TED@BCG Milan
Marco Alverà: The surprising ingredient that makes businesses work better
馬可·艾爾維拉: 想不到這個元素能讓事業更上一層樓
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Readability: 3.4
2,718,907 views
不公平是怎麼一回事？不論是沒有被邀請參加朋友的婚禮，或是因為運氣不好或無心之過而被罰，不公平通常都會讓我們很沮喪而無法清楚地思考。馬可·艾爾維拉說它不只是個個人的議題，對商業也不好。他解釋他的公司如何致力於創造出公平的文化，以及如何利用我們與生俱來的對錯感，來讓員工更快樂和獲得更好的結果。
Marco Alverà - Businessman, fairness crusader
Marco Alverà is an Italian/American businessman and CEO of Snam, Europe’s largest natural gas utility. Full bio
Marco Alverà is an Italian/American businessman and CEO of Snam, Europe’s largest natural gas utility. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
For me, it was not being invited
to a friend's wedding.
to a friend's wedding.
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對我來說，是沒有
被邀請參加朋友的婚禮。
被邀請參加朋友的婚禮。
一開始，我其實不介意。
00:17
At first, I didn't really mind.
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我以為他只想辦個小型宴會。
00:19
I thought he was having a small reception.
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但接著，我不斷遇到
有參加這場婚禮的人，
有參加這場婚禮的人，
00:22
But then I kept meeting people
who were going to the same wedding,
who were going to the same wedding,
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但他們不比我和新郎更親近......
00:25
and they weren't as close
to the groom as I was ...
to the groom as I was ...
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00:29
and I felt left out.
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我感覺被遺漏了。
那真的讓我很沮喪。
00:30
That really sucked.
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我感覺很不公平。
00:32
It felt really unfair.
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00:34
For my daughters, Lipsi
and Greta, it was last week.
and Greta, it was last week.
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對我的女兒莉普西
和葛蕾塔而言，則是上星期。
和葛蕾塔而言，則是上星期。
00:40
They were taking turns
massaging their mom's back
massaging their mom's back
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她們輪流按摩她們母親的背，
用的是個揉搓背部的玩具。
00:42
with a toy for back rubs,
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00:44
and then one of the girls felt
that the other girl had a longer go.
that the other girl had a longer go.
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接著，兩人之一覺得
另一人按摩的時間比較長。
另一人按摩的時間比較長。
00:48
That's when I walk into the room
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那時，我走進房間，
00:50
to find Greta in a rage,
shouting, "That's not fair!"
shouting, "That's not fair!"
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發現葛蕾塔生氣地大叫：
「那不公平！」
「那不公平！」
而莉普西在流淚。
00:53
and Lipsi in tears,
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而我太太拿著一隻計時器，
00:55
and my wife holding a stopwatch
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00:57
to make sure that each girl
had precisely one minute on the toy.
had precisely one minute on the toy.
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以確保每個女兒使用玩具的
時間是恰好一分鐘。
時間是恰好一分鐘。
01:03
So if you're anything like me or my girls,
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所以，如果你像我
或是我的女兒一樣，
或是我的女兒一樣，
最近一次讓你沮喪的事
01:08
the last thing that upset you
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很可能也和不公平有關。
01:11
probably also had to do with unfairness.
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01:14
That's because unfairness
triggers us so strongly
triggers us so strongly
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那是因為不公平
很強烈地影響我們，
很強烈地影響我們，
01:18
that we can't think straight.
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導致我們無法想清楚。
01:20
We become afraid and suspicious.
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我們變得害怕且有疑心。
01:23
Our unfairness antennae stick up.
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我們偵測不公平的天線伸了出來。
01:27
We feel pain, and we walk away.
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我們感到痛苦，我們一走了之。
01:30
Unfairness is one of the defining
issues of our society,
issues of our society,
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不公平是我們社會的關鍵議題之一。
它是社會兩極化的根本原因之一，
01:34
it's one of the root causes
of polarization,
of polarization,
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01:37
and it's bad news for business.
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而且它對於商業的影響很不好。
01:40
At work, unfairness makes people
defensive and disengaged.
defensive and disengaged.
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在工作上，不公平會讓人
起防禦心且不願投入。
起防禦心且不願投入。
01:45
A study shows that 70 percent
of workers in the US are disengaged,
of workers in the US are disengaged,
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一份研究顯示，美國有 70% 的工作者
沒有真正投入工作。
沒有真正投入工作。
01:52
and this is costing the companies
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這個現象造成公司
每年損失達 5500 億美元。
01:54
550 billion dollars a year every year.
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這差不多等於美國每年
在教育上的一半花費。
在教育上的一半花費。
01:58
This is, like, half the total
spent on education in the US.
spent on education in the US.
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相當於奧地利這種大小國家的
國內生產總值（GDP）。
國內生產總值（GDP）。
02:03
This is the size of the GDP
of a country like Austria.
of a country like Austria.
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02:08
So removing unfairness
and promoting fairness
and promoting fairness
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因此，消除不公平和推動公平
應是我們的首要任務。
02:11
should be our priority.
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但是在實際操作上，要如何做呢？
02:13
But what does it mean in practice?
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02:15
Is it about more rules?
Is it about systems?
Is it about systems?
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需要更多的規則嗎？
還是和體制有關嗎？
還是和體制有關嗎？
02:18
Is it about equality?
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它和平等有關嗎？
02:20
Well, partly, but fairness is more
interesting than rules and equality.
interesting than rules and equality.
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部分是，但公平比
規則和平等有趣得多。
規則和平等有趣得多。
02:25
Fairness works in surprising ways.
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公平的運作很讓人驚奇。
02:28
15 years ago, I left a US investment bank
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十五年前，
我離開了一間美國投資銀行，
我離開了一間美國投資銀行，
加入一間義大利
國有的大型石油公司。
國有的大型石油公司。
02:33
to join a large Italian
state-owned oil company.
state-owned oil company.
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02:38
It was a different world.
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那是個不同的世界。
02:40
I thought the key to getting
the best performance
the best performance
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我那時以為，帶來最佳表現的關鍵
取決於一個風險回報的體制。
02:42
was a risk-reward system
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02:44
where you could give the high performers
bonuses and promotions
bonuses and promotions
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以這個體制，你可以給予
表現好的員工獎金和升遷，
表現好的員工獎金和升遷，
02:48
and give the underperformers
something to worry about.
something to worry about.
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讓表現不佳的員工提心吊膽。
02:52
But in this company, we had fixed salaries
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但在這間公司，
我們的薪水是固定的，
我們的薪水是固定的，
而工作是終身職。
02:56
and lifelong jobs.
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02:58
Careers were set,
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職涯就這樣定了，
03:00
so my toolkit wasn't very effective,
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所以我的慣用工具不是很有效，
03:02
and I was frustrated.
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我感到很挫折。
03:04
But then I saw that this company
was producing some pockets of excellence,
was producing some pockets of excellence,
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然後我看見這間公司裡
有些部門有非常優越的表現。
有些部門有非常優越的表現。
03:10
areas in which they beat the competition
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在一些領域中他們打敗競爭對手，
03:12
in very tough, competitive sectors.
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且是在非常棘手且競爭激烈的領域。
03:14
This was true in trading,
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在貿易上是如此，
03:16
in project management --
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在專案管理上也是如此，
03:18
it was very true in exploration.
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在探勘上更是如此。
我們的探勘團隊
找到的石油和天然氣
找到的石油和天然氣
03:20
Our exploration team
was finding more oil and gas
was finding more oil and gas
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03:24
than any other company in the world.
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比世界上任何其他公司都還要多。
那是個很不尋常的現象。
03:26
It was a phenomenon.
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每個人都想要知道這怎麼有可能。
03:28
Everyone was trying
to figure out how this was possible.
to figure out how this was possible.
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我那時以為是好運，
03:31
I thought it was luck,
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但在每一次新發現之後，
越來越覺得不可能只是運氣。
越來越覺得不可能只是運氣。
03:33
but after each new discovery,
that became less and less likely.
that became less and less likely.
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03:38
So did we have a special tool? No.
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我們有特別的工具嗎？
沒有。
我們有別人沒有的
殺手級應用程式嗎？
殺手級應用程式嗎？
03:42
Did we have a killer application
that no one else had? No.
that no one else had? No.
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沒有。
03:46
Was it one genius who was finding oil
for the whole team?
for the whole team?
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我們有一個天才在為
整個團隊找到石油嗎？
整個團隊找到石油嗎？
03:50
No, we hadn't hired a senior guy in years.
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不是，我們已經許多年
沒有僱用過資深的人。
沒有僱用過資深的人。
03:54
So what was our secret sauce?
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所以我們的秘密武器是什麼？
03:57
I started looking at them
really carefully.
really carefully.
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我開始非常仔細地研究他們。
03:59
I looked at my friend,
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我研究我的朋友，
04:01
who drilled seven dry wells,
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他鑽了七座乾油井。
04:03
writing off more than a billion
dollars for the company,
dollars for the company,
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花了公司超過十億元，
04:06
and found oil on the eighth.
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在第八座井挖到了石油。
我一直很替他緊張......
04:08
I was nervous for him ...
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04:12
but he was so relaxed.
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然而他很放鬆。
04:14
I mean, these guys
knew what they were doing.
knew what they were doing.
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這些人知道他們在做什麼。
04:17
And then it hit me: it was about fairness.
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然後，我突然靈光一現：
這和公平有關。
這和公平有關。
04:21
These guys were working in a company
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這些人在這間公司工作，
04:23
where they didn't need to worry
about short-term results.
about short-term results.
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他們不需要擔心短期的績效。
04:26
They weren't going to be penalized
for bad luck or for an honest mistake.
for bad luck or for an honest mistake.
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他們不會因為運氣不好
或是無心之過而受罰。
或是無心之過而受罰。
04:31
They knew they were valued
for what they were trying to do,
for what they were trying to do,
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他們知道，公司珍視
他們嘗試著在做的事情，
他們嘗試著在做的事情，
04:34
not the outcome.
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而非結果。
04:36
They were valued as human beings.
They were part of a community.
They were part of a community.
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他們被當做人來珍視。
他們是這個共同體的一部分。
他們是這個共同體的一部分。
不論發生什麼事，
公司會站在他們這一邊。
公司會站在他們這一邊。
04:39
Whatever happened,
the company would stand by them.
the company would stand by them.
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對我來說，這就是公平的定義。
04:41
And for me, this is
the definition of fairness.
the definition of fairness.
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04:44
It's when you can lower those
unfairness antennae, put them at rest.
unfairness antennae, put them at rest.
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當你可以收起偵測
不公平的天線，讓它們休息。
不公平的天線，讓它們休息。
04:48
Then great things follow.
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好事就會隨之而來。
他們忠於他們的目標，
也就是找到石油和天然氣。
也就是找到石油和天然氣。
04:50
These guys could be true to their purpose,
which was finding oil and gas.
which was finding oil and gas.
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他們不用擔心公司政治、
貪婪，或恐懼。
貪婪，或恐懼。
04:54
They didn't have to worry
about company politics or greed or fear.
about company politics or greed or fear.
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04:59
They could be good risk-takers,
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他們可以大膽地冒險，
05:02
because they weren't too defensive
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因為他們沒有很強的防禦心，
而且他們不會為了大獎賞而冒險。
05:04
and they weren't gambling
to take huge rewards.
to take huge rewards.
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05:08
And they were excellent team workers.
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同時，他們是出色的團隊工作者。
05:11
They could trust their colleagues.
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他們信任他們的同事。
05:13
They didn't need to look
behind their backs.
behind their backs.
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他們不用擔心同事的背叛。
05:16
And they were basically having fun.
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基本上，他們工作時很開心。
05:18
They were having so much fun,
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他們開心到
有個人甚至承認，
05:20
one guy even confessed
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他在公司的聖誕節晚餐
05:22
that he was having more fun
at the company Christmas dinner
at the company Christmas dinner
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遠比他自己家裡的
聖誕節晚餐更開心。
聖誕節晚餐更開心。
05:26
than at his own Christmas dinner.
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05:27
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
05:30
But these guys, essentially,
were working in a fair system
were working in a fair system
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基本上，這些人是在
一個公平的體制下工作，
一個公平的體制下工作，
在這裡他們能做他們覺得對的事，
05:35
where they could do
what they felt was right
what they felt was right
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而不是去做自私的、
快速的、方便的事。
快速的、方便的事。
05:37
instead of what's selfish,
what's quick, what's convenient,
what's quick, what's convenient,
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05:40
and to be able to do what we feel is right
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能夠去做我們認為對的事，
就是公平的關鍵要素，
同時也是強大的動因。
同時也是強大的動因。
05:43
is a key ingredient for fairness,
but it is also a great motivator.
but it is also a great motivator.
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05:49
And it wasn't just explorers
who were doing the right thing.
who were doing the right thing.
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不只是探勘者在做對的事。
05:52
There was an HR director who proposed
that I hire someone internally
that I hire someone internally
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有位人力資源的主任，
提議要我在內部僱用某個人，
提議要我在內部僱用某個人，
05:58
and give him a managerial job.
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給他一個管理職位。
這個人很優秀，但他沒讀完高中，
06:00
This guy was very good,
but he didn't finish high school,
but he didn't finish high school,
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正式來說，他不符合資格。
06:03
so formally, he had no qualifications.
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06:06
But he was so good, it made sense,
and so we gave him the job.
and so we gave him the job.
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但他真的很優秀，很適合這個工作，
所以我們給了他那個職位。
所以我們給了他那個職位。
06:10
Or the other guy, who asked me
for a budget to build a cheese factory
for a budget to build a cheese factory
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還有另一個人，他向我
要建造一間起司工廠的預算，
要建造一間起司工廠的預算，
06:15
next to our plant in Ecuador,
in the village.
in the village.
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位於我們厄瓜多工廠
旁邊的一間村落中。
旁邊的一間村落中。
這個要求很難讓人理解：
公司裡沒有人曾經建過起司工廠。
公司裡沒有人曾經建過起司工廠。
06:18
It didn't make any sense:
no one ever built a cheese factory.
no one ever built a cheese factory.
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但那是那個村落想要的，
因為他們的牛奶在賣出之前就壞了，
因為他們的牛奶在賣出之前就壞了，
06:21
But this is what the village wanted,
because the milk they had would spoil
because the milk they had would spoil
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06:25
before they could sell it,
so that's what they needed.
so that's what they needed.
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所以他們需要起司工廠。
06:28
And so we built it.
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所以我們就建了。
06:29
So in these examples and many others,
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從這些例子以及許多其他例子，
06:31
I learned that to be fair,
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我學到：若要公平，
我的同事和我得要冒風險
並把我們的頭伸出去，
並把我們的頭伸出去，
06:34
my colleagues and I, we needed
to take a risk and stick our head out,
to take a risk and stick our head out,
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06:38
but in a fair system, you can do that.
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但在一個公平的體制下，
你敢做公平的事。
06:40
You can dare to be fair.
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06:42
So I realized that these guys
and other colleagues
and other colleagues
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所以，我了解到
這些人以及其他同事
這些人以及其他同事
所達成的極佳結果
並做出了不起的事，
並做出了不起的事，
06:46
were achieving great results,
doing great things,
doing great things,
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不是任何獎金能買到的。
06:51
in a way that no bonus could buy.
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06:54
So I was fascinated.
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所以，我很著迷。
我想要知道
實際上這是如何運作。
實際上這是如何運作。
06:55
I wanted to learn
how this thing really worked,
how this thing really worked,
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我自己也想學這些，
以成為更好的領導者。
以成為更好的領導者。
06:58
and I wanted to learn it also for myself,
to become a better leader.
to become a better leader.
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所以，我開始和同事、教練、
07:01
So I started talking
to colleagues, to coaches,
to colleagues, to coaches,
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07:04
to headhunters and neuroscientists,
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人才仲介，以及神經科學家交談。
07:07
and what I discovered
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我發現的是，
07:08
is that what these guys were up to
and the way they worked
and the way they worked
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這些人熱衷的事
以及他們工作的方式，
以及他們工作的方式，
其實與近期的大腦科學發現相符合。
07:11
is really supported
by recent brain science.
by recent brain science.
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07:15
And I've also discovered
that this can work at all levels
that this can work at all levels
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我也發現，這在任何層級、任何公司
都能行得通。
07:18
in any type of company.
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你不需要有固定的薪水
或穩定的職涯。
或穩定的職涯。
07:19
You don't need the fixed salaries
or the stable careers.
or the stable careers.
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07:24
This is because science shows
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這是因為，科學研究顯示
人類有與生俱來的公平感。
07:27
that humans have
an innate sense of fairness.
an innate sense of fairness.
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07:33
We know what is right and what is wrong
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我們都知道什麼是對的、
什麼是錯的。
什麼是錯的。
07:35
before we can talk or think about it.
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在我們說出來
或思考以前就知道了。
或思考以前就知道了。
07:39
My favorite experiment
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我最愛的實驗，
07:41
has six-month old babies
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是讓六個月大的寶寶
07:44
watching a ball
trying to struggle up a hill.
trying to struggle up a hill.
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看著一顆球努力地爬上山丘。
07:48
And there's a helpful, friendly square
that pushes the ball up the hill,
that pushes the ball up the hill,
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有一個熱心助人又友善的方形，
幫忙推著球上山丘，
幫忙推著球上山丘，
然後有個卑鄙的三角形
把球推下去。
把球推下去。
07:52
and then a mean triangle
pushes the ball back down.
pushes the ball back down.
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07:57
After watching this several times,
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在看了這影片好幾遍之後，
07:59
they ask the babies to pick,
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他們要求寶寶去挑選，
08:01
to choose what to play with.
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選擇要玩什麼。
08:02
They can pick a ball,
a square or a triangle.
a square or a triangle.
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他們可以挑的有球、
方形，以及三角形。
方形，以及三角形。
08:07
They never pick up the triangle.
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從來沒有寶寶選三角形。
08:09
All the babies want to be the square.
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所有的寶寶都想要成為方形。
08:13
And science also shows
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科學也顯示，
08:15
that when we see or perceive fairness,
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當我們看見或感知到公平時，
08:18
our brain releases a substance
that gives us pleasure,
that gives us pleasure,
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我們的大腦會釋放一種物質，
使我們覺得愉快，
使我們覺得愉快，
08:22
proper joy.
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和適量的喜悅感。
08:24
But when we perceive
unfairness, we feel pain ...
unfairness, we feel pain ...
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但當我們感知到不公平時，
我們感到痛苦......
我們感到痛苦......
08:28
even greater pain
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甚至比我們傷害自己
那類型的痛苦更痛。
那類型的痛苦更痛。
08:29
than the same type of pain
as if I really hurt myself.
as if I really hurt myself.
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08:33
That's because unfairness triggers
the primitive, reptile part of our brain,
the primitive, reptile part of our brain,
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那是因為不公平觸發了我們大腦中
原始的，與爬蟲類的腦一樣的部分。
原始的，與爬蟲類的腦一樣的部分。
08:37
the part that deals
with threats and survival,
with threats and survival,
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這部分處理我們受到威脅時
有關存亡的情況。
有關存亡的情況。
08:40
and when unfairness triggers a threat,
that's all we can think about.
that's all we can think about.
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當不公平感觸發了受威脅感，
我們就無法釋懷。
我們就無法釋懷。
08:44
Motivation, creativity, teamwork,
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動機、創意、團隊合作，
都被拋到腦後。
08:47
they all go way back.
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08:50
And it makes sense
that we're wired this way,
that we're wired this way,
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我們天生如此，這是可以理解的，
因為我們是社交動物。
08:52
because we're social animals.
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08:55
We need to be part
of a community to survive.
of a community to survive.
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我們得要是共同體的
一部分，才能生存。
一部分，才能生存。
08:58
We're born so helpless
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我們生出來時很無助，
需要有人來照顧我們，
直到大約十歲。
直到大約十歲。
09:00
that someone needs to look after us
until we're maybe 10 years old,
until we're maybe 10 years old,
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所以我們的大腦根據食物來演化。
09:03
so our brain evolves towards food.
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我們得要在那共同體中生存。
09:05
We need to be in that community.
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09:07
So whether I like it or not,
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所以，不管我喜不喜歡，
沒被邀請參加朋友的婚禮，
09:10
not being invited to the friend's wedding,
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09:13
my lizard brain is generating
the same response
the same response
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我的蜥蜴大腦會產生出
如同我將被趕出我的共同體的反應。
09:16
as if I'm about to be pushed out
from my community.
from my community.
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09:20
So science explains quite nicely
why fairness is good
why fairness is good
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所以，科學很合理地解釋了
為什麼公平是個好事，
為什麼公平是個好事，
09:25
and why unfairness
makes us really defensive,
makes us really defensive,
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以及為什麼公平會
讓我們生起防禦心。
讓我們生起防禦心。
09:27
but science also shows
that in a fair environment,
that in a fair environment,
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但科學也顯示，
在一個公平的環境中，
在一個公平的環境中，
09:31
not only do we all want to be the square,
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我們不僅都想要當方形，
09:34
but we tend to be the square,
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我們也傾向去當方形。
09:36
and this allows other people
to be fair in turn.
to be fair in turn.
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接著其他人也會對我們公平對待，
09:39
This creates a beautiful fairness circle.
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因而創造出一個美麗的公平循環。
09:43
But while we start off fair ...
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但，雖然我們一開始是公平的。。。
09:46
one drop of unfairness
contaminates the whole pool,
contaminates the whole pool,
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一滴不公平就能污染整池水。
09:52
and unfortunately,
there's plenty of drops in that pool.
there's plenty of drops in that pool.
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不幸的是，在那池水中
有很多不公平的水滴。
有很多不公平的水滴。
09:56
So our effort should be to filter out
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所以，我們該努力做的
是要盡我們所能
是要盡我們所能
10:00
as much unfairness
as we can from everywhere,
as we can from everywhere,
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去過濾掉來自各處的不公平。
10:02
starting from our communities,
starting from our companies.
starting from our companies.
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從我們的共同體開始，
從我們的公司開始。
從我們的公司開始。
10:06
I worry about this a lot because I lead
a team of 3,000 excellent people,
a team of 3,000 excellent people,
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我很擔心這一點，因為我領導的團隊
有三千名出色的成員。
有三千名出色的成員。
10:12
and the difference between
3,000 happy, motivated team workers
3,000 happy, motivated team workers
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三千名快樂、有動機的團隊工作者
和三千名看著時鐘等下班的人，
兩者之間的差別極為重要。
兩者之間的差別極為重要。
10:16
and 3,000 clock-watchers is everything.
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10:21
So the first thing I try to do
in my fairness crusade
in my fairness crusade
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所以，在我的促進公平的努力中，
我首先嘗試去做的事情
我首先嘗試去做的事情
10:26
is to try to take myself
out of the equation.
out of the equation.
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是試著把我自己從方程式中抽掉。
10:29
That means being aware of my own biases.
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那就是我必須意識到我自己的偏見。
10:32
For example, I really like
people who say yes
people who say yes
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比如，我真的很喜歡
贊同我的所有建議的人。
10:34
to whatever I suggest.
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10:35
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
10:37
But that's not very good for the company
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但那樣對公司並不是很好，
10:39
and not very good
for anyone who has different ideas.
for anyone who has different ideas.
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對有不同想法的人也不是很好。
10:41
So we try to actively promote
a culture of diversity of opinions
a culture of diversity of opinions
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所以，我們試著積極推動
一種有著意見多樣性
一種有著意見多樣性
10:46
and diversity of character.
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和性格多樣性的文化。
10:47
The second thing we do
is a little more procedural.
is a little more procedural.
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我們做的第二件事比較程序性的。
10:50
We look at all the rules, the processes,
the systems in the company,
the systems in the company,
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我們檢視公司所有做決策和分配資源
10:53
the ones we use to take decisions
and allocate resources,
and allocate resources,
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所根據的規則、程序和體制。
10:57
and we try to get rid
of anything that's not very clear,
of anything that's not very clear,
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我們嘗試捨棄任何不太清楚的、
11:00
not very rational, doesn't make sense,
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不太理性的、不合理的。
11:02
and we also try to fix
anything that's limiting
anything that's limiting
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我們也試著使
公司內部的資訊轉移
公司內部的資訊轉移
11:05
the transfer of information
within the company.
within the company.
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盡量不受到限制。
11:07
We then look at the culture
and the motivation for the same reasons.
and the motivation for the same reasons.
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接著，基於同樣的理由，
我們檢視公司裡的文化和動機。
我們檢視公司裡的文化和動機。
11:11
But my point is that however hard
you look at the rules,
you look at the rules,
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但是我的重點是，
不論你如何努力檢視規則、
不論你如何努力檢視規則、
11:13
the processes, the systems --
and we have to do that --
and we have to do that --
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程序、體制——我們得要那麼做——
11:16
but however hard we look,
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但不論我們多努力檢視，
11:18
we're never going to do enough
to get to the real essence of fairness.
to get to the real essence of fairness.
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我們做的永遠無法
觸及公平的真正本質。
觸及公平的真正本質。
11:21
That's because the last mile of fairness
requires something else.
requires something else.
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那是因為，公平的最後一哩路
需要的是其他的東西。
需要的是其他的東西。
11:27
It's about what people's emotions are,
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那就是人們的情緒為何、
11:29
what their needs are,
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他們的需求為何、
11:31
what's going on in their private lives,
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他們的私人生活中發生了什麼事，
11:33
what society needs.
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以及社會需要的是什麼。
11:36
These are all questions and elements
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這些都是很難放入試算表、
11:39
that are very hard to put
into a spreadsheet, into an algorithm.
into a spreadsheet, into an algorithm.
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放入演算法的問題以及元素。
11:43
It's very hard to make them
part of our rational decision.
part of our rational decision.
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很難把它們變成我們
理性決策的一部分。
理性決策的一部分。
11:46
But if we miss these,
we're missing key important points,
we're missing key important points,
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但如果我們忽略這些，
我們就是忽略了關鍵重點，
我們就是忽略了關鍵重點，
11:50
and the outcome is likely to feel unfair.
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而結果很可能會讓人感覺不公平。
11:54
So we should cross-check our decisions
with our fairness center switched on.
with our fairness center switched on.
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所以我們應該在將公平中心打開的
情況下交叉檢查我們的決策。
情況下交叉檢查我們的決策。
11:59
Is it right that this guy should get
the job he's really hoping to get?
the job he's really hoping to get?
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讓這個人得到他真的
很想要的工作，是對的嗎？
很想要的工作，是對的嗎？
12:03
Is it right that this guy should be fired?
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這個人應該被開除，是對的嗎？
12:07
Is it right that we should be charging
so much for this product?
so much for this product?
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我們這個產品的收費這麼高，
是對的嗎？
是對的嗎？
12:12
These are tough questions.
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這些問題很難回答。
12:15
But if we take the time to ask ourselves
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但如果我們花時間問問自己，
12:19
whether the rational answer
is the right one ...
is the right one ...
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理性的答案是否是對的答案？
12:24
we all know deep inside
what the answer is.
what the answer is.
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我們內心深處都知道答案是什麼。
12:27
We've known since we were babies.
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我們還是寶寶的時候就知道了。
12:30
And to know what the right answer is
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知道對的答案是什麼，
12:33
is pretty cool for decision-making.
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對於決策來說是很酷的事。
12:37
And if we turn on our hearts,
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如果我們把心開啟，
12:39
that's the key to getting
the real best out of people,
the real best out of people,
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2643
那是能讓人發揮到最好的關鍵。
12:42
because they can smell it if you care,
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因為如果你在乎，他們能聞得到，
12:45
and only when you really care
will they leave their fears behind
will they leave their fears behind
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只有當你真正在乎時，
他們才會放下他們的恐懼，
他們才會放下他們的恐懼，
12:48
and bring their true selves to work.
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帶著最真實的自己去工作。
12:51
So if fairness is a keystone of life,
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所以，如果公平是人生的楔石，
12:54
why isn't every leader
making it their priority?
making it their priority?
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為什麼並非每個領導人
都把它當作首要任務呢？
都把它當作首要任務呢？
12:58
Wouldn't it be cool to work
in a company that was more fair?
in a company that was more fair?
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在一間比較公平的公司工作，
不是很酷嗎？
不是很酷嗎？
13:02
Wouldn't it be great to have
colleagues and bosses
colleagues and bosses
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如果同事和老闆都根據
公平和性格而挑選和訓練，
公平和性格而挑選和訓練，
13:05
that were selected and trained
for fairness and for character
for fairness and for character
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而不根據已經用了六十年了的
管理科入學考試分數，不是很棒嗎？
管理科入學考試分數，不是很棒嗎？
13:09
and not based on 60-year-old GMATs?
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13:13
Wouldn't it be nice to be able
to knock on the door
to knock on the door
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如果我們都能去敲「首席公平長」的
辦公室門，不是很好嗎？
辦公室門，不是很好嗎？
13:15
of a Chief Fairness Officer?
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13:18
We'll get there,
but why is it not happening now?
but why is it not happening now?
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我們最終會到達那裡，
但為什麼現在還沒有發生？
但為什麼現在還沒有發生？
13:21
Well, partly, it's because of inertia,
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有部分原因是惰性，
13:23
partly, it's because fairness
isn't always easy.
isn't always easy.
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有部分原因是公平通常並不容易。
13:27
It requires judgment and risk.
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它需要判斷和冒風險。
13:29
Drilling that eighth well was a risk.
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鑽那第八個井是風險。
13:33
Promoting the guy who didn't finish
high school was a risk.
high school was a risk.
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晉升沒有完成高中
學業的人是風險。
學業的人是風險。
13:37
Building a cheese factory
in Ecuador was a risk.
in Ecuador was a risk.
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在厄瓜多爾建立一座起司工廠是風險。
13:41
But fairness is a risk worth taking,
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但公平是值得冒的風險，
13:45
so we should be asking ourselves,
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所以，我們應該要問自己，
13:47
where can we take this risk?
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我們能在哪裡冒這種風險？
13:51
Where can we push ourselves
a little bit further,
a little bit further,
259
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我們在哪裡能把自己
再向前推進一點，
再向前推進一點，
超越理性，去做對的事？
13:55
to go beyond what's rational
and do what's right?
and do what's right?
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13:59
Thank you.
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謝謝。
14:01
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Marco Alverà - Businessman, fairness crusaderMarco Alverà is an Italian/American businessman and CEO of Snam, Europe’s largest natural gas utility.
Why you should listen
Marco Alverà has 20 years of experience in Italy's most important energy companies. He holds a degree in Philosophy and Economics from the London School of Economics and started his career working at Goldman Sachs in London.
In 2002, Alverà joined Enel as Director of Group Corporate Strategy and a member of the management committee, contributing significantly to the development of the company's gas strategy. In 2004, he became Chief Financial Officer of Wind Telecom and oversaw the sale of Wind to Orascom.
In 2005, Alverà moved to Eni where he worked for 10 years holding various positions. He joined the company as Director of Supply & Portfolio Development at the Gas & Power Division, successfully navigating the group through the gas Russia-Ukraine gas crisis in the Winter of 2006. In 2008 he moved to Eni's Exploration & Production Division as Executive Vice President for Russia, Northern Europe, and North and South America. In 2010 he was appointed Chief Executive Officer of Eni Trading and Shipping. In 2013, he took on responsibility for the Midstream business unit, which consolidates the results of Eni's Gas & Power Division and brings together all of the supply, logistics and trading activities linked to energy commodities. He was later appointed Chief Retail Market Gas & Power Officer at Eni.
Alverà is a Visiting Fellow of the University of Oxford. He currently serves as President of GasNaturally, non-executive director of S&P Global and member of the General Council of the Giorgio Cini Foundation in Venice.
Marco Alverà | Speaker | TED.com