TED2018
Ian Firth: Bridges should be beautiful
伊安佛斯: 橋樑應該要很美觀
Filmed:
Readability: 4.1
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結構工程師伊安佛斯說，橋樑必須要有作用、安全、且耐用，但也應該要是優雅、美觀的。在這場迷人的新舊橋樑之旅中，他探討橋樑在創新和多樣性上的潛力，以及壯麗的橋樑如何能展現我們的連結，釋放我們的創意，展示我們的身份。
Ian Firth - Engineer, bridge designer
Ian Firth designs bridges all around the world; some are very long and cross over wide rivers or sea channels, and some are really short and in the middle of towns and cities, but "all of them are unique and special in their own way." Full bio
Ian Firth designs bridges all around the world; some are very long and cross over wide rivers or sea channels, and some are really short and in the middle of towns and cities, but "all of them are unique and special in their own way." Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
The world needs bridges.
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世界需要橋樑。
00:17
Have you ever thought about
what it would be like not to have any?
what it would be like not to have any?
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你可曾想過，沒有橋樑的
世界會是什麼樣子？
世界會是什麼樣子？
00:21
It's hard to imagine
a civilization without bridges
a civilization without bridges
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很難想像沒有橋樑的文明，
00:25
because they're so essential
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因為橋樑對於
00:26
for growth and development
of human society,
of human society,
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人類社會的成長和發展相當重要，
00:29
but they're not just about a safe way
across a river or an obstacle.
across a river or an obstacle.
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但它們的功能不只是讓人
安全越過河流或是障礙物。
安全越過河流或是障礙物。
00:35
They shout about connectivity --
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它們高分貝吶喊著連結性、
00:39
community.
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社區。
00:40
They reveal something about creativity,
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它們能夠展示出創意、
00:42
our ingenuity --
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我們的智巧，
00:44
they even hint at our identity.
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它們甚至暗示了我們的身份。
00:49
And when bridges fail,
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當橋樑損毀，
00:51
or are destroyed in conflict,
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或是在衝突中被破壞，
00:53
communities struggle,
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社區會陷入掙扎，
00:55
development stagnates, people suffer.
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發展會停滯，人民會受苦。
00:59
Even today,
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即使是現今，
01:01
there are over one billion people
living in poor, rural communities
living in poor, rural communities
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全世界仍然有
超過十億人居住在貧窮、
超過十億人居住在貧窮、
01:05
around the world
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鄉村的社區中，
01:06
that do not have safe, year-round access
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在那些地方，無法隨時安全地
01:08
to the things that you
and I take for granted:
and I take for granted:
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取得使用你我視為
理所當然的東西：
理所當然的東西：
01:10
education, medical care,
access to markets ...
access to markets ...
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教育、醫療照護、
到市場的通路……
到市場的通路……
01:14
which is why wonderful organizations
like Bridges to Prosperity
like Bridges to Prosperity
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這就是為什麼有些美好的組織，
如「通向繁榮之橋」，
如「通向繁榮之橋」，
01:18
build bridges in this kind of place --
this is in Rwanda.
this is in Rwanda.
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會在這類地方建立橋樑——
這是盧安達。
這是盧安達。
01:21
And they make such a difference,
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橋樑帶來了好大的不同，
01:23
not only to those lives
immediately around the bridge,
immediately around the bridge,
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不只改變了住在
橋樑周圍的人的生活，
橋樑周圍的人的生活，
01:26
but the impact of these bridges is huge,
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這些橋樑的影響很大，
01:28
and it spreads over the whole community,
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且影響力散佈至整個社區，
01:31
far, far away.
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影響範圍非常遠。
01:34
Of course bridges have been around
for an awfully long time.
for an awfully long time.
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當然，非常久以前
就已經有橋樑出現了。
就已經有橋樑出現了。
01:37
The oldest ones are stone
because it's a very durable material.
because it's a very durable material.
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最早的橋樑是石橋，
因為石頭是很耐用的材料。
因為石頭是很耐用的材料。
01:41
I don't know about you --
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我不知道你們怎麼想，
01:42
I love to look at
the development of technology
the development of technology
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但我很愛去看科技的發展，
01:44
to learn about what people did
with the materials
with the materials
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去了解大家拿材料來做些什麼，
01:47
and tools available to them at the time.
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以及當時他們能用的工具是什麼。
01:50
So the Pont Du Gard in the center
is a wonderful example --
is a wonderful example --
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所以，中間的加爾橋
就是個很棒的例子，
就是個很棒的例子，
01:53
Roman aqueduct in the South of France --
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它是位在法國南部的羅馬高架渠，
01:55
fantastic piece of technology
built using massive stones put together,
built using massive stones put together,
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很棒的科技傑作，
用大量的石頭所組成，
用大量的石頭所組成，
01:59
dry -- there's no mortar in those joints.
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而且是乾燥的，
在接合處沒有用黏合物，
在接合處沒有用黏合物，
02:01
They're just dry stone joints --
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接合處就只是乾燥的石頭，
02:03
fantastic
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簡直難以置信，
02:04
and almost as good as new today.
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到現在還幾乎和新的一樣。
02:08
Or sometimes up in the mountains,
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或是，有時在山中，
02:10
people would build
these suspension bridges,
these suspension bridges,
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會有人搭建這類吊橋，
02:12
often across some dizzy canyon,
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通常是用藤蔓製造，
橫越讓人頭暈的峽谷。
02:14
using a vine.
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02:15
In this case, this is in Peru.
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圖中的吊橋位在秘魯。
02:17
This is using grass which grows locally
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將當地生長的一種草當材料，
02:19
and is woven into ropes
to build these bridges.
to build these bridges.
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編織成繩子來搭建這些吊橋。
02:22
And do you know
they rebuild this every year?
they rebuild this every year?
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你們知道嗎，
他們每年都要將它重建？
他們每年都要將它重建？
02:26
Because of course grass
is not a durable material.
is not a durable material.
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當然，因為草並不是很耐用的材料。
02:29
So this bridge is unchanged
since Inca times.
since Inca times.
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所以，這座橋從印加時代
開始就沒有改變過。
開始就沒有改變過。
02:34
And bridges can be
symbols of their location.
symbols of their location.
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橋樑也可能是其所在地的象徵。
02:38
Of course, Golden Gate
and Sydney are well familiar.
and Sydney are well familiar.
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當然，大家都很熟悉
金門大橋和雪梨港灣大橋。
金門大橋和雪梨港灣大橋。
02:40
In Mostar the bridge was synonymous
with the name of the place,
with the name of the place,
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在莫斯塔爾，這座橋的
名稱和那個地方同名，
名稱和那個地方同名，
02:44
and to such an extent
that in the war in 1993
that in the war in 1993
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它們之間的關聯程度高到
在 1933 年的戰爭中
在 1933 年的戰爭中
02:47
when the bridge was destroyed,
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當這座橋被摧毀時，
02:49
the town all but lost its identity
until the bridge was reconstructed.
until the bridge was reconstructed.
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這個鎮完全失去了它的身份，
直到橋被重建為止。
直到橋被重建為止。
02:54
And bridges are enormous
features in our landscape --
features in our landscape --
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在我們的地景中，
橋樑是很巨大的特徵，
橋樑是很巨大的特徵，
02:57
not just enormous,
sometimes there's small ones --
sometimes there's small ones --
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不只巨大的橋，有時小的也是，
03:00
and they are really significant features,
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都是很明顯的特徵。
03:02
and I believe we have a duty
to make our bridges beautiful.
to make our bridges beautiful.
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我相信我們有責任
要讓我們的橋樑很美觀。
要讓我們的橋樑很美觀。
謝天謝地，許多人的確做到了。
03:08
Thankfully, many people do.
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03:09
Think of the stunning Millau Viaduct
in the South of France.
in the South of France.
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想想在法國南部的米約高架橋。
03:13
French engineer Michel Virlogeux
and British architect Lord Foster
and British architect Lord Foster
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法國工程師米歇爾維洛熱
與英國建築師福斯特男爵
與英國建築師福斯特男爵
03:17
collaborated together to produce something
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聯手合作，
將建築與工程做了非常壯觀的結合。
03:19
which is a really spectacular
synergy of architecture and engineering.
synergy of architecture and engineering.
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03:22
Or Robert Maillart's Salginatobel Bridge
in the mountains in Switzerland --
in the mountains in Switzerland --
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或是羅勃馬亞爾在瑞士山區
建造的塞金納特伯橋，
建造的塞金納特伯橋，
03:27
absolutely sublime.
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它非常宏偉莊嚴。
03:29
Or more recently,
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或是在近期，
03:31
Laurent Ney's beautiful
and rather delicate bridge
and rather delicate bridge
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勞倫奈伊為英國的廷塔哲城堡建造了
03:34
for Tintagel Castle in the UK.
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一座美麗精緻的橋樑。
03:37
These are spectacular
and beautiful designs
and beautiful designs
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這些都是壯觀又美麗的設計，
03:39
and we need to see more of this.
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我們需要看到更多這樣的傑作。
03:43
Bridges can be considered
in three convenient categories,
in three convenient categories,
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橋樑被簡單分成三類，
03:48
depending on the nature
of the structural system
of the structural system
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分類的依據，是它們用做當作
03:51
that they adopt
as their principal support.
as their principal support.
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主要支撐的結構系統的特性。
03:54
So, bending, of course,
is the way a beam will behave --
is the way a beam will behave --
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當然樑柱有可能是彎曲的。
03:57
so, beams and bending.
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樑柱和彎曲。
03:59
Or compression is the principal
way of operating for an arch.
way of operating for an arch.
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還有壓縮法，
它是拱門的主要運作方式。
它是拱門的主要運作方式。
當礅距非常長時，需要輕量級的，
04:04
Or for the really long spans
you need to go lightweight,
you need to go lightweight,
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我們等下就會看到，
04:07
as we'll see in a minute,
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04:08
and you'll use tension, cables --
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你會用到張力、纜繩、
04:11
suspension bridges.
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吊橋。
04:12
And the opportunity
for variety is enormous.
for variety is enormous.
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多樣性的機會是很大的。
04:16
Engineers have a fantastic scope
for innovation and ingenuity
for innovation and ingenuity
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工程師有很棒的空間
可以做創新和獨創，
可以做創新和獨創，
04:19
and developing different forms
around these types.
around these types.
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以這些類型為基礎，
發展出不同的形式。
發展出不同的形式。
04:25
But technological change
happens relatively slowly in my world,
happens relatively slowly in my world,
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但在我的世界中，
科技的改變速度相對比較慢，
科技的改變速度相對比較慢，
04:29
believe it or not,
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信不信由你，
04:30
compared to the changes
that happen in mobile phone technology
that happen in mobile phone technology
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相對之下行動電話
科技的改變就快很多，
科技的改變就快很多，
04:35
and computers and digital
technologies and so on.
technologies and so on.
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電腦和數位科技等等亦是如此。
04:37
In our world of construction,
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在建造業的世界中，
04:39
the changes seem positively glacial.
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改變似乎就像冰川形成一樣慢。
04:44
And the reason for this
can be summarized in one word:
can be summarized in one word:
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這背後的理由可以用一個詞總結：
04:48
risk.
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風險。
像我這樣的結構工程師要管理風險。
04:50
Structural engineers like me manage risk.
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04:52
We are responsible for structural safety.
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我們要為結構的安全負責。
04:54
That's what we do.
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那是我們的工作。
04:55
And when we design bridges like these,
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當我們設計出像這樣的橋樑，
04:57
I have to balance the probability
that loads will be excessive on one side
that loads will be excessive on one side
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我得要去平衡各種可能性，
一端的負重可能會過重，
一端的負重可能會過重，
05:02
or the strength will be
too low on the other side.
too low on the other side.
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或是另一端的力量可能會不足。
05:05
Both of which, incidentally,
are full of uncertainty usually,
are full of uncertainty usually,
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順便一提，這兩種狀況
通常都充滿了不確定性，
通常都充滿了不確定性，
所以這是一個機率的問題，
05:09
and so it's a probabilistic problem,
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05:11
and we have to make sure
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當然，我們得要
05:12
that there's an adequate margin
for safety between the two, of course.
for safety between the two, of course.
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確保在兩者之間有適當的安全空間。
05:16
There's no such thing, I have to tell you,
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我得告訴各位，沒有所謂的
05:18
as absolute safety.
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絕對安全。
05:19
Contrary to popular belief,
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和大家所相信的相反，
05:21
zero risk doesn't exist.
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零風險是不存在的。
05:25
Engineers have to do their calculations
and get their sums right
and get their sums right
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工程師得要做計算，把數字算對，
05:28
to make sure that those margins are there,
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確保一定要有餘裕空間在，
05:30
and society expects them to do so,
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社會也期望他們能做到，
05:32
which is why it's all the more alarming
when things like this happen.
when things like this happen.
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這就是為什麼當這種事發生時，
大家會特別緊張。
大家會特別緊張。
05:39
I'm not going to go into the reasons
for these tragedies,
for these tragedies,
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我不打算談這些悲劇發生的原因，
05:42
but they are part of the reason
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但這些事情就是為什麼
05:45
why technological change
happens quite slowly.
happens quite slowly.
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科技改變如此緩慢的部分原因。
05:47
Nobody wants this to happen.
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沒有人希望這種事發生。
05:50
Clients don't want this to happen
on their projects, obviously.
on their projects, obviously.
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很顯然，客戶不會希望
他們的專案發生這種事。
他們的專案發生這種事。
05:54
And yet of course they want innovation.
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但，當然，他們會想要有創新。
05:56
Innovation is vital.
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創新是很重要的。
05:58
As an engineer, it's part of my DNA.
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身為工程師，
創新是我 DNA 的一部分。
創新是我 DNA 的一部分。
06:01
It's in my blood.
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創新在我的血液當中。
06:02
I couldn't be a very good engineer
if I wasn't wanting to innovate,
if I wasn't wanting to innovate,
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如果我不想要創新，
我就不可能成為非常好的工程師，
我就不可能成為非常好的工程師，
06:06
but we have to do so from a position
of knowledge and strength
of knowledge and strength
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但我們若要創新，
得要先有知識、力量，
得要先有知識、力量，
06:09
and understanding.
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以及了解。
06:12
It's no good taking a leap in the dark,
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在黑暗中冒險一躍並不是好事，
06:13
and civilization has learned from mistakes
since the beginning of time --
since the beginning of time --
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從古早以來，
文明就一直從錯誤中學習，
文明就一直從錯誤中學習，
06:17
no one more so than engineers.
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工程師更是如此。
06:22
Some of you may have seen
this film before --
this film before --
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有些人可能看過這段影片，
06:24
this is the very famous
Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse
Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse
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這是非常著名的
塔科馬海峽吊橋倒塌，
塔科馬海峽吊橋倒塌，
06:26
in Tacoma, Washington state,
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它位在華盛頓州的塔科馬，
06:30
1940.
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1940 年。
06:32
The bridge became known
as "Galloping Gertie"
as "Galloping Gertie"
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這座橋被暱稱為「舞動的歌蒂」，
06:34
because she -- she?
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因為她——她？
06:35
Is a bridge female? I don't know.
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橋是女性的嗎？我不知道。
06:37
She was wobbling like this
for quite a long time,
for quite a long time,
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有很長一段時間
她都一直這樣子擺動，
她都一直這樣子擺動，
06:40
and notice this twisting motion.
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注意看扭動。
06:43
The bridge was far too flexible.
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這座橋太有彈性了。
06:45
It was designed by a chap
called Leon Moisseiff,
called Leon Moisseiff,
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它的設計師叫做里昂莫西夫，
06:47
no stranger to suspension bridge design,
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他對吊橋的設計不陌生，
06:49
but in this case he pushed the limits
just that little bit too far
just that little bit too far
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但在這個案例中，
他把極限推過頭了一些，
他把極限推過頭了一些，
06:52
and paid the price.
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付出了代價。
06:54
Thankfully, nobody was killed.
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謝天謝地，沒有人死亡。
06:56
But this bridge collapse stopped
suspension bridge development
suspension bridge development
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但這座橋的倒塌，
讓吊橋的發展停滯下來，
讓吊橋的發展停滯下來，
07:00
dead in its tracks.
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突然停止。
07:02
For 10 years nobody thought
about doing another suspension bridge.
about doing another suspension bridge.
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十年來，沒有人想要
再建另一座吊橋。
再建另一座吊橋。
07:06
There were none.
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完全沒有。
07:07
And when they did emerge in the 1950s,
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到五十年代，吊橋又出現時，
07:09
they were an understandable overreaction,
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可以想見會有過度的反應，
07:11
this sort of oversafe response
to what had happened.
to what had happened.
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結果就產生這種過度安全的反應。
07:15
But when it did occur in the mid-60s,
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但到了六十年代中期的時候，
07:19
there was indeed a step change --
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的確有了進一步的改變，
07:20
an innovation,
a technological step change.
a technological step change.
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一項創新，一項科技的改變。
07:23
This is the Severn Bridge in the UK.
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這是英國的塞文河橋。
07:26
Notice the aerodynamically
streamlined cross section
streamlined cross section
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注意到切面上有來自
空氣動力學的流線型，
空氣動力學的流線型，
07:29
in the center there.
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在中間這裡。
它也像是個盒子，
能承受很大的扭力。
能承受很大的扭力。
07:30
It's also a box which makes it
very torsionally stiff --
very torsionally stiff --
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07:33
that twisting motion which we saw
at Tacoma would not happen here.
at Tacoma would not happen here.
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我們在塔科馬看到的扭動，
在這裡就不會發生。
在這裡就不會發生。
07:37
And it's also really lightweight,
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它也是非常輕量級的，
07:39
and as we'll see in a moment,
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我們馬上就會看到，
07:40
lightweight is really
important for long spans,
important for long spans,
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對於礅距長的橋樑，
輕量是非常重要的，
輕量是非常重要的，
07:43
and everybody seems
to want us to build longer spans.
to want us to build longer spans.
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且大家似乎都希望我們
建造礅距更長的橋樑。
建造礅距更長的橋樑。
07:47
The longest at the moment is in Japan.
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目前礅距最長的橋樑在日本，
07:48
It's just under 2,000 meters -- one span.
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礅距將近兩千公尺遠。
（註：橋墩跨距1991公尺）
（註：橋墩跨距1991公尺）
07:52
Just under two kilometers.
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明石海峽大橋。
07:54
The Akashi Kaikyō Bridge.
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07:55
We're currently working on one in Turkey
which is a bit longer,
which is a bit longer,
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目前我們正在土耳其
建造一座更長一點的橋，
建造一座更長一點的橋，
我們也設計了義大利的
墨西拿海峽大橋，
墨西拿海峽大橋，
07:58
and we've designed
the Messina Bridge in Italy,
the Messina Bridge in Italy,
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08:00
which is just waiting to get started
with construction one day,
with construction one day,
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正在等待開始動工的日子，
08:03
who knows when.
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天知道是何時。
08:04
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
08:06
I'm going to come back
to Messina in a moment.
to Messina in a moment.
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我等下再回來談墨西拿海峽大橋。
08:08
But the other kind of long-span bridge
which uses that tension principle
which uses that tension principle
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另一種使用張力原則的長礅距橋樑
08:13
is the cable-stayed bridge,
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是斜張橋，
08:15
and we see a lot of these.
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這種橋很常見。
08:16
In fact, in China they're building
a whole load of these right now.
a whole load of these right now.
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事實上，在中國，
現在就建造了一大堆這種橋。
現在就建造了一大堆這種橋。
08:20
The longest of these is the Russky Bridge
in Vladivostok, Russia --
in Vladivostok, Russia --
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當中最長的是俄羅斯島大橋，
位在俄羅斯的海參崴，
位在俄羅斯的海參崴，
08:24
just over 1,100 meters.
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長度超過一千一百公尺。
（註：主跨礅距 1,104 公尺）
（註：主跨礅距 1,104 公尺）
08:26
But let me take you back to this question
about long-span and lightweight.
about long-span and lightweight.
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但我們先回到關於
長礅距和輕量的問題。
長礅距和輕量的問題。
08:29
This is using Messina Bridge
as an example.
as an example.
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用墨西拿海峽大橋來當例子。
08:31
The pie chart in the center represents
the capacity of the main cables --
the capacity of the main cables --
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中間這張圓餅圖代表
主要纜繩的承載量，
主要纜繩的承載量，
08:36
that's what holds the bridge up --
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要靠它（主纜）拉起橋樑，
08:38
the capacity of the main cables.
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主要纜繩的承載量。
08:40
And notice that 78 percent
of that capacity
of that capacity
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注意到，承載量有 78%
08:43
is used up just holding the bridge up.
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被用來支撐這座橋樑。
08:47
There's only 22 percent of its capacity --
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2015
只剩下 22% 的承載量，
08:49
that's less than a quarter --
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還不到四分之一，
08:51
available for the payload,
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可以用來承載「載量」，
也就是橋樑要支撐的東西：
也就是橋樑要支撐的東西：
08:52
the stuff that the bridge
is there to support:
is there to support:
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08:54
the railway, the road and so on.
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鐵軌、道路等等。
08:58
And in fact,
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事實上，
08:59
over 50 percent of that payload --
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超過 50% 的載量，
09:02
of that dead load --
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淨負荷，
09:03
is the cable on its own.
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其實是纜繩本身。
09:04
Just the cable without any bridge deck.
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2016
單單纜繩，不含橋面。
09:07
If we could make that cable lighter,
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如果我們能減輕讓纜繩的重量，
09:09
we could span longer.
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我們就能讓礅距更長。
09:11
Right now if we use the high-strength
steel wire available to us,
steel wire available to us,
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3456
現在，如果用我們
能找到的高強度鋼纜繩，
能找到的高強度鋼纜繩，
09:14
we can span, practically speaking,
around about five or six kilometers
around about five or six kilometers
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實際上來說，
我們可以做到五或六公里的礅距，
我們可以做到五或六公里的礅距，
09:18
if we really push it.
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如果真要拼到極限的話。
09:20
But if we could use
carbon fiber in those cables,
carbon fiber in those cables,
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但如果我們能在纜繩中使用碳纖維，
09:23
we could go more than 10 kilometers.
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1880
就能做到超過十公里。
09:26
That's pretty spectacular.
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那是非常驚人的。
09:30
But of course superspans is not
necessarily the way to go everywhere.
necessarily the way to go everywhere.
202
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4696
但當然，不是每個地方
都想要超長礅距。
都想要超長礅距。
這種材質很貴，
09:34
They're very expensive
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09:36
and they've got all sorts
of other challenges associated with them,
of other challenges associated with them,
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還有很多其他與它相關的
各種挑戰要處理，
各種挑戰要處理，
我們傾向採用多礅距
09:39
and we tend to build multispan
205
567327
1449
09:40
when we're crossing
a wide estuary or a sea crossing.
a wide estuary or a sea crossing.
206
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2480
來跨越很寬的河口或是海洋。
09:44
But of course if that sea crossing
were somewhere like Gibraltar,
were somewhere like Gibraltar,
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但當然，如果跨海處
是在像直布羅陀這種地方，
是在像直布羅陀這種地方，
09:47
or in this case, the Red Sea,
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2456
或者，在這個例子是紅海，
09:50
we would indeed be building
multiple superlong spans
multiple superlong spans
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4456
我們就確實需要多個超長礅距，
09:54
and that would be
something spectacular, wouldn't it?
something spectacular, wouldn't it?
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2896
那會非常壯觀，對吧？
09:57
I don't think I'm going to see
that one finished in my lifetime,
that one finished in my lifetime,
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我想我在有生之年應該
看不到這樣的橋樑完工，
看不到這樣的橋樑完工，
10:00
but it will certainly be worth waiting for
for some of you guys.
for some of you guys.
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但對於在座的一些人來說，
這肯定是值得等待的。
這肯定是值得等待的。
10:04
Well, I want to tell you about something
which I think is really exciting.
which I think is really exciting.
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我想要告訴你們一件
我覺得非常讓人興奮的事。
我覺得非常讓人興奮的事。
10:08
This is a multispan suspension bridge
across very deep water in Norway,
across very deep water in Norway,
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這是一座多礅距的吊橋，
橫越挪威一片很深的水域，
橫越挪威一片很深的水域，
10:12
and we're working on this at the moment.
215
600840
1920
我們目前正在建造它。
10:15
The deep water means that foundations
are prohibitively expensive.
are prohibitively expensive.
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603400
3816
深水的意思就是，
地基會非常非常昂貴。
地基會非常非常昂貴。
10:19
So this bridge floats.
217
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2240
所以，這座橋可以浮起。
10:23
This is a floating,
multispan suspension bridge.
multispan suspension bridge.
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這是一座漂浮式的多礅距吊橋。
10:25
We've had floating bridges before,
but nothing like this.
but nothing like this.
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2680
以前也有過浮橋，
但跟這種還差得遠。
但跟這種還差得遠。
10:29
It stands on floating pontoons
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它站立在浮筒上，
10:30
which are tethered to the seabed
and held down --
and held down --
221
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2336
浮筒被拴在海床上，維持在水底下，
10:33
so, pulled down
against those buoyancy forces,
against those buoyancy forces,
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它們被向下拉，需要對抗浮力，
10:36
and in order to make it stable,
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為了要讓它們穩定，
10:37
the tops of the towers
have to be tied together,
have to be tied together,
224
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2696
那些高塔的頂端必須要被綁在一起，
10:40
otherwise the whole thing
would just wobble around
would just wobble around
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2776
要不然整座橋會晃來晃去，
10:43
and nobody will want to go on that.
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沒有人會想要踏上去。
10:44
But I'm really excited about this
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1616
但我感到非常興奮，
10:46
because if you think
about the places around the world
about the places around the world
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因為，想想看世界各地
水深的地方，
10:49
where the water is so deep
229
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10:50
that nobody has given a second thought
to the possibility of a bridge
to the possibility of a bridge
230
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3256
沒有人會去想搭建
一座橋樑的可能性，
一座橋樑的可能性，
10:53
or any kind of crossing,
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641760
1296
或以任何方式跨越，
現在卻因它而有可能成真了。
現在卻因它而有可能成真了。
10:55
this now opens up that possibility.
232
643080
1840
10:58
So this one's being done
by the Norwegian Roads Administration,
by the Norwegian Roads Administration,
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3040
這座橋是由挪威公路管理局建造，
但我真的感到很興奮，想知道
11:02
but I'm really excited to know
234
650600
1456
11:04
where else will this technology
enable development --
enable development --
235
652080
2496
這項科技能為哪些其他地方帶來發展
11:06
that growing together,
236
654600
2016
一起成長，
11:08
that building of community.
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1320
建立社區。
11:13
Now, what about concrete?
238
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1240
那麼，混凝土呢？
11:16
Concrete gets a pretty bad name sometimes,
239
664160
2320
有時，混凝土的名聲不太好，
11:20
but in the hands of people
like Rudy Ricciotti here,
like Rudy Ricciotti here,
240
668080
3616
但在像魯迪瑞奇奧堤
這種人的手中，像這個例子，
這種人的手中，像這個例子，
11:23
look what you can do with it.
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1400
看看能夠做出什麼來。
11:26
This is what we call ultra-high
performance fiber-reinforced concrete.
performance fiber-reinforced concrete.
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674400
3456
這就是我們所稱的
超高效能纖維增強混凝土。
超高效能纖維增強混凝土。
11:29
It's a bit of a mouthful.
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有點冗長難念。
11:31
Us engineers love those kinds of words.
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679680
1896
我們工程師就是愛這種詞。
11:33
(Laughter)
245
681600
2256
（笑聲）
11:35
But what you do with this --
246
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1376
但把它拿來使用，
11:37
this is really superstrong,
and it's really durable,
and it's really durable,
247
685280
2456
它真的超級堅固且耐久，
11:39
and you can get this fantastic
sculptural quality.
sculptural quality.
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還能達到這種絕佳的雕刻品質。
11:43
Who said concrete bridges are dull?
249
691200
1680
誰說混凝土橋樑很無趣？
我們可以談其他
現在正在發展的各種技術，
現在正在發展的各種技術，
11:47
We could talk about all sorts
of other new technologies and things
of other new technologies and things
250
695680
3136
11:50
which are going on,
251
698840
1216
機器人、3D 列印、
人工智慧等等。
人工智慧等等。
11:52
robots and 3-D printing
and AI and all of that,
and AI and all of that,
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2216
但我想要帶各位回到
我先前略微提到的一點。
我先前略微提到的一點。
11:54
but I want to take you back to something
which I alluded to earlier on.
which I alluded to earlier on.
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3334
11:59
Our bridges need to be functional, yes.
254
707518
1858
橋樑必須要有功能，沒錯。
12:01
They need to be safe -- absolutely.
255
709400
1696
橋樑必須要安全，絕對要。
12:03
They need to be serviceable and durable.
256
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橋樑必須要可用且耐用。
12:05
But I passionately believe
they need to be elegant;
they need to be elegant;
257
713880
2416
但我熱忱地相信，
橋樑也必須要優雅；
橋樑也必須要優雅；
12:08
they need to be beautiful.
258
716320
1239
橋樑必須要美觀。
我們設計的橋樑是要用很長的時間。
12:12
Our bridges are designed for a long time.
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720360
1960
12:15
We tend to design for 100 years plus.
260
723280
1816
目標通常是一百年以上。
12:17
They're going to be there
for an awfully long time.
for an awfully long time.
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2400
橋樑會在那裡好長一段時間。
12:20
Nobody is going to remember the cost.
262
728480
2256
沒有人會記得成本是多少。
12:22
Nobody will remember
whether it overran a few months.
whether it overran a few months.
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2480
沒有人會記得它是否
延遲了幾個月。
延遲了幾個月。
12:26
But if it's ugly or just dull,
264
734240
1840
但如果它很醜或是很無趣，
12:29
it will always be ugly or dull.
265
737400
1736
它永遠都會很醜或很無趣。
12:31
(Laughter)
266
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1800
（笑聲）
12:34
Bridges --
267
742040
1240
橋樑——
12:36
beauty enriches life.
268
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2216
美能讓生命更豐富。
12:38
Doesn't it?
269
746560
1200
不是嗎？
12:40
It enhances our well-being.
270
748640
1736
它讓我們更幸福。
12:42
Ugliness and mediocrity
does exactly the opposite.
does exactly the opposite.
271
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2360
醜陋和平庸則有完全相反的效用。
12:45
And if we go on building
mediocre, ugly environments --
mediocre, ugly environments --
272
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4016
如果我們要建立
平庸、醜陋的環境，
平庸、醜陋的環境，
12:49
and I believe we're becoming
numb to that stuff --
numb to that stuff --
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2360
而且我相信，我們
對這些東西變得麻木了。
對這些東西變得麻木了。
12:53
if we go on doing that,
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1256
若我們要那麼做，
12:55
it's something like
a large-scale vandalism,
a large-scale vandalism,
275
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3256
那就像是大規模的破壞行為，
12:58
which is completely unacceptable.
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那是完全不可接受的。
13:01
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
13:06
This is a bridge in Lyon in France,
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這是在法國里昂的一座橋，
13:08
which was procured
through a design competition.
through a design competition.
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是透過一次設計比賽來採購的。
13:11
And I think we need to start talking
to those people who procure our bridges
to those people who procure our bridges
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我認為我們得要開始
和橋樑及建築物的
和橋樑及建築物的
採購人員談談，
13:15
and our structures,
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13:16
because it's the procurement
which is often the key.
which is often the key.
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因為採購通常是關鍵。
設計比賽是得到好設計的一種方法，
13:19
Design competitions
is one way to get good design,
is one way to get good design,
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但不是唯一的方法。
13:21
but it's not the only one.
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13:23
There's an awful lot
of procurement going on
of procurement going on
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有很多在進行中的採購
13:25
that is absolutely prejudiced
against good design.
against good design.
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對於好的設計完全有偏見。
13:29
So yes, technology happens
a bit slowly sometimes in my world.
a bit slowly sometimes in my world.
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所以，是的，在我的世界裡，
科技發展是慢了點。
科技發展是慢了點。
13:34
But I'm really excited
about what we can do with it.
about what we can do with it.
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但我很興奮想看看
我們能用科技做什麼。
我們能用科技做什麼。
13:38
Whether it's saving lives in rural Africa
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不論是拯救非洲的生命，
13:40
or stretching the boundaries
of long-span technology
of long-span technology
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或是拓展長礅距科技的界線，
13:42
or just crossing the road next-door,
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或只是跨越旁邊的道路，
13:47
I hope we continue to build
elegant and beautiful stuff
elegant and beautiful stuff
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我希望我們持續
建造優雅美麗的東西，
建造優雅美麗的東西，
13:50
that save lives and build communities.
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來拯救生命和建立社區。
13:55
Thank you.
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謝謝。
13:56
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ian Firth - Engineer, bridge designerIan Firth designs bridges all around the world; some are very long and cross over wide rivers or sea channels, and some are really short and in the middle of towns and cities, but "all of them are unique and special in their own way."
Why you should listen
As Ian Firth writes: "I have been fortunate enough to work on some of the world's most amazing bridges, and I lead fantastic teams of engineers involved in the design, construction and management of bridges all over the world. Since 1990, when I became a Partner in Flint & Neill, the UK engineering consultants who I joined as a young graduate in 1979, I have helped to grow the firm into one of the world's leading bridge design consultancies. Flint & Neill joined the Danish COWI Group in 2008 and rebranded as COWI (UK) in January 2017.
"I love the fact that my work has included some of the very biggest bridges as well as some much smaller and more intimate ones. The big ones include the huge 3.3 km-long single-span suspension bridge over the Messina Strait in Italy and the 1 km span Stonecutters Bridge in Hong Kong. The smaller ones include Copenhagen's new Inner Harbour Bridge, the Third Way Bridge in Taunton and the Swansea Sail Bridge in Wales. In fact, one of my favorites is the smallest: the little Bridge of Aspiration in London's Covent Garden, which is only 9 meters long! Working alongside bridge architects, I always try to weave elegance and beauty into my designs alongside the essential safety, economy and other factors, so that my bridges are popular as well as efficient and durable. Altogether, I reckon I have designed well over 100 bridges, but sadly not all of them have been built!"
Ian Firth | Speaker | TED.com