TED2017
Rutger Bregman: Poverty isn't a lack of character; it's a lack of cash
雷格‧布雷格門: 貧窮不是個性的缺陷，而是缺少現金
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歷史學家雷格‧布雷格門說：「理想真的能夠改變世界。」他提出挑釁的話題：「保障基本收入」，深入探討五百年來的歷史概念，和一個早被遺忘但卻真正可實行的現代實驗。試想如果我們一勞永逸地剷除了貧窮，可以解放出多少窮人的精力和才能呢？
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
I'd like to start with a simple question:
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首先我想由簡單的問題開始：
00:18
Why do the poor make
so many poor decisions?
so many poor decisions?
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為甚麼窮人總是做出不智的的抉擇？
00:23
I know it's a harsh question,
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我知道這是一個嚴峻的問題，
00:25
but take a look at the data.
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請看一下這些資料。
00:27
The poor borrow more, save less,
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窮人借的多、存的少，
00:29
smoke more, exercise less, drink more
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菸抽得兇、動得少、酒喝得多，
00:31
and eat less healthfully.
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吃的也不夠健康。
00:34
Why?
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為甚麼？
00:36
Well, the standard explanation
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標準答案，
00:38
was once summed up by the British
Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher.
Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher.
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一度曾被前英國首相
柴契爾夫人下了定論，
柴契爾夫人下了定論，
00:41
And she called poverty
"a personality defect."
"a personality defect."
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她把窮人闡釋為：「一種個人的缺陷。」
00:44
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
00:46
A lack of character, basically.
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基本上說的是「性格的不足。」
00:49
Now, I'm sure not many of you
would be so blunt.
would be so blunt.
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我想應該沒人敢像她如此直白。
00:54
But the idea that there's something
wrong with the poor themselves
wrong with the poor themselves
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但認為窮人一定是哪裡不對勁的人，
00:58
is not restricted to Mrs. Thatcher.
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並不是只有柴契爾夫人而已。
01:01
Some of you may believe that the poor
should be held responsible
should be held responsible
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在座有些人可能認為
窮人必須為自己犯的錯負責。
窮人必須為自己犯的錯負責。
01:04
for their own mistakes.
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01:06
And others may argue that we should
help them to make better decisions.
help them to make better decisions.
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另有些人則認為
我們該協助窮人做更好的抉擇。
我們該協助窮人做更好的抉擇。
01:10
But the underlying assumption is the same:
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但基本的假設一樣，
01:14
there's something wrong with them.
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都認為窮人就是有問題的人。
01:18
If we could just change them,
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認為只要改造他們，
01:19
if we could just teach them
how to live their lives,
how to live their lives,
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只要指導他們如何過活，
只要他們願意聽就好了。
01:22
if they would only listen.
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01:25
And to be honest,
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坦白說，
01:26
this was what I thought for a long time.
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我長久以來以為就是如此。
01:31
It was only a few years ago
that I discovered
that I discovered
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幾年前我才發現，
01:33
that everything I thought I knew
about poverty was wrong.
about poverty was wrong.
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自己對貧窮的既有觀念全是錯的。
01:38
It all started when I accidentally
stumbled upon a paper
stumbled upon a paper
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我偶然讀到某篇文章時意外發現，
文章出自幾位美國心理學家，
文章出自幾位美國心理學家，
01:40
by a few American psychologists.
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01:42
They had traveled 8,000 miles,
all the way to India,
all the way to India,
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他們歷經八千英里來到印度，
為了參加一個頗有意思的研究。
為了參加一個頗有意思的研究。
01:45
for a fascinating study.
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01:47
And it was an experiment
with sugarcane farmers.
with sugarcane farmers.
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研究對象是種植甘蔗的農人。
01:50
You should know that these farmers
collect about 60 percent
collect about 60 percent
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那些農夫「一次性的收入」
占了他們整年收入的 60%；
占了他們整年收入的 60%；
01:54
of their annual income all at once,
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那是甘蔗收成後立即拿到的報酬。
01:56
right after the harvest.
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01:58
This means that they're relatively
poor one part of the year
poor one part of the year
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這表示一年之中的某些日子
他們相對貧窮，
他們相對貧窮，
02:01
and rich the other.
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其他日子則相對較為寬裕。
02:04
The researchers asked them to do
an IQ test before and after the harvest.
an IQ test before and after the harvest.
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研究員分別測量他們
收成前、收成後的智商。
收成前、收成後的智商。
02:09
What they subsequently discovered
completely blew my mind.
completely blew my mind.
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他們的發現徹底打亂了我的想法。
02:15
The farmers scored much worse
on the test before the harvest.
on the test before the harvest.
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因為收成前的智商遠低於收成後的；
02:20
The effects of living
in poverty, it turns out,
in poverty, it turns out,
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結果發現這是貧窮所導致的，
02:22
correspond to losing 14 points of IQ.
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對應了 14 分的智商落差。
02:26
Now, to give you an idea,
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給你一個概念，
02:28
that's comparable
to losing a night's sleep
to losing a night's sleep
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這種智商落差，與整晚失眠，
02:30
or the effects of alcoholism.
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或酗酒後的結果相當。
幾個月後，我聽到愛爾達‧夏菲爾，
02:34
A few months later,
I heard that Eldar Shafir,
I heard that Eldar Shafir,
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02:36
a professor at Princeton University
and one of the authors of this study,
and one of the authors of this study,
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普林斯頓大學的教授，
同時也是這個研究的作者之一，
同時也是這個研究的作者之一，
02:40
was coming over to Holland, where I live.
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要來荷蘭的消息，我住在荷蘭，
02:42
So we met up in Amsterdam
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所以相約在阿姆斯特丹會面，
02:44
to talk about his revolutionary
new theory of poverty.
new theory of poverty.
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一起研究他最新、革命性的貧窮理論。
02:48
And I can sum it up in just two words:
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我只須用兩個詞總結：
02:51
scarcity mentality.
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「匱乏」、「心理」。
02:54
It turns out that people
behave differently
behave differently
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就是說，當人們意識到缺少某種東西時，
02:56
when they perceive a thing to be scarce.
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行為就會改變。
02:59
And what that thing is
doesn't much matter --
doesn't much matter --
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至於是甚麼東西，並不怎麼重要，
03:01
whether it's not enough time,
money or food.
money or food.
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不管是缺乏時間、金錢或食物。
03:05
You all know this feeling,
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大家都知道那種感覺，
03:06
when you've got too much to do,
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當你太忙的時候，
03:08
or when you've put off breaking for lunch
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或是忙到沒時間吃飯的時候，
03:10
and your blood sugar takes a dive.
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此時你的血糖會急遽降低，
03:12
This narrows your focus
to your immediate lack --
to your immediate lack --
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因為「缺乏」而導致注意力減弱，
03:15
to the sandwich you've got to have now,
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使你忘記吃三明治，
03:17
the meeting that's starting
in five minutes
in five minutes
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無法專注於五分鐘後要開始的會議，
03:19
or the bills that have
to be paid tomorrow.
to be paid tomorrow.
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或明天一定要付的帳單。
03:23
So the long-term perspective
goes out the window.
goes out the window.
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所以長期的願景消失了。
03:27
You could compare it to a new computer
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你可以把它比喻為一台新電腦，
03:30
that's running 10 heavy programs at once.
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同一時間讓它跑十個重負荷的軟體，
03:33
It gets slower and slower, making errors.
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最後它會愈跑愈慢，並開始出現錯誤。
03:35
Eventually, it freezes --
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結果最後當機了……
03:37
not because it's a bad computer,
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這不是因為電腦很爛，
03:39
but because it has too much to do at once.
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是因它同時要運算太多指令所致。
03:43
The poor have the same problem.
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窮人有一樣的困擾，
03:46
They're not making dumb decisions
because they are dumb,
because they are dumb,
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他們不是因為笨才做出笨的抉擇，
03:49
but because they're living in a context
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而是因為他們的生活環境，
03:51
in which anyone would make dumb decisions.
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那種誰都會犯錯的時空背景。
03:54
So suddenly I understood
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所以我突然頓悟，
03:57
why so many of our anti-poverty
programs don't work.
programs don't work.
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為何有那麼多的扶貧計畫都無效。
04:02
Investments in education, for example,
are often completely ineffective.
are often completely ineffective.
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例如教育投資，通常不見成效。
04:07
Poverty is not a lack of knowledge.
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貧窮不肇因於知識的匱乏。
04:10
A recent analysis of 201 studies
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最近對 201 個貨幣管理
培訓效果的研究分析，
培訓效果的研究分析，
04:13
on the effectiveness
of money-management training
of money-management training
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04:15
came to the conclusion
that it has almost no effect at all.
that it has almost no effect at all.
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得到的結論是「幾乎沒半點成效」。
04:19
Now, don't get me wrong --
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請別誤會我的意思，
04:20
this is not to say the poor
don't learn anything --
don't learn anything --
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這並不是說窮人沒有學到任何東西，
04:23
they can come out wiser for sure.
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他們絕對可以變得更精明。
04:26
But it's not enough.
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但是那樣還不夠。
04:27
Or as Professor Shafir told me,
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或正如夏菲爾教授告訴我的：
04:30
"It's like teaching someone to swim
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「這就像教人家游泳，
04:32
and then throwing them in a stormy sea."
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然後把他們丟到
波濤洶湧的大海裡一樣。」
波濤洶湧的大海裡一樣。」
04:36
I still remember sitting there,
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我記得當時坐在那裡，
04:39
perplexed.
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一臉迷茫，
04:41
And it struck me
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我受到了衝擊，我們
幾十年前就該想到這一切。
幾十年前就該想到這一切。
04:42
that we could have figured
this all out decades ago.
this all out decades ago.
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心理學家並不需要複雜的大腦掃描，
04:45
I mean, these psychologists didn't need
any complicated brain scans;
any complicated brain scans;
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只要測量農夫的智商就夠了，
04:48
they only had to measure the farmer's IQ,
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而智商測驗一百多年前早就發明了。
04:50
and IQ tests were invented
more that 100 years ago.
more that 100 years ago.
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04:53
Actually, I realized I had read about
the psychology of poverty before.
the psychology of poverty before.
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其實，我意識到
我之前讀過關於貧窮心理的文章。
我之前讀過關於貧窮心理的文章。
04:57
George Orwell, one of the greatest
writers who ever lived,
writers who ever lived,
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史上最偉大的作家之一
喬治‧歐威爾，
喬治‧歐威爾，
05:01
experienced poverty
firsthand in the 1920s.
firsthand in the 1920s.
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1920 年代親歷過貧窮的滋味。
05:04
"The essence of poverty,"
he wrote back then,
he wrote back then,
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他當時寫道：「貧窮的本質
05:07
is that it "annihilates the future."
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是它『摧毀了未來』。」
05:11
And he marveled at, quote,
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他驚嘆道：
「人們如何理所當然地認為，
05:13
"How people take it for granted
they have the right to preach at you
they have the right to preach at you
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只要你的收入低於某個水平，
05:17
and pray over you
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他們就有權向你傳道、為你祈禱。」
05:18
as soon as your income falls
below a certain level."
below a certain level."
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05:20
Now, those words are every bit
as resonant today.
as resonant today.
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過去他所說的每一個字，
今天絲毫不減，仍如此共鳴。
今天絲毫不減，仍如此共鳴。
05:27
The big question is, of course:
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當然，最大的問題是：
05:29
What can be done?
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我們能怎麼辦？
05:30
Modern economists have
a few solutions up their sleeves.
a few solutions up their sleeves.
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現代經濟學家袖中藏有一些密技，
我們可以幫助窮人做點文書工作，
05:33
We could help the poor
with their paperwork
with their paperwork
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或是寄給他們一些文字訊息，
提醒他們付清帳單，
提醒他們付清帳單，
05:35
or send them a text message
to remind them to pay their bills.
to remind them to pay their bills.
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這種類型的解決方案
非常受現代政治家的歡迎，
非常受現代政治家的歡迎，
05:38
This type of solution is hugely popular
with modern politicians,
with modern politicians,
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05:43
mostly because,
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主要是因為
05:44
well, they cost next to nothing.
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它們幾乎不花什麼錢。
05:48
These solutions are, I think,
a symbol of this era
a symbol of this era
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我認為，這是我們經常治療症狀
05:52
in which we so often treat the symptoms,
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但忽略根本原因的時代象徵。
05:54
but ignore the underlying cause.
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05:57
So I wonder:
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所以我想知道：
05:59
Why don't we just change the context
in which the poor live?
in which the poor live?
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何不改變窮人的生活環境呢？
06:03
Or, going back to our computer analogy:
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回看前面關於電腦的比喻。
06:05
Why keep tinkering around
with the software
with the software
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為什麼要把軟體改來改去，
06:08
when we can easily solve the problem
by installing some extra memory instead?
by installing some extra memory instead?
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當你可用增加記憶體容量來解決？
06:12
At that point, Professor Shafir
responded with a blank look.
responded with a blank look.
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說到這裡，夏菲爾教授一臉茫然。
06:16
And after a few seconds, he said,
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過了一下，他說：
06:18
"Oh, I get it.
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「呃，我懂了。
06:21
You mean you want to just hand out
more money to the poor
more money to the poor
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你的意思是，只要給他們更多的錢，
就可以根除貧窮了，是嗎？
06:26
to eradicate poverty.
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06:28
Uh, sure, that'd be great.
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是啊，當然，那就太好了。
但恐怕你們阿姆斯特丹
擁有的左翼政治品牌，
擁有的左翼政治品牌，
06:31
But I'm afraid that brand
of left-wing politics
of left-wing politics
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06:34
you've got in Amsterdam --
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06:36
it doesn't exist in the States."
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在美國並不存在。」
06:38
But is this really
an old-fashioned, leftist idea?
an old-fashioned, leftist idea?
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但這真的是老派左翼政黨的點子嗎？
06:43
I remembered reading about an old plan --
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我記得讀過一個舊計畫，
06:45
something that has been proposed
by some of history's leading thinkers.
by some of history's leading thinkers.
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以前由思想領袖提出來的方案。
06:48
The philosopher Thomas More
first hinted at it in his book, "Utopia,"
first hinted at it in his book, "Utopia,"
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哲學家湯瑪斯•摩爾 500 年前
早就在《烏托邦》這本書中暗示過。
早就在《烏托邦》這本書中暗示過。
06:52
more than 500 years ago.
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06:55
And its proponents have spanned
the spectrum from the left to the right,
the spectrum from the left to the right,
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支持他理想的人士
從左翼擴展到右翼──
從左翼擴展到右翼──
06:58
from the civil rights campaigner,
Martin Luther King,
Martin Luther King,
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從民權法案推動者馬丁·路德·金恩
07:01
to the economist Milton Friedman.
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到經濟學家米爾頓•傅利曼──
07:05
And it's an incredibly simple idea:
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都是非常簡單的概念：
07:09
basic income guarantee.
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「保障基本收入」。
那是什麼呢？
07:13
What it is?
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07:15
Well, that's easy.
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很簡單，
就是每月給你足夠支付基本需求的費用：
07:16
It's a monthly grant, enough to pay
for your basic needs:
for your basic needs:
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食物、住居、教育。
07:19
food, shelter, education.
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那是種毫無條件的支付，
07:21
It's completely unconditional,
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07:23
so no one's going to tell you
what you have to do for it,
what you have to do for it,
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你不需去做什麼事來得到它，
也沒人要求你一定要把錢花在何處。
也沒人要求你一定要把錢花在何處。
07:26
and no one's going to tell you
what you have to do with it.
what you have to do with it.
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基本收入不是「恩賜」而是「權力」，
07:29
The basic income
is not a favor, but a right.
is not a favor, but a right.
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不帶有任何的污辱意味在內。
07:31
There's absolutely no stigma attached.
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07:34
So as I learned about the true
nature of poverty,
nature of poverty,
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所以當我了解到貧窮的本質時，
07:37
I couldn't stop wondering:
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我不禁自問：
07:39
Is this the idea
we've all been waiting for?
we've all been waiting for?
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是否這是我們期盼的呢？
07:42
Could it really be that simple?
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它真的就是那樣單純嗎？
07:46
And in the three years that followed,
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我在隨後的三年裡盡我所能
07:48
I read everything I could find
about basic income.
about basic income.
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閱讀有關基本收入的資料，
07:50
I researched the dozens of experiments
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我研究過數十個
已經在全球施行的實驗，
已經在全球施行的實驗，
07:52
that have been conducted
all over the globe,
all over the globe,
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07:54
and it didn't take long before I stumbled
upon a story of a town
upon a story of a town
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沒多久我偶然看到一則故事，
07:57
that had done it --
had actually eradicated poverty.
had actually eradicated poverty.
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某個城市實施了這個措施，
而且真正的消滅了貧窮。
而且真正的消滅了貧窮。
08:00
But then ...
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但是接下來，大家幾乎全忘了。
08:02
nearly everyone forgot about it.
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08:05
This story starts in Dauphin, Canada.
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故事始於加拿大的杜芬市。
08:09
In 1974, everybody in this small town
was guaranteed a basic income,
was guaranteed a basic income,
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1974 年，該市每位居民
都得到了一份基本收入保障，
都得到了一份基本收入保障，
08:14
ensuring that no one fell
below the poverty line.
below the poverty line.
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以確保每人生活的水平
不會低於貧窮門檻。
不會低於貧窮門檻。
08:17
At the start of the experiment,
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實驗剛開始時，
08:19
an army of researchers
descended on the town.
descended on the town.
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一群研究人員來到該市。
08:23
For four years, all went well.
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四年來一切順利。
08:26
But then a new government
was voted into power,
was voted into power,
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但新政府上任後，
08:29
and the new Canadian cabinet saw
little point to the expensive experiment.
little point to the expensive experiment.
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加拿大內閣認為該實驗所費不貲，
08:33
So when it became clear there was
no money left to analyze the results,
no money left to analyze the results,
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當很顯然沒有餘錢來分析結果時，
08:37
the researchers decided to pack
their files away in some 2,000 boxes.
their files away in some 2,000 boxes.
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研究人員決定將文件打包，
大約 2000 箱。
25 年過去了，
08:44
Twenty-five years went by,
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08:46
and then Evelyn Forget,
a Canadian professor,
a Canadian professor,
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一位名為依雯琳•佛給特的
加拿大教授，
加拿大教授，
發現了那些資料。
08:49
found the records.
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08:50
For three years, she subjected the data
to all manner of statistical analysis,
to all manner of statistical analysis,
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三年來她用盡統計方法
分析那些資料，
分析那些資料，
08:54
and no matter what she tried,
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然後發現，不管她如何分析，
08:56
the results were the same every time:
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每次得到答案的都一樣：
08:59
the experiment had been
a resounding success.
a resounding success.
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結論是：「那是個徹底成功的實驗。」
09:05
Evelyn Forget discovered
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依雯琳•佛給特發現
09:06
that the people in Dauphin
had not only become richer
had not only become richer
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杜芬市的市民不但變得更富有，
09:09
but also smarter and healthier.
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而且變得更聰明、更健康。
09:10
The school performance of kids
improved substantially.
improved substantially.
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學生的表現獲得了實質的進步，
09:15
The hospitalization rate decreased
by as much as 8.5 percent.
by as much as 8.5 percent.
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市民住院比例減少 8.5% 之多，
09:20
Domestic violence incidents were down,
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家庭暴力發生率降低了，
09:21
as were mental health complaints.
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精神健康的抱怨也減少了，
09:24
And people didn't quit their jobs.
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人們也不會隨意辭去工作。
09:26
The only ones who worked a little less
were new mothers and students --
were new mothers and students --
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只有初為人母的婦女
減少些許工作量，
減少些許工作量，
09:30
who stayed in school longer.
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還有必需上課的學生們。
09:32
Similar results have since been found
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從那之後，世界上其他無數的實驗
09:34
in countless other experiments
around the globe,
around the globe,
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也得到同樣的結果。
09:37
from the US to India.
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2247
從印度到美國。
09:41
So ...
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所以，
09:43
here's what I've learned.
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這是我從中所學到的：
09:45
When it comes to poverty,
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當面對貧窮的問題時，
09:48
we, the rich, should stop
pretending we know best.
pretending we know best.
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我們較富有的人
不應自以為懂得最多；
不應自以為懂得最多；
09:54
We should stop sending shoes
and teddy bears to the poor,
and teddy bears to the poor,
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不要再寄送鞋子
和泰迪熊給窮苦的人，
和泰迪熊給窮苦的人，
09:56
to people we have never met.
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給那些你從沒見過面的窮人。
09:58
And we should get rid of the vast
industry of paternalistic bureaucrats
industry of paternalistic bureaucrats
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我們應該破除
父權統治形式的官僚作風，
父權統治形式的官僚作風，
10:02
when we could simply
hand over their salaries
hand over their salaries
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我們只需把薪水
直接交給想幫助的窮人就好了。
直接交給想幫助的窮人就好了。
10:04
to the poor they're supposed to help.
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10:06
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
10:08
Because, I mean, the great
thing about money
thing about money
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因為金錢最棒之處是在於
10:11
is that people can use it
to buy things they need
to buy things they need
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窮人可以用錢來買自己所需的東西，
10:13
instead of things that self-appointed
experts think they need.
experts think they need.
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而不是讓自封為專家的人
來決定買些什麼需要的東西。
來決定買些什麼需要的東西。
10:17
Just imagine how many brilliant scientists
and entrepreneurs and writers,
and entrepreneurs and writers,
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4404
試想多少卓越的科學家、
企業家和作家，
企業家和作家，
10:22
like George Orwell,
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1151
例如喬治•奧威爾，
10:23
are now withering away in scarcity.
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因為匱乏而提早凋零？
10:26
Imagine how much energy
and talent we would unleash
and talent we would unleash
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2456
試想可以釋出多少
窮人的精力和才能？
窮人的精力和才能？
10:28
if we got rid of poverty once and for all.
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只要把窮困一勞永逸地剷除掉。
10:31
I believe that a basic income would work
like venture capital for the people.
like venture capital for the people.
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我相信基本收入可像風險投資那樣
在每個人身上產生作用。
在每個人身上產生作用。
10:37
And we can't afford not to do it,
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我們無法承擔放手不管所帶來的風險，
10:39
because poverty is hugely expensive.
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2845
因為貧窮本身就是一種巨額的支出。
10:42
Just look at the cost of child poverty
in the US, for example.
in the US, for example.
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看一下美國因兒童貧困所付出的代價，
10:45
It's estimated at 500 billion
dollars each year,
dollars each year,
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估計它每年花費掉了 5000 億元，
10:50
in terms of higher health care
spending, higher dropout rates,
spending, higher dropout rates,
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如健康照顧支出增加、
輟學比率升高，還有犯罪率升高等。
10:53
and more crime.
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1383
10:54
Now, this is an incredible waste
of human potential.
of human potential.
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3880
那是多麼難以令人置信的人力浪費。
11:00
But let's talk about
the elephant in the room.
the elephant in the room.
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2201
但讓我們回頭談一下這個燙手山竽，
11:03
How could we ever afford
a basic income guarantee?
a basic income guarantee?
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該如何去背負基本收入保障的負擔呢?
11:07
Well, it's actually a lot cheaper
than you may think.
than you may think.
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3099
這個，其實比你想的還要便宜。
11:10
What they did in Dauphin is finance it
with a negative income tax.
with a negative income tax.
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3564
杜芬市在財務上採用
「負所得稅」的作法。
「負所得稅」的作法。
11:13
This means that your income is topped up
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661763
2008
意思是，一旦你低於貧困線
11:15
as soon as you fall
below the poverty line.
below the poverty line.
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就增加你的收入。
11:18
And in that scenario,
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在那種情形下，
11:19
according to our economists'
best estimates,
best estimates,
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2514
根據經濟學家的預估，
11:22
for a net cost of 175 billion --
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3025
若運用 1,750 億美元的預算，
11:25
a quarter of US military spending,
one percent of GDP --
one percent of GDP --
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4907
相當於美國軍隊預算的 1/4
或國內生產總值的 1%，
或國內生產總值的 1%，
11:30
you could lift all impoverished Americans
above the poverty line.
above the poverty line.
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3554
就可以把美國全部的貧苦家庭
拉升到貧窮門檻以上。
拉升到貧窮門檻以上。
11:34
You could actually eradicate poverty.
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3141
可以真的根除貧窮。
11:38
Now, that should be our goal.
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1802
這應該是你我共同的目標。
（掌聲）
11:40
(Applause)
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1084
拋棄狹隘思維和不做為的關鍵到了，
11:41
The time for small thoughts
and little nudges is past.
and little nudges is past.
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2932
11:44
I really believe that the time has come
for radical new ideas,
for radical new ideas,
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3308
我相信這是創造積極新思維的時刻，
11:48
and basic income is so much more
than just another policy.
than just another policy.
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3200
「基本收入」不僅是另一個政策而已，
它含有更深遠的意義。
它含有更深遠的意義。
11:51
It is also a complete rethink
of what work actually is.
of what work actually is.
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4638
它也是對「甚麼才是有效」
這問題的反思。
這問題的反思。
11:55
And in that sense,
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1670
在這種認知下，
11:57
it will not only free the poor,
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1792
不只可以解放貧困的人，
12:00
but also the rest of us.
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1468
也可以解放我們。
12:03
Nowadays, millions of people feel
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2246
今日，有數百萬窮困的人，
12:05
that their jobs have little
meaning or significance.
meaning or significance.
241
713531
2506
覺得他們的工作沒意義、無足輕重。
最近在針對二十三萬名受雇者，
12:08
A recent poll among 230,000 employees
242
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2817
12:10
in 142 countries
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718902
1906
142 個國家進行的調查中，
12:12
found that only 13 percent of workers
actually like their job.
actually like their job.
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720832
4665
發現只有 30% 的就業者
真正喜歡自己的工作。
真正喜歡自己的工作。
12:18
And another poll found that as much
as 37 percent of British workers
as 37 percent of British workers
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另一個調查發現，
英國 37% 的上班族
認為他們的工作根本不應該存在。
認為他們的工作根本不應該存在。
12:22
have a job that they think
doesn't even need to exist.
doesn't even need to exist.
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2930
12:26
It's like Brad Pitt says in "Fight Club,"
247
734387
2294
正如布拉德•彼特在電影
《鬥陣俱樂部》中所說的話：
《鬥陣俱樂部》中所說的話：
12:28
"Too often we're working jobs we hate
so we can buy shit we don't need."
so we can buy shit we don't need."
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736705
3656
「我們花太多時間做不喜歡的工作，
只為了買我們不需要的東西。」
只為了買我們不需要的東西。」
12:32
(Laughter)
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1478
（笑聲）
12:33
Now, don't get me wrong --
250
741887
1397
不要誤會我，
12:35
I'm not talking about the teachers
and the garbagemen
and the garbagemen
251
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2554
我不是說老師、收垃圾的清潔隊員，
12:37
and the care workers here.
252
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1482
還有護理人員。
12:39
If they stopped working,
253
747392
1614
如果他們罷工的話，
12:41
we'd be in trouble.
254
749030
1317
我們就不妙了。
12:42
I'm talking about all those well-paid
professionals with excellent résumés
professionals with excellent résumés
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750990
3625
我說的是那些高薪的專業人士，
他們憑藉優秀的簡歷賺錢，
12:46
who earn their money doing ...
256
754639
1805
參加策略性交易者
點對點的會議，
點對點的會議，
12:48
strategic transactor peer-to-peer meetings
257
756468
2036
同時集思廣益，
12:50
while brainstorming the value
add-on of disruptive co-creation
add-on of disruptive co-creation
258
758528
3032
共同創造網路社會中
破壞性共創的附加價值。
破壞性共創的附加價值。
12:53
in the network society.
259
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1173
（笑聲）
12:54
(Laughter)
260
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1023
（掌聲）
12:55
(Applause)
261
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1018
或其他類似事件。
12:56
Or something like that.
262
764870
1202
12:58
Just imagine again how much
talent we're wasting,
talent we're wasting,
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766096
2924
只要再想一下，我們浪費了多少天才，
13:01
simply because we tell our kids
they'll have to "earn a living."
they'll have to "earn a living."
264
769044
3840
只因為我們教育孩子
必須「為了餬口而工作」，
必須「為了餬口而工作」，
13:05
Or think of what a math whiz working
at Facebook lamented a few years ago:
at Facebook lamented a few years ago:
265
773638
3742
或想一下數年前
在臉書上班的數學天才
在臉書上班的數學天才
所發出的不平之鳴：
「我們這一代最厲害的腦袋
13:09
"The best minds of my generation
266
777404
1862
13:11
are thinking about how
to make people click ads."
to make people click ads."
267
779290
3113
在思考如何讓別人點選廣告。」
13:16
I'm a historian.
268
784699
1245
我是一個歷史學家，
13:18
And if history teaches us anything,
269
786992
2069
如果歷史有教給我們甚麼教訓的話，
13:21
it is that things could be different.
270
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2792
那就是情況可以不同。
現在我們構建社會和經濟的方式
13:23
There is nothing inevitable
271
791901
1391
13:25
about the way we structured our society
and economy right now.
and economy right now.
272
793316
2957
並不是不可避免的。
13:28
Ideas can and do change the world.
273
796297
2356
「理想」真的能夠改變世界。
13:30
And I think that especially
in the past few years,
in the past few years,
274
798677
2511
我認為，特別是在過去幾年中，
我們已經非常清楚地認識到，
13:33
it has become abundantly clear
275
801212
1429
13:34
that we cannot stick to the status quo --
276
802665
1953
我們不能堅持現狀，
我們需要新的想法。
13:36
that we need new ideas.
277
804642
1575
13:40
I know that many of you
may feel pessimistic
may feel pessimistic
278
808499
3213
很多人或許感到悲觀，
13:43
about a future of rising inequality,
279
811736
2063
對於未來，感到日愈增加的不平等、
13:45
xenophobia
280
813823
1277
仇外，
13:47
and climate change.
281
815124
1196
和氣候改變。
13:48
But it's not enough
to know what we're against.
to know what we're against.
282
816986
2218
但光瞭解我們要對抗甚麼是不夠的，
我們還需要進一步去為目標而奮鬥。
13:51
We also need to be for something.
283
819228
1612
13:52
Martin Luther King didn't say,
"I have a nightmare."
"I have a nightmare."
284
820864
2534
馬丁·路德·金恩說的不是：
「我做了個噩夢。」
「我做了個噩夢。」
13:55
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
13:57
He had a dream.
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他有一個夢想。
13:58
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
13:59
So ...
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所以，
14:01
here's my dream:
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這是我的夢想：
14:04
I believe in a future
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我相信有那麼一個未來，
14:05
where the value of your work
is not determined
is not determined
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工作的價值不是決定在
你的薪水有多高，
你的薪水有多高，
14:08
by the size of your paycheck,
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14:09
but by the amount of happiness you spread
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而是決定在你散播的幸福有多少，
14:11
and the amount of meaning you give.
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還有你帶給他人的意義有多少。
14:13
I believe in a future
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我相信有一個未來，
14:15
where the point of education is not
to prepare you for another useless job
to prepare you for another useless job
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在那裡的教育重心
不是為了沒用的工作做準備，
不是為了沒用的工作做準備，
而是為了好好地活出人生而努力。
14:18
but for a life well-lived.
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14:21
I believe in a future
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我相信有一個未來，
14:22
where an existence
without poverty is not a privilege
without poverty is not a privilege
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在那裏「沒有窮人存在」
不是一種特權，
不是一種特權，
14:25
but a right we all deserve.
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而是我們大家應該擁有的權利。
14:27
So here we are.
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所以，我們在此，
14:29
Here we are.
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我們齊聚一起。
14:30
We've got the research,
we've got the evidence
we've got the evidence
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我們做了研究，我們有了證據，
我們還有方法。
14:32
and we've got the means.
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14:33
Now, more than 500 years after Thomas More
first wrote about a basic income,
first wrote about a basic income,
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自湯瑪斯•摩爾首創基本收入觀念
至今已歷經 500 年，
至今已歷經 500 年，
14:37
and 100 years after George Orwell
discovered the true nature of poverty,
discovered the true nature of poverty,
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喬治•奧威爾發現貧窮本質
也已有 100 年，
也已有 100 年，
14:41
we all need to change our worldview,
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我們大家必須改變世界觀，
因為貧窮不是性格的缺陷，
14:44
because poverty
is not a lack of character.
is not a lack of character.
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14:47
Poverty is a lack of cash.
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貧窮是缺乏現金。
14:51
Thank you.
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謝謝！
14:52
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rutger Bregman - HistorianRutger Bregman is the author of "Utopia for Realists."
Why you should listen
Rutger Bregman is one of Europe's most prominent young thinkers. The 28-year-old historian and author has published four books on history, philosophy and economics. His book Utopia for Realists -- on universal basic income and other radical ideas -- has been translated in more than 20 languages. His work has been featured in The Washington Post and The Guardian and on the BBC.
Rutger Bregman | Speaker | TED.com