
603000
2000
Por e ajo qe shkakton vertete nje ndikim
10:20
is you tell people, "Look, you could resell it, you could boast about it,
250
605000
3000
eshte ti thuash njerezve, "Shikoni, ju mund ta shisni ate, mund te mburreni me te,
10:23
but before it gets to you,
251
608000
2000
por perpara se ta merrni ju,
10:25
it's thoroughly washed."
252
610000
2000
ajo eshte pastruar rrenjesisht."
10:27
That causes a huge drop in the value.
253
612000
3000
Kjo shkakton nje ulje te madhe ne vlere.
10:30
As my wife put it, "You've washed away the Clooney cooties."
254
615000
3000
Sic e thote gruaja ime "I ke hequr morrat e Klunit."
10:33
(Laughter)
255
618000
2000
(Te qeshura)
10:35
So let's go back to art.
256
620000
2000
Keshtu, le te kthehemi perseri tek arti.
10:37
I would love a Chagall. I love the work of Chagall.
257
622000
2000
Do vdisja per nje Chagall. Une i dashuroj veprat e Chagallit.
10:39
If people want to get me something at the end of the conference,
258
624000
2000
Nqs se dikush do te me jape dicka ne fund te konferences,
10:41
you could buy me a Chagall.
259
626000
2000
mund te me blini nje Chagall.
10:43
But I don't want a duplicate,
260
628000
2000
Por une nuk dua nje dublikate te tij,
10:45
even if I can't tell the difference.
261
630000
2000
megjithse, une nuk mund t'a kuptoj ndryshimin.
10:47
That's not because, or it's not simply because,
262
632000
2000
Kjo nuk eshte sepse, ose nuk eshte vetem se
10:49
I'm a snob and want to boast about having an original.
263
634000
3000
une jam nje snobist dhe dua te mburrem qe kam nje origjinale.
10:52
Rather, it's because I want something that has a specific history.
264
637000
3000
Por, sepse une dua dicka qe mbart ne vetevete nje histori te rralle.
10:55
In the case of artwork,
265
640000
2000
Ne rastin e veprave artistike,
10:57
the history is special indeed.
266
642000
2000
historia eshte e vecante, vertete.
10:59
The philosopher Denis Dutton
267
644000
2000
Filozofi Denis Dutton
11:01
in his wonderful book "The Art Instinct"
268
646000
2000
ne librin e tij te famshem "Instikti i Artit"
11:03
makes the case that, "The value of an artwork
269
648000
2000
e pershkruan rastin si, "Vlera e nje vepre arti
11:05
is rooted in assumptions about the human performance underlying its creation."
270
650000
3000
i ka rrenjet ne supozimet rreth performances njerezore gjate krijimit te saj."
11:08
And that could explain the difference
271
653000
2000
Dhe kjo mund te shpjegoje ndryshimin
11:10
between an original and a forgery.
272
655000
2000
mes nje origjinali dhe nje falsoje.
11:12
They may look alike, but they have a different history.
273
657000
2000
Ato mund te ngjajne, por kane histori te ndryshme.
11:14
The original is typically the product of a creative act,
274
659000
3000
Origjinali eshte ne menyre tipike produkti i nje arti krijues,
11:17
the forgery isn't.
275
662000
2000
kurse fallcifikimi s'eshte.
11:19
I think this approach can explain differences
276
664000
3000
Une mendoj qe kjo arritje mund te na shpjegoje ndryshimin
11:22
in people's taste in art.
277
667000
2000
ne shijet e njerezve ne art.
11:24
This is a work by Jackson Pollock.
278
669000
2000
Ky eshte nje punim nga Jackson Pollock.
11:26
Who here likes the work of Jackson Pollock?
279
671000
3000
Kujt ketu i pelqejne punimet e Jackson Pollock ?
11:30
Okay. Who here, it does nothing for them?
280
675000
2000
Mire. Kush prej jush, nuk e pelqen ate?
11:32
They just don't like it.
281
677000
3000
Thjesht se pelqejne.
11:35
I'm not going to make a claim about who's right,
282
680000
2000
Une nuk do te them se kush ka te drejte,
11:37
but I will make an empirical claim
283
682000
2000
por do ta beje nje gjykim empirik
11:39
about people's intuitions,
284
684000
2000
rreth intuites se njerzve,
11:41
which is that, if you like the work of Jackson Pollock,
285
686000
2000
qe eshte, n.q.s. ju pelqeni punet e Jackson Pollock,
11:43
you'll tend more so than the people who don't like it
286
688000
3000
ju do te pepiqeni me shume ne menyre qe njerezit qe nuk i pelqejne ato
11:46
to believe that these works are difficult to create,
287
691000
3000
te besojne qe keto punime jane te veshtira per tu krijuar,
11:49
that they require a lot of time and energy
288
694000
2000
qe ato kerkojne shume kohe dhe energji
11:51
and creative energy.
289
696000
2000
dhe energji krijuese.
11:53
I use Jackson Pollock on purpose as an example
290
698000
3000
Une perdora Jackson Pollock me qellim si nje shembull
11:56
because there's a young American artist
291
701000
2000
sepse eshte nje nje artist i ri American
11:58
who paints very much in the style of Jackson Pollock,
292
703000
2000
qe pikturon ngjashem me stilin e Jackson Pollock,
12:00
and her work was worth
293
705000
2000
dhe punet e saj vlejne
12:02
many tens of thousands of dollars --
294
707000
2000
disa dhjetera mijera dollare --
12:04
in large part because she's a very young artist.
295
709000
2000
ne pjesen me te madhe sepse ajo eshte nje artistte e re.
12:06
This is Marla Olmstead
296
711000
2000
Kjo eshte Marla Olmstead
12:08
who did most of her work when she was three years old.
297
713000
2000
qe ka bere pjesen me te madhe te veprave te saj ne moshen tre vjecare.
12:10
The interesting thing about Marla Olmstead
298
715000
2000
Gjeja interesante rreth Marla Olmstead
12:12
is her family made the mistake
299
717000
2000
eshte se familja e saj beri nje gabim
12:14
of inviting the television program 60 Minutes II into their house
300
719000
4000
dhe ftoi nje program televiziv te quajtur "60 minuta 2" ne shtepine e saj
12:18
to film her painting.
301
723000
2000
per te filmuar pikturat.
12:20
And they then reported that her father was coaching her.
302
725000
3000
Dhe me pas ata thane qe babai i saj e drejtonte ate.
12:23
When this came out on television,
303
728000
2000
Kur kjo gje u shfaq ne televizion,
12:25
the value of her art dropped to nothing.
304
730000
3000
vlera e artit te saj u kthye ne hic.
12:28
It was the same art, physically,
305
733000
2000
Ishte i njejti art, fizikisht,
12:30
but the history had changed.
306
735000
3000
por histoira rreth tij ndryshoi.
12:33
I've been focusing now on the visual arts,
307
738000
2000
Une jam fokusuar tani tek artet pamore,
12:35
but I want to give two examples from music.
308
740000
2000
por dua t'ju jap dhe dy shembuj nga muzika.
12:37
This is Joshua Bell, a very famous violinist.
309
742000
2000
Ky eshte Joshua Bell, nje violinist i famshem.
12:39
And the Washington Post reporter Gene Weingarten
310
744000
3000
Dhe reporteri i Washington Postit Gene Weingarten
12:42
decided to enlist him for an audacious experiment.
311
747000
3000
vendosi ta rekrutoje ate per nje eksperiment te guximshem.
12:45
The question is: How much would people like Joshua Bell,
312
750000
2000
Pyetja eshte: Sa e duan njerezit Joashua Bell,
12:47
the music of Joshua Bell,
313
752000
2000
muziken e Joshua Bellit,
12:49
if they didn't know they were listening to Joshua Bell?
314
754000
3000
sikur ata mos ta dinin qe ata po degjonin Joshua Bell?
12:53
So he got Joshua Bell to take his million dollar violin
315
758000
3000
Keshtu qe ai morri Joshua Bell te merrte violinen e tij te shtrenjte
12:56
down to a Washington D.C. subway station
316
761000
3000
poshte ne nje metro te Warshington D.C
12:59
and stand in the corner and see how much money he would make.
317
764000
3000
te qendronte ne nje cep dhe te shihte se sa leke do te fitonte.
13:02
And here's a brief clip of this.
318
767000
2000
Dhe ky eshte klipi i shkurter i tij.
13:04
(Violin music)
319
769000
7000
( Muzike Violine )
13:11
After being there for three-quarters of an hour,
320
776000
2000
Pasi kishin qendruar aty rreth 45 min,
13:13
he made 32 dollars.
321
778000
3000
ai fitoi 32 $.
13:16
Not bad. It's also not good.
322
781000
2000
Jo keq, por jo dhe aq mire.
13:18
Apparently to really enjoy the music of Joshua Bell,
323
783000
3000
Sic duket nqs vertet do te kenaqesh me muziken e Joshua Bell-it,
13:21
you have to know you're listening to Joshua Bell.
324
786000
3000
ti duhet te dish qe po degjon Joshua Bell-in.
13:24
He actually made 20 dollars more than that,
325
789000
2000
Ai ne fakt fitoi edhe 20$ me shume se kaq,
13:26
but he didn't count it.
326
791000
2000
por ai nuk i numuroi ato.
13:28
Because this woman comes up --
327
793000
2000
Sepse vjen kjo gruaja --
13:30
you see at the end of the video -- she comes up.
328
795000
2000
e shikoni qe ne fund te videos -- ajo vjen .
13:32
She had heard him at the Library of Congress a few weeks before
329
797000
2000
Ajo e kishte degjuar ate ne Librarine e Kongresit disa jave perpara
13:34
at this extravagant black-tie affair.
330
799000
3000
me kete kollare te zeze ektsravagante pune.
13:37
So she's stunned that he's standing in a subway station.
331
802000
3000
Ajo ngeli e habitur qe ai po qendronte ne stacionin e metrose.
13:40
So she's struck with pity.
332
805000
2000
Keshtu qe ajo u godit nga keqardhja.
13:42
She reaches into her purse and hands him a 20.
333
807000
2000
Ajo futi doren ne kuleten e saj dhe i hodhi 20 $.
13:44
(Laughter)
334
809000
2000
( Te qeshura )
13:46
(Applause)
335
811000
2000
( Duartrokitje )
13:48
The second example from music
336
813000
2000
Rasti i dyte nga muzika
13:50
is from John Cage's modernist composition,
337
815000
2000
eshte nga kompozitori modern John Cage's,
13:52
"4'33"."
338
817000
2000
"4'33"."
13:54
As many of you know,
339
819000
2000
Sic e dine te gjithe
13:56
this is the composition where the pianist sits at a bench,
340
821000
3000
ky eshte nje kompozim ku pianisti ulet ne nje stol,
13:59
opens up the piano
341
824000
2000
hap pianon
14:01
and sits and does nothing for four minutes and 33 seconds --
342
826000
2000
dhe ulet dhe nuk ben asgje per 4 minuta dhe 33 sekonda --
14:03
that period of silence.
343
828000
2000
kete kohe qetesie.
14:05
And people have different views on this.
344
830000
2000
Dhe njerezit kishin pikpamje te ndryshme per kete gje.
14:07
But what I want to point out
345
832000
2000
Por ajo qe une dua te nxjerr
14:09
is you can buy this from iTunes.
346
834000
2000
eshte qe ju mund ta blini ate nga iTunes.
14:11
(Laughter)
347
836000
2000
( Te qeshura )
14:13
For a dollar 99,
348
838000
2000
Per 1, 99 dollar,
14:15
you can listen to that silence,
349
840000
2000
ju mund te degjoni ate heshtje,
14:17
which is different than other forms of silence.
350
842000
3000
qe eshte e ndryshme nga te gjitha format e heshtjes.
14:20
(Laughter)
351
845000
2000
(Te qeshura)
14:22
Now I've been talking so far about pleasure,
352
847000
3000
Deri tani isha duke folur rreth kenaqesise,
14:25
but what I want to suggest
353
850000
2000
por une dua t'ju them
14:27
is that everything I've said applies as well to pain.
354
852000
3000
se cdo gje qe kam thene, vlen edhe per dhimbjen.
14:30
And how you think about what you're experiencing,
355
855000
2000
Dhe si ajo qe ju mendoni rreth asaj qe ju po perjetoni,
14:32
your beliefs about the essence of it,
356
857000
2000
besimin tuaj rreth thelbit te saj,
14:34
affect how it hurts.
357
859000
2000
ndikon se si ajo dhemb.
14:36
One lovely experiment
358
861000
2000
Nje eksperiment i bukur
14:38
was done by Kurt Gray and Dan Wegner.
359
863000
2000
eshte bere nga Kurt Gray dhe Dan Wegner.
14:40
What they did was they hooked up Harvard undergraduates
360
865000
2000
Ajo qe ata bene ishte te merrnin e te lidhnin studente te Harvardit
14:42
to an electric shock machine.
361
867000
2000
me nje makineri me dridhje elektrike.
14:44
And they gave them a series of painful electric shocks.
362
869000
3000
Dhe i shkaktuan atyre disa dridhje te dhimbshme elektrike.
14:47
So it was a series of five painful shocks.
363
872000
3000
Keshtu, ishte nje seri prej pese dridhjeve te dhimbshme.
14:50
Half of them are told that they're being given the shocks
364
875000
2000
Gjysmave te tyre ju tha qe keto dridhje do t'ju beheshin
14:52
by somebody in another room,
365
877000
2000
prej dikujt ne nje dhome tjeter,
14:54
but the person in the other room doesn't know they're giving them shocks.
366
879000
3000
por personi ne dhomen tjeter nuk e di qe do t'ju japin atyre keto te dridhura.
14:57
There's no malevolence, they're just pressing a button.
367
882000
2000
S'ka asnje dashakeqesi, ata vetem shtypin nje buton.
14:59
The first shock is recorded as very painful.
368
884000
3000
Goditja e pare eshte shenuar si shume e dhimbshme.
15:02
The second shock feels less painful, because you get a bit used to it.
369
887000
3000
Goditja e dyte ndihet me pak e dhimbshme, sepse mesohesh me te.
15:05
The third drops, the fourth, the fifth.
370
890000
2000
E treta bie, e katerta, e pesta.
15:07
The pain gets less.
371
892000
3000
Dhe dhimja lehtesohet.
15:10
In the other condition,
372
895000
2000
Ne nje rast tjeter,
15:12
they're told that the person in the next room
373
897000
2000
atyre iu thuhet qe personi ne dhomen tjeter
15:14
is shocking them on purpose -- knows they're shocking them.
374
899000
3000
i godet ata me qellim -- ai e di qe ata goditen nga dridhjet.
15:17
The first shock hurts like hell.
375
902000
2000
Goditja e pare dhemb shume.
15:19
The second shock hurts just as much,
376
904000
2000
Dhe e dyta i dhemb po aq shume,
15:21
and the third and the fourth and the fifth.
377
906000
2000
dhe e treta dhe e katerta dhe e pesta.
15:23
It hurts more
378
908000
2000
Te dhemb me shume
15:25
if you believe somebody is doing it to you on purpose.
379
910000
3000
nqs se ti beson qe dikush po e ben ate me qellim.
15:28
The most extreme example of this
380
913000
3000
Dhe shembulli me ekstrem i kesaj
15:31
is that in some cases,
381
916000
2000
eshte qe ne disa raste,
15:33
pain under the right circumstances
382
918000
2000
dhimbja ne rrethanat e duhura
15:35
can transform into pleasure.
383
920000
2000
mund te shendrrohet ne kenaqesi.
15:37
Humans have this extraordinarily interesting property
384
922000
3000
Njerezit kane kete veti interesante dhe te jashtezakonshme
15:40
that will often seek out low-level doses of pain
385
925000
2000
qe shpeshhere kane nevoje per doza te ulta dhimbjeje
15:42
in controlled circumstances
386
927000
2000
ne kushte te kontrolluara
15:44
and take pleasure from it --
387
929000
2000
dhe marrin kenaqesi prej saj --
15:46
as in the eating of hot chili peppers
388
931000
2000
sikurse kur ha speca djeges
15:48
and roller coaster rides.
389
933000
3000
apo nje xhiro me tren ne parkun e lojerave.
15:51
The point was nicely summarized
390
936000
2000
Kjo gje eshte permbledhur bukur
15:53
by the poet John Milton
391
938000
2000
nga poeti John Milton
15:55
who wrote, "The mind is its own place,
392
940000
2000
i cili ka shkruajtur, "Mendja eshte vendi i vete,
15:57
and in itself can make a heaven of hell,
393
942000
2000
dhe ne ne vetvete e kthen nje parajse ferri,
15:59
a hell of heaven."
394
944000
2000
ne nje ferr parajse."
16:01
And I'll end with that. Thank you.
395
946000
2000
Dhe me kete po e mbyll. Falemderit.
16:03
(Applause)
396
948000
7000
( Duartrokitje )
Translated by Etrit Adami
Reviewed by Ervis Bregu

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Bloom - Psychologist
Paul Bloom explores some of the most puzzling aspects of human nature, including pleasure, religion, and morality.

Why you should listen

In Paul Bloom’s last book, How Pleasure Works, he explores the often-mysterious enjoyment that people get out of experiences such as sex, food, art, and stories. His latest book, Just Babies, examines the nature and origins of good and evil. How do we decide what's fair and unfair? What is the relationship between emotion and rationality in our judgments of right and wrong? And how much of morality is present at birth? To answer these questions, he and his colleagues at Yale study how babies make moral decisions. (How do you present a moral quandary to a 6-month-old? Through simple, gamelike experiments that yield surprisingly adult-like results.)  

Paul Bloom is a passionate teacher of undergraduates, and his popular Introduction to Psychology 110 class has been released to the world through the Open Yale Courses program. He has recently completed a second MOOC, “Moralities of Everyday Life”, that introduced moral psychology to tens of thousands of students. And he also presents his research to a popular audience though articles in The Atlantic, The New Yorker, and The New York Times. Many of the projects he works on are student-initiated, and all of them, he notes, are "strongly interdisciplinary, bringing in theory and research from areas such as cognitive, social, and developmental psychology, evolutionary theory, linguistics, theology and philosophy." 

He says: "A growing body of evidence suggests that humans do have a rudimentary moral sense from the very start of life."

More profile about the speaker
Paul Bloom | Speaker | TED.com