ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kashfia Rahman - Psychology researcher
Kashfia Rahman studies psychology, cognitive science and global health policy at Harvard University.

Why you should listen

The daughter of Bangladeshi immigrants, Kashfia Rahman grew up as a minority in a homogenous community in Brookings, South Dakota. When she was in high school, she noticed her peers frequently succumbing to risky behaviors as well as the ruthless burdens of stress and peer pressure. Working directly on peers at her school, she dedicated research to studying the neuroscientific and psychological processes underlying these behaviors, and how the environment plays a role in emotion-processing and cognitive functioning in teens. With the hopes of raising awareness to minimize the potential for engaging in harmful behaviors, she took her research to the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair, a culmination of 1,800 students from over 75 countries sometimes described as the "Olympics of science fairs." For her research projects, she was awarded first place in her category as well as was recognized by the National Institutes on Drug Abuse and the American Psychological Association.

Rahman is also a Google Science Fair finalist and a Regeneron Science Talent Search Scholar. Featured in the National Geographic documentary Science Fair for her dedication to science research, Rahman is passionate about sharing her pathway to research and strives to expand the platform for marginalized and disempowered voices. She is also interested in bridging the gender and racial gap in the field of STEM and in advocating for healthy environments to improve teens' behavioral and mental health.

More profile about the speaker
Kashfia Rahman | Speaker | TED.com
TED Salon U.S. Air Force

Kashfia Rahman: How risk-taking changes a teenager's brain

卡許菲雅拉曼: 冒險如何改變青少年的大腦

Filmed:
2,067,475 views

為什麼青少年有時候會做出無法無天、冒險的選擇?他們是突然變得很魯莾嗎?或者這只是他們的必經階段?為了找出答案,卡許菲雅拉曼——英特爾國際科技展覽會的贏家以及哈佛大學新鮮人——設計並執行了一項實驗,來測試高中學生對風險怎麼反應、習慣,以及風險如何改變他們正在發展中的大腦。她對於風險和決策的發現,可能會改變我們對於青少年為什麼有這些作為的看法。
- Psychology researcher
Kashfia Rahman studies psychology, cognitive science and global health policy at Harvard University. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
Have you ever tried試著
to understand理解 a teenager青少年?
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你們曾經試著去了解青少年嗎?
00:16
It's exhausting辛苦, right?
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很累人,對吧?
00:19
You must必須 be puzzled困惑 by the fact事實
that some teens青少年 do well in school學校,
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你們一定很困惑,為什麼
有些青少年在學校表現很好,
00:23
lead clubs會所 and teams球隊
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他們會領導社團和團隊,
00:25
and volunteer志願者 in their communities社區,
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在他們的社區中做志工,
00:27
but they eat Tide浪潮 Pods豆莢
for an online線上 challenge挑戰,
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但他們也會為了
線上挑戰而吃洗衣球,
00:31
speed速度 and text文本 while driving主動,
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開車超速且邊開邊傳文字訊息,
00:34
binge狂歡 drink and experiment實驗
with illicit非法的 drugs毒品.
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狂飲喝酒並嘗試搭配禁藥。
00:38
How can so many許多 teens青少年
be so smart聰明, skilled技能的 and responsible主管 --
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為什麼有這麼多青少年,明明
如此聰明、有技能、負責任——
00:43
and careless粗心 risk-takers風險承擔者 at the same相同 time?
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卻同時做出不計後果的事情?
00:47
When I was 16,
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我十六歲時,
00:48
while frequently經常 observing觀察
my peers同行 in person
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我經常當面觀察我的同儕
00:51
as well as on social社會 media媒體,
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也會透過社群媒體觀察他們,
00:53
I began開始 to wonder奇蹟 why so many許多 teens青少年
took such這樣 crazy risks風險.
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我開始納悶,為什麼這麼多
青少年瘋狂冒險。
00:58
It seems似乎 like getting得到 a certificate證書
from DARE class in the fifth第五 grade年級
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像是在五年級拿
「勇士」課程的認證一樣,
01:02
can't stop them.
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擋都擋不住。
01:03
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
01:04
What was even more alarming驚人 to me
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對我來說,更要警覺的是,
01:06
was that the more they exposed裸露
themselves他們自己 to these harmful有害 risks風險,
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他們越將自己暴露在
這些有害的風險之下,
01:10
the easier更輕鬆 it became成為 for them
to continue繼續 taking服用 risks風險.
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他們就越容易會繼續冒險。
01:14
Now this confused困惑 me,
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這讓我很困惑,
01:16
but it also made製作 me incredibly令人難以置信 curious好奇.
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但也讓我非常好奇。
01:20
So, as someone有人 with a name名稱
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既然我的名字
01:21
that literally按照字面 means手段
"to explore探索 knowledge知識,"
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字面上的意思就是「探索知識」,
01:24
I started開始 searching搜索
for a scientific科學 explanation說明.
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我開始尋求科學解釋。
01:28
Now, it's no secret秘密
that teens青少年 ages年齡 13 to 18
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大家都知道,十三
到十八歲的青少年
01:31
are more prone易於 to risk-taking冒險
than children孩子 or adults成年人,
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比起兒童或成人,更容易去冒險,
01:35
but what makes品牌 them so daring大膽?
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但,是什麼讓他們如此大膽?
01:38
Do they suddenly突然 become成為 reckless魯莽,
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他們是突然間變魯莽了?
01:40
or is this just a natural自然 phase
that they're going through通過?
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或者他們只是在經歷
一個自然的階段?
01:43
Well neuroscientists神經學家
have already已經 found發現 evidence證據
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神經科學家已經找到證據說明
01:46
that the teen青少年 brain
is still in the process處理 of maturation成熟 --
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青少年時期的大腦
仍在成熟的階段——
01:49
and that this makes品牌 them
exceptionally異常 poor較差的 at decision-making做決定,
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這會讓他們特別不擅長決策,
01:52
causing造成 them to fall秋季 prey獵物
to risky有風險 behaviors行為.
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造成他們成為冒險行為的犧牲品。
01:56
But in that case案件,
if the maturing成熟 brain is to blame,
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但,照這麼說,要責怪的
是正在成熟的大腦,
01:59
then why are teens青少年
more vulnerable弱勢 than children孩子,
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那為什麼青少年會比兒童
更容易有這個問題,
02:02
even though雖然 their brains大腦
are more developed發達 than those of children孩子?
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明明他們的大腦就
比兒童的大腦發展更多?
02:05
Also, not all teens青少年 in the world世界
take risks風險 at the same相同 level水平.
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此外,並非全世界的青少年
都有同等想要冒險的慾望。
02:09
Are there some other underlying底層
or unintentional無意 causes原因
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這背後有沒有什麼無意識的成因
02:13
driving主動 them to risk-taking冒險?
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驅使他們去冒險?
02:15
Well, this is exactly究竟
what I decided決定 to research研究.
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這正是我想要研究的主題。
02:19
So, I founded成立 my research研究
on the basis基礎 of a psychological心理 process處理
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所以,我把我的研究
建立在一個心理過程的基礎上,
02:23
known已知 as "habituation習慣,"
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即大家所知的「習慣化」,
02:25
or simply只是 what we refer參考 to
as "getting得到 used to it."
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簡言之,就是我們所說的「適應」。
02:29
Habituation習慣 explains說明 how our brains大腦
adapt適應 to some behaviors行為,
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習慣化是在解釋,
大腦如何適應某些行為,
02:33
like lying說謊, with repeated重複 exposures曝光.
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比如說謊,多說幾次謊就習慣了。
02:36
And this concept概念 inspired啟發 me
to design設計 a project項目
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這個概念給了我設計專案的靈感,
02:38
to determine確定 if the same相同 principle原理
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如果同樣的原理,可否用來解釋
02:41
could be applied應用的 to the relentless
rise上升 of risk-taking冒險 in teenagers青少年.
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為何青少年冒險現象
不斷增多的原因。
02:46
So I predicted預料到的 that
habituation習慣 to risk-taking冒險
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所以我預測,冒險行為的習慣化
02:49
may可能 have the potential潛在 to change更改
the already-vulnerable已經脆弱 teenage青少年 brain
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有可能改變易受環境影響的
青少年大腦,
02:53
by blunting鈍化 or even eradicating根除
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改變的方式是透過削弱或甚至消除
02:55
the negative emotions情緒
associated相關 with risk風險,
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和風險相關的負面情緒,
02:58
like fear恐懼 or guilt有罪.
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比如恐懼或罪惡感。
03:00
I also thought because they
would feel less fearful可怕 and guilty有罪,
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我也認為,因為他們會覺得
比較不恐懼或罪惡,
03:03
this desensitization脫敏 would lead them
to even more risk-taking冒險.
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脫敏現象可能會讓他們更想冒險。
03:08
In short, I wanted to conduct進行
a research研究 study研究
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簡言之,我想要進行一項研究
03:10
to answer回答 one big question:
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來解答這個大哉問:
03:12
Why do teens青少年 keep making製造
outrageous蠻橫的 choices選擇
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為什麼青少年會不斷
做出無法無天的選擇,
03:15
that are harmful有害
to their health健康 and well-being福利?
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且是對他們的健康
及幸福有害的選擇?
03:19
But there was one big obstacle障礙 in my way.
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但,我遇到了一個大障礙。
03:22
To investigate調查 this problem問題,
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為了研究這個問題,
03:24
I needed需要 teenagers青少年 to experiment實驗 on,
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我需要青少年來做實驗,
03:26
laboratories實驗室 and devices設備
to measure測量 their brain activity活動,
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也需要實驗室和裝置
來測量他們的大腦活動,
03:30
and teachers教師 or professors教授 to supervise監督 me
and guide指南 me along沿 the way.
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過程中還要有老師或教授
來監督、指導我。
03:35
I needed需要 resources資源.
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我需要資源。
03:37
But, you see, I attended出席
a high school學校 in South Dakota達科他州
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但,要知道,我讀南達科他州的高中
03:40
with limited有限 opportunity機會
for scientific科學 exploration勘探.
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對科學探索的機會有限。
03:44
My school學校 had athletics競技,
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我的學校有運動員、
03:46
band, choir唱詩班, debate辯論 and other clubs會所,
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樂團、合唱團、
辯論,及其它社團,
03:50
but there were no STEM programs程式
or research研究 mentors導師.
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但沒有任何 STEM(科學、技術、
工程、數學)計劃或研究導師。
03:53
And the notion概念 of high schoolers高中生
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而高中學生做研究
或是參與科學展覽會的想法
03:55
doing research研究 or participating參與
in a science科學 fair公平 was completely全然 foreign國外.
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根本是完全陌生的想法。
04:00
Simply只是 put, I didn't exactly究竟
have the ingredients配料
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簡單來說,我沒有原料
04:03
to make a chef-worthy廚師配得上 dish.
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可以做出發揮主廚價值的好菜。
04:07
And these obstacles障礙 were frustrating洩氣,
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這些障礙很讓人沮喪,
04:09
but I was also a stubborn倔強 teenager青少年.
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但我也是個很固執的青少年。
04:12
And as the daughter女兒
of Bangladeshi孟加拉國 immigrants移民
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且我是孟加拉移民的女兒,
04:14
and one of just a handful少數
of Muslim穆斯林 students學生們
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也是南達科他州這間高中裡
少數的穆斯林學生之一,
04:16
in my high school學校 in South Dakota達科他州,
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04:19
I often經常 struggled掙扎 to fit適合 in.
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我經常需要努力地
去適應、融入。
04:21
And I wanted to be someone有人
with something to contribute有助於 to society社會,
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而我想要成為
對社會有所貢獻的人,
04:25
not just be deemed認為
the scarf-wearing戴圍巾 brown棕色 girl女孩
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不想只被視為是
帶著頭巾的褐色皮膚女孩,
04:28
who was an anomaly不規則
in my homogenous均質 hometown家鄉.
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只是一個家鄉來的異類。
04:31
I hoped希望 that by doing this research研究,
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我希望,透過這項研究,
來達成上述的願望,
04:33
I could establish建立 this
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04:34
and how valuable有價值 scientific科學 exploration勘探
could be for kids孩子 like me
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並表明科學探索對於
我這種孩子而言是多麼的珍貴,
04:39
who didn't necessarily一定
find their niche壁龕 elsewhere別處.
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我們這種在其它地方
不見得可以找到立足之地的孩子。
04:42
So with limited有限 research研究 opportunities機會,
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所以,雖然研究機會有限,
04:45
inventiveness創造力 allowed允許 me to overcome克服
seemingly似乎 impossible不可能 obstacles障礙.
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發明創造力讓我克服了
幾乎不可能克服的障礙。
04:50
I became成為 more creative創作的 in working加工
with a variety品種 of methodologies方法,
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我變得更有創意去運用各種方法、
04:54
materials物料 and subjects主題.
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素材以及主題。
04:57
I transformed改造 my unassuming謙遜 school學校 library圖書館
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我把平凡無奇的學校圖書館
05:00
into a laboratory實驗室
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變成了實驗室,
05:02
and my peers同行 into lab實驗室 rats大鼠.
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把同學變成實驗室的白老鼠。
05:04
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
05:05
My enthusiastic熱情 geography地理 teacher老師,
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我的地理老師很熱心,
05:08
who also happens發生 to be
my school's學校的 football足球 coach教練,
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他剛好也是學校足球隊的教練,
05:11
ended結束 up as my cheerleader拉拉隊長,
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最後他成了我的啦啦隊長,
05:13
becoming變得 my mentor導師
to sign標誌 necessary必要 paperwork證件.
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變成我的導師,
負責簽所有必要的文件。
05:17
And when it became成為 logistically後勤 impossible不可能
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理論上,當我知道我不能使用
05:19
to use a laboratory實驗室
electroencephalography腦電圖,
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實驗室級的腦電圖設備時,
05:22
or EEG腦電圖,
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或稱 EEG,
05:23
which哪一個 are those electrode電極 devices設備
used to measure測量 emotional情緒化 responses回复,
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一種用來測量情緒反應的電極裝置,
05:28
I bought a portable手提 EEG腦電圖 headset耳機
with my own擁有 money,
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我用自己的錢,買了一台
可攜帶的頭戴式 EEG,
而不是像我同齡的孩子一樣
存錢去買的 iPhone X。
05:31
instead代替 of buying購買 the new iPhone蘋果手機 X
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05:32
that a lot of kids孩子 my age年齡
were saving保存 up for.
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05:35
So finally最後 I started開始 the research研究
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所以,我終於開始了這項研究,
05:38
with 86 students學生們,
ages年齡 13 to 18, from my high school學校.
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參與者為 86 位我的高中的學生,
年齡從 13 到 18 歲。
05:42
Using運用 the computer電腦 cubicles隔間
in my school學校 library圖書館,
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我用學校圖書館的電腦小隔間,
05:45
I had them complete完成 a computerized計算機化
decision-making做決定 simulation模擬
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請他們完成一項電腦決策模擬測驗,
05:48
to measure測量 their risk-taking冒險 behaviors行為
comparable可比 to ones那些 in the real真實 world世界,
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並與他們在真實世界的行為做比對,
05:53
like alcohol use, drug藥物 use and gambling賭博.
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比如酒精、毒品的使用,和賭博。
05:56
Wearing穿著 the EEG腦電圖 headset耳機,
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這些學生戴著頭戴式的 EEG,
05:58
the students學生們 completed完成 the test測試
12 times over three days
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在三天中,完成十二次這項測驗,
06:02
to mimic模仿者 repeated重複 risk風險 exposures曝光.
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來模仿重覆暴露在風險下的狀況。
06:05
A control控制 panel面板 on the EEG腦電圖 headset耳機
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在頭戴式 EEG 上面
有一個控制面板,
06:08
measured測量 their various各個
emotional情緒化 responses回复:
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用來測量他們的各種情緒反應:
06:10
like attention注意, interest利益,
excitement激動, frustration挫折,
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比如注意力、興趣、興奮、挫折、
06:14
guilt有罪, stress強調 levels水平 and relaxation鬆弛.
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罪惡感、壓力程度和放鬆。
06:17
They also rated額定 their emotions情緒
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他們也用經過驗證的情緒測量儀
06:19
on well-validated驗證良好
emotion-measuring情緒測量 scales.
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來評定自己的情緒。
06:22
This meant意味著 that I had measured測量
the process處理 of habituation習慣
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這意味著我要測量
習慣化的過程,
06:25
and its effects效果 on decision-making做決定.
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以及它對於決策的影響。
完成這項研究一共花了 29 天。
06:28
And it took 29 days
to complete完成 this research研究.
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06:31
And with months個月 of frantically瘋狂
drafting製圖 proposals建議,
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我花了數個月的時間
瘋狂地起草擬提案,
06:34
meticulously精心 computing計算 data數據
in a caffeinated含咖啡因的 daze發呆 at 2am,
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靠咖啡因撐著,一絲不苟地
計算數據到凌晨兩點,
06:39
I was able能夠 to finalize敲定 my results結果.
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我才整理出了最後的結果。
06:41
And the results結果 showed顯示
that habituation習慣 to risk-taking冒險
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結果顯示,冒險的習慣化,
06:44
could actually其實 change更改 a teen's青少年的 brain
by altering改變 their emotional情緒化 levels水平,
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會改變青少年的情緒水平
進而改變了他們的大腦,
06:48
causing造成 greater更大 risk-taking冒險.
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讓他們更敢於冒險。
06:51
The students'學生們' emotions情緒
that were normally一般 associated相關 with risks風險,
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學生的情緒當中,
一般認為和風險較相關的,
06:54
like fear恐懼, stress強調, guilt有罪 and nervousness神經緊張,
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比如恐懼、壓力、罪惡感、精神緊張,
06:58
as well as attention注意,
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以及注意力,
07:00
were high when they were first
exposed裸露 to the risk風險 simulator模擬器.
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第一次接觸風險模擬器時,
學生的情緒指數都非常高。
07:04
This curbed遏制 their temptations誘惑
and enforced強制執行 self-control自我控制,
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這會抑制他們對風險的誘惑,
並強化他們的自我控制,
07:07
which哪一個 prevented防止 them
from taking服用 more risks風險.
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這會阻止他們冒更多的險。
07:10
However然而, the more they were exposed裸露
to the risks風險 through通過 the simulator模擬器,
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然而,透過模擬器,
他們暴露在風險的次數越多,
07:14
the less fearful可怕, guilty有罪
and stressed強調 they became成為.
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他們就會變得不那麼
恐懼、有罪惡感和有壓力。
07:18
This caused造成 a situation情況
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這會造成一種情況,
07:20
in which哪一個 they were no longer able能夠 to feel
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他們將不再能夠感受到
07:22
the brain's大腦的 natural自然
fear恐懼 and caution警告 instincts本能.
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大腦的自然恐懼及警告直覺。
07:25
And also, because they are teenagers青少年
and their brains大腦 are still underdeveloped發育不全的,
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此外,因為他們是青少年,
他們的大腦還在發展中,
07:30
they became成為 more interested有興趣 and excited興奮
in thrill-seeking尋求刺激 behaviors行為.
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他們就會對於尋求興奮的行為
更感興趣和踴躍 。
07:35
So what were the consequences後果?
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那,後果是什麼?
07:38
They lacked缺乏 self-control自我控制
for logical合乎邏輯 decision-making做決定,
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他們會缺乏自我控制,
不能做有邏輯的決策,
07:41
took greater更大 risks風險
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會冒更大的風險,
07:43
and made製作 more harmful有害 choices選擇.
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並做出更多有害的選擇。
07:45
So the developing發展 brain alone單獨
isn't to blame.
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所以,不能只怪發展中的大腦。
07:48
The process處理 of habituation習慣
also plays播放 a key role角色 in risk-taking冒險
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習慣化的過程也扮演了重要角色,
它會導致青少年敢於冒險
並提升冒險行為的等級。
07:52
and risk風險 escalation升級.
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07:54
Although雖然 a teen's青少年的 willingness願意 to seek尋求 risk風險
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雖然青少年尋求冒險的意願
07:56
is largely大部分 a result結果 of the structural結構
and functional實用 changes變化
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在很大程度上,
是結構和功能改變的結果,
08:00
associated相關 with their developing發展 brains大腦,
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08:02
the dangerous危險 part部分
that my research研究 was able能夠 to highlight突出
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但我的研究中也凸顯了
其中一件危機 :
08:06
was that a habituation習慣 to risks風險
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那就是,風險的習慣化
08:08
can actually其實 physically物理
change更改 a teen's青少年的 brain
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會實際改變青少年的大腦,
08:10
and cause原因 greater更大 risk-taking冒險.
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致使他們去冒更大的險。
08:13
So it's the combination組合
of the immature未成熟的 teen青少年 brain
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所以,尚未完成發育的大腦
和習慣化影響的共同作用下,
08:16
and the impact碰撞 of habituation習慣
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08:18
that is like a perfect完善 storm風暴
to create創建 more damaging有害 effects效果.
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像是一場完美風暴,
造成了更具破壞性的後果。
08:22
And this research研究 can help parents父母
and the general一般 public上市
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這項研究能幫助父母
及一般大眾了解,
08:26
understand理解 that teens青少年 aren't just
willfully故意 ignoring無視 warnings警告
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青少年不只是簡單地
故意忽視警告
08:29
or simply只是 defying不畏 parents父母 by engaging
in increasingly日益 more dangerous危險 behavior行為.
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或者從事越來越危險的行為
來違抗父母。
08:34
The biggest最大 hurdle they're facing面對
is their habituation習慣 to risks風險:
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他們面臨的最大障礙是
對風險的習慣化:
08:38
all the physical物理, detectable檢測
and emotional情緒化 functional實用 changes變化
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所有生理上、覺察力
及情緒上的功能改變,
08:43
that drive駕駛 and control控制 and influence影響
their over-the-top越過高峰 risk-taking冒險.
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這些改變會驅使、控制、影響
他們的過度冒險行為。
08:48
So yes, we need policies政策
that provide提供 safer更安全 environments環境
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所以是的,我們需要政策
來提供更安全的環境,
08:52
and limit限制 exposures曝光 to high risks風險,
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並限制暴露在高風險下的機會,
08:55
but we also need policies政策
that reflect反映 this insight眼光.
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但我們也需要能夠
反映出這項洞見的政策。
08:59
These results結果 are
a wake-up醒來 call for teens青少年, too.
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研究結果也為青少年敲響了警鐘。
09:02
It shows節目 them that the natural自然
and necessary必要 fear恐懼 and guilt有罪
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研究結果表明,天生的、
必要的恐懼和內疚
09:06
that protect保護 them from unsafe不安全 situations情況
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能夠保護他們,
避免他們陷入危險境地,
09:08
actually其實 become成為 numb麻木 when they
repeatedly反复 choose選擇 risky有風險 behaviors行為.
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但當,當他們反覆從事危險行為時,
這種恐懼和內疚會變得麻木。
09:13
So with this hope希望 to share分享 my findings發現
with fellow同伴 teenagers青少年 and scientists科學家們,
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我希望能將我的發現,
和青少年伙伴們及科學家分享,
所以我將我的研究帶到英特爾
國際科技展覽會,簡稱 ISEF,
09:18
I took my research研究
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09:20
to the Intel英特爾 International國際
Science科學 and Engineering工程 Fair公平, or ISEFISEF,
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09:24
a culmination大成 of over 1,800 students學生們
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最多曾有超過一千八百名學生,
09:27
from 75 countries國家,
regions地區 and territories領土,
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來自七十五個國家、區域、領土,
09:30
who showcase櫥窗 their cutting-edge前沿
research研究 and inventions發明.
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到展覽會展出他們的
尖端研究和發明。
09:34
It's like the Olympics奧運會 of science科學 fair公平.
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它就像是科學展的奧運。
09:36
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
09:38
There, I was able能夠 to present當下 my research研究
to experts專家 in neuroscience神經科學 and psychology心理學
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我把我的研究帶到那裡給
神經科學和心理學的專家看,
09:43
and garner穀倉 valuable有價值 feedback反饋.
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得到了很有價值的回饋意見。
09:45
But perhaps也許 the most
memorable難忘 moment時刻 of the week
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但也許,那一週最值得紀念的時刻,
是在頒獎典禮時,洪亮的講者
突然說出我的名字。
09:48
was when the booming繁榮 speakers音箱
suddenly突然 uttered發話 my name名稱
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09:52
during the awards獎項 ceremony儀式.
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09:54
I was in such這樣 disbelief懷疑
that I questioned質疑 myself:
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我實在無法置信,我心裡在想:
09:57
Was this just another另一個 "La La Land土地" blunder錯誤
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這是不是奧斯卡頒獎典禮上
《樂來越愛你》的另一個頒獎烏龍?
10:00
like at the Oscars奧斯卡?
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10:01
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
10:02
Luckily, it wasn't.
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幸運的是,並非如此。
10:05
I really had won韓元 first place地點
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我真的得到第一名,
10:07
in the category類別 "Behavioral行為的
and Social社會 Sciences科學."
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我參與的項目是
「行為和社會科學」。
10:09
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
10:16
Needless不必要 to say,
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不用說,
10:17
I was not only thrilled高興
to have this recognition承認,
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我激動不僅僅是因為
我獲得了這樣的認可,
10:20
but also the whole整個 experience經驗
of science科學 fair公平 that validated驗證 my efforts努力
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還因為參與科學競賽的整個過程
證明了我的付出得到了回報,
10:25
keeps保持 my curiosity好奇心 alive
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也讓我一直保有好奇心,
10:27
and strengthens強化劑 my creativity創造力,
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並強化了我的創意、
毅力和想像力。
10:29
perseverance毅力 and imagination想像力.
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10:32
This still image圖片 of me
experimenting試驗 in my school學校 library圖書館
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這張照片是我在學校
圖書館裡做實驗,
10:36
may可能 seem似乎 ordinary普通,
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也許看起來很平凡無奇,
10:38
but to me, it represents代表
a sort分類 of inspiration靈感.
203
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但,對我來說,
它代表著一種鼓舞。
10:42
It reminds提醒 me that this process處理
taught me to take risks風險.
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它提醒我,這個過程
教導了我要去冒險。
10:46
And I know that might威力 sound聲音
incredibly令人難以置信 ironic具有諷刺意味.
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我知道這可能聽起來非常諷刺。
10:49
But I took risks風險 realizing實現
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但,我冒了險才了解到
10:51
that unforeseen意外 opportunities機會
often經常 come from risk-taking冒險 --
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意外的機會往往來自於冒險——
10:55
not the hazardous危險,
negative type類型 that I studied研究,
208
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不是我所研究的那種
有害、負面的風險,
而是好的風險,正面的風險。
10:58
but the good ones那些,
209
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11:00
the positive risks風險.
210
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11:02
The more risks風險 I took,
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我冒越多險,
11:04
the more capable I felt of withstanding承受
my unconventional非傳統的 circumstances情況,
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我就越覺得我能承受不一樣的情境,
11:08
leading領導 to more tolerance公差,
resilience彈性 and patience忍耐
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讓我有更高的包容心、
復原力和耐心,
11:11
for completing完成 my project項目.
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來完成我的計畫。
11:13
And these lessons教訓
have led me to new ideas思路
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我學到的這些,讓我有了新想法,
11:16
like: Is the opposite對面
of negative risk-taking冒險 also true真正?
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比如:負面冒險的
相反狀況也成立嗎?
11:20
Can positive risk-taking冒險
escalate升級 with repeated重複 exposures曝光?
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重覆的暴露也有可能
讓正面的冒險擴大嗎?
11:24
Does positive action行動
build建立 positive brain functioning功能?
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正面的行動會建立
正面的大腦功能運作嗎?
11:28
I think I just might威力 have
my next下一個 research研究 idea理念.
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我想,我可能有了
下一個研究的想法。
11:32
(Applause掌聲)
220
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(掌聲)
Translated by Lilian Chiu
Reviewed by Yi-Fan Yu

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kashfia Rahman - Psychology researcher
Kashfia Rahman studies psychology, cognitive science and global health policy at Harvard University.

Why you should listen

The daughter of Bangladeshi immigrants, Kashfia Rahman grew up as a minority in a homogenous community in Brookings, South Dakota. When she was in high school, she noticed her peers frequently succumbing to risky behaviors as well as the ruthless burdens of stress and peer pressure. Working directly on peers at her school, she dedicated research to studying the neuroscientific and psychological processes underlying these behaviors, and how the environment plays a role in emotion-processing and cognitive functioning in teens. With the hopes of raising awareness to minimize the potential for engaging in harmful behaviors, she took her research to the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair, a culmination of 1,800 students from over 75 countries sometimes described as the "Olympics of science fairs." For her research projects, she was awarded first place in her category as well as was recognized by the National Institutes on Drug Abuse and the American Psychological Association.

Rahman is also a Google Science Fair finalist and a Regeneron Science Talent Search Scholar. Featured in the National Geographic documentary Science Fair for her dedication to science research, Rahman is passionate about sharing her pathway to research and strives to expand the platform for marginalized and disempowered voices. She is also interested in bridging the gender and racial gap in the field of STEM and in advocating for healthy environments to improve teens' behavioral and mental health.

More profile about the speaker
Kashfia Rahman | Speaker | TED.com