ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Isabel Wilkerson - Journalist, author
The author of "The Warmth of Other Suns," the story of the Great Migration, Isabel Wilkerson is a Pulitzer-winning journalist who uses narrative history to bring to light our shared humanity.

Why you should listen

Pulitzer Prize winner Isabel Wilkerson devoted 15 years to the research and writing of The Warmth of Other Suns. She interviewed more than 1,200 people, unearthed archival works and gathered the voices of the famous and the unknown to tell the epic story of the Great Migration, one of the biggest underreported stories of the 20th century and one of the largest migrations in American history.

The book was named to more than 30 Best of the Year lists, won the National Book Critics Circle Award, among other honors, and made national news when President Obama chose it for summer reading in 2011. In 2012, the New York Times named The Warmth of Other Suns to its list of the best nonfiction books of all time.

Wilkerson won the Pulitzer Prize for her work as Chicago Bureau Chief of the New York Times, making her the first black woman in the history of American journalism to win a Pulitzer and the first African-American to win for individual reporting.

More profile about the speaker
Isabel Wilkerson | Speaker | TED.com
TEDWomen 2017

Isabel Wilkerson: The Great Migration and the power of a single decision

伊莎贝尔·威尔克森: 大移民以及一个决定的力量

Filmed:
1,141,480 views

有时候,一个决定就能改变历史进程。听听记者和作家伊莎贝尔·威尔克森讲述的大移民的故事,从第一次世界大战到 70 年代,六百万非裔美国人从种族隔离的南部地区移居到了北部和西部地区。这是美国历史上第一次,最底层的人民表明自己有选择的机会,也愿意抓住机会——他们第一次有机会做出选择,如何才能不浪费自己与生俱来的天赋,威尔克森如此解释到。“这些人,通过自己的行动,完成了当时的政府,北方的和南方的,无法完成也不愿完成的事,”她说,“他们解放了自己。”
- Journalist, author
The author of "The Warmth of Other Suns," the story of the Great Migration, Isabel Wilkerson is a Pulitzer-winning journalist who uses narrative history to bring to light our shared humanity. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
Imagine想像 with me this scene现场.
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想象一下这个场景。
00:16
It's a scene现场 that played发挥 out
in nearly几乎 all of our families家庭.
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几乎每个家庭都曾上演。
00:22
It's a scene现场 in which哪一个 a young年轻 person,
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这场景关于一位年轻人,
00:26
somewhere某处 in our family家庭 tree,
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来自族谱里某个支系,
00:29
somewhere某处 in our lineage血统
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某一个远房宗亲,
00:31
had a heartbreaking令人心碎 decision决定 to make.
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要做出一个痛心的决定。
00:35
It was a decision决定 to leave离开 all
that they had known已知.
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决定要离开他们所熟知的一切。
00:40
And all of the people that they had loved喜爱
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离开所有他们所爱的人,
00:44
and to set out for a place地点 far, far away
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出发前往远方,
00:48
that they had never seen看到
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那是一个完全陌生的地方,
00:50
in hopes希望 that life might威力 be better.
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他们希望能在那里过上更好的生活。
00:53
Migration移民 is usually平时
a young年轻 person's人的 endeavor努力.
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移民一般发生在年轻人身上。
00:59
It's the kind of thing that you do
when you're on the cusp风口浪尖 of life.
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往往是生活里一个重要转折点。
01:03
And so, there is, in all of our families家庭,
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在我们所有人的家庭中,
01:07
this young年轻 person
somewhere某处 in our background背景.
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总会有这么一个年轻人存在。
01:11
That person is standing常设 at a dock码头,
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他或许正站在码头,
01:14
about to board a ship
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准备登船,
01:16
that will cross交叉 the Atlantic大西洋
or the Pacific和平的 Ocean海洋.
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他将横穿大西洋或者太平洋。
01:20
That person is loading装载 up a truck卡车
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他或许在往卡车上装行李,
01:24
that will cross交叉 the Rio里约热内卢 Grande格兰德.
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准备穿过格兰德河。
01:27
Or that person is standing常设
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又或者,
01:30
at a railroad铁路 platform平台
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他站在火车月台上,
01:32
about to board a train培养
that will cross交叉 rivers河流 and mountains
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准备乘火车穿过河流和山脉,
01:38
out of the Jim吉姆 Crow乌鸦 South
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逃离种族隔离的南方,
01:40
to what they hope希望
will be freedom自由 in the North.
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去到北方,希望能得到自由。
01:45
And there, with this young年轻 person
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而跟这位年轻人一起,
01:50
as they are about to board that ship,
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送他们登船,
01:54
that boat,
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或者上小艇,
01:55
that truck卡车, that train培养,
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或者上卡车,火车的,
01:58
are the people who raised上调 them.
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正是养育了他们的人。
02:01
Their mother母亲, their father父亲,
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他们的母亲、父亲、
02:04
their aunt姑妈, their uncle叔叔,
their grandparents祖父母,
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阿姨、叔叔、爷爷和奶奶,
02:08
whoever it might威力 have been
who had gotten得到 them to this point.
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那些一路陪伴他成长至今的人。
02:13
Those older旧的 people
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这些上了年纪的人,
02:14
were not going to be able能够
to make the crossing路口 with them.
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已经无法跟他们一起完成这趟旅程。
02:19
And as they looked看着 into the eyes眼睛
of the people who had raised上调 them,
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年轻人凝视着亲人的双眼,
02:24
there was no guarantee保证
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他们都无法确认,
02:26
that they would ever see them alive again.
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有生之年还能否再见。
02:31
Remember记得, there was no SkypeSkype的,
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别忘了,当时没有 Skype,
02:34
no e-mail电子邮件, no cell细胞 phones手机
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没有电子邮件,没有手机,
02:38
not even reliable可靠 long-distance远距离
telephone电话 service服务.
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甚至没有稳定的长途电话服务。
02:41
And even if there had been,
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即便是有这些,
02:43
many许多 of the people that they were leaving离开
did not even have telephones电话.
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留在家乡的亲人很多都没有电话。
02:49
This was going to be a complete完成 break打破
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这是一次彻底的分离,
02:52
from all that they knew知道
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远离熟悉的一切,
02:54
and all of the people that they loved喜爱.
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远离所爱的人。
02:57
And the very next下一个 time
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很可能下一次
02:59
that they might威力 hear anything
about the people who had raised上调 them
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他再听到家人的消息,
03:04
might威力 be a telegram电报 saying,
"Your father父亲 has passed通过 away."
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也许就是一封电报,
“你的父亲已经去世。”
03:11
Or, "Your mother母亲 is very, very ill生病.
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或者,“你的母亲病重,
03:15
You must必须 return返回 home quickly很快
if you are to see her alive again."
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请尽快赶回来见她最后一面。”
03:21
That is the magnitude大小 of the sacrifice牺牲
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这是一种巨大的牺牲,
03:25
that had to have happened发生
in nearly几乎 all of our families家庭
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几乎发生在我们的每一个家庭,
03:30
just for us to be here.
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仅仅为了让我们今天能站在这里。
03:32
A single decision决定
that changed the course课程 of families家庭
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一个简单的决定,
改变了家庭的轨迹,
03:37
and lineages谱系 and countries国家 and history历史
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甚至改变了家族、
国家和历史的轨迹,
03:41
to the current当前 day.
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一路走到今天。
03:45
One of these migration移民 streams
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其中有一股移民潮,
03:47
stands站立 out in ways方法
that we may可能 not realize实现.
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它很有特点,
可能我们还没有意识到。
03:51
It was called the Great Migration移民.
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它被称作大移民。
03:54
It was the outpouring流露
of six million百万 African非洲人 Americans美国人
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有 600 万非裔美国人,
04:00
from the Jim吉姆 Crow乌鸦 South
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从种族隔离的南部,
04:02
to the cities城市 of the North and West西,
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涌入北部和西部的城市,
04:05
from the time of World世界 War战争 I
until直到 the 1970s.
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从第一次世界大战
持续到70年代。
04:10
It stands站立 out because this
was the first time in American美国 history历史
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之所以说它突出,
是因为这是美国历史上第一次,
04:16
that American美国 citizens公民
had to flee逃跑 the land土地 of their birth分娩
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美国公民逃离自己的出生地,
04:23
just to be recognized认可 as the citizens公民
that they had always been.
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仅仅为了使自己与生俱来的
公民身份得到承认。
04:28
No other group of Americans美国人
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而其他族裔的美国人
04:30
has had to act法案 like immigrants移民
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完全不需要这么做,
04:34
in order订购 to be recognized认可 as citizens公民.
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来使自己的公民身份得到承认。
04:37
So this great migration移民 was not a move移动.
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因此这次大移民
并不是搬个家那么简单。
04:43
It was actually其实 a seeking
of political政治 asylum避难所
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这实际上是一次
寻求政治避难的过程,
04:47
within the borders国界 of one's那些 own拥有 country国家.
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只不过发生在自己国家内部。
04:51
They were defecting叛逃 a caste种姓 system系统
known已知 as Jim吉姆 Crow乌鸦.
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他们从俗称吉姆·克劳的
种族制度中逃离,
04:57
It was an artificial人造 hierarchy等级制度
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这是一种人为划分的等级制度,
04:59
in which哪一个 everything
that you could and could not do
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你能做的、不能做的一切,
05:03
was based基于 upon what you looked看着 like.
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都由你的外表来决定。
05:07
This caste种姓 system系统 was so arcane神秘
that it was actually其实 against反对 the law
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这个制度是如此荒谬,
以致于出现下面这种情况:
05:12
for a black黑色 person and a white白色 person
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在伯明翰,如果一个黑人
和一个白人,
05:15
to merely仅仅 play checkers跳棋
together一起 in Birmingham伯明翰.
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在一起下西洋棋是违法的。
05:19
You could go to jail监狱
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你真的会被投进监狱,
05:20
if you were caught抓住 playing播放 checkers跳棋
with a person of a different不同 race种族.
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如果你被发现跟不同种族的人
一起下西洋棋。
05:25
Someone有人 must必须 have seen看到
a black黑色 person and a white白色 person
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肯定有人见过一个黑人和一个白人,
05:30
playing播放 checkers跳棋 with someone有人
in some town square广场.
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在某个小镇的广场上下西洋棋。
05:33
And maybe the wrong错误 person was winning胜利
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也许那个黑人赢了,
05:37
or they were having too good of a time,
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或者他们玩得太开心了,
05:39
but whatever随你 it was that this person saw,
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但不管那个人看到了什么,
05:42
with this black黑色 person
and this white白色 person playing播放 checkers跳棋,
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只要当黑人和白人在一起下棋,
05:45
they felt the entire整个 foundation基础
of Southern南部的 civilization文明 was in peril.
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他们就会觉得整个南方的文明
都处于危险的境地。
05:50
And decided决定 that it was worth价值
taking服用 the time
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于是他们决定要花些时间,
05:52
to write this down as a law.
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把这个写进法律里。
05:56
This caste种姓 system系统 was so arcane神秘
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这个种族制度是如此荒谬,
05:58
that in courtrooms法庭 throughout始终 the South
there was actually其实 a black黑色 Bible圣经
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以至于在整个南部的法庭上
都会有一本黑色的圣经,
06:04
and an altogether separate分离 white白色 Bible圣经
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跟一本白色的圣经完全区分开,
06:07
to swear发誓 to tell the truth真相 on in court法庭.
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用来宣誓陈述事实。
06:12
The very word of God was segregated隔离
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在南方的种族隔离制度下,
06:15
in the caste种姓 system系统 of the Jim吉姆 Crow乌鸦 South.
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连上帝的话都被隔离了。
06:20
The same相同 sacred神圣 object目的
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同样神圣的东西,
06:23
could not be touched感动
by hands of different不同 races比赛.
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却不能被不同种族的人触碰。
06:28
This artificial人造 hierarchy等级制度,
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这种人为的等级制度,
06:31
because it goes against反对
human人的 desires欲望 to be free自由,
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正因为它违背了人类对自由的渴望,
06:37
required需要 a tremendous巨大 amount
of violence暴力 to maintain保持.
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所以需要大量的暴力行为来维系。
06:42
Such这样 that every一切 four days,
somewhere某处 in the American美国 South,
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在美国南部某些地区,
在几十年的时间内,
06:47
every一切 four days
an African非洲人 American美国 was lynched私刑处死
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每 4 天就有一名
非裔美国人被私刑处死,
06:50
for some perceived感知 breach突破口 of protocol协议
in this caste种姓 system系统
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因为被发现违反了
种族制度的某些条款,
06:54
in the decades几十年 leading领导 up
to the start开始 of the Great Migration移民.
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这直接导致了大移民的开始。
07:00
This caste种姓 system系统 had been put in place地点
for many许多, many许多 reasons原因.
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这一种族制度产生的原因有很多,
07:05
But one of them was to maintain保持
the economic经济 order订购 of the South,
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其中一个是要维持南方的经济秩序,
07:10
which哪一个 required需要 not just
a supply供应 of cheap低廉 labor劳动
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不仅需要廉价的劳动力供应,
07:14
but an oversupply供大于求 of cheap低廉 labor劳动
to work at the will of the land土地.
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而且需要超量的廉价劳动力
来满足土地的需求。
07:20
This Great Migration移民 began开始
when the North had a labor劳动 problem问题.
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大移民潮开始的时候,
正是北方出现了劳动力问题。
07:26
The North had a labor劳动 problem问题
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北方的劳动力问题
07:28
because it had been relying依托
on cheap低廉 labor劳动 from Europe欧洲 --
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是因为它依赖于欧洲的廉价劳动力,
07:31
immigrants移民 from Europe欧洲 --
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来自欧洲的移民,
07:32
to work the factories工厂 and the foundries铸造
and the steel mills钢厂.
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在工厂、铸造车间和钢厂工作。
07:36
But during World世界 War战争 I,
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但是在一战期间,
07:38
migration移民 from Europe欧洲
came来了 to a virtual虚拟 halt.
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来自欧洲的移民事实上停止了。
07:42
And so the North had a labor劳动 problem问题.
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北方出现了劳动力问题。
07:44
And so the North decided决定 to go
and find the cheapest最便宜 labor劳动 in the land土地
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他们要寻找最廉价的劳动力,
07:50
which哪一个 meant意味着 African非洲人 Americans美国人
in the South,
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也就是南方的非裔美国人,
07:53
many许多 of whom were not even being存在 paid支付
for their hard work.
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他们中的很多人甚至都拿不到薪水。
07:57
Many许多 of them were working加工
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他们辛勤劳作,
07:58
for the right to live生活 on the land土地
that they were farming农业.
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只是为了能够
在自己耕种的土地上生活。
08:01
They were sharecroppers佃农
and not even being存在 paid支付.
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他们都是佃农,没有报酬。
08:04
So they were ripe成熟 for recruitment招聘.
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因此适合被招募。
08:07
But it turned转身 out
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但结果是,
08:09
that the South did not take kindly和蔼
to this poaching偷猎 of its cheap低廉 labor劳动.
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南方很不满这种
觊觎他们廉价劳动力的行为。
08:14
The South actually其实 did everything it could
to keep the people from leaving离开.
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他们用尽一切手段来阻止黑人们离开。
08:19
They would arrest逮捕 people
from the railroad铁路 platforms平台.
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他们会在铁路月台上进行抓捕。
08:22
Remember记得, putatively推射 free自由
American美国 citizens公民.
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别忘了,这些都是
名义上自由的美国公民。
08:26
They would arrest逮捕 them
from their train培养 seats.
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他们有可能从火车座位上被带走。
08:29
And when there were too many许多
people to arrest逮捕,
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如果要逮捕的人太多,
08:32
they would wave the train培养 on through通过
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他们会直接把火车开回去,
08:34
so that people who had been hoping希望
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让那些满怀希望,
08:37
and saving保存
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省吃俭用,
08:38
and praying祈祷 for the chance机会
to get to freedom自由
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祈祷能得到自由的人们,
08:41
had to figure数字 out:
How now will we get out?
136
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不得不想清楚:
现在该怎么逃出去?
08:46
And as they made制作 their way
out of the South,
137
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3357
当他们顺利逃离南方,
08:49
away from Jim吉姆 Crow乌鸦,
138
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逃离种族隔离地区,
08:52
they followed其次 three
beautifully精美 predictable可预测 streams
139
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他们会沿着 3 条固定路线前进,
08:55
as is the case案件 in any migration移民
throughout始终 human人的 history历史.
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跟历史上的移民潮一样。
09:00
In this particular特定 case案件,
there were three streams.
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具体来说,有 3 条路线。
09:03
One was the migration移民 along沿 the East Coast
142
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一条是沿着东海岸,
09:08
from Florida佛罗里达, Georgia格鲁吉亚,
the Carolinas卡罗莱纳州 and Virginia弗吉尼亚州
143
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4220
从佛罗里达、乔治亚、
南北卡罗莱纳和维吉尼亚
09:12
to Washington华盛顿 DCDC, to Philadelphia费城,
144
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到华盛顿、费城
09:15
New Jersey新泽西, New York纽约
and on up the East coast.
145
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3468
新泽西、纽约然后一路沿东海岸北上。
09:19
There was the Midwest中西部 stream,
146
547220
1611
还有一条中西部的路线,
09:20
which哪一个 carried携带的 people
from Mississippi密西西比州, Alabama阿拉巴马,
147
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3889
是从密西西比、阿拉巴马、
09:24
Tennessee田纳西 and Arkansas阿肯色州
148
552768
2214
田纳西和阿肯色,
09:27
to Chicago芝加哥, to Detroit底特律,
to Cleveland克利夫兰 and the entire整个 Midwest中西部.
149
555006
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到芝加哥、底特律、
克里夫兰和整个中西部地区。
09:31
And then there was the West西 Coast stream,
150
559961
2191
最后是西海岸路线,
09:34
which哪一个 carried携带的 people
from Louisiana路易斯安那州 and Texas德州
151
562176
3973
从路易斯安那和得克萨斯
09:38
out to California加州.
152
566173
1428
到加利福尼亚。
09:39
And when they really wanted to get away,
153
567966
2444
如果想逃得更远一点,
09:42
they went to Seattle西雅图.
154
570434
1627
他们就会去西雅图。
09:44
And when they really, really
wanted to get away,
155
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3842
如果还要更更更远,
09:47
they went to Alaska阿拉斯加州,
156
575951
1725
就会去阿拉斯加,
09:49
the farthest最远 possible可能 point
within the borders国界 of the United联合的 States状态
157
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那儿应该是美国境内,
09:53
from Jim吉姆 Crow乌鸦 South.
158
581981
1563
离种族隔离区最远的地方。
09:57
Before the Great Migration移民 began开始,
159
585941
2429
在大移民开始前,
10:00
90 percent百分 of all African非洲人 Americans美国人
were living活的 in the South.
160
588394
4413
90%的非裔美国人生活在南方。
10:04
Nearly几乎 held保持 captive俘虏 in the South.
161
592831
2833
准确的说应该是被关在南方。
10:08
But by the time
this Great Migration移民 was over,
162
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3190
但到大移民结束的时候,
10:11
nearly几乎 half were living活的
all over the rest休息 of the country国家.
163
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3452
差不多有一半的人分布在全国各地。
10:14
So this ended结束 up being存在
nearly几乎 a complete完成 redistribution再分配
164
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3578
这基本上是一次
10:18
of part部分 of an entire整个 people.
165
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2214
对人口的再分配。
10:23
This Great Migration移民 was the first time
in American美国 history历史
166
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5166
这场大移民,是美国历史上第一次,
10:28
that the lowest最低 caste种姓 people
167
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2925
来自最底层的人民
10:31
signaled信号 that they had options选项
and were willing愿意 to take them.
168
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3761
有了选择的机会,
他们也希望抓住机会。
10:36
That had not happened发生
in the three centuries百年
169
624227
4449
3 个世纪前,当非裔美国人
踏上这片土地以来,
10:40
in which哪一个 African非洲人 Americans美国人
had been on that soil at that time.
170
628701
5169
这样的事还从未发生过。
10:46
It had not happened发生
in 12 generations of enslavement奴役
171
634707
4417
在经过了 1 个世纪的种族隔离
和 12 代奴隶制,
10:51
that preceded之前
nearly几乎 a century世纪 of Jim吉姆 Crow乌鸦.
172
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这样的事才第一次发生。
10:55
How many许多 "greats巨星"
173
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你要在祖父前面
10:57
do you have to add
to the word "grandparent祖父母"
174
645973
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加上多少个“曾”,
11:01
to begin开始 to imagine想像 how long
enslavement奴役 lasted历时 in the United联合的 States状态?
175
649227
6097
才能想象出奴隶制
在美国存在了多长时间?
11:08
Secondly其次, this Great Migration移民
was the first time in American美国 history历史
176
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6262
其次,大移民是在美国历史上第一次
11:15
that the lowest最低 caste种姓 people
177
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2861
来自最底层的人民
11:17
actually其实 had a chance机会
to choose选择 for themselves他们自己
178
665886
4985
有机会为自己做选择,
11:22
what they would do
with their God-given神赐 talents人才
179
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3332
选择如何运用上帝赐予的天赋,
11:26
and where they would pursue追求 them.
180
674251
1920
以及在哪里能实现它。
11:29
Think about those cotton fields领域
181
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2785
想象那些棉花地、
11:32
and those rice白饭 plantations种植园
182
680649
2127
稻田、
11:34
and those tobacco烟草 fields领域
183
682800
2016
烟草地、
11:36
and those sugar plantations种植园.
184
684840
1867
甘蔗园。
11:39
On those sugar plantations种植园,
185
687410
2254
在甘蔗园里、
11:41
and on those tobacco烟草 fields领域,
186
689688
2357
烟草地里、
11:44
and on those rice白饭 plantations种植园,
187
692069
2333
稻田里、
11:46
and on those cotton fields领域
188
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2142
棉花地里,
11:48
were opera歌剧 singers歌手,
189
696592
2087
有歌剧演员、
11:50
jazz爵士乐 musicians音乐家,
190
698703
2032
爵士乐手、
11:52
playwrights剧作家,
191
700759
1775
剧作家、
11:54
novelists小说家,
192
702558
1658
小说家、
11:56
surgeons外科医生,
193
704240
1667
外科医生、
11:57
attorneys律师,
194
705931
1698
律师、
11:59
accountants会计师,
195
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1587
会计、
12:01
professors教授,
196
709264
1714
教授、
12:03
journalists记者.
197
711002
1150
记者。
12:04
And how do we know that?
198
712653
1390
我们是怎么知道的呢?
12:06
We know that because that is
what they and their children孩子
199
714533
4845
我们知道,是因为这是他们,
他们的孩子,
12:11
and now their grandchildren孙子
and even great-grandchildren曾孙
200
719402
3883
他们的孙子,甚至是重孙,
12:15
have often经常 chosen选择 to become成为
201
723309
2196
会选择的职业,
12:17
once一旦 they had the chance机会
to choose选择 for themselves他们自己
202
725529
4206
只要他们有机会来为自己选择,
12:21
what they would do
with their God-given神赐 talents人才.
203
729759
2666
来运用上帝赐予的天赋。
12:25
Without没有 the Great Migration移民,
204
733402
2439
没有大移民,
12:27
there might威力 not have been
a Toni托尼 Morrison莫里森 as we now know her to be.
205
735865
4658
也许今天就没有我们
熟悉的托妮·莫里森。
12:33
Her parents父母 were from Alabama阿拉巴马
and from Georgia格鲁吉亚.
206
741451
3199
她的父母分别来自
阿拉巴马和乔治亚。
12:36
They migrated迁移 to Ohio俄亥俄州,
207
744674
2001
移民到了俄亥俄,
12:38
where their daughter女儿
would get to do something
208
746699
2171
在那里,他们的女儿才能做一些
12:40
that we all take for granted理所当然
at this point,
209
748894
2841
在今天看来是理所应当的事,
12:43
but which哪一个 was against反对 the law
and against反对 protocol协议 for African非洲人 Americans美国人
210
751759
4539
但是,对于非裔美国人来说,
12:48
at the time that she would have been
growing生长 up in the South,
211
756322
2874
如果她在父母曾生活的南方长大,
12:51
had they stayed.
212
759220
1182
就是违法和违规了。
12:52
And that is just to walk步行 into a library图书馆
213
760426
2611
只是走进图书馆,
12:55
and take out a library图书馆 book.
214
763061
2095
拿走一本图书,也是违法的。
12:57
Merely只是 by making制造
the single decision决定 to leave离开,
215
765180
3976
仅仅是做了离开的决定,
13:01
her parents父母 assured保证 that their daughter女儿
would get access访问 to books图书.
216
769180
4039
她的父母就能保证女儿能读到书。
13:05
And if you're going to become成为
a Nobel诺贝尔 laureate得主,
217
773727
2738
如果你想成为一名诺贝尔获奖者,
13:08
it helps帮助 to get a book now and then.
218
776489
1944
能随时借到书,会大有帮助。
13:10
You know, it helps帮助.
219
778457
1267
大家都懂,肯定会有帮助的。
13:13
Music音乐 as we know it was reshaped重塑
by the Great Migration移民.
220
781505
4391
大移民还重塑了我们的音乐。
13:19
As they came来了 North,
they brought with them,
221
787434
2491
他们移民到北方,
也将音乐带了过去,
13:21
on their hearts心中 and in their memories回忆,
222
789949
2707
音乐存在他们的心里和记忆中,
13:24
the music音乐 that had sustained持续
the ancestors祖先 --
223
792680
3094
支撑着他们的祖先,
13:27
the blues蓝调 music音乐, the spirituals精神上的
and the gospel福音 music音乐
224
795798
3897
蓝调,灵歌和福音音乐,
13:31
that had sustained持续 them
through通过 the generations.
225
799719
2444
支撑了他们一代又一代人。
13:34
And they converted转换 this music音乐
into whole整个 new genres流派 of music音乐.
226
802751
4270
他们将这些音乐
转变成了全新的形式。
13:39
And got the chance机会 to record记录 this music音乐,
227
807045
3008
并有机会把这些新创的音乐
13:42
this new music音乐 that they were creating创建,
228
810077
2079
录制下来,
13:44
and to spread传播 it throughout始终 the world世界.
229
812180
2142
传播到全世界。
13:47
Without没有 the Great Migration移民,
"Motown底特律" would not have existed存在.
230
815807
3388
如果没有大移民,
摩城唱片将不会存在。
13:51
The founder创办人, Berry浆果 Gordy高迪,
his parents父母 were from Georgia格鲁吉亚.
231
819843
2976
创始人贝利·高迪的父母
来自乔治亚州。
13:54
They migrated迁移 to Detroit底特律.
232
822843
1603
他们移居到了底特律。
13:56
And when he got to be a grown长大的 man,
he decided决定 he wanted to go into music音乐.
233
824470
3694
他长大之后,决定要从事音乐。
14:00
But he didn't have the wherewithal途穷
to go all over the country国家
234
828188
3372
但他资金不够,没法走遍全国,
14:03
looking for the best最好 talent天赋,
235
831584
1580
去寻找那些有才华的人,
14:05
and it turned转身 out he didn't have to.
236
833188
2265
其实他并不需要走远。
14:07
It turned转身 out that there he was,
237
835477
1909
他所在之处,
14:09
surrounded包围 by children孩子
of the Great Migration移民
238
837410
3023
就有许多大移民的后代,
14:12
whose谁的 parents父母 had brought this music音乐 up
with them during the journey旅程.
239
840457
3404
他们的父辈带着音乐上路。
14:16
And among其中 those children孩子
were these three girls女孩,
240
844822
3453
在这些孩子中有3位姑娘,
14:20
there was Mary玛丽 Wilson威尔逊,
241
848299
1886
分别是玛丽·威尔森,
14:23
Florence佛罗伦萨 Ballard巴拉德
242
851292
1326
弗洛伦斯·巴拉德
14:25
and there was a third第三 one:
243
853405
1407
还有第 3 个,
14:27
Diana戴安娜 Ross罗斯.
244
855478
1150
黛安娜·罗斯。
14:29
We might威力 not know Diana戴安娜 Ross'罗斯 ' name名称
had there been no Great Migration移民.
245
857111
4789
如果不是大移民的话,
我们可能不会知道黛安娜·罗斯。
14:33
Because like a lot of Americans美国人
and a lot of human人的 beings众生 in general一般,
246
861925
3665
因为就像许多美国人
和许多普通人一样,
14:37
she might威力 not have existed存在
because her parents父母 might威力 not have met会见.
247
865614
2852
她可能都不会出生,
因为她的父母可能都无法相遇。
14:40
Her mother母亲 was from Alabama阿拉巴马,
248
868769
2206
她母亲来自阿拉巴马,
14:42
father父亲 from West西 Virginia弗吉尼亚州,
249
870999
1746
父亲来自西维吉尼亚,
14:44
they migrated迁移 to Detroit底特律, different不同 years年份,
250
872769
3403
他们先后移民到底特律,
14:48
met会见, married已婚, had her and her siblings兄弟姐妹,
251
876196
3167
相遇、结婚,有了黛安娜和她的姐妹,
14:51
and thus从而 a legend传说 was born天生.
252
879387
2349
一代传奇就这样诞生了。
14:54
Jazz爵士乐 was a creation创建
of the Great Migration移民.
253
882705
3778
爵士乐是大移民的产物。
14:58
And one of the greatest最大 gifts礼品
of the Great Migration移民.
254
886507
3666
是大移民带来的最好的礼物之一。
15:02
Starting开始 with Louis路易 Armstrong阿姆斯特朗,
who was born天生 in Louisiana路易斯安那州
255
890197
3629
最开始是路易斯·阿姆斯特朗,
出生于路易斯安那,
15:06
and migrated迁移 on the Illinois伊利诺伊
Central中央 Railroad铁路 to Chicago芝加哥,
256
894243
4016
沿着伊利诺伊州中部铁路
移民到了芝加哥,
15:10
where he got the chance机会
to build建立 on the talent天赋
257
898283
3403
在那里他有机会锻炼才华,
15:13
that was within him all along沿.
258
901710
2000
那些与生俱来的才华。
15:16
Miles万里 Davis戴维斯.
259
904267
1254
迈尔士·戴维斯。
15:17
His parents父母 were from Arkansas阿肯色州.
260
905545
2055
他的父母来自阿肯色州。
15:19
They migrated迁移 to southern南部的 Illinois伊利诺伊,
261
907624
2817
他们移民到伊利诺伊州南部,
15:22
where he would get the chance机会
to build建立 on the talents人才
262
910465
2871
在那里他有机会锻炼才华,
15:25
that were within him all along沿
263
913360
2311
那些与生俱来的才华,
15:27
but which哪一个 could have gone走了 fallow休耕
in the cotton country国家 of Arkansas阿肯色州.
264
915695
4394
原本这些才华可能会被埋没在
阿肯色州的棉花地里。
15:34
John约翰 Coltrane科兰.
265
922124
1174
约翰·柯川。
15:36
He migrated迁移 at the age年龄 of 16
266
924029
2841
他是在 16 岁的时候,
15:38
from North Carolina卡罗来纳州 to Philadelphia费城,
267
926894
3389
从北卡罗来纳州移民到了费城,
15:42
where, upon arrival到达 in Philadelphia费城,
he got his first alto中音 saxSax.
268
930307
4586
在到达费城的时候,
他得到了第一支中音萨克斯。
15:47
And there are lovers情侣 of jazz爵士乐
who cannot不能 imagine想像 a world世界
269
935362
3468
爵士乐爱好者们简直无法想象
15:50
without John约翰 Coltrane科兰
having gotten得到 a hold保持 of a saxophone萨克斯管.
270
938854
3476
如果约翰·柯川手里没有萨克斯风,
这世界将会怎样。
15:56
Thelonious特洛尼厄斯 Monk.
271
944027
1150
塞隆尼斯·孟克。
15:58
Michael迈克尔 Jackson杰克逊.
272
946345
1150
迈克尔·杰克逊。
16:00
Jesse杰西 Owens欧文斯.
273
948138
1150
杰西·欧文斯。
16:01
Prince王子.
274
949821
1269
王子。
16:03
August八月 Wilson威尔逊.
275
951114
1150
奥古斯特·威尔逊。
16:04
Richard理查德 Wright赖特.
276
952567
1374
理查德·赖特。
16:05
Ralph拉尔夫 Ellison埃利森.
277
953965
1150
拉尔夫·艾里森。
16:07
Michelle米歇尔 Obama奥巴马.
278
955711
1270
米歇尔·奥巴马。
16:09
These are all a few少数
of the millions百万 of people
279
957941
5048
这些只是数百万
移民后代中的一小部分,
16:15
who were products制品
of the single decision决定 to migrate迁移.
280
963013
3912
他们都是移民这个决定的产物。
16:20
The people of the Great Migration移民
281
968769
1992
大移民的人
16:22
met会见 with tremendous巨大
resistance抵抗性 in the North.
282
970785
2507
在北方遇到了极大的抵制。
16:25
And they were not able能够 to defeat打败
all social社会 injustice不公正.
283
973809
4555
他们没法纠正所有的社会不公正。
16:31
But one person
284
979275
1825
但一个人
16:33
added添加 to another另一个 person,
285
981124
2095
加上第二个人,
16:35
added添加 to another另一个 person,
286
983243
1643
加上第三个人,
16:36
multiplied乘以 by millions百万,
287
984910
3055
加上数百万人,
16:39
were able能够 to become成为 the advance提前 guard守卫
of the civil国内 rights权利 movement运动.
288
987989
4926
就能成为民权运动的巨大先锋力量。
16:45
One person added添加 to another另一个 person,
289
993471
2881
一个人加上第二个人,
16:48
added添加 to another另一个 person,
290
996376
1611
加上第三个人,
16:50
multiplied乘以 by millions百万,
291
998011
1158
加上数百万人,
16:51
acting演戏 on a single decision决定,
292
999193
2349
因为一个决定而行动起来,
16:53
were able能够 to change更改 the region地区
that they had been forced被迫 to flee逃跑.
293
1001566
4735
就可以改变他们原本要逃离的地方。
17:00
They had more power功率 in leaving离开
294
1008136
2943
离开的力量
17:03
than by staying.
295
1011376
1150
比留下更加强大。
17:06
By their actions行动,
296
1014703
1404
通过他们的行动,
17:08
these people who had absolutely绝对 nothing
297
1016131
3834
这些一无所有的人
17:11
were able能够 to do what a president主席
of the United联合的 States状态,
298
1019989
3954
甚至完成了美国总统,
17:15
Abraham亚伯拉罕 Lincoln林肯, was not able能够 to do.
299
1023967
2649
亚布拉罕·林肯都无法完成的事情。
17:19
These people, by their actions行动,
300
1027586
3071
这些人,通过他们的行动,
17:22
were able能够 to do
301
1030681
1169
完成了
17:23
what the Emancipation解放
Proclamation公告 could not do.
302
1031874
3267
《解放奴隶宣言》
也无法完成的事情。
17:28
These people, by their actions行动,
303
1036411
3373
这些人,通过他们的行动,
17:31
were able能够 to do what the powers权力 that be,
304
1039808
3399
完成了当时的政府,
17:35
North and South,
305
1043231
2325
北方和南方,
17:37
could not or would not do.
306
1045580
2777
无法完成也不愿完成的事。
17:41
They freed释放 themselves他们自己.
307
1049618
1491
他们解放了自己。
17:43
Thank you.
308
1051991
1174
谢谢大家。
17:45
(Applause掌声)
309
1053189
6034
(掌声)
17:51
Thank you.
310
1059247
1151
谢谢大家。
17:52
(Applause掌声)
311
1060422
1935
(掌声)
Translated by Alvin Lee
Reviewed by Maggie Wang

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Isabel Wilkerson - Journalist, author
The author of "The Warmth of Other Suns," the story of the Great Migration, Isabel Wilkerson is a Pulitzer-winning journalist who uses narrative history to bring to light our shared humanity.

Why you should listen

Pulitzer Prize winner Isabel Wilkerson devoted 15 years to the research and writing of The Warmth of Other Suns. She interviewed more than 1,200 people, unearthed archival works and gathered the voices of the famous and the unknown to tell the epic story of the Great Migration, one of the biggest underreported stories of the 20th century and one of the largest migrations in American history.

The book was named to more than 30 Best of the Year lists, won the National Book Critics Circle Award, among other honors, and made national news when President Obama chose it for summer reading in 2011. In 2012, the New York Times named The Warmth of Other Suns to its list of the best nonfiction books of all time.

Wilkerson won the Pulitzer Prize for her work as Chicago Bureau Chief of the New York Times, making her the first black woman in the history of American journalism to win a Pulitzer and the first African-American to win for individual reporting.

More profile about the speaker
Isabel Wilkerson | Speaker | TED.com