TED2019
Mark Tercek: An ingenious proposal for scaling up marine protection
马可腾: 加强海洋保护的创新提案
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各个岛国和沿海国家通常需要负责保护其海域，以确保海洋环境的健康。但是，由于一些债务，这些国家往往不能实现这一使命，为了满足其他发展需求，而忽略了优先考虑海洋保护的事务。马可腾和他在大自然保护协会的团队想到了一种一举两得的解决方案：重建一个国家的债务使命，以换取政府保护沿海水域的承诺。让我们一起来了解更多关于“蓝色环保债券倡议（Blue Bonds for Conservation）”是如何运作的——以及如何帮助海洋开发解锁数亿美元。这项雄心勃勃的计划是TED大胆计划 (the Audacious Project) 之一，该计划旨在激励和资助全球性变革。（由拉丹·怀斯配音）
Mark Tercek - Environmental leader
Mark Tercek leads a team committed to tackling the world's biggest environmental challenges -- protecting land and water, addressing climate change, providing food and water sustainably, and building healthy cities. Full bio
Mark Tercek leads a team committed to tackling the world's biggest environmental challenges -- protecting land and water, addressing climate change, providing food and water sustainably, and building healthy cities. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Ah, earth's oceans.
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啊哈，地球的海洋。
它们美丽广阔，
启发灵感，养育生命。
启发灵感，养育生命。
00:14
They are beautiful,
inspiring, life-sustaining.
inspiring, life-sustaining.
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00:18
They are also, as you're probably
quite aware, more or less screwed.
quite aware, more or less screwed.
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同时，它们又如你所了解的那样，
或多或少受到了破坏。
或多或少受到了破坏。
00:22
In the Seychelles, for example,
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例如，在非洲的塞舌尔群岛，
人类的活动和气候的变化
导致了珊瑚褪色，
导致了珊瑚褪色，
00:23
human activities and climate change
have left corals bleached.
have left corals bleached.
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过度的捕捞鱼类，
导致鱼群数量的剧减。
导致鱼群数量的剧减。
00:27
Overfishing has caused
fish stocks to plummet.
fish stocks to plummet.
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00:30
Biodiversity is in peril.
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生物多样性受到了严重的威胁。
00:31
So what can we do?
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那么我们能做些什么呢？
好吧，显然需要采取一些保护措施。
00:33
Well, some form of protection, obviously.
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自然有着很强的自愈力。
00:35
Nature is very resilient.
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00:37
When marine areas
are strategically protected,
are strategically protected,
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当在海洋地区实施战略性
的保护措施，
的保护措施，
00:39
entire ecosystems can bounce back.
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整个生态系统将会再次恢复平衡。
然而，实施海洋保护措施并不容易。
00:42
However, creating marine
protected areas isn't easy.
protected areas isn't easy.
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首先，你需要找出需要保护的确切位置，
00:45
First, you have the issue
of figuring out where to protect.
of figuring out where to protect.
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当珊瑚礁与国际公海捕鱼区重叠，
00:48
This coral reef overlaps with that
international fishing route,
international fishing route,
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00:51
intersects with this fish hatchery.
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又与这个鱼类孵化区相交。
00:53
Everything is interconnected.
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每一片区域都紧密相连，
00:55
And marine protection plans
must take into account
must take into account
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海洋保护计划必须考虑到
00:57
how one area affects another.
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各个区域之间的影响。
00:59
Then, there's the issue
of getting everyone on board.
of getting everyone on board.
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其次，需要考虑如何让大家
加入这个计划，
加入这个计划，
01:02
Coastal economies
often rely on fishing and tourism.
often rely on fishing and tourism.
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沿海经济往往依赖于捕鱼和旅游业，
01:04
If people think they can't do their work,
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如果人们觉得他们不能继续他们的工作，
01:06
there's no chance of getting
the local buy-in you need
the local buy-in you need
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那么就不可能让当地人在此地区
01:09
for the area to be successful.
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来帮助你成功达成这个计划，
01:11
Marine protected areas
must also be enforced.
must also be enforced.
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海洋保护区也必须强制执行，
01:13
That means the government itself
must be deeply invested in the plan.
must be deeply invested in the plan.
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这意味着政府必须
在这个计划上加大投入，
在这个计划上加大投入，
01:17
Token support will not cut it.
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象征性的支持是毫无作用的。
01:18
And finally, conservation requires money.
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最后，自然环境的保护需要资金。
01:21
A lot of it.
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很多资金支持。
01:22
Governments in island and coastal nations
may want to protect their waters,
may want to protect their waters,
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各个岛国及沿海国家的政府
或许想要保护他们的水域，
或许想要保护他们的水域，
01:26
but often these nations
have very high debt
have very high debt
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但是这些国家经常因为负担过高的债务，
01:28
and can't afford
to prioritize conservation.
to prioritize conservation.
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而不能优先考虑环境的保护。
01:31
If we rely on philanthropic dollars alone
to fund marine protection,
to fund marine protection,
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如果我们仅仅依赖于人道组织的捐款
来支持海洋保护的事宜，
来支持海洋保护的事宜，
01:34
we might get a small
marine-protected area here,
marine-protected area here,
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那么我们可能只能保护
这边或者那边的一小片海域。
01:36
another little one there.
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01:38
But we need more
marine protected areas faster,
marine protected areas faster,
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但是我们需要加快创造出
更多的海洋保护区，
更多的海洋保护区，
01:40
to have lasting impact.
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并实现长期的影响。
01:42
So what exactly does
smart ocean conservation look like?
smart ocean conservation look like?
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所以，创新海洋保护计划
到底是怎样的呢？
到底是怎样的呢？
01:45
How do we get the money,
government support and careful planning
government support and careful planning
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我们要怎么样才能
获得资金，政府的支持，
获得资金，政府的支持，
以及把所有当地经济体
和复杂的生态系统
和复杂的生态系统
01:49
that takes into account
both local economies
both local economies
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01:51
and complex ecosystems?
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进行周密的计划呢？
01:53
We want to share with you
an audacious idea
an audacious idea
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我们想与你分享一个的大胆想法，
由自然保护协会提出
（The Nature Conservancy）。
（The Nature Conservancy）。
01:56
from The Nature Conservancy.
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01:57
It seeks to address
all of these things in one fell swoop.
all of these things in one fell swoop.
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它期待能够一举解决所有的这些问题，
02:00
They've realized that debt held
by island and coastal nations
by island and coastal nations
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他们发现各个岛国
及沿海国家持有的债务
及沿海国家持有的债务
02:03
is the very thing that will enable them
to achieve their conservation goals.
to achieve their conservation goals.
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其实是他们实现环境保护目标的关键。
02:07
TNC's idea is to restructure this debt,
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大自然保护协会（TNC）的想法是
重建这些债务，
重建这些债务，
02:10
to generate the funds and political will
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以获得资金
以及保护珊瑚礁、红树林
和渔业的政治意愿。
和渔业的政治意愿。
02:12
to protect reefs, mangroves and fisheries.
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02:15
For example, if you refinance your house
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举个例子，如果你想因低利率
02:18
to take advantage
of a better interest rate,
of a better interest rate,
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融资你的房子，
02:20
maybe you use the savings
to insulate your attic.
to insulate your attic.
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你可以用省下的钱来
隔热你的阁楼。
隔热你的阁楼。
02:22
That's what Blue Bonds for Conservation do
for entire coastal countries.
for entire coastal countries.
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这就是“蓝色环保债券倡议
（Blue Bonds for Conservation）”
（Blue Bonds for Conservation）”
为了所有沿海国家设想的。
02:26
Refinance the debt,
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债务再融资，
02:28
then use the savings
to create marine protected areas.
to create marine protected areas.
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然后用存款来创造海洋保护区，
02:31
Of course, sovereign debt restructuring
is more complicated than that,
is more complicated than that,
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当然主权债务重组要比这更复杂，
02:34
but you get the basic idea.
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但是现在你有了基本的概念。
02:36
If investors put in
40 million dollars now,
40 million dollars now,
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如果投资者现在投入 4,000 万美元，
02:38
it can unlock as much as 1.6 billion
for ocean conservation.
for ocean conservation.
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它可以为海洋保护解开多达 16 亿美元。
02:42
And this is how the work gets done.
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下面是我们将如何实现。
02:44
Step one: negotiate the deal.
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第一步：协商交易。
02:46
A coastal nation commits to protect
at least 30 percent of its ocean areas.
at least 30 percent of its ocean areas.
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一个沿海国家承诺保护
至少其管辖范围 30% 的海域。
至少其管辖范围 30% 的海域。
02:50
In exchange, The Nature Conservancy
bring investors, public funders
bring investors, public funders
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作为交换，自然保护协会将会
联合投资者、公共资助者，
联合投资者、公共资助者，
02:55
and international
development organizations
development organizations
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以及国际发展组织机构
02:57
to the table to restructure
a portion of the nation's debt,
a portion of the nation's debt,
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一同重组国家债务的一部分比率，
03:00
leading to lower interest rates
and longer repayment periods.
and longer repayment periods.
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从而降低利率，延长还款期限。
03:03
Step two: create a marine plan.
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第二步：制定一个海洋计划。
03:05
Simultaneously, The Nature Conservancy
works with marine scientists,
works with marine scientists,
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与此同时，自然保护协会
将会与海洋学家，
将会与海洋学家，
03:09
government leaders and local stakeholders
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政府负责人以及当地的利益相关者
03:11
to create a detailed conservation plan
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来制定一个详细的保护计划，
03:13
that integrates the needs of the ocean
with the needs of the people.
with the needs of the people.
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计划将同时考虑海洋与人们的需求。
03:16
Step three: activate for longevity.
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第三步：激活其可持续性。
03:19
TNC establishes an independently run
conservation trust fund.
conservation trust fund.
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自然保护协会团队建立了
一个独立运作的自然保护信托基金，
一个独立运作的自然保护信托基金，
03:23
The savings from the debt
restructure goes into it
restructure goes into it
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债务重组节省下来的资金
将会被投入其中，
将会被投入其中，
03:25
to support new marine protected areas.
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用以保护那些新的海洋保护区域。
03:27
The trust then holds the government
accountable for its commitments,
accountable for its commitments,
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信托基金可以促使
政府对其承诺负责，
政府对其承诺负责，
03:31
ensuring that the Blue Bonds
finance real protection efforts.
finance real protection efforts.
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确保蓝色债券
为真正的保护努力提高资金。
为真正的保护努力提高资金。
03:34
Could this plan work?
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这个计划行得通吗？
03:35
It already has.
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它已经起作用了。
03:37
In 2016, TNC helped create a national
conservation plan in the Seychelles.
conservation plan in the Seychelles.
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在 2016 年，自然保护协会团队
在塞舌尔群岛帮助制定了
在塞舌尔群岛帮助制定了
一个国家自然保护计划。
03:43
TNC restructured 22 million dollars
of the government's debt.
of the government's debt.
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团队重建了 2,200 万美元的政府负债。
03:47
And in exchange, the government agreed
to protect 30 percent of its marine areas.
to protect 30 percent of its marine areas.
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作为交换，政府同意保护
其管辖海洋的 30% 海域。
其管辖海洋的 30% 海域。
03:51
Today, the Seychelles is on track
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今天，塞舌尔群岛正在实现
03:53
to protect 400,000
square kilometers of ocean.
square kilometers of ocean.
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保护其 40 万平方公里的海域。
03:56
That's an area
roughly the size of Germany.
roughly the size of Germany.
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这大约相当于一个德国的面积。
03:58
The Seychelles
is protecting its coral reefs,
is protecting its coral reefs,
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塞舌尔群岛正在保护着它的珊瑚礁，
04:01
it's replenishing its fisheries,
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它在不断补充它的渔业发展，
04:02
it's improving its resilience
to climate change.
to climate change.
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也提高了它应对气候变化的适应性。
04:05
At the same time,
it's strengthening its economy.
it's strengthening its economy.
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同时，海洋保护加强了它经济的发展。
04:09
This success is making
other governments take note.
other governments take note.
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这样的成功正在吸引
其他国家政府的注意，
其他国家政府的注意，
04:11
Many want to be part of this.
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很多政府想要加入这项提案。
04:13
There's an opportunity
to scale this up, dramatically.
to scale this up, dramatically.
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这是一个显著地、迅速地
扩大其规模影响力的好机会。
04:16
And fast.
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04:17
TNC has identified 20 more nations
where such a plan should be possible.
where such a plan should be possible.
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自然保护协会团队已经识别出了
超过 20 个国家有望实现这个计划，
超过 20 个国家有望实现这个计划，
04:21
But to execute, they need seed capital.
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但是需要真正执行，他们需要本金，
04:23
And to put in place local teams
who can develop conservation plans,
who can develop conservation plans,
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并且建立当地可以制定保护计划的团队，
04:26
work with all the stakeholders
and structure the deals.
and structure the deals.
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来与所有利益相关者合作，
及达成相关协议。
及达成相关协议。
04:29
If they get the support they need
over the next five years,
over the next five years,
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如果在未来的五年，
他们能获得所需，
他们能获得所需，
04:32
they could protect four million
square kilometers of ocean.
square kilometers of ocean.
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这些国家将能够保护
400 万平方公里的海洋。
400 万平方公里的海洋。
04:35
That's 10 Germanies.
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那相当于 10 个德国的面积。
04:36
This would increase
the amount of protected areas
the amount of protected areas
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这会不可思议地提高
04:38
in all of the world's oceans
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至少 15% 全世界范围内
04:40
by an incredible 15 percent.
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受保护海洋区域的数量。
04:42
It would allow vast tracks
of the world's coral reefs to replenish
of the world's coral reefs to replenish
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它能够使全世界正在
消逝的珊瑚礁重获新生，
消逝的珊瑚礁重获新生，
04:45
and give safe harbor to countless species.
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为无数的海洋生物提供安全的港湾。
04:48
This would be truly incredible.
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这项提案将是非凡的，
04:50
And it's really just the beginning.
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然而这真的只是一个开始，
04:52
Because there aren't
20 countries in the world
20 countries in the world
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因为在整个世界里，
我们不仅仅只有 20 个国家
我们不仅仅只有 20 个国家
04:54
where this kind of debt
conversion would work.
conversion would work.
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能够去实现这样的债务转换，
04:56
There are almost 100.
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我们至少有近 100 个国家。
04:57
With this approach, everyone wins.
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用这样的方式，所有人都会受益。
05:00
Governments, local citizens, funders,
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政府，人民，投资者，
05:03
and most importantly, our oceans.
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最重要的，我们的海洋。
05:05
So in fact, we all win.
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所以事实上，我们都会受益。
05:08
Ah, earth's oceans.
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啊哈，地球的海洋。
05:13
[The Audacious Project]
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【大胆计划】
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mark Tercek - Environmental leaderMark Tercek leads a team committed to tackling the world's biggest environmental challenges -- protecting land and water, addressing climate change, providing food and water sustainably, and building healthy cities.
Why you should listen
Mark Tercek is CEO of The Nature Conservancy (TNC), the world's largest conservation organization, and author of the best-seller Nature's Fortune: How Business and Society Thrive by Investing in Nature. After a 24-year career at Goldman Sachs, where he served as a managing director and Partner, Tercek became an "investment banker for nature." He brings deep business experience to his role at TNC, where he leads the organization's efforts to bring together diverse groups to find pragmatic, common-ground solutions to protect nature at scale. He is a champion of the idea of natural capital -- valuing nature for its own sake as well as for the services it provides for people, such as clean air and water, productive soils and a stable climate. Growing up as a city kid in Cleveland, Tercek was a late-bloomer to conservation. It was becoming a parent that sparked his passion for nature. "I want to be able to look my kids in the eye and tell them I did all I could to leave the world a better place," he says.
With support from the Audacious Project at TED, Tercek and his colleagues at TNC are launching a bold plan that could protect 4 million square kilometers of ocean over five years.
Mark Tercek | Speaker | TED.com