ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jessica Green - Engineer and biodiversity scientist
Jessica Green wants people to understand the important role microbes play in every facet of our lives: climate change, building ecosystems, human health, even roller derby -- using nontraditional tools like art, animation and film to help people visualize the invisible world.

Why you should listen

Jessica Green, a TED2010 Fellow and TED2011 Senior Fellow, is an engineer and ecologist who specializes in biodiversity theory and microbial systems. As a professor at both the University of Oregon and the Santa Fe Institute, she is the founding director of the innovative Biology and the Built Environment (BioBE) Center that bridges biology and architecture.

Green envisions a future with genomic-driven approaches to architectural design that promote sustainability, human health and well-being. She is spearheading efforts to model buildings as complex ecosystems that house trillions of diverse microorganisms interacting with each other, with humans, and with their environment. This framework uses next-generation sequencing technology to characterize the “built environment microbiome” and will offer site-specific design solutions to minimize the spread of infectious disease and maximize building energy efficiency.

More profile about the speaker
Jessica Green | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2011

Jessica Green: Are we filtering the wrong microbes?

Jessica Green: 我們過濾掉錯的微生物嗎?

Filmed:
639,339 views

我們是否該將戶外空氣排除在醫院之外?生態學家,也是TED會員的Jessica Green發現機械通風確實可以去除很多種微生物,但卻是錯誤的種類:存留在醫院裡的極有可能是病原體。
- Engineer and biodiversity scientist
Jessica Green wants people to understand the important role microbes play in every facet of our lives: climate change, building ecosystems, human health, even roller derby -- using nontraditional tools like art, animation and film to help people visualize the invisible world. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
Humans人類 in the developed發達 world世界
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生活在已開發國家中的人們
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spend more than 90 percent百分 of their lives生活 indoors在室內,
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超過百分之90的時間待在室內,
00:20
where they breathe呼吸 in and come into contact聯繫
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他們呼吸且接觸
00:23
with trillions萬億 of life forms形式 invisible無形 to the naked eye:
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肉眼看不見的無數生物:
00:26
microorganisms微生物.
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微生物。
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Buildings房屋 are complex複雜 ecosystems生態系統
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建築物是複雜的生態系統,
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that are an important重要 source資源
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也是人們取得微生物的重要來源,
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of microbes微生物 that are good for us,
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不論是好的,
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and some that are bad for us.
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還是不好的微生物。
00:36
What determines確定 the types類型 and distributions分佈
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什麼因素決定了室內微生物的
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of microbes微生物 indoors在室內?
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種類和分布?
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Buildings房屋 are colonized拓殖 by airborne空降 microbes微生物
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佔據在建築物內的空氣傳播微生物
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that enter輸入 through通過 windows視窗
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經由窗戶
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and through通過 mechanical機械 ventilation通風 systems系統.
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和機械通風裝置進入室內。
00:49
And they are brought inside
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也經由人類和其它生物
00:51
by humans人類 and other creatures生物.
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帶入室內。
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The fate命運 of microbes微生物 indoors在室內
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室內微生物的命運
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depends依靠 on complex複雜 interactions互動
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取決於
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with humans人類,
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其與人類的互動
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and with the human-built人類建造 environment環境.
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和與人造環境的互動
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And today今天, architects建築師 and biologists生物學家
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現今,建築師和生物學家
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are working加工 together一起
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一起合作
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to explore探索 smart聰明 building建造 design設計
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探索聰慧的建築設計
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that will create創建
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以創造
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healthy健康 buildings房屋 for us.
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對人們健康的建築物。
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We spend an extraordinary非凡 amount of time
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我們花非常大量的時間
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in buildings房屋
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待在建築物內,
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that are extremely非常 controlled受控 environments環境,
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建築物是被高度控制的環境,
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like this building建造 here --
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像這座建築物--
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environments環境 that have mechanical機械 ventilation通風 systems系統
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裝設有機械通風系統
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that include包括 filtering濾波,
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包括過濾,
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heating加熱 and air空氣 conditioning空調.
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暖氣和空氣調節設備。
01:30
Given特定 the amount of time that we spend indoors在室內,
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考量到我們待在室內的時間,
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it's important重要 to understand理解
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了解這如何影響我們的健康
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how this affects影響 our health健康.
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是很重要的事。
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At the Biology生物學 and the Built內置 Environment環境 Center中央,
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在這座生物和人造環境中心裡,
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we carried攜帶的 out a study研究 in a hospital醫院
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我們進行一項醫院內的研究,
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where we sampled取樣 air空氣
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我們取樣醫院裡的空氣,
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and pulled the DNA脫氧核糖核酸
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從空氣中的微生物
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out of microbes微生物 in the air空氣.
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擷取DNA。
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And we looked看著 at three different不同 types類型 of rooms客房.
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我們著眼於三種不同類型的房間。
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We looked看著 at rooms客房 that were mechanically機械 ventilated通風,
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有機械通風設備的房間
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which哪一個 are the data數據 points in the blue藍色.
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是圖表中的藍數據點。
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We looked看著 at rooms客房 that were naturally自然 ventilated通風,
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我們研究自然通風的地方
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where the hospital醫院 let us turn off the mechanical機械 ventilation通風
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是醫院允許我們關閉機械通風設備的房間
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in a wing翅膀 of the building建造
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它們位於醫院的側翼
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and pry open打開 the windows視窗
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我們翹開的窗戶
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that were no longer operable操作,
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實際上早已不能使用,
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but they made製作 them operable操作 for our study研究.
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為了我們的研究,醫院恢復它們的功能。
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And we also sampled取樣 the outdoor戶外 air空氣.
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我們也從戶外空氣中取樣。
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If you look at the x-axisx軸 of this graph圖形,
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如果你看此表的X軸,
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you'll你會 see that what we commonly常用 want to do --
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可觀察到我們普通的作法--
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which哪一個 is keeping保持 the outdoors在戶外 out --
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把戶外空氣排除在外--
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we accomplished完成 that with mechanical機械 ventilation通風.
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我們藉由機械通風達成此目的。
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So if you look at the green綠色 data數據 points,
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如果你看表中的綠數據點,
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which哪一個 is air空氣 that's outside,
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這是戶外的空氣,
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you'll你會 see that there's a large amount of microbial微生物 diversity多樣,
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你可看到有大量的微生物多樣性,
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or variety品種 of microbial微生物 types類型.
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或者多樣化的微生物種類。
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But if you look at the blue藍色 data數據 points,
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但如果你看藍數據點,
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which哪一個 is mechanically機械 ventilated通風 air空氣,
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它們代表機械通風的空氣,
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it's not as diverse多種.
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種類沒那麼多樣化。
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But being存在 less diverse多種
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但是種類少
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is not necessarily一定 good for our health健康.
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不一定對我們的健康有益處。
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If you look at the y-axisy軸 of this graph圖形,
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如果你看表中的Y軸,
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you'll你會 see that, in the mechanically機械 ventilated通風 air空氣,
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你可看到,機械通風的空氣中,
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you have a higher更高 probability可能性
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你有較高的可能性
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of encountering遇到 a potential潛在 pathogen病原,
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會接觸到潛在的病原體,
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or germ病菌,
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或病菌,
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than if you're outdoors在戶外.
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在戶外時,可能性反而較小
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So to understand理解 why this was the case案件,
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為了瞭解其背後的原因,
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we took our data數據
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我們把這些資料
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and put it into an ordination統籌 diagram,
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排列在序列分布圖中,
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which哪一個 is a statistical統計 map地圖
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形成一個統計地圖,
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that tells告訴 you something
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這個圖可告訴你
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about how related有關 the microbial微生物 communities社區 are
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在不同的樣本中
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in the different不同 samples樣本.
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微生物族群的關聯性。
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The data數據 points that are closer接近 together一起
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位置相近的點
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have microbial微生物 communities社區 that are more similar類似
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帶有較類似的微生物族群,
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than data數據 points that are far apart距離.
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位置距離較遠的點則反之
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And the first things that you can see from this graph圖形
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可從此圖表中發現的第一件事是
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is, if you look at the blue藍色 data數據 points,
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如果你看這些藍數據點
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which哪一個 are the mechanically機械 ventilated通風 air空氣,
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它們代表機械通風的空氣,
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they're not simply只是 a subset子集 of the green綠色 data數據 points,
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他們不單純只是綠數據點的子集,
03:27
which哪一個 are the outdoor戶外 air空氣.
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綠數據點代表戶外空氣。
03:29
What we've我們已經 found發現 is that mechanically機械 ventilated通風 air空氣
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我們所發現的是機械通風的空氣
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looks容貌 like humans人類.
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看似人類的。
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It has microbes微生物 on it
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漂浮其中的微生物
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that are commonly常用 associated相關 with our skin皮膚
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和我們的皮膚、嘴巴和唾液
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and with our mouth, our spit.
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有共通關連性。
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And this is because
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這是因為
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we're all constantly經常 shedding脫落 microbes微生物.
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我們全部的人不斷地散播微生物。
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So all of you right now
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現在你們全部的人
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are sharing分享 your microbes微生物 with one another另一個.
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正在彼此分享彼此的微生物。
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And when you're outdoors在戶外,
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當你們在戶外時,
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that type類型 of air空氣 has microbes微生物
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空氣中所帶的微生物
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that are commonly常用 associated相關 with plant leaves樹葉 and with dirt污垢.
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和植物葉子還有土攘有關連性。
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Why does this matter?
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這為什麼重要呢?
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It matters事項 because the health健康 care關心 industry行業
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其重要性在於醫療保健產業
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is the second第二 most energy能源 intensive集約 industry行業
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排名美國第二大
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in the United聯合的 States狀態.
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高耗能產業。
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Hospitals醫院 use two and a half times
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醫院所耗能源
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the amount of energy能源 as office辦公室 buildings房屋.
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是辦公建築物的2.5倍。
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And the model模型 that we're working加工 with
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現今醫院奉行的
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in hospitals醫院,
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典範,
04:14
and also with many許多, many許多 different不同 buildings房屋,
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同時也可見於很多不同建築之中,
04:16
is to keep the outdoors在戶外 out.
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是將戶外空氣排除在外。
04:18
And this model模型
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而這個典範
04:20
may可能 not necessarily一定 be the best最好 for our health健康.
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不一定是對我們健康最有益處的。
04:23
And given特定 the extraordinary非凡 amount
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鑒於非常大量的
04:25
of nosocomial院內 infections感染,
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醫院感染,
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or hospital-acquired醫院獲得 infections感染,
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或者經由醫院取得的感染,
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this is a clue線索 that it's a good time
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這提醒我們,是時候
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to reconsider重新考慮 our current當前 practices做法.
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重新考慮目前的常規是否合適。
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So just as we manage管理 national國民 parks公園,
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如同我們管理國家公園,
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where we promote促進 the growth發展 of some species種類
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當我們促進一些物種的成長時,
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and we inhibit抑制 the growth發展 of others其他,
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我們也抑制其它物種的成長,
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we're working加工 towards thinking思維 about buildings房屋
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我們正把生態系統的架構
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using運用 an ecosystem生態系統 framework骨架
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應用到建築的思維裡,
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where we can promote促進 the kinds of microbes微生物
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提升我們想要移到室內的
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that we want to have indoors在室內.
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某些微生物種類。
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I've heard聽說 somebody say
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我聽過人說
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that you're as healthy健康 as your gut腸道.
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你的健康取決於你的腸道健康。
04:59
And for this reason原因, many許多 people eat probiotic益生菌 yogurt酸奶
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因此很多人吃益生菌優格
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so they can promote促進 a healthy健康 gut腸道 flora植物群.
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就是為了促進健康的腸道菌叢。
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And what we ultimately最終 want to do
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我們的終極目標
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is to be able能夠 to use this concept概念
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是應用此概念
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to promote促進 a healthy健康 group
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促進室內的
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of microorganisms微生物 inside.
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健康微生物群。
05:14
Thank you.
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謝謝。
05:16
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by I-Hsiang Lin
Reviewed by Ching-Yuan Chen

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jessica Green - Engineer and biodiversity scientist
Jessica Green wants people to understand the important role microbes play in every facet of our lives: climate change, building ecosystems, human health, even roller derby -- using nontraditional tools like art, animation and film to help people visualize the invisible world.

Why you should listen

Jessica Green, a TED2010 Fellow and TED2011 Senior Fellow, is an engineer and ecologist who specializes in biodiversity theory and microbial systems. As a professor at both the University of Oregon and the Santa Fe Institute, she is the founding director of the innovative Biology and the Built Environment (BioBE) Center that bridges biology and architecture.

Green envisions a future with genomic-driven approaches to architectural design that promote sustainability, human health and well-being. She is spearheading efforts to model buildings as complex ecosystems that house trillions of diverse microorganisms interacting with each other, with humans, and with their environment. This framework uses next-generation sequencing technology to characterize the “built environment microbiome” and will offer site-specific design solutions to minimize the spread of infectious disease and maximize building energy efficiency.

More profile about the speaker
Jessica Green | Speaker | TED.com