TEDGlobal 2017
OluTimehin Adegbeye: Who belongs in a city?
奥卢泰姆欣·阿德格贝耶: 谁属于城市？
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政府制造出超大城市时，最先被迫重新寻找住所的便是穷人。奥卢泰姆欣·阿德格贝耶在演讲中讲述了这样的故事：尼日利亚的拉各斯为了建设“新迪拜”，当地政府违反宪法，变相鼓励抢占土地的行为，由此导致上千名住在拉各斯沿海社区的低收入居民无法继续以往的生活。她让我们意识到，对于城市安全，我们和政府都需要承担起责任。她说：“值得建设的城市，值得畅想的未来，就是无论身份高低、住所贵贱都能欢迎所有人居住的地方。”
OluTimehin Adegbeye - Writer, activist
Writing on urban development, sexual and reproductive rights, gender and queerness, OluTimehin Adegbeye resists marginalization by reminding her audiences of the validity of every human experience. Full bio
Writing on urban development, sexual and reproductive rights, gender and queerness, OluTimehin Adegbeye resists marginalization by reminding her audiences of the validity of every human experience. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Cities are like siblings
in a large polygamous family.
in a large polygamous family.
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各个城市就像一夫多妻家庭里的
兄弟姐妹一样。
兄弟姐妹一样。
00:18
Each one has a unique personality
and is headed in a distinct direction.
and is headed in a distinct direction.
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每一个城市都有独特的性格，
朝着不同的方向成长。
朝着不同的方向成长。
00:23
But they all have somewhat shared origins.
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但它们都有一个共同的根。
00:26
Sometimes I think postcolonial cities
are like the children
are like the children
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有时候我觉得后殖民时期的城市
就像是
就像是
最不受丈夫待见的两位妻子的孩子。
00:29
of the two least-favorite wives,
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总是被说：
00:31
who are constantly being asked,
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00:33
"Ah, why can't you be
more like your sister?"
more like your sister?"
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“你为什么不能像你姐姐一样？”
00:35
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
00:38
The "why" of cities is largely the same,
no matter where they are:
no matter where they are:
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这个也适用于“为什么”不管在哪，
各个城市都会有相同的发展：
各个城市都会有相同的发展：
00:42
an advantageous location that makes
trade and administration possible;
trade and administration possible;
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一个占据地利优势的地方
有易于贸易和管理；
有易于贸易和管理；
00:46
the potential for scalable opportunities
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无论是否有工作技能
00:48
for the skilled and unskilled alike;
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城市都能为他们提供上升的可能；
00:51
a popular willingness
to be in constant flux
to be in constant flux
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愿意处在不断变化之中，
00:54
and, of course, resilience.
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当然，还要有适应力。
00:56
The "how" of cities, however,
is a whole other story.
is a whole other story.
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但如何取得这些优势
则是另外一回事了。
则是另外一回事了。
01:00
How are they run?
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城市如何运作？
01:01
How do they grow?
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城市如何发展？
01:03
How do they decide who belongs
and who doesn't?
and who doesn't?
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城市如何决定谁能留下、
谁又不能留下？
谁又不能留下？
01:07
Lagos is my home.
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拉各斯是我的家乡
01:10
You can always find the Nigerians
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你总能顺着吵闹的声音和跳舞的动静
01:12
by following the noise
and the dancing, right?
and the dancing, right?
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找到尼日利亚人，对吧？
01:14
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
01:15
Like any major city,
that place is a lot of things,
that place is a lot of things,
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和其他大城市一样，
很多东西在这里汇聚
很多东西在这里汇聚
01:19
many of which are highly contradictory.
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其中很多东西是相互矛盾的。
01:22
Our public transportation
doesn't quite work,
doesn't quite work,
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拉各斯的公共交通不怎么方便，
01:24
so we have these privately owned
bright yellow buses
bright yellow buses
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于是我们就有了私人开的亮黄色大巴
01:27
that regularly cause accidents.
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但事故频发。
01:30
Luxury car showrooms line badly maintained
and often flooded roads.
and often flooded roads.
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卖豪车的展厅外面是破破烂烂、
经常淹水的马路。
经常淹水的马路。
01:35
Street evangelism is only
slightly less ubiquitous
slightly less ubiquitous
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路上的传教活动比街头骚扰
01:38
than street harassment.
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只少那么一点。
01:40
Sex workers sometimes
have two degrees, a bank job
have two degrees, a bank job
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有的性工作者有双学位，
一份银行工作
一份银行工作
01:43
and a prominent role in church.
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也在教堂担任要角。
01:45
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
随便哪一天
01:46
On any given day,
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01:47
there can be either a party
or a burned body
or a burned body
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你在街上看到的如果不是派对
01:51
in the middle of a street.
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就是一具烧焦的尸体。
01:54
There is so much that is possible in Lagos
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拉各斯有无数可能
也有无数不可能，
01:57
and so much that isn't,
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01:58
and very often the difference
between possibility and impossibility
between possibility and impossibility
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可能与不可能之间的区别
02:01
is simply who you are,
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往往只是关系到你的身份这么简单。
02:03
and if you're lucky enough,
who you're connected to.
who you're connected to.
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如果你要足够幸运，得有关系
02:06
Belonging in Lagos is a fluid concept
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拉各斯的归属感是一个流动的概念，
02:09
determined by ethnic origin,
sexual orientation, gender,
sexual orientation, gender,
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决定于种族、性取向和性别，
02:13
but most visibly and often most violently,
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影响最大、最突出的因素则是
02:16
class.
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阶级。
02:18
Before Nigeria became a country,
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尼日利亚独立前
02:21
fisherpeople from the inland creeks
started to come down the Lagos lagoon
started to come down the Lagos lagoon
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渔民开始从内陆溪水地区
转移到了濒海湖附近，
转移到了濒海湖附近，
02:25
and establish villages along the coast.
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沿着海岸线建起村庄。
02:28
About 60 years later, my grandfather,
Oludotun Adekunle Kukoyi,
Oludotun Adekunle Kukoyi,
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60年后，我的爷爷库科伊
02:32
also arrived in Lagos.
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也来到了拉各斯。
02:34
Like me, he was an alumnus
of the University of Ibadan,
of the University of Ibadan,
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爷爷和我都是伊巴丹大学的学生，
02:38
a young member of the educated elite
in the independence era.
in the independence era.
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他是国家独立时期受过教育的人，
属于精英阶级中的年轻人。
属于精英阶级中的年轻人。
02:42
Over time, he built an illustrious career
as a land surveyor,
as a land surveyor,
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作为土地测量师，他工作出色，
02:45
mapping out now-bustling neighborhoods
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他绘制地图的地方
现在已经成了热闹的社区
现在已经成了热闹的社区
02:47
when they were just waist-high wild grass.
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在当时却是齐腰深的一大片野草。
02:51
He died when I was nine.
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我九岁时，爷爷去世了。
02:52
And by that time, my family,
like the families of those fisherpeople,
like the families of those fisherpeople,
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那时，我的家人与其他渔户一样
02:56
knew Lagos as home.
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把拉各斯当作家。
03:00
Among the Yoruba, we have a saying,
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约鲁巴语中有一句俗语：
03:02
"Èkó gb’olè, ó gb’ọ̀lẹ,"
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"Èkó gb’olè, ó gb’ọ̀lẹ,"
03:04
which can be translated to mean
that Lagos will welcome anyone.
that Lagos will welcome anyone.
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翻译过来就是拉各斯欢迎所有人。
03:09
But that saying is becoming
less and less true.
less and less true.
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但这句话变得越来越不真实。
03:12
Many Lagosians, including
the descendants of those fisherpeople
the descendants of those fisherpeople
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许多拉各斯人，包括渔民的后代
03:16
who arrived generations
before my grandfather,
before my grandfather,
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他们来这儿的时间比我祖父还要长，
03:18
are now being pushed out
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现在却被赶出这片土地，
03:20
to make room for an emergent city
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就是为了给发展中的城市腾地方，
03:21
that has been described
as "the new Dubai."
as "the new Dubai."
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这座城市被称作“新迪拜”。
03:25
You see, Lagos inspires big dreams,
even in its leaders,
even in its leaders,
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拉各斯让人们畅想未来，
连城市的管理者也不例外，
连城市的管理者也不例外，
03:29
and successive governments
have declared aspirations
have declared aspirations
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多届政府均表示出他们的决心
03:32
towards a megacity
where poverty does not exist.
where poverty does not exist.
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让拉各斯成长为超大城市，
消灭贫困。
消灭贫困。
03:36
Unfortunately, instead of focusing
on the eradication of poverty
on the eradication of poverty
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然而，并非我们所期望的那样
城市没有致力于消除贫困，
03:39
as you would expect,
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03:41
the strategy of choice focuses
on eliminating the poor.
on eliminating the poor.
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反而采取了清除贫困人口的策略。
03:47
Last October, the Governor announced plans
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去年10月，市长宣布
03:49
to demolish every single
waterfront settlement in Lagos.
waterfront settlement in Lagos.
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拆除拉各斯海边所有的居住设施。
03:53
There are more than 40
of these indigenous communities
of these indigenous communities
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当地社区大概有40多个
03:56
all over the city,
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遍布拉各斯，
03:57
with over 300,000 people living in them.
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居民人数超过30万。
04:00
Otodo Gbame,
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奥图顿巴耶，
04:02
a hundred-year-old fishing village
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是一个拥有百年历史的渔村
04:04
with a population about
three-quarters that of Monaco
three-quarters that of Monaco
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人口约是摩纳哥的四分之三
04:07
and similar potential
for beachfront luxury --
for beachfront luxury --
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也拥有像摩纳哥那样发展
高端旅游业的潜力，
高端旅游业的潜力，
04:10
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
04:11
was one of the first to be targeted.
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这座渔村第一个被盯上。
04:14
I first heard of Otodo Gbame
after the demolition started.
after the demolition started.
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我第一次了解奥图顿巴耶是在
拆迁开始之后。
拆迁开始之后。
04:18
When I visited in November 2016,
I met Magdalene Aiyefoju.
I met Magdalene Aiyefoju.
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2016年11月我去了渔村，
见到了麦格达琳·阿伊芙朱
见到了麦格达琳·阿伊芙朱
04:24
She is a now-homeless woman
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她现在成了无家可归的人。
04:25
whose surname means, "the world is blind."
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她的姓氏意为“世界被蒙住了双眼”。
04:29
Magdalene's son Basil
was one of over 20 people
was one of over 20 people
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麦格达琳的儿子贝索是
20多名受害者之一,
20多名受害者之一,
04:33
who were shot, drowned
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他们在土地收回的过程中
04:35
or presumed dead in that land grab.
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被开枪打死、淹死或者被推定死亡。
04:39
Standing outside her shelter,
I saw the two white-sand football fields
I saw the two white-sand football fields
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在她棚屋的外面，我看到了两个
白色沙子铺成的足球场
白色沙子铺成的足球场
04:43
where Basil used to play.
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贝索以前在这里玩。
04:45
Spread all around us were the ruins
of schools, churches,
of schools, churches,
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我们周围都是被拆毁的学校、教堂
04:49
a primary health center, shops,
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健康中心、商店
04:51
thousands of homes.
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以及上千个家。
04:53
Young children enthusiastically helped
to put up shelters,
to put up shelters,
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孩子们热心地帮着搭棚屋，
04:57
and about 5,000 of the residents,
with nowhere else to go,
with nowhere else to go,
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5千名无家可归的住户
05:00
simply stayed put.
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就这么继续留在这里。
05:02
And then in April,
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到了4月
05:04
state security personnel came back.
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国家安全部的人又来了
05:08
This time, they cleared
the community out completely,
the community out completely,
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这次，整个社区都被他们
清理干净了，
清理干净了，
05:11
with beatings, bullets and fire.
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他们的解决方式是暴力、
枪支和放火。
枪支和放火。
05:15
As I speak, there are construction crews
preparing Otodo Gbame's beaches
preparing Otodo Gbame's beaches
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我说话的这会儿就有建筑工人
在建设海滩
在建设海滩
05:20
for anyone who can afford
a multi-million-dollar view.
a multi-million-dollar view.
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为了那些能享受得起
这几百万美元景色的人
这几百万美元景色的人
05:24
The new development
is called "Periwinkle Estate."
is called "Periwinkle Estate."
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新开发项目叫“长春花地产”。
05:30
Forced evictions are incredibly violent
and, of course, unconstitutional.
and, of course, unconstitutional.
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强行驱离的方式非常暴力，
当然也违反宪法
当然也违反宪法
05:35
And yet, they happen so often
in so many of our cities,
in so many of our cities,
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但却在许多城市屡见不鲜，
05:38
because the first thing we are taught
to forget about poor people
to forget about poor people
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因为我们往往会
05:42
is that they are people.
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不把穷人当人。
05:44
We believe that a home is a thing
a person absolutely has a right to,
a person absolutely has a right to,
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我们认为拥有一个家是
一个人毋庸置疑的权利
一个人毋庸置疑的权利
05:47
unless the person is poor
and the home is built a certain way
and the home is built a certain way
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除非他很穷，又或者他的家
以一种特殊的方式
以一种特殊的方式
05:50
in a certain neighborhood.
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建在了一个特殊的区域。
05:52
But there is no single definition
of the word "home."
of the word "home."
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但“家”这个词有许多定义。
05:57
After all, what is a slum
besides an organic response
besides an organic response
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毕竟，如果不是因为住房短缺
和收入不平等
和收入不平等
06:00
to acute housing deficits
and income inequality?
and income inequality?
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谁还会住在贫民窟呢？
06:04
And what is a shanty if not a person
making a home for themselves
making a home for themselves
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如果不是想尽力为自己建起一个家，
06:08
against all odds?
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谁又会搭棚屋呢？
06:11
Slums are an imperfect housing solution,
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贫民窟不是很好的选择
06:13
but they are also prime examples
of the innovation, adaptability
of the innovation, adaptability
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但贫民窟也很好地展现了每一座城市的
06:17
and resilience at the foundation --
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创新与适应
06:20
and the heart --
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是来自内心深处的
06:21
of every functional city.
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感受。
06:24
You don't need to be the new Dubai
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你不需要一个新迪拜
06:26
when you're already Lagos.
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因为你已经有了拉各斯。
06:29
(Applause)
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（掌声）
06:36
We have our own identity,
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我们有自己的特点
06:39
our own rhythm,
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自己的步调
06:40
and as anyone who knows
Lagos can tell you,
Lagos can tell you,
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任何一个了解拉各斯的人都可以告诉你
06:43
poor Lagosians are very often
the source of the city's character.
the source of the city's character.
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赋予城市个性的往往是拉各斯的穷人。
06:47
Without its poor, Lagos would not
be known for its music
be known for its music
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没有穷人，拉各斯就没了
她有名的音乐，
她有名的音乐，
06:49
or its endless energy
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没了她源源不断的活力，
06:51
or even the fact that you can buy
an ice cold drink or a puppy
an ice cold drink or a puppy
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你也就不能透过车窗户买杯冰饮，
06:54
through your car window.
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或买只小狗了。
06:56
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
07:00
The conditions that cause us
to define certain neighborhoods as slums
to define certain neighborhoods as slums
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让社区变成我们口中的贫民窟的因素
07:03
can be effectively improved,
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是可以改善的，
07:05
but not without recognizing
the humanity and the agency
the humanity and the agency
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但只有在我们意识到
他们也是人的时候
他们也是人的时候
才可以实现。
07:08
of the people living in them.
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07:11
In Lagos, where public goods
are rarely publicly available,
are rarely publicly available,
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使用拉各斯的公共产品
对一般人来讲是很难的，
对一般人来讲是很难的，
07:14
slum dwellers are often at the forefront
of innovating solutions.
of innovating solutions.
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贫民窟的居民总是走在
创新办法的前沿。
创新办法的前沿。
07:18
After being disconnected
from the grid for months
from the grid for months
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他们已经几个月没有电了
07:21
because the power company
couldn't figure out how to collect bills,
couldn't figure out how to collect bills,
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是因为供电公司想不出收费方法，
于是切断了供电，
于是切断了供电，
07:24
one settlement designed a system
that collectivized remittances
that collectivized remittances
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有个贫民窟弄了一个集体收费系统
07:27
and got everyone cheaper rates
into the bargain.
into the bargain.
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让每个人都享受到了更优惠的电价。
07:31
Another settlement created
a reform program
a reform program
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还有一个贫民窟搞了改革，
07:33
that hires local bad boys as security.
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招当地的小混混当保安。
07:36
They know every trick and every hideout,
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他们对街头把戏和藏匿地点了如指掌
07:38
so now troublemakers are more likely
to get caught and reported to police
to get caught and reported to police
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闹事的人被抓住送去
警察局的几率更大了，
警察局的几率更大了，
07:42
and fewer of the youth end up
engaging in criminal activity.
engaging in criminal activity.
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而青少年犯罪活动则更少了。
07:46
Yet another settlement recently completed
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还有一个贫民窟最近刚刚完成
07:48
a flood-safe, eco-friendly
communal toilet system.
communal toilet system.
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一个冲水方便、节能环保的
公用厕所系统工程。
公用厕所系统工程。
07:52
Models like these are being
adopted across Lagos.
adopted across Lagos.
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这些成功方法正为拉各斯各地采用
07:56
Informal settlements are incorrectly
named as the problem.
named as the problem.
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非正式的住所被当成问题，
这是不正确的。
这是不正确的。
08:00
In fact, the real problems
are the factors that create them,
are the factors that create them,
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真正的问题在于产生这个现状的原因
08:04
like the entrenchment of poverty,
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比如根深蒂固的贫困、
08:05
social exclusion
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社会排挤、
08:07
and state failures.
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国家管理不当。
08:09
When our governments
frame slums as threats
frame slums as threats
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政府把贫民窟视作威胁
08:12
in order to justify violent land grabs
or forced evictions,
or forced evictions,
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是为了让暴力的土地回收和
强制驱离看上去合理些，
强制驱离看上去合理些，
08:14
they're counting on those of us
who live in formal housing
who live in formal housing
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政府指望我们这些住在好房子里的人
08:17
to tacitly and ignorantly agree with them.
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心照不宣地同意他们的说法。
08:22
Rather, we must remind them
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相反，我们必须告诉他们
08:24
that governments exist to serve
not only those who build
not only those who build
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政府不仅要服务那些住在
08:27
and live in luxury homes,
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高档房屋里的人
08:28
but also those who clean and guard them.
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他们还要服务那些负责清洁和
安保工作的人。
安保工作的人。
08:32
Our --
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我们的
08:33
(Applause)
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（掌声）
08:37
our realities may differ,
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我们的情况也许不同
08:40
but our rights don't.
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但我们的权利是一样的。
08:44
The Lagos state government,
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拉各斯政府
08:45
like far too many on our continent,
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以及非洲大陆上其他的政府
总是空谈包容的概念，
08:47
pays lip service to ideas of inclusion,
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08:50
while acting as though
progress can only be achieved
progress can only be achieved
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为了发展进步
08:53
by the erasure, exploitation
and even elimination of groups
and even elimination of groups
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不惜清除、剥削甚至牺牲
某些群体的利益
某些群体的利益
08:56
it considers expendable.
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他们觉得这些是可以舍弃的东西。
08:59
People living with disabilities
who hawk or beg on Lagos streets
who hawk or beg on Lagos streets
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拉各斯街头乞讨的残疾人
09:03
are rounded up, extorted
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被驱赶到一起，被敲诈
09:05
and detained.
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被拘留。
09:07
Women in low-income
neighborhoods are picked up
neighborhoods are picked up
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低收入的妇女被带走
09:09
and charged with prostitution,
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以参与卖淫的名目被要求缴纳罚款，
09:11
regardless of what they actually
do for a living.
do for a living.
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根本不管她们究竟以什么为生。
09:14
Gay citizens are scapegoated
to distract from real political problems.
to distract from real political problems.
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同性恋者成了替罪羊，
把公众目光引离真正的政治问题。
把公众目光引离真正的政治问题。
09:19
But people, like cities, are resilient,
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但人和城市一样，是有适应力的，
09:24
and no amount of legislation
or intimidation or violence
or intimidation or violence
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无论什么样的法律、恫吓和暴力
09:27
can fully eliminate any of us.
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都无法让某个群体彻底消失。
09:30
Prostitutes, women
and women who work as prostitutes
and women who work as prostitutes
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妓女、妇女以及卖淫者
09:33
still haven't gone extinct,
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仍然存在，
09:35
despite centuries of active suppression.
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即使对她们的压迫已经
存在了几个世纪。
存在了几个世纪。
09:38
Queer Africans continue to exist,
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非洲的同性恋者依然存在，
09:41
even though queerness is now criminalized
in most parts of the continent.
in most parts of the continent.
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尽管同性恋在非洲绝大数地方
是犯罪行为。
是犯罪行为。
09:45
And I'm fairly certain that poor people
don't generally tend to just disappear
don't generally tend to just disappear
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我相信穷人不会因为失去
所拥有的一切
所拥有的一切
09:49
because they've been stripped
of everything they have.
of everything they have.
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就这么从我们的视线中消失。
09:53
We are all already here,
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我们就在这里，
09:56
and that answers the question
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这是对我们是否属于城市
的回答。
09:59
of whether or not we belong.
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10:03
When those fisherpeople
started to sail down the lagoon
started to sail down the lagoon
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之前那些来到海边
10:06
in search of new homes,
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寻找新家园的渔民们
10:08
it could not have occurred to them
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怎么也不会想到
10:10
that the city that would
rise up around them
rise up around them
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自己住的地方会发展成城市
10:12
would one day insist
that they do not belong in it.
that they do not belong in it.
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有一天不承认他们属于这里。
10:16
I like to believe that my grandfather,
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我相信我的爷爷
10:19
in mapping new frontiers for Lagos,
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在为拉各斯绘制新地图时
他一定是想让拉各斯成为
10:20
was trying to open it up
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欢迎每一个人的到来的城市
10:22
to make room for other people
to be welcomed by the city
to be welcomed by the city
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就像他来时的那样。
10:25
in the same way that he was.
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10:28
On my way here, my grandma called me
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在我来这儿之前，奶奶打电话给我
10:31
to remind me how proud she was,
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说她有多么为我骄傲，
10:34
how proud [my grandfather]
and my mother would have been.
and my mother would have been.
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说如果我爷爷和妈妈还在世的话，
他们会有多么骄傲。
他们会有多么骄傲。
10:37
I am their dreams come true.
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他们的梦想在我这里实现了。
10:41
But there is no reason why their dreams --
or mine, for that matter --
or mine, for that matter --
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但在他们的梦想或我的梦想
10:46
are allowed to come true
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成为现实时，
10:47
while those of others
are turned to nightmares.
are turned to nightmares.
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绝不可以变成其他人的噩梦。
10:51
And lest we forget:
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我们不应忘记：
10:53
the minimum requirement for a dream
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梦其实需要的仅仅是
10:56
is a safe place to lay your head.
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一个让我们枕着头、感到安心的地方。
11:01
It is too late now for Basil,
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现在对于贝索来说已经太迟了，
11:04
but not for Magdalene,
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但对麦格达琳
11:06
not for the hundreds of thousands,
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以及几十万、上百万
11:08
the millions still under threat in Lagos
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住在拉各斯或其他城市里的人来说，
11:10
or any of our cities.
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仍然不晚。
11:13
The world does not have to remain blind
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世界不必继续被蒙上双眼
11:16
to the suffering that is created
when we deny people's humanity,
when we deny people's humanity,
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不必无视我们否认他人权利时
造成的苦痛,
造成的苦痛,
11:20
or even to the incredible potential
for growth that exists
for growth that exists
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不必无视我们认可尊重
每一个人的贡献
每一个人的贡献
11:23
when we recognize and value
all contributions.
all contributions.
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而带来的巨大增长潜能。
11:29
We must hold our governments
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我们必须让我们的政府
11:32
and ourselves
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和我们自己
11:33
accountable
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承担起责任
11:35
for keeping our shared cities safe
for everyone in them,
for everyone in them,
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让我们城市中的每一个人
都能获得安全感，
都能获得安全感，
11:40
because the only cities worth building --
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因为值得建设的城市
11:42
indeed, the only futures
worth dreaming of --
worth dreaming of --
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值得畅想的未来
11:46
are those that include all of us,
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就是能包容我们所有人的地方，
11:49
no matter who we are
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不管我们是谁，
11:51
or how we make homes for ourselves.
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不管我们在何处为家。
11:54
Thank you.
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谢谢。
11:55
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
OluTimehin Adegbeye - Writer, activistWriting on urban development, sexual and reproductive rights, gender and queerness, OluTimehin Adegbeye resists marginalization by reminding her audiences of the validity of every human experience.
Why you should listen
OluTimehin Adegbeye is a writer and speaker who does rights-based work in the areas of urban development, gender, sexualities and sexualized violence. Her social commentary takes the form of non-fiction, auto-fiction and poetry -- as well as sometimes quite strongly worded Twitter threads. A firm believer in lived experience as a legitimate source of knowledge, she often draws her broader political analyses from personal stories.
Adegbeye identifies as a de-colonial feminist, with a political praxis rooted in Womanist and Black Feminist thought. In deconstructing how power, social services, housing, capital and other resources are distributed and/or denied within globalized societies, her ultimate goal is to reinscribe the intrinsic value of human life.
OluTimehin Adegbeye | Speaker | TED.com