TEDWomen 2017
Isabel Wilkerson: The Great Migration and the power of a single decision
伊莎貝爾．威爾克森: 大遷徙以及一個決定的力量
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有時，一個決定就能改變歷史的軌跡。來聽聽記者兼作家伊莎貝爾．威爾克森訴說大遷徙的故事。在一次大戰到七〇年代間，有六百萬非裔美國人從「吉姆克勞」等級制度的南方湧入北方和西方的城市，威爾克森解釋這是美國史上第一次，最低等級的人展現出他們有選擇，且願意做出選擇，也是第一次他們有機會選擇要如何使用他們與生俱來的才華。她說：「透過行動，這些人得以做到當權者，不論南方或北方，做不到或不願做的事。 他們解放了自己。」
Isabel Wilkerson - Journalist, author
The author of "The Warmth of Other Suns," the story of the Great Migration, Isabel Wilkerson is a Pulitzer-winning journalist who uses narrative history to bring to light our shared humanity. Full bio
The author of "The Warmth of Other Suns," the story of the Great Migration, Isabel Wilkerson is a Pulitzer-winning journalist who uses narrative history to bring to light our shared humanity. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Imagine with me this scene.
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請和我一起想像這個情境，
00:16
It's a scene that played out
in nearly all of our families.
in nearly all of our families.
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幾乎在我們所有人家中
都會上演這個情境，
都會上演這個情境，
00:22
It's a scene in which a young person,
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在這個情境中，有一個年輕人，
00:26
somewhere in our family tree,
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位在家譜中的某一處，
00:29
somewhere in our lineage
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來自家系中的某一家族，
00:31
had a heartbreaking decision to make.
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他得做出一個讓人心碎的決定。
00:35
It was a decision to leave all
that they had known.
that they had known.
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這個決定是他要離開
所有他熟悉的一切，
所有他熟悉的一切，
00:40
And all of the people that they had loved
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離開所有他愛的人，
00:44
and to set out for a place far, far away
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前往一個很遠很遠的、
00:48
that they had never seen
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完全陌生的地方，
00:50
in hopes that life might be better.
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只希望在那裡過上更好的生活。
00:53
Migration is usually
a young person's endeavor.
a young person's endeavor.
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遷徙通常是年輕人才會
試圖去做的事情。
試圖去做的事情。
00:59
It's the kind of thing that you do
when you're on the cusp of life.
when you're on the cusp of life.
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是一件你在人生的關口時會做的事。
01:03
And so, there is, in all of our families,
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所以，在我們所有人的家庭中，
過去都曾有一個這樣的年輕人。
01:07
this young person
somewhere in our background.
somewhere in our background.
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01:11
That person is standing at a dock,
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那個人站在碼頭，
01:14
about to board a ship
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準備登船，
01:16
that will cross the Atlantic
or the Pacific Ocean.
or the Pacific Ocean.
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將要橫渡大西洋或太平洋。
01:20
That person is loading up a truck
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那個人在把東西裝載到卡車上，
01:24
that will cross the Rio Grande.
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準備開車穿過格蘭河。
01:27
Or that person is standing
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或著，那個人站在車站月台上，
01:30
at a railroad platform
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01:32
about to board a train
that will cross rivers and mountains
that will cross rivers and mountains
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準備上火車，穿越河流及山岳，
01:38
out of the Jim Crow South
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離開南方的吉姆克勞，
（註：克勞實行種族隔離制）
（註：克勞實行種族隔離制）
01:40
to what they hope
will be freedom in the North.
will be freedom in the North.
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到能找到自由的北方。
（註：克勞實行種族隔離制）
（註：克勞實行種族隔離制）
01:45
And there, with this young person
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在這個年輕人身旁，
01:50
as they are about to board that ship,
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當他準備要登上那艘大船、
01:54
that boat,
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那艘輪船、
01:55
that truck, that train,
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那輛卡車、那列火車時，
01:58
are the people who raised them.
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有養育他的人為他送行，
02:01
Their mother, their father,
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他的母親、他的父親、
02:04
their aunt, their uncle,
their grandparents,
their grandparents,
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他的姑姑、叔叔、他的祖父母。
02:08
whoever it might have been
who had gotten them to this point.
who had gotten them to this point.
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陪著他走到這一步的任何人，
02:13
Those older people
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這些較年長的人將無法
和他一起踏上這橫渡之旅。
和他一起踏上這橫渡之旅。
02:14
were not going to be able
to make the crossing with them.
to make the crossing with them.
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02:19
And as they looked into the eyes
of the people who had raised them,
of the people who had raised them,
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當他望向那些養育他的人，
02:24
there was no guarantee
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沒有人可以擔保
02:26
that they would ever see them alive again.
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他會再與他們活著相見。
02:31
Remember, there was no Skype,
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別忘了，那時沒有 Skype、
02:34
no e-mail, no cell phones
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沒有電子郵件、沒有手機，
02:38
not even reliable long-distance
telephone service.
telephone service.
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甚至沒有可靠的長途電話服務。
02:41
And even if there had been,
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就算有長途電話，
02:43
many of the people that they were leaving
did not even have telephones.
did not even have telephones.
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許多留下的人也都住在
沒有電話的地方。
沒有電話的地方。
02:49
This was going to be a complete break
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這趟旅程將會將他們完全分離，
02:52
from all that they knew
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他將離開所熟悉的一切，
02:54
and all of the people that they loved.
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以及所有他愛的人。
02:57
And the very next time
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而他下一次
02:59
that they might hear anything
about the people who had raised them
about the people who had raised them
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聽到這些養育他的人的任何消息，
03:04
might be a telegram saying,
"Your father has passed away."
"Your father has passed away."
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很可能就是一封電報
寫著「你的父親過世了。」
寫著「你的父親過世了。」
03:11
Or, "Your mother is very, very ill.
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或「你的母親病得非常非常重，
03:15
You must return home quickly
if you are to see her alive again."
if you are to see her alive again."
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若你想見她最後一面，
你必須要盡快回家。」
你必須要盡快回家。」
03:21
That is the magnitude of the sacrifice
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那就是犧牲的程度，
03:25
that had to have happened
in nearly all of our families
in nearly all of our families
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這幾乎在我們所有人的
家族中都發生過，
家族中都發生過，
03:30
just for us to be here.
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如今我們才會在這裡。
03:32
A single decision
that changed the course of families
that changed the course of families
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一個決定，改變了家族後代、
03:37
and lineages and countries and history
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國家、歷史的方向，
03:41
to the current day.
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以及今日的樣貌。
03:45
One of these migration streams
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其中一股遷徙浪潮特別顯著，
03:47
stands out in ways
that we may not realize.
that we may not realize.
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我們可能還沒注意到，
03:51
It was called the Great Migration.
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它被稱為「大遷徙
(the Great Migration)」，
(the Great Migration)」，
03:54
It was the outpouring
of six million African Americans
of six million African Americans
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有六百萬非裔美國人
04:00
from the Jim Crow South
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從實施吉姆克勞法的南方
04:02
to the cities of the North and West,
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移居到北方和西方的城市，
04:05
from the time of World War I
until the 1970s.
until the 1970s.
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時間是一次大戰到 1970 年代間。
04:10
It stands out because this
was the first time in American history
was the first time in American history
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它之所以特別，是因為
這是美國史上第一次，
這是美國史上第一次，
04:16
that American citizens
had to flee the land of their birth
had to flee the land of their birth
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美國公民必須逃離自己的出生地，
04:23
just to be recognized as the citizens
that they had always been.
that they had always been.
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只為了讓自己的公民身份
能像過去一樣被承認。
能像過去一樣被承認。
04:28
No other group of Americans
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不曾有過其他的美國人族群
04:30
has had to act like immigrants
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需要做到像移民者一樣
04:34
in order to be recognized as citizens.
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才能讓自己的公民身份被承認。
04:37
So this great migration was not a move.
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這次大遷徙並不是搬家，
04:43
It was actually a seeking
of political asylum
of political asylum
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而是在自己的國家內尋求政治庇護。
04:47
within the borders of one's own country.
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04:51
They were defecting a caste system
known as Jim Crow.
known as Jim Crow.
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他們在逃離俗稱
「吉姆克勞」的等級制度。
「吉姆克勞」的等級制度。
04:57
It was an artificial hierarchy
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那是種人造階級制度，
04:59
in which everything
that you could and could not do
that you could and could not do
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你能做什麼、不能做什麼，
05:03
was based upon what you looked like.
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都由你的外貌來決定。
05:07
This caste system was so arcane
that it was actually against the law
that it was actually against the law
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這個等級制度很不可思議，
05:12
for a black person and a white person
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它甚至禁止黑人和白人
05:15
to merely play checkers
together in Birmingham.
together in Birmingham.
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一起在伯明罕市下棋。
05:19
You could go to jail
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如果你被逮到和不同種族的
人下棋，可能會因此坐牢。
人下棋，可能會因此坐牢。
05:20
if you were caught playing checkers
with a person of a different race.
with a person of a different race.
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05:25
Someone must have seen
a black person and a white person
a black person and a white person
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一定是有某人看到了
一個黑人和一個白人
一個黑人和一個白人
05:30
playing checkers with someone
in some town square.
in some town square.
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在某個鎮上的廣場下棋，
05:33
And maybe the wrong person was winning
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也許不該贏的人贏了，
05:37
or they were having too good of a time,
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或是他們玩得太開心，
05:39
but whatever it was that this person saw,
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不論他們在下棋時
05:42
with this black person
and this white person playing checkers,
and this white person playing checkers,
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這個人看到的是什麼，
05:45
they felt the entire foundation
of Southern civilization was in peril.
of Southern civilization was in peril.
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他必定感覺到整個
南方文明的根基有危險，
南方文明的根基有危險，
05:50
And decided that it was worth
taking the time
taking the time
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於是他決定花些時間
05:52
to write this down as a law.
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把這狀況寫入法律。
05:56
This caste system was so arcane
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這個等級制度很不可思議，
05:58
that in courtrooms throughout the South
there was actually a black Bible
there was actually a black Bible
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在南方各地的法庭
竟同時備有一本黑人聖經
竟同時備有一本黑人聖經
06:04
and an altogether separate white Bible
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與一本白人聖經，
06:07
to swear to tell the truth on in court.
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讓不同種族的人們
發誓說實話時使用。
發誓說實話時使用。
06:12
The very word of God was segregated
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在吉姆克勞的南方，
06:15
in the caste system of the Jim Crow South.
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連神的話語都被做了種族隔離。
06:20
The same sacred object
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同樣是聖物
06:23
could not be touched
by hands of different races.
by hands of different races.
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卻不容被不同種族的手觸碰。
06:28
This artificial hierarchy,
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這種人造階級制度
06:31
because it goes against
human desires to be free,
human desires to be free,
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因為違反了人類對自由的渴望，
06:37
required a tremendous amount
of violence to maintain.
of violence to maintain.
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所以需要大量的暴力才能維持它。
06:42
Such that every four days,
somewhere in the American South,
somewhere in the American South,
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以致於每四天，
在美國南方的某個地方，
在美國南方的某個地方，
06:47
every four days
an African American was lynched
an African American was lynched
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每四天，就有一個非裔
美國人被私刑處死，
美國人被私刑處死，
06:50
for some perceived breach of protocol
in this caste system
in this caste system
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只因為有人覺得他破壞了
等級制度的某些協定，
等級制度的某些協定，
06:54
in the decades leading up
to the start of the Great Migration.
to the start of the Great Migration.
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這是大遷徙前數十年來的社會樣貌。
07:00
This caste system had been put in place
for many, many reasons.
for many, many reasons.
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會實施這個等級制度，有許多理由。
07:05
But one of them was to maintain
the economic order of the South,
the economic order of the South,
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其中之一是要維持南方的經濟秩序，
07:10
which required not just
a supply of cheap labor
a supply of cheap labor
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南方經濟不只仰賴廉價的勞工，
07:14
but an oversupply of cheap labor
to work at the will of the land.
to work at the will of the land.
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還需要超量的廉價勞力
來完成土地的耕作，
來完成土地的耕作，
07:20
This Great Migration began
when the North had a labor problem.
when the North had a labor problem.
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大遷徙始於北方出現勞工問題時，
07:26
The North had a labor problem
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北方有勞工問題
07:28
because it had been relying
on cheap labor from Europe --
on cheap labor from Europe --
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是因為它一直仰賴歐洲的廉價勞工，
07:31
immigrants from Europe --
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來自歐洲的移民者，
07:32
to work the factories and the foundries
and the steel mills.
and the steel mills.
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在工廠、鑄造廠、鋼廠裡工作。
07:36
But during World War I,
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但一次大戰期間，
07:38
migration from Europe
came to a virtual halt.
came to a virtual halt.
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歐洲人停止移民美國，
07:42
And so the North had a labor problem.
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北方因此出現了勞工問題。
07:44
And so the North decided to go
and find the cheapest labor in the land
and find the cheapest labor in the land
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所以他們決定要在國內
尋找最便宜的勞力，
尋找最便宜的勞力，
07:50
which meant African Americans
in the South,
in the South,
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也就是在南方的非裔美國人。
07:53
many of whom were not even being paid
for their hard work.
for their hard work.
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他們當中有很多人
做了苦力卻都沒有薪水，
做了苦力卻都沒有薪水，
07:57
Many of them were working
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許多人為取得在他們
耕地上的居住權而工作。
耕地上的居住權而工作。
07:58
for the right to live on the land
that they were farming.
that they were farming.
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08:01
They were sharecroppers
and not even being paid.
and not even being paid.
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他們是佃農，沒有薪水，
08:04
So they were ripe for recruitment.
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所以他們早已準備好被招聘了。
08:07
But it turned out
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然而，
08:09
that the South did not take kindly
to this poaching of its cheap labor.
to this poaching of its cheap labor.
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南方對於廉價勞工被竊取
這件事十分憤慨，
這件事十分憤慨，
08:14
The South actually did everything it could
to keep the people from leaving.
to keep the people from leaving.
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於是盡一切所能，不讓人們離開。
08:19
They would arrest people
from the railroad platforms.
from the railroad platforms.
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他們在車站月台逮捕人。
08:22
Remember, putatively free
American citizens.
American citizens.
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別忘了，那些人該是
自由的美國公民。
自由的美國公民。
08:26
They would arrest them
from their train seats.
from their train seats.
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他們可能會從火車座位上被帶走，
08:29
And when there were too many
people to arrest,
people to arrest,
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當要逮捕的人太多時，
08:32
they would wave the train on through
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他們會揮手讓火車
不要停下來，直接通過，
不要停下來，直接通過，
08:34
so that people who had been hoping
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這麼一來，一直抱著希望、
08:37
and saving
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一直在存錢、
08:38
and praying for the chance
to get to freedom
to get to freedom
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不停的禱告希望得到自由的人們，
08:41
had to figure out:
How now will we get out?
How now will we get out?
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就得要為下一步做打算。
08:46
And as they made their way
out of the South,
out of the South,
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3357
當他們順利離開南方，
08:49
away from Jim Crow,
138
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2476
遠離吉姆克勞法，
08:52
they followed three
beautifully predictable streams
beautifully predictable streams
139
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3409
他們循著三條可預期的路線前進，
08:55
as is the case in any migration
throughout human history.
throughout human history.
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如同人類史上每一次的移民潮。
09:00
In this particular case,
there were three streams.
there were three streams.
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3144
在這個特別的案例中，有三條路線，
09:03
One was the migration along the East Coast
142
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4869
第一條路線沿著東岸，
09:08
from Florida, Georgia,
the Carolinas and Virginia
the Carolinas and Virginia
143
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4220
從佛羅里達、喬治亞、
卡羅來納、維吉尼亞，
卡羅來納、維吉尼亞，
09:12
to Washington DC, to Philadelphia,
144
540846
2858
到華盛頓特區、費城、
09:15
New Jersey, New York
and on up the East coast.
and on up the East coast.
145
543728
3468
新澤西、紐約，沿著東岸向北走。
09:19
There was the Midwest stream,
146
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1611
還有中西部的路線，
09:20
which carried people
from Mississippi, Alabama,
from Mississippi, Alabama,
147
548855
3889
這條路線會帶著人們從
密西西比、阿拉巴馬、
密西西比、阿拉巴馬、
09:24
Tennessee and Arkansas
148
552768
2214
田納西和阿肯色，
09:27
to Chicago, to Detroit,
to Cleveland and the entire Midwest.
to Cleveland and the entire Midwest.
149
555006
4655
到芝加哥、底特律、
克里夫蘭和整個中西部。
克里夫蘭和整個中西部。
09:31
And then there was the West Coast stream,
150
559961
2191
還有條西岸路線，
09:34
which carried people
from Louisiana and Texas
from Louisiana and Texas
151
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3973
這條路線會帶著人們從
路易斯安那和德州，
路易斯安那和德州，
09:38
out to California.
152
566173
1428
向西到加州去。
09:39
And when they really wanted to get away,
153
567966
2444
當他們真的想要逃離時，
09:42
they went to Seattle.
154
570434
1627
他們會去西雅圖。
09:44
And when they really, really
wanted to get away,
wanted to get away,
155
572085
3842
當他們真的真的想要逃離時，
09:47
they went to Alaska,
156
575951
1725
他們會到阿拉斯加，
09:49
the farthest possible point
within the borders of the United States
within the borders of the United States
157
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4257
這是美國境內能去的地方中，
離吉姆克勞法最遠的。
09:53
from Jim Crow South.
158
581981
1563
09:57
Before the Great Migration began,
159
585941
2429
在大遷徙開始之前，
10:00
90 percent of all African Americans
were living in the South.
were living in the South.
160
588394
4413
90% 的非裔美國人住在南方。
10:04
Nearly held captive in the South.
161
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2833
幾乎是被囚禁在南方。
10:08
But by the time
this Great Migration was over,
this Great Migration was over,
162
596276
3190
大遷徙結束時，
10:11
nearly half were living
all over the rest of the country.
all over the rest of the country.
163
599490
3452
一半的人住到了美國的其他地方，
10:14
So this ended up being
nearly a complete redistribution
nearly a complete redistribution
164
602966
3578
所以，結果幾乎算是
一次人口的再分配。
一次人口的再分配。
10:18
of part of an entire people.
165
606569
2214
10:23
This Great Migration was the first time
in American history
in American history
166
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5166
大遷徙是美國史上第一次
10:28
that the lowest caste people
167
616228
2925
最低等級的人
10:31
signaled that they had options
and were willing to take them.
and were willing to take them.
168
619326
3761
伸張他們有選擇權，並做出選擇。
10:36
That had not happened
in the three centuries
in the three centuries
169
624227
4449
非裔美國人在美國的前三個世紀
10:40
in which African Americans
had been on that soil at that time.
had been on that soil at that time.
170
628701
5169
都不曾發生這樣的事，
10:46
It had not happened
in 12 generations of enslavement
in 12 generations of enslavement
171
634707
4417
在種族隔離前的一個世紀，
整整十二個代的奴役
世代間不曾發生過。
世代間不曾發生過。
10:51
that preceded
nearly a century of Jim Crow.
nearly a century of Jim Crow.
172
639148
3050
10:55
How many "greats"
173
643489
2460
你要在「祖父母」前面
10:57
do you have to add
to the word "grandparent"
to the word "grandparent"
174
645973
3230
加上多少個「曾」字，
11:01
to begin to imagine how long
enslavement lasted in the United States?
enslavement lasted in the United States?
175
649227
6097
才能想像美國的奴役世代持續了多久？
11:08
Secondly, this Great Migration
was the first time in American history
was the first time in American history
176
656715
6262
第二，這次大遷徙是美國史上第一次
11:15
that the lowest caste people
177
663001
2861
最低等級的人
11:17
actually had a chance
to choose for themselves
to choose for themselves
178
665886
4985
真的有機會為自己做選擇，
11:22
what they would do
with their God-given talents
with their God-given talents
179
670895
3332
選擇要如何運用自己的天賦，
11:26
and where they would pursue them.
180
674251
1920
以及在哪裡進行。
11:29
Think about those cotton fields
181
677840
2785
想想那些棉花田、
11:32
and those rice plantations
182
680649
2127
稻田、
11:34
and those tobacco fields
183
682800
2016
菸田
11:36
and those sugar plantations.
184
684840
1867
以及那些甘蔗園。
11:39
On those sugar plantations,
185
687410
2254
在那些甘蔗園裡，
11:41
and on those tobacco fields,
186
689688
2357
在那些菸田上，
11:44
and on those rice plantations,
187
692069
2333
在那些稻田上，
11:46
and on those cotton fields
188
694426
2142
在那些棉花田上，
11:48
were opera singers,
189
696592
2087
有著歌劇演唱家、
11:50
jazz musicians,
190
698703
2032
爵士音樂家、
11:52
playwrights,
191
700759
1775
劇作家、
11:54
novelists,
192
702558
1658
小說家、
11:56
surgeons,
193
704240
1667
外科醫生、
11:57
attorneys,
194
705931
1698
律師、
11:59
accountants,
195
707653
1587
會計師、
12:01
professors,
196
709264
1714
教授、
12:03
journalists.
197
711002
1150
記者，
12:04
And how do we know that?
198
712653
1390
我們怎麼會知道？
12:06
We know that because that is
what they and their children
what they and their children
199
714533
4845
我們之所以會知道是因為
這些是他們、他們的孩子，
這些是他們、他們的孩子，
12:11
and now their grandchildren
and even great-grandchildren
and even great-grandchildren
200
719402
3883
以及現在是他們的孫子，
甚至曾孫，
甚至曾孫，
12:15
have often chosen to become
201
723309
2196
通常會做出的職業選擇，
12:17
once they had the chance
to choose for themselves
to choose for themselves
202
725529
4206
一旦他們有機會為自己選擇
12:21
what they would do
with their God-given talents.
with their God-given talents.
203
729759
2666
如何運用自己的天賦才能時。
12:25
Without the Great Migration,
204
733402
2439
若沒有大遷徙，
12:27
there might not have been
a Toni Morrison as we now know her to be.
a Toni Morrison as we now know her to be.
205
735865
4658
可能就不會有我們今天
所熟知的托妮·莫里森，
所熟知的托妮·莫里森，
12:33
Her parents were from Alabama
and from Georgia.
and from Georgia.
206
741451
3199
她的父母來自阿拉巴馬和喬治亞，
12:36
They migrated to Ohio,
207
744674
2001
他們移居到俄亥俄，
12:38
where their daughter
would get to do something
would get to do something
208
746699
2171
在那裡，他們的女兒才能去做
12:40
that we all take for granted
at this point,
at this point,
209
748894
2841
一些今天看起來理所當然的事，
12:43
but which was against the law
and against protocol for African Americans
and against protocol for African Americans
210
751759
4539
這些事在當時會違反法律
及非裔美國人應遵守的協議，
及非裔美國人應遵守的協議，
12:48
at the time that she would have been
growing up in the South,
growing up in the South,
211
756322
2874
若她父母那時留在南方，
讓她在南方長大的話。
12:51
had they stayed.
212
759220
1182
12:52
And that is just to walk into a library
213
760426
2611
這些事包括走進圖書館
12:55
and take out a library book.
214
763061
2095
借出一本書。
12:57
Merely by making
the single decision to leave,
the single decision to leave,
215
765180
3976
光是「決定離開」這件事，
13:01
her parents assured that their daughter
would get access to books.
would get access to books.
216
769180
4039
她的父母就確保了
他們的女兒能夠取得書籍。
他們的女兒能夠取得書籍。
13:05
And if you're going to become
a Nobel laureate,
a Nobel laureate,
217
773727
2738
如果你要成為諾貝爾獎得主，
13:08
it helps to get a book now and then.
218
776489
1944
有時能夠看本書是有幫助的，
13:10
You know, it helps.
219
778457
1267
那是有幫助的。
13:13
Music as we know it was reshaped
by the Great Migration.
by the Great Migration.
220
781505
4391
我們所知道的音樂
也被大遷徙重塑過。
也被大遷徙重塑過。
13:19
As they came North,
they brought with them,
they brought with them,
221
787434
2491
到北方時，音樂保留在
人們的心中與記憶中，
人們的心中與記憶中，
13:21
on their hearts and in their memories,
222
789949
2707
13:24
the music that had sustained
the ancestors --
the ancestors --
223
792680
3094
那些是伴隨他們祖先的音樂，
13:27
the blues music, the spirituals
and the gospel music
and the gospel music
224
795798
3897
藍調、靈歌、福音音樂、
13:31
that had sustained them
through the generations.
through the generations.
225
799719
2444
世世代代支撐著他們的音樂。
13:34
And they converted this music
into whole new genres of music.
into whole new genres of music.
226
802751
4270
他們將這些音樂轉變成
全新的音樂類型。
全新的音樂類型。
13:39
And got the chance to record this music,
227
807045
3008
他們得到機會
錄製他們創造的新音樂，
13:42
this new music that they were creating,
228
810077
2079
13:44
and to spread it throughout the world.
229
812180
2142
並散播到全世界去。
13:47
Without the Great Migration,
"Motown" would not have existed.
"Motown" would not have existed.
230
815807
3388
若沒有大遷徙，就不會有
摩城唱片 (Motown)，
摩城唱片 (Motown)，
13:51
The founder, Berry Gordy,
his parents were from Georgia.
his parents were from Georgia.
231
819843
2976
它的創辦人貝里戈迪的
父母來自喬治亞。
父母來自喬治亞。
13:54
They migrated to Detroit.
232
822843
1603
他們移居到底特律。
13:56
And when he got to be a grown man,
he decided he wanted to go into music.
he decided he wanted to go into music.
233
824470
3694
他長大後決定進入音樂這一行，
14:00
But he didn't have the wherewithal
to go all over the country
to go all over the country
234
828188
3372
但他沒有資源走到全國各地
14:03
looking for the best talent,
235
831584
1580
尋找最有才華的人，
14:05
and it turned out he didn't have to.
236
833188
2265
然而，他根本不用這麼做。
14:07
It turned out that there he was,
237
835477
1909
他發現，在他身邊
14:09
surrounded by children
of the Great Migration
of the Great Migration
238
837410
3023
圍繞著大遷徙的孩子們，
14:12
whose parents had brought this music up
with them during the journey.
with them during the journey.
239
840457
3404
他們的父母在這趟旅程中
一直都帶著這些音樂。
一直都帶著這些音樂。
14:16
And among those children
were these three girls,
were these three girls,
240
844822
3453
在這些孩子當中，有三個女孩，
14:20
there was Mary Wilson,
241
848299
1886
包括瑪莉·威森、
14:23
Florence Ballard
242
851292
1326
弗洛倫斯·巴拉德，
14:25
and there was a third one:
243
853405
1407
以及第三位，
14:27
Diana Ross.
244
855478
1150
黛安娜·羅斯。
14:29
We might not know Diana Ross' name
had there been no Great Migration.
had there been no Great Migration.
245
857111
4789
如果不是大遷徙，我們可能
不會知道黛安娜·羅斯。
不會知道黛安娜·羅斯。
14:33
Because like a lot of Americans
and a lot of human beings in general,
and a lot of human beings in general,
246
861925
3665
因為和許多美國人
及許多一般人一樣，
及許多一般人一樣，
14:37
she might not have existed
because her parents might not have met.
because her parents might not have met.
247
865614
2852
若她的父母沒有相遇，就不會有她。
14:40
Her mother was from Alabama,
248
868769
2206
她的母親來自阿拉巴馬，
14:42
father from West Virginia,
249
870999
1746
父親來自西維吉尼亞，
14:44
they migrated to Detroit, different years,
250
872769
3403
他們在不同年分移居到底特律，
14:48
met, married, had her and her siblings,
251
876196
3167
相遇、結婚，生了她和她的手足，
14:51
and thus a legend was born.
252
879387
2349
傳奇就這麼誕生了。
14:54
Jazz was a creation
of the Great Migration.
of the Great Migration.
253
882705
3778
爵士是大遷徙的產物，
14:58
And one of the greatest gifts
of the Great Migration.
of the Great Migration.
254
886507
3666
也是大遷徙所創造最棒的禮物之一。
15:02
Starting with Louis Armstrong,
who was born in Louisiana
who was born in Louisiana
255
890197
3629
爵士從路易·阿姆斯壯開始，
他生於路易斯安那，
他生於路易斯安那，
15:06
and migrated on the Illinois
Central Railroad to Chicago,
Central Railroad to Chicago,
256
894243
4016
從伊利諾中央鐵路移居到芝加哥，
15:10
where he got the chance
to build on the talent
to build on the talent
257
898283
3403
在那裡，他有機會可以發揮
他一直都擁有的才華。
15:13
that was within him all along.
258
901710
2000
15:16
Miles Davis.
259
904267
1254
邁爾士·戴維斯，
15:17
His parents were from Arkansas.
260
905545
2055
他的父母來自阿肯色。
15:19
They migrated to southern Illinois,
261
907624
2817
他們移居到伊利諾，
15:22
where he would get the chance
to build on the talents
to build on the talents
262
910465
2871
在那裡，他有機會可以鍛鍊
15:25
that were within him all along
263
913360
2311
那些與生俱來的才華，
15:27
but which could have gone fallow
in the cotton country of Arkansas.
in the cotton country of Arkansas.
264
915695
4394
如果待在阿肯色，這才華可能
就被荒廢在棉花田裡了。
就被荒廢在棉花田裡了。
15:34
John Coltrane.
265
922124
1174
約翰·柯川，
15:36
He migrated at the age of 16
266
924029
2841
他在十六歲時從北卡羅來納
15:38
from North Carolina to Philadelphia,
267
926894
3389
移居到費城，
15:42
where, upon arrival in Philadelphia,
he got his first alto sax.
he got his first alto sax.
268
930307
4586
抵達費城時，他得到了
人生中第一把中音薩克斯風。
人生中第一把中音薩克斯風。
15:47
And there are lovers of jazz
who cannot imagine a world
who cannot imagine a world
269
935362
3468
爵士熱愛者很難想像世界上沒有
15:50
without John Coltrane
having gotten a hold of a saxophone.
having gotten a hold of a saxophone.
270
938854
3476
拿著薩克斯風的約翰·柯川，
15:56
Thelonious Monk.
271
944027
1150
塞隆尼斯·孟克，
15:58
Michael Jackson.
272
946345
1150
麥可·傑克森，
16:00
Jesse Owens.
273
948138
1150
傑西·歐文斯，
16:01
Prince.
274
949821
1269
王子（音樂家），
16:03
August Wilson.
275
951114
1150
奧古斯特·威森（作家），
16:04
Richard Wright.
276
952567
1374
理察·賴特（作家），
16:05
Ralph Ellison.
277
953965
1150
拉爾夫·艾里森（作家），
16:07
Michelle Obama.
278
955711
1270
蜜雪兒·歐巴馬。
16:09
These are all a few
of the millions of people
of the millions of people
279
957941
5048
這些只是幾個例子，還有數百萬人
16:15
who were products
of the single decision to migrate.
of the single decision to migrate.
280
963013
3912
都是「遷徙」這個決定下的成果。
16:20
The people of the Great Migration
281
968769
1992
大遷徙的人
16:22
met with tremendous
resistance in the North.
resistance in the North.
282
970785
2507
在北方遇到極大的抵制，
16:25
And they were not able to defeat
all social injustice.
all social injustice.
283
973809
4555
他們無法打敗所有的社會不公。
16:31
But one person
284
979275
1825
但一個人，
16:33
added to another person,
285
981124
2095
加上另一個人，
16:35
added to another person,
286
983243
1643
再加上另一個人，
16:36
multiplied by millions,
287
984910
3055
乘上數百萬，
16:39
were able to become the advance guard
of the civil rights movement.
of the civil rights movement.
288
987989
4926
就能夠成為民權運動的先鋒。
16:45
One person added to another person,
289
993471
2881
一個人加上另一個人，
16:48
added to another person,
290
996376
1611
再加上另一個人，
16:50
multiplied by millions,
291
998011
1158
乘上數百萬，
16:51
acting on a single decision,
292
999193
2349
都因為單一個決定而行動，
16:53
were able to change the region
that they had been forced to flee.
that they had been forced to flee.
293
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4735
就得以改變他們曾被迫逃離的地方。
17:00
They had more power in leaving
294
1008136
2943
他們的離開，比留下更有力量。
17:03
than by staying.
295
1011376
1150
17:06
By their actions,
296
1014703
1404
透過行動，
17:08
these people who had absolutely nothing
297
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3834
這些一無所有的人，
17:11
were able to do what a president
of the United States,
of the United States,
298
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3954
能夠做到美國總統
亞伯拉罕·林肯做不到的事。
17:15
Abraham Lincoln, was not able to do.
299
1023967
2649
17:19
These people, by their actions,
300
1027586
3071
透過行動，這些人得以做到
17:22
were able to do
301
1030681
1169
17:23
what the Emancipation
Proclamation could not do.
Proclamation could not do.
302
1031874
3267
解放奴隸宣言做不到的事。
17:28
These people, by their actions,
303
1036411
3373
透過行動，這些人
17:31
were able to do what the powers that be,
304
1039808
3399
得以做到當權者，
17:35
North and South,
305
1043231
2325
不論南方或北方，
17:37
could not or would not do.
306
1045580
2777
做不到或不願做的事。
17:41
They freed themselves.
307
1049618
1491
他們解放了自己。
17:43
Thank you.
308
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1174
謝謝！
17:45
(Applause)
309
1053189
6034
（掌聲）
17:51
Thank you.
310
1059247
1151
謝謝。
17:52
(Applause)
311
1060422
1935
（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Isabel Wilkerson - Journalist, authorThe author of "The Warmth of Other Suns," the story of the Great Migration, Isabel Wilkerson is a Pulitzer-winning journalist who uses narrative history to bring to light our shared humanity.
Why you should listen
Pulitzer Prize winner Isabel Wilkerson devoted 15 years to the research and writing of The Warmth of Other Suns. She interviewed more than 1,200 people, unearthed archival works and gathered the voices of the famous and the unknown to tell the epic story of the Great Migration, one of the biggest underreported stories of the 20th century and one of the largest migrations in American history.
The book was named to more than 30 Best of the Year lists, won the National Book Critics Circle Award, among other honors, and made national news when President Obama chose it for summer reading in 2011. In 2012, the New York Times named The Warmth of Other Suns to its list of the best nonfiction books of all time.
Wilkerson won the Pulitzer Prize for her work as Chicago Bureau Chief of the New York Times, making her the first black woman in the history of American journalism to win a Pulitzer and the first African-American to win for individual reporting.
Isabel Wilkerson | Speaker | TED.com