ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Franklin Leonard - Film producer
Franklin Leonard is a film producer, cultural commentator, professor, activist and entrepreneur.

Why you should listen

Franklin Leonard is the founder and CEO of the Black List, the company that celebrates and supports great screenwriting and the writers who do it via film production, as well as its annual survey of the best unproduced screenplays, online marketplace, live staged script readings, screenwriter labs and film culture publications. More than 400 scripts from the annual Black List survey (30 percent of its total output) have been produced as feature films, earning 250 Academy Award nominations and 50 wins, including four of the last ten Best Pictures and ten of the last twenty-two screenwriting Oscars.

Leonard has worked in feature film development at Universal Pictures and the production companies of Will Smith, Sydney Pollack and Anthony Minghella, and Leonardo DiCaprio. He has been a juror at the Sundance, Toronto, and Guanajuato Film Festivals and for the PEN Center Literary Awards. He was also a delegate and speaker at the White House's 2015 Global Entrepreneurship Summit in Nairobi, Kenya. He was one of Hollywood Reporter's "35 Under 35," Black Enterprise magazine's "40 Emerging Leaders for Our Future," The Root’s 100 Most Influential African-Americans, Fast Company’s "100 Most Creative People in Business" and was awarded the 2015 African-American Film Critics Association (AAFCA)'s Special Achievement Award for career excellence. He is an occasional commentator on the BBC and MSNBC on matters of culture, politics and race, an associate professor at the American Film institute, a trustee of PEN America, an advisor to Glitch, Inc. and a member of the Associates Branch of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences.

More profile about the speaker
Franklin Leonard | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxVeniceBeach

Franklin Leonard: How I accidentally changed the way movies get made

弗兰克林·莱昂纳多: 我是如何意外地改变了电影的制作方式

Filmed:
1,599,217 views

好莱坞如何选择在银幕上讲述什么故事?通常情况下,这是一种群体思维,取决于一组关于票房的狭隘想法。作为一名制片人,弗兰克林·莱昂纳多见证了太多优秀的剧本从未被制作出来,因为它们不符合标准。于是他开始了黑名单,一封分享了最喜欢的剧本的匿名电子邮件,并问道:我们为什么不拍这些电影?通过这个演讲了解一些你最喜欢的电影的起源故事,以及这个迷人的电影业内人士的看法。
- Film producer
Franklin Leonard is a film producer, cultural commentator, professor, activist and entrepreneur. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
This weekend周末,
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这个周末,
00:14
tens of millions百万 of people
in the United联合的 States状态
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不论在美国,
还是在世界上其他地方——
00:17
and tens of millions百万 more
around the world世界,
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00:19
in Columbus哥伦布, Georgia格鲁吉亚, in Cardiff加的夫, Wales威尔士,
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佐治亚州的哥伦布,
威尔士的加的夫,
00:22
in Chongqing, China中国, in Chennai, India印度
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中国的重庆,印度的钦奈,
不计其数的人将走出家门,
00:25
will leave离开 their homes家园,
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钻进自己的车里,
或乘坐公共交通工具,
00:27
they'll他们会 get in their cars汽车
or they'll他们会 take public上市 transportation运输
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00:30
or they will carry携带 themselves他们自己 by foot脚丫子,
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亦或者步行前往
00:33
and they'll他们会 step into a room房间
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一个巨大的房间,
与一群素不相识的人坐在一起,
00:34
and sit down next下一个 to someone有人
they don't know
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其中也可能有他们的熟人,
00:37
or maybe someone有人 they do,
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00:39
and the lights灯火 will go down
and they'll他们会 watch a movie电影.
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随后灯火将熄灭,电影开始放映。
00:44
They'll他们会 watch movies电影
about aliens外星人 or robots机器人,
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他们会看关于外星人或机器人,
00:47
or robot机器人 aliens外星人 or regular定期 people.
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或机器外星人或普通人的电影。
00:50
But they will all be movies电影
about what it means手段 to be human人的.
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但他们都是关于做人的电影。
00:55
Millions百万 will feel awe威严 or fear恐惧,
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数百万人会感到震慑或恐惧,
00:58
millions百万 will laugh and millions百万 will cry.
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数百万人会笑,数百万人会哭。
01:02
And then the lights灯火 will come back on,
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然后灯火将重新打开,
他们会回到他们以前认识的世界。
01:04
and they'll他们会 reemerge再次 into the world世界
they knew知道 several一些 hours小时 prior.
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01:08
And millions百万 of people
will look at the world世界
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这数千万人看世界的方式
01:10
a little bit differently不同
than they did when they went in.
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将会与他们看电影前有所不同。
01:14
Like going to temple寺庙
or a mosque清真寺 or a church教会,
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跟去寺庙或清真寺或教堂
01:18
or any other religious宗教 institution机构,
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或任何其他宗教机构一样,
01:20
movie-going电影 is, in many许多 ways方法,
a sacred神圣 ritual仪式.
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从很多方面来说,看电影
是一个神圣的仪式。
01:23
Repeated重复 week after week after week.
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一周又一周的重复。
01:28
I'll be there this weekend周末,
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我这个周末就会去那。
01:30
just like I was on most weekends周末
between之间 the years年份 of 1996 and 1990,
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就跟我在1996年至1990年
间的大多数周末一样,
去购物中心附近的综合电影院,
01:34
at the multiplex多工, near the shopping购物 mall购物中心
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01:36
about five miles英里 from my childhood童年 home
in Columbus哥伦布, Georgia格鲁吉亚.
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距离我在佐治亚州哥伦布的
故居约5英里的地方。
01:40
The funny滑稽 thing is
that somewhere某处 between之间 then and now,
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有趣的是从那时到
现在的某个阶段,
01:43
I accidentally偶然 changed
part部分 of the conversation会话
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我偶然改变了哪些电影该被制作
的部分谈话。
01:46
about which哪一个 of those movies电影 get made制作.
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01:49
So, the story故事 actually其实 begins开始 in 2005,
in an office办公室 high above以上 Sunset日落 Boulevard林荫大道,
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故事实际开始于2005年,
在日落大道上方的办公室,
01:53
where I was a junior初级 executive行政人员
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在那我是莱昂纳多·迪卡普里奥的
01:54
at Leonardo莱昂纳多 DiCaprio's迪卡普里奥的
production生产 company公司 Appian阿皮安 Way.
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制片公司Appian Way的初级管理者。
01:57
And for those of you who aren't familiar
with how the film电影 industry行业 works作品,
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对那些不熟悉电影产业
运作方式的人来说,
02:01
it basically基本上 means手段 that I was
one of a few少数 people behind背后 the person
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这基本上意味着我是在幕后
02:04
who produces产生 the movie电影 for the people
behind背后 and in front面前 of the camera相机,
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为导演和演员制作电影的少数人之一,
02:08
whose谁的 names you will better
recognize认识 than mine.
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你会更容易认出他们的名字。
02:10
Essentially实质上, you're an assistant助理 movie电影
producer制片人 who does the unglamorous乏味的 work
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从本质上说,你是一 个助理电影制片人,
你的工作是在制作一部电影的
02:14
that goes into the creative创作的 aspect方面
of producing生产 a movie电影.
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创意方面做一些单调乏味的工作。
02:17
You make lists名单 of writers作家
and directors董事 and actors演员
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你会列出一个名单,
上面有编剧、导演和演员,
02:20
who might威力 be right for movies电影
that you want to will into existence存在;
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都是你认为适合某部电影的人选;
02:23
you meet遇到 with many许多 of them
and their representatives代表,
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你会见他们中的很多人
或他们的代表,
希望为将来的合作创造机会。
02:25
hoping希望 to curry咖喱 favor偏爱
for some future未来 date日期.
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02:28
And you read, a lot.
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你还会读很多东西,
02:31
You read novels小说 that might威力 become成为 movies电影,
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读可以成为电影的小说,
漫画、
02:33
you read comic滑稽 books图书
that might威力 become成为 movies电影,
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文章、
02:35
you read articles用品
that might威力 become成为 movies电影,
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剧本。
02:37
you read scripts脚本 that might威力 become成为 movies电影.
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02:39
And you read scripts脚本 from writers作家
that might威力 write the adaptations改编
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你还阅读一些编剧的剧本,
02:42
of the novels小说, of the comic滑稽 books图书,
of the articles用品,
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他们未来也许会将小说、漫画或文章
改变成电影剧本,
02:45
and might威力 rewrite改写 the scripts脚本
that you're already已经 working加工 on.
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可能还会重写你已经
看中的剧本。
02:48
All this in the hope希望 of finding发现
the next下一个 big thing
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你做的这一切都为了
寻找下一个大作品,
02:50
or the next下一个 big writer作家
who can deliver交付 something
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或下一个可以让你和你的公司
02:52
that can make you and your company公司
the next下一个 big thing.
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变成大热门的下一个伟大编剧。
02:56
So in 2005, I was a development发展 executive行政人员
at Leonardo's莱昂纳多的 production生产 company公司.
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所以在2005年,我是莱昂纳多
制作公司的一名开发主管。
03:01
I got a phone电话 call
from the representative代表 of a screenwriter编剧
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我接到一位来自编剧代表的电话,
03:05
that began开始 pretty漂亮 much the way
all of those conversations对话 did:
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电话的开头还蛮老套的:
03:09
"I've got Leo's利奥的 next下一个 movie电影."
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“我有莱昂下部电影的剧本。”
03:11
Now in this movie电影,
that his client客户 had written书面,
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由他客户所写的这个电影讲述了
这个故事:
03:14
Leo狮子座 would play an oil industry行业 lobbyist说客
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莱昂将扮演石油行业的政治说客,
03:17
whose谁的 girlfriend女朋友, a local本地 meteorologist气象,
threatens威胁 to leave离开 him
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他的女友,一个当地气象学家,
威胁要离开他,
03:20
because his work contributes有助于
to global全球 warming变暖.
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因为他的工作引起了世界变暖。
03:22
And this is a situation情况
that's been brought to a head
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这一情况已经到了紧要关头,
因为大西洋上正在形成飓风,
03:25
by the fact事实 that there's a hurricane飓风
forming成型 in the Atlantic大西洋
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对从缅因州到莫特尔海滩都会有有
类似玛利亚飓风的破坏。
03:28
that's threatening危险的 to do Maria-like玛丽亚式 damage损伤
from Maine缅因州 to Myrtle默特尔 Beach海滩.
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莱昂对这突如其来的分手
感到非常难过,
03:31
Leo狮子座, very sad伤心 about
this impending即将到来的 break打破 up,
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03:33
does a little more research研究
about the hurricane飓风
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他对飓风就多做了点研究后
发现在其经过大西洋的途中,
03:35
and discovers发现的 that in its path路径
across横过 the Atlantic大西洋,
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03:38
it will pass通过 over a long-dormant长沉,
though虽然 now active活性 volcano火山
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它将经过一个休眠已久的
活火山,
03:41
that will spew toxic有毒的 ash into its eye
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其有毒的灰烬将
喷射到飓风眼中
03:43
that will presumably想必 be whipped鞭打
into some sort分类 of chemical化学 weapon武器
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可能会形成潜在的化学武器
03:46
that will destroy破坏 the world世界.
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将会摧毁世界。
03:48
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
03:49
It was at that point that I asked him,
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就在那时,我问他,
03:53
"So are you basically基本上 pitching铺地石 me
'Leo'利奥 versus the toxic有毒的 superstorm超级风暴
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“所以你是在向我推荐
‘莱昂对抗将会摧毁人类的
有毒超级风暴吗?'"
03:56
that will destroy破坏 humanity人性?'"
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03:58
And he responded回应 by saying,
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他回答说,
04:00
"Well, when you say it like that,
it sounds声音 ridiculous荒谬."
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“你这样说,听起来是有些荒谬。”
04:03
And I'm embarrassed尴尬 to admit承认
that I had the guy send发送 me the script脚本,
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这很尴尬,但我承认我最后
还是让那个人给我发了剧本,
04:07
and I read 30 pages网页 before I was sure
that it was as bad as I thought it was.
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我读了30页,确定了
它真有我想的那么糟糕。
现在, “超级风暴“肯定是
一个极端的例子,
04:10
Now, "Superstorm超级风暴"
is certainly当然 an extreme极端 example,
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但它也并非不寻常。
04:13
but it's also not an unusual异常 one.
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不幸的是,大多剧本并不像它
没那么容易确定不要。
04:16
And unfortunately不幸, most scripts脚本
aren't as easy简单 to dismiss解雇 as that one.
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04:19
For example, a comedy喜剧
about a high school学校 senior前辈,
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例如,一部关于高中
毕业生的喜剧电影,
04:23
who, when faced面对
with an unplanned无计划 pregnancy怀孕,
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她,在面对意外怀孕时,
04:25
makes品牌 an unusual异常 decision决定
regarding关于 her unborn腹中 child儿童.
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对未出生的孩子
做了个不寻常的决定。
04:28
That's obviously明显 "Juno朱诺."
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那电影显然是“朱诺”。
04:30
Two hundred and thirty三十 million百万
at the worldwide全世界 box office办公室,
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全球票房2亿3千万,
四项奥斯卡提名,获胜一项。
04:32
four Oscar奥斯卡 nominations提名, one win赢得.
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04:35
How about a Mumbai孟买 teen青少年
who grew成长 up in the slums贫民窟
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那么一个从小在贫民窟
长大的孟买青年
04:37
wants to become成为 a contestant选手
on the Indian印度人 version
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想要在印度版的《百万富翁》
04:40
of "Who Wants To Be A Millionaire百万富翁?"?
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中胜出的故事呢?
04:42
That's an easy简单 one --
"Slumdog贫民窟 Millionaire百万富翁."
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这很简单——“贫民窟的百万富翁。”
04:44
Three hundred seventy-seven七十七
million百万 worldwide全世界,
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全球票房3亿7千万,
04:46
10 Oscar奥斯卡 nominations提名 and eight wins.
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10项奥斯卡提名奖,获胜8项。
04:49
A chimpanzee黑猩猩 tells告诉 his story故事
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一只黑猩猩讲述
04:51
of living活的 with the legendary传奇的 pop流行的 star
Michael迈克尔 Jackson杰克逊.
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它和传奇歌星迈克尔·杰克逊
生活在一起的故事。
04:54
Anyone任何人?
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有人知道吗?
04:55
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
这是个棘手的问题。
04:56
It's a trick question.
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04:57
But it is a script脚本 called "Bubbles泡泡,"
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但这是一个名叫“气泡”的剧本,
04:59
that is going to be directed针对
by Taika泰卡 Waititi怀蒂蒂,
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将由塔伊加·维迪提执导,
05:02
the director导向器 of "Thor雷神: Ragnarok拉格纳罗克."
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他是《雷神:诸神黄昏》的导演。
05:04
So, a large part部分 of your job工作
as a development发展 executive行政人员
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所以,作为开发主管的
很大部分工作是
05:07
is to separate分离 the "Superstorms超级风暴"
from the "Slumdog贫民窟 Millionaires百万富翁,"
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区分《超级风暴》和
《贫民窟的百万富翁》,
05:10
and slightly more generally通常,
the writers作家 who write "Superstorm超级风暴"
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稍微更普遍地说,
是把写作《超级风暴》的编剧
05:13
from the writers作家 who can write
"Slumdog贫民窟 Millionaire百万富翁."
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和能写作《贫民窟的百万富翁》
的编剧区分出来。
05:16
And the easiest最简单的 way to do this, obviously明显,
is to read all of the scripts脚本,
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最简单的方法显然是
阅读所有剧本,
05:20
but that's, frankly坦率地说, impossible不可能.
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但这个,坦诚说,不可能。
05:22
A good rule规则 of thumb拇指
is that the Writers作家 Guild公会 of America美国
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根据经验数据,美国剧作家协会
05:25
registers寄存器 about 50,000 new pieces
of material材料 every一切 year,
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每年会登记大约5万个新作品,
05:28
and most of them are screenplays剧本.
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其中大部分是电影剧本。
05:30
Of those, a reasonable合理 estimate估计
is about 5,000 of them
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其中,合理估计有5000件
05:33
make it through通过 various各个 filters过滤器,
agencies机构, management管理 companies公司,
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通过了各种筛选,
如代理、管理公司、
05:36
screenplay剧本 compositions成分 and the like,
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剧本创作机构等等,
被制作公司或
05:38
and are read by someone有人
at the production生产 company公司
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主流电影公司的人阅读。
05:40
or major重大的 studio工作室 level水平.
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05:42
And they're trying to decide决定
whether是否 they can become成为
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那些人正考虑着这些剧本是否能成为
每年由各大电影公司
或旗下品牌发行的
05:45
one of the 300-and-dropping-和下降 movies电影
that are released发布 by the major重大的 studios工作室
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300部左右的电影之一。
05:48
or their sub-brands子品牌 each year.
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05:50
I've described描述 it before
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我之前说过,
这有点像走进一家会员制书店,
05:51
as being存在 a little bit like walking步行
into a members-only仅限成员 bookstore书店
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3503
05:55
where the entire整个 inventory库存
is just organized有组织的 haphazardly胡乱,
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所有的书都是随意摆放的,
每本书的封面都是
一样的平淡无奇·。
05:58
and every一切 book has the same相同,
nondescript不伦不类 cover.
125
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06:00
Your job工作 is to enter输入 that bookstore书店
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你的工作是进入那个书店,
06:03
and not come back until直到 you've found发现
the best最好 and most profitable有利可图 books图书 there.
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除非你在那里找到了最好、
最赚钱的书,否则就不要出来。
06:07
It's anarchic无政府的 and gleefully兴高采烈地 opaque不透明.
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它是暗无天日的一种不透明状态。
06:10
And everyone大家 has their method方法
to address地址 these problems问题.
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每个人都有自己的方法
解决这些问题。
你知道,大多数依靠主要代理机构,
06:13
You know, most rely依靠 on the major重大的 agencies机构
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06:15
and they just assume承担
that if there's great talent天赋 in the world世界,
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他们会假设那些有才之人
06:18
they've他们已经 already已经 found发现
their way to the agencies机构,
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已经找到通向代理的门路了,
06:21
regardless而不管 of the structural结构 barriers障碍
that actually其实 exist存在
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无视摆在进入代理机构
06:23
to get into the agencies机构
in the first place地点.
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门前的结构性障碍。
06:26
Others其他 also constantly经常 compare比较
notes笔记 among其中 themselves他们自己
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其他人则不断比较
彼此之间的笔记,
06:28
about what they've他们已经 read and what's good,
136
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关于他们读过的、好的剧本
06:30
and they just hope希望 that their cohort队列 group
is the best最好, most wired有线
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他们只希望自己的群体
是最好的,最努力的,
06:33
and has the best最好 taste味道 in town.
138
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最有品味的。
06:36
And others其他 try to read everything,
but that's, again, impossible不可能.
139
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其他人则试着读所有的剧本,
但这是不可能的。
06:39
If you're reading
500 screenplays剧本 in a year,
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如果你在一年读500个剧本,
06:41
you are reading a lot.
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你就读太多了。
06:43
And it's still only a small percentage百分比
of what's out there.
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但它仍然只是市面上的一小部分。
06:46
Fundamentally从根本上, it's triage分流.
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从根本上来说,这是分类。
06:49
And when you're in triage分流,
you tend趋向 to default默认 to conventional常规 wisdom智慧
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当你在分类的时候,
你会自动默认传统智慧中
什么有效,什么无效。
06:52
about what works作品 and what doesn't.
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06:55
That a comedy喜剧 about a young年轻 woman女人
dealing交易 with reproductive生殖 reality现实
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一部关于年轻女人面对
生育现实的喜剧
06:59
can't sell.
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毫无卖点。
07:00
That the story故事 of an Indian印度人 teenager青少年
isn't viable可行 in the domestic国内 marketplace市井
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一个印度青少年的故事在国内市场
07:04
or anywhere随地 else其他 in the world世界
outside of India印度.
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或印度以外的任何地方都不可行。
07:06
That the only source资源 of viable可行 movies电影
is a very narrow狭窄 groups of writers作家
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可行电影的唯一来源
来自于已经在好莱坞
07:10
who have already已经 found发现 their way
to living活的 and working加工 in Hollywood好莱坞,
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熟门熟路的那一小群编剧,
07:14
who already已经 have the best最好
representation表示 in the business商业,
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他们在商业中已经有了最好的代表作,
07:16
and are writing写作 a very narrow狭窄
band of stories故事.
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他们写的故事,也没什么新意。
07:19
And I'm somewhat有些 embarrassed尴尬 to admit承认,
that that's where I found发现 myself in 2005.
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我有点不好意思承认,
那是在2005年我发现自己所处的境地。
07:24
Sitting坐在 in that office办公室
above以上 Sunset日落 Boulevard林荫大道,
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坐在日落大道上的
那间办公室里,
07:26
staring凝视 down that metaphorical隐喻
anonymized匿名 bookstore书店,
156
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3008
俯视着那家暗喻的匿名书店,
07:29
and having read nothing
but bad scripts脚本 for months个月.
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几个月来除了糟糕的剧本什么都没读。
07:34
And I took this to mean one of two things:
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我认为这意味着两件事中的一件:
07:36
either A: I was not very good at my job工作,
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2404
第一:我并不擅长我的工作,
07:38
which哪一个 was, ostensibly表面上,
finding发现 good scripts脚本,
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那就是,找到好的剧本,
07:41
or B: reading bad scripts脚本 was the job工作.
161
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第二:我的工作就是阅读不好的剧本。
07:45
In which哪一个 case案件, my mother's母亲
weekly每周 phone电话 calls电话,
162
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在这种情况下,我母亲
每周给我打电话,
07:47
asking me if my law school学校
entrance入口 exam考试 scores分数 were still valid有效
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询问我的法学院入学考试成绩
是否仍然有效,
07:50
was something I should probably大概
pay工资 more attention注意 to.
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可能是我应该更加关注的事情。
我也知道
07:53
What I also knew知道
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我将要度假两周,
07:54
was that I was about to go
on vacation假期 for two weeks,
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工作时读烂剧本已经够糟糕的,
07:56
and as bad as reading bad scripts脚本 is
when it is your job工作,
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度假的时候读它们更可怕。
07:59
it's even more painful痛苦 on vacation假期.
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08:01
So I had to do something.
169
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所以我必须做点啥。
08:03
So late晚了 one night
at my office办公室, I made制作 a list名单
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一天晚上在我的办公室,
我做了一份清单,
08:05
of everyone大家 that I had had breakfast早餐,
lunch午餐, dinner晚餐 or drinks饮料 with
171
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上面有与我吃过早餐,午餐,
晚餐和一起喝过酒,
08:08
that had jobs工作 similar类似 to mine,
and I sent发送 them an anonymous匿名 email电子邮件.
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跟我有类似工作的人,
我给他们发了一封匿名电邮。
08:11
And I made制作 a very simple简单 request请求.
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我有一个非常简单的请求。
08:14
Send发送 me a list名单 of up to 10
of your favorite喜爱 screenplays剧本
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请列出上至10个你最喜欢的剧本,
08:17
that meet遇到 three criteria标准.
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它们要符合三个标准。
08:18
One: you love the screenplay剧本,
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第一:你喜欢这个剧本,
08:20
two: the filmed拍摄 version of that screenplay剧本
will not be in theaters剧院
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第二:该剧本的电影将不会在
08:23
by the end结束 of that calendar日历 year,
178
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当年年底上映,
08:25
and three: you found发现 out
about the screenplay剧本 this year.
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第三:这是你今年发现的剧本。
08:29
This was not an appeal上诉 for the scripts脚本
that would be the next下一个 great blockbuster重磅炸弹,
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这不是对下一部大作的呼吁,
08:33
not an appeal上诉 for the scripts脚本
that will win赢得 the Academy学院 Award,
181
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也不是对将赢得奥斯卡
大作的呼吁,
08:36
they didn't need to be scripts脚本
that their bosses老板 loved喜爱
182
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它们也不必要是老板们
钟爱的剧本
08:38
or that their studio工作室 wanted to make.
183
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1717
或他们工作室想要制作的剧本。
08:40
It was very simply只是 an opportunity机会
for people to speak说话 their minds头脑
184
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这只是个简单的机会让人们
08:43
about what they loved喜爱,
185
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1444
说出他们所喜爱的,
08:45
which哪一个, in this world世界,
is increasingly日益 rare罕见.
186
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这点,在这个世界越来越稀罕了。
08:48
Now, almost几乎 all of the 75 people
I emailed电子邮件 anonymously匿名 responded回应.
187
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3836
几乎所有75个我匿名
邮件的人都回应了。
08:52
And then two dozen other people
actually其实 emailed电子邮件 to participate参加
188
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3093
另外还有24个人发邮件
08:55
to this anonymous匿名 email电子邮件 address地址,
189
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1562
参与到这个匿名的邮件往来,
08:56
but I confirmed确认 that they did in fact事实
have the jobs工作 they claimed声称 to have.
190
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3548
但我确认他们确实拥有
他们声称拥有的工作。
然后我把投票整理成电子表格,
09:00
And I then compiled编译 the votes
into a spreadsheet电子表格,
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2325
09:02
ran a pivot table,
output产量 it to PowerPoint幻灯片,
192
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做了点透视图,把结果放到PPT中,
09:04
and the night before I left for vacation假期,
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1960
在我离开度假前那晚,
09:06
I slapped耳光 a quasi subversive颠覆 name名称 on it
194
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1905
我给它起了个颠覆性的名字,
09:08
and emailed电子邮件 it back
from that anonymous匿名 email电子邮件 address地址
195
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2492
通过匿名邮件地址发还给
09:11
to everyone大家 who voted.
196
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1317
参与投票的每个人。
09:12
The Black黑色 List名单.
197
540498
1230
我把它称为“黑名单”。
09:13
A tribute to those who lost丢失 their careers职业生涯
during the anti-communist反共 hysteria歇斯底里
198
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3619
它是向20世纪40年代和50年代在
反共狂潮中失去事业
09:17
of the 1940s and 50s,
199
545395
1531
的人们的致敬,
09:18
and a conscious意识 inversion逆温 of the notion概念
200
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1889
这是一种意识上的颠覆,
09:20
that black黑色 somehow不知何故
had a negative connotation意义.
201
548863
3000
即黑在某种程度上有负面含义。
09:24
After arriving到达 in Mexico墨西哥,
I pulled out a chair椅子 by the pool,
202
552546
2786
抵达墨西哥之后,
我在泳池旁边拉出一把椅子,
09:27
started开始 reading these scripts脚本
and found发现, to my shock休克 and joy喜悦,
203
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2912
开始阅读这些剧本,
我惊喜 地发现,
09:30
that most of them
were actually其实 quite相当 good.
204
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2016
大多剧本其实是不错的。
09:32
Mission任务 accomplished完成.
205
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1400
任务完成。
09:34
What I didn't and couldn't不能 have expected预期
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2301
我没有和没能想到的是
09:36
was what happened发生 next下一个.
207
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1534
下来发生的事情。
09:38
About a week into my time on vacation假期,
208
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我度假大约一个星期。
09:40
I stopped停止 by the hotel's酒店
business商业 center中央 to check my email电子邮件.
209
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2806
我在酒店的商业中心
停下来检查我的邮件。
09:43
This was a pre-iPhone预iPhone world世界, after all.
210
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2126
这是苹果手机的之前世界,毕竟。
09:46
And found发现 that this list名单
that I had created创建 anonymously匿名
211
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3183
我发现我匿名创造的清单
09:49
had been forwarded转发 back to me
several一些 dozen times,
212
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2452
被转发给我几十次,
09:52
at my personal个人 email电子邮件 address地址.
213
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到我个人的电邮地址中。
09:53
Everyone大家 was sharing分享 this list名单 of scripts脚本
that everyone大家 had said that they loved喜爱,
214
581666
3849
每个人都在分享这个剧本的清单,
因为他人的喜爱,
09:57
reading them and then
loving爱心 them themselves他们自己.
215
585539
2238
在自己阅读了剧本之后,
也喜欢上了它们。
10:00
And my first reaction反应,
that I can't actually其实 say here,
216
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3364
我的第一反应是,
我不能这儿说,
10:03
but will describe描述 it as fear恐惧,
217
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2381
但是我将形容它为恐惧,
10:05
the idea理念 of surveying测量学 people
about their scripts脚本
218
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2254
调查人们对剧本的想法
10:08
was certainly当然 not a novel小说 or a genius天才 one.
219
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2434
当然不是一个新奇或天才的主意。
10:10
Surely一定, there was some unwritten不成文
Hollywood好莱坞 rule规则 of omert奥默特à
220
598639
3343
当然,好莱坞有一些
不成文的“默尔塔法则”,
它曾引导人们远离这类行为,
10:14
that had guided引导 people
away from doing that before
221
602006
2412
10:16
that I was simply只是 too naive幼稚 to understand理解,
it being存在 so early in my career事业.
222
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3740
当时我还太幼稚,无法理解,
因为那是我职业生涯的早期。
10:20
I was sure I was going to get fired解雇,
223
608939
1754
我确信我会被解雇,
10:22
and so I decided决定 that day
that A: I would never tell anybody任何人
224
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3190
所以那天我决定了
A:我永远不告诉任何人
10:25
that I had doneDONE this,
225
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1296
是我写的这个清单,
10:27
and B: I would never do it again.
226
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2144
B:我永远不再做这个了。
10:30
Then, six months个月 later后来,
something even more bizarre奇异的 happened发生.
227
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2858
然后,六个月之后,
更奇怪的事情发生了。
10:34
I was in my office办公室, on Sunset日落,
228
622133
2301
我在我的办公室,在日落大街,
10:36
and got a phone电话 call
from another另一个 writer's作家 agent代理人.
229
624458
2784
一个编剧的经纪人给我打电话。
10:39
The call began开始 very similarly同样
to the call about "Superstorm超级风暴":
230
627266
3533
电话的开场非常相似“超级风暴”:
10:42
"I've got Leo's利奥的 next下一个 movie电影."
231
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2032
“我有莱昂下部电影的剧本。”
10:44
Now, that's not the interesting有趣 part部分.
232
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2016
现在,这不是有趣的部分。
10:46
The interesting有趣 part部分
was the way the call ended结束.
233
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2420
有趣的部分是电话结束的方式。
10:49
Because this agent代理人
then told me, and I quote引用,
234
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3765
因为这个经纪人随后
告诉我,我引用下,
10:54
"Don't tell anybody任何人, but I have it
on really good authority权威
235
642188
2857
“别告诉任何人,
但是我非常确信
10:57
this is going to be the number one script脚本
on next下一个 year's年份 Black黑色 List名单."
236
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3580
这将会是来年
黑名单上的头号脚本。“
11:00
(Laughter笑声)
237
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2380
(笑声)
11:03
Yeah.
238
651077
1150
是啊。
11:04
Suffice满足 it to say, I was dumbfounded傻眼.
239
652807
2103
我只能说,我傻眼了。
11:07
Here was an agent代理人, using运用 the Black黑色 List名单,
this thing that I had made制作 anonymously匿名
240
655284
3767
这个代理人,使用了
黑名单,这个我匿名做的
11:11
and decided决定 to never make again,
241
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1850
并决定不再做的东西,
11:12
to sell his client客户 to me.
242
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1666
来把他的客户推销给我。
11:14
To suggest建议 that the script脚本 had merit值得,
243
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1849
推荐的理由是仅因为这个剧本有可能
11:16
based基于 solely独自 on the possibility可能性 of being存在
included包括 on a list名单 of beloved心爱 screenplays剧本.
244
664806
3972
会被列入受人喜爱的剧本清单中。
11:21
After the call ended结束, I satSAT in my office办公室,
sort分类 of staring凝视 out the window窗口,
245
669541
3505
电话结束了之后,我在办公室里,
盯着窗外,
11:25
alternating交替 between之间 shock休克
and general一般 giddiness眩晕.
246
673070
2916
处于震惊和昏眩之间。
11:28
And then I realized实现 that this thing
that I had created创建
247
676010
2583
然后我意识到我创作的这件事
11:30
had a lot more value
248
678617
1174
远比我在假期中
11:31
than just me finding发现 good screenplays剧本
to read over the holidays假期.
249
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3025
找到好的剧本来读要更具价值。
11:34
And so I did it again the next下一个 year --
250
682864
2205
所以我来年又做了这个 --
11:37
and the "LALA Times" had outed驱赶出局 me
as the person who had created创建 it --
251
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3175
而“洛杉矶时报”泄露了
我是它的创作者--
11:40
and the year after that,
252
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1269
而在那之后的一年,
11:41
and the year after that --
I've doneDONE it every一切 year since以来 2005.
253
689585
3467
而在那之后的一年--
自2005年以来我每年都做了。
11:45
And the results结果 have been fascinating迷人,
254
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1898
结果很迷人,
11:46
because, unapologetic毫无歉意 lying说谎 aside在旁边,
this agent代理人 was exactly究竟 right.
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因为,无须解释 ,这个
经纪人是完全正确的。
11:51
This list名单 was evidence证据, to many许多 people,
of a script's脚本的 value,
256
699411
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这份清单代表了一个剧本的价值,
11:54
and that a great script脚本 had greater更大 value
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证明了一部好剧本会有
11:56
that, I think, a lot of people
had previously先前 anticipated预期.
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比人们预期的更大的价值。
11:59
Very quickly很快, the writers作家
whose谁的 scripts脚本 were on that list名单
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那些在清单上的剧作家
12:02
started开始 getting得到 jobs工作,
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开始找到了工作,
12:03
those scripts脚本 started开始 getting得到 made制作,
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这些剧本开始被制作,
12:05
and the scripts脚本 that got made制作
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那些被选中的剧本
12:07
were often经常 the ones那些
that violated违反 the assumptions假设
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往往是那些违背了
12:09
about what worked工作 and what didn't.
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什么有效和无效假设的剧本。
12:11
They were scripts脚本 like "Juno朱诺"
and "Little Miss小姐 Sunshine阳光"
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719744
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比如说《朱诺》,《阳光小美女》,
12:15
and "The Queen女王" and "The King's国王 Speech言语"
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《女王》,《国王的演讲》
12:17
and "Spotlight聚光灯."
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和 《聚光灯》这样的剧本。
12:19
And yes, "Slumdog贫民窟 Millionaire百万富翁."
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727212
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是的,《贫民窟的百万富翁》。
12:21
And even an upcoming即将到来 movie电影
about Michael迈克尔 Jackson's杰克逊的 chimpanzee黑猩猩.
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729061
3128
甚至还包括即将到来的关于
迈克尔·杰克逊的黑猩猩的电影。
12:25
Now, I think it's really important重要
that I pause暂停 here for a second第二
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现在,我想在这有必要停顿一下,
12:28
and say that I can't take credit信用
for the success成功 of any of those movies电影.
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这些电影的成功不能归功于我。
12:32
I didn't write them, I didn't direct直接 them,
I didn't produce生产 them, I didn't gaff鱼叉 them,
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我不是编剧,也不是导演,
我也没有参与制作,我也不是灯光师,
12:36
I didn't make food餐饮 and craft手艺 service服务 --
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我也没有给演员提供餐饮服务——
12:38
we all know how important重要 that is.
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我们都知道这个多么重要。
12:40
The credit信用 for those movies电影,
the credit信用 for that success成功,
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748276
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这些电影,这些成功,
12:42
goes to the people who made制作 the films影片.
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归功于制造电影的人们。
12:45
What I did was change更改
the way people looked看着 at them.
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我做的是改变人们看待它们的方法。
12:47
Accidentally意外, I asked
if the conventional常规 wisdom智慧 was correct正确.
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755887
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无意中,我挑战了传统的智慧是否正确。
12:52
And certainly当然, there are movies电影
on that list名单 that would have gotten得到 made制作
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760657
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当然,没有黑名单,
在清单上的有些电影
12:56
without the Black黑色 List名单,
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本来也会被制作,
12:57
but there are many许多
that definitely无疑 would not have.
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765261
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但肯定有很多不会被制作。
至少,我们催化了
很多剧本进入制作阶段,
12:59
And at a minimum最低限度, we've我们已经 catalyzed催化
a lot of them into production生产,
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767673
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13:02
and I think that's worth价值 noting注意.
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我认为这是值得注意的。
13:04
There have been about 1,000
screenplays剧本 on the Black黑色 List名单
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自2005年推出以来,黑名单上有
13:07
since以来 its inception成立 in 2005.
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775060
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大约1000个剧本。
13:08
About 325 have been produced生成.
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776950
2468
大约325已经被制作了。
13:11
They've他们已经 been nominated提名
for 300 Academy学院 Awards奖项,
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其中共获得300奥斯卡提名,
13:14
they've他们已经 won韩元 50.
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782982
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赢得50项奖。
13:16
Four of the last nine Best最好 Pictures图片
have gone走了 to scripts脚本 from the Black黑色 List名单,
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784934
3754
最近的9部最佳影片中,
有4部来自黑名单的剧本,
13:20
and 10 of the last 20 screenplay剧本 Oscars奥斯卡
have gone走了 to scripts脚本 from the Black黑色 List名单.
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788712
3801
最近的20项奥斯卡最佳编剧奖中,
有10项来自黑名单。
13:24
All told, they've他们已经 made制作
about 25 billion十亿 dollars美元
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792839
2302
加起来,它们全球票房的总收入
13:27
in worldwide全世界 box office办公室,
292
795165
1585
为250亿美元,
13:28
which哪一个 means手段 that hundreds数以百计
of millions百万 of people
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796774
2699
意味着有数亿人
13:31
have seen看到 these films影片
when they leave离开 their homes家园,
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799497
2428
离开家,坐在他们不认识的人身边,
13:33
and sit next下一个 to someone有人 they don't know
and the lights灯火 go down.
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801949
3245
关灯看了这些电影。
13:37
And that's to say nothing
of post-theatrical戏剧后 environments环境
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805871
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就更不必说院线外的诸如
DVD和流媒体,非法下载这些渠道了。
13:40
like DVDDVD, streaming and,
let's be honest诚实, illegal非法 downloads下载.
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808667
2849
13:44
Five years年份 ago today今天, October十月 15,
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3936
5年前的今天,10月15号,
13:48
my business商业 partner伙伴 and I
doubled翻倍 down on this notion概念
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816442
2619
我和我的商业伙伴都坚信,
13:51
that screenwriting编剧 talent天赋
was not where we expected预期 to find it,
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819085
4397
剧本创作人才并不在
我们预料得到的地方,
13:55
and we launched推出 a website网站
that would allow允许 anybody任何人 on earth地球
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823506
3031
我们推出了一个网站,
13:58
who had written书面
an English-language英语 screenplay剧本
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826561
2182
允许世上任何写了英语剧本的人
14:00
to upload上载 their script脚本, have it evaluated评估,
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828767
2016
上传他们的本子,让它获得评估,
14:02
and make it available可得到 to thousands数千
of film-industry电影业 professionals专业人士.
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830807
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并将其提供给成千上万的
电影行业专业人士。
14:06
And I'm pleased满意 to say,
in the five years年份 since以来 its launch发射,
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834132
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我很高兴地说,自推出5年以来,
我们在很大程度上
证明了这个观点。
14:08
we've我们已经 largely大部分 proved证实 that thesis论文.
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836934
1595
14:10
Hundreds数以百计 of writers作家 from across横过 the world世界
have found发现 representation表示,
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838553
3246
来自世界各地的数百名编剧
已经找到了代表,
14:13
have had their work optioned选项 or sold出售.
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841823
1810
他们的作品被选中或买下。
有7个人在过去的3年里
已经制作了他们的电影,
14:15
Seven have even seen看到 their films影片 made制作
in the last three years年份,
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843657
2928
包括一部叫《夜莺》的电影,
14:18
including包含 the film电影 "Nightingale夜莺,"
310
846609
1643
关于一位老兵心理衰退的故事,
14:20
the story故事 of a war战争 veteran's退伍军人
psychological心理 decline下降,
311
848276
2412
在这部90分钟的电影里,
大卫·奥伊罗是唯一出现在
14:22
in which哪一个 David大卫 Oyelowo's奥耶洛沃的 face面对
is the only one on screen屏幕
312
850712
2667
14:25
for the film's电影的 90-minute-分钟 duration持续时间.
313
853403
1698
大荧幕上的演员。
14:27
It was nominated提名 for a Golden金色 Globe地球
and two Emmy Awards奖项.
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855125
3282
它获得一个金球奖和两个艾美奖的提名 。
14:30
It's also kind of cool
that more than a dozen writers作家
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858431
2492
还有一件很酷的事,
因为这个网站而被发现的
14:32
who were discovered发现 on the website网站
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860947
1714
十几位编剧都出现在了
14:34
have ended结束 up
on this end-of-year年终 annual全年 list名单,
317
862685
2182
这个年终年度榜单上,
14:36
including包含 two of the last three
number one writers作家.
318
864891
2436
是过去三年中”最佳编剧“之中的两位。
14:39
Simply只是 put, the conventional常规 wisdom智慧
about screenwriting编剧 merit值得 --
319
867351
4022
简单地说,关于剧本价值的
传统智慧 --
14:43
where it was and where it could be found发现,
320
871397
3563
它在哪里以及它可以在哪里找到,
14:46
was wrong错误.
321
874984
1365
是错误的。
14:48
And this is notable显着,
because as I mentioned提到 before,
322
876373
2905
这是值得注意的,
因为正如我之前提到,
14:51
in the triage分流 of finding发现
movies电影 to make and making制造 them,
323
879302
3275
在寻找电影和制作的分类中,
14:54
there's a lot of relying依托
on conventional常规 wisdom智慧.
324
882601
2849
有太多依靠传统智慧。
14:58
And that conventional常规 wisdom智慧,
325
886220
1921
而那个传统的智慧,
15:00
maybe, just maybe,
326
888165
2182
可能,只可能,
15:02
might威力 be wrong错误
to even greater更大 consequence后果.
327
890371
2261
可能会有导致更大的问题。
15:05
Films电影 about black黑色 people
don't sell overseas海外.
328
893688
2532
黑人的电影在海外不热销 。
15:09
Female-driven女性驱动 action行动 movies电影 don't work,
329
897117
1897
女性主导的动作片没戏,
15:11
because women妇女 will see themselves他们自己 in men男人,
but men男人 won't惯于 see themselves他们自己 in women妇女.
330
899038
3928
因为女人通过男人会看到自己,
但男人不会从女人中看到自己。
15:16
That no one wants to see movies电影
about women妇女 over 40.
331
904188
3167
没有人想看40岁以上的女性电影。
15:19
That our onscreen在屏幕上 heroes英雄 have to conform符合
to a very narrow狭窄 idea理念 about beauty美女
332
907379
4095
我们的银幕英雄
必须遵从我们认为
传统的关于美的狭隘观念。
15:23
that we consider考虑 conventional常规.
333
911498
1738
15:26
What does that mean when those images图片
are projected预计 30 feet high
334
914291
3016
当这些图像被投射到30英尺
高的地方,灯光熄灭,
15:29
and the lights灯火 go down,
335
917331
1247
对像我这样在乔治亚州
哥伦布市长大的孩子
15:30
for a kid孩子 that looks容貌 like me
in Columbus哥伦布, Georgia格鲁吉亚?
336
918602
2705
15:33
Or a Muslim穆斯林 girl女孩 in Cardiff加的夫, Wales威尔士?
337
921331
2400
或者是威尔士加的夫的一个穆斯林女孩,
或者钦奈的同性恋,
15:36
Or a gay同性恋者 kid孩子 in Chennai?
338
924117
1600
15:38
What does it mean for how we see ourselves我们自己
339
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2699
这对我们如何看自己意味着什么?
15:41
and how we see the world世界
and for how the world世界 sees看到 us?
340
929205
3245
这对如何看待世界和世界如何看待我们,
意味着什么?
15:47
We live生活 in very strange奇怪 times.
341
935308
2499
我们生活在很奇怪的时代。
15:50
And I think for the most part部分,
we all live生活 in a state of constant不变 triage分流.
342
938413
3787
我认为在很大程度上,我们都生活在
一个不断筛选的状态中。
15:54
There's just too much information信息,
343
942224
2350
有太多信息,
15:56
too much stuff东东 to contend抗衡 with.
344
944598
2066
太多的东西要处理。
15:58
And so as a rule规则, we tend趋向
to default默认 to conventional常规 wisdom智慧.
345
946996
3499
因此我们倾向于默认传统智慧。
16:03
And I think it's important重要
that we ask ourselves我们自己, constantly经常,
346
951292
3519
我认为我们需要不断地扪心自问
16:06
how much of that conventional常规 wisdom智慧
is all convention惯例 and no wisdom智慧?
347
954835
4747
传统智慧中有多少只是
传统的,却无智慧的?
16:12
And at what cost成本?
348
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1150
还有代价是什么?
16:14
Thank you.
349
962079
1152
谢谢。
(鼓掌)
16:15
(Applause掌声)
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Translated by psjmz mz
Reviewed by Homer Li

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Franklin Leonard - Film producer
Franklin Leonard is a film producer, cultural commentator, professor, activist and entrepreneur.

Why you should listen

Franklin Leonard is the founder and CEO of the Black List, the company that celebrates and supports great screenwriting and the writers who do it via film production, as well as its annual survey of the best unproduced screenplays, online marketplace, live staged script readings, screenwriter labs and film culture publications. More than 400 scripts from the annual Black List survey (30 percent of its total output) have been produced as feature films, earning 250 Academy Award nominations and 50 wins, including four of the last ten Best Pictures and ten of the last twenty-two screenwriting Oscars.

Leonard has worked in feature film development at Universal Pictures and the production companies of Will Smith, Sydney Pollack and Anthony Minghella, and Leonardo DiCaprio. He has been a juror at the Sundance, Toronto, and Guanajuato Film Festivals and for the PEN Center Literary Awards. He was also a delegate and speaker at the White House's 2015 Global Entrepreneurship Summit in Nairobi, Kenya. He was one of Hollywood Reporter's "35 Under 35," Black Enterprise magazine's "40 Emerging Leaders for Our Future," The Root’s 100 Most Influential African-Americans, Fast Company’s "100 Most Creative People in Business" and was awarded the 2015 African-American Film Critics Association (AAFCA)'s Special Achievement Award for career excellence. He is an occasional commentator on the BBC and MSNBC on matters of culture, politics and race, an associate professor at the American Film institute, a trustee of PEN America, an advisor to Glitch, Inc. and a member of the Associates Branch of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences.

More profile about the speaker
Franklin Leonard | Speaker | TED.com