TEDxPSU
Julia Galef: Why you think you're right -- even if you're wrong
Julia Galef: Per què creiem que tenim raó, fins i tot quan no la tenim
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La perspectiva ho és tot i més encara quan es tracta d'examinar les creences. Ets un soldat, que tendeix a defensar sempre el seu punt de vista, o un explorador, estimulat per la curiositat? Julia Galef examina la motivació darrere d'aquestes dues mentalitats i la manera com determinen la interpretació de la informació, barrejant-ho amb una lliçó històrica convincent de la França del segle XIX. Quan es posa a prova la teva ferma opinió, Galef es pregunta: "Què és el que més anheles? Anheles defensar les teves creences o veure el món tant clarament com sigui possible?".
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So I'd like you to imagine for a moment
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M'agradaria que imaginéssiu
00:15
that you're a soldier
in the heat of battle.
in the heat of battle.
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que sou un soldat,
enmig de la batalla.
enmig de la batalla.
00:18
Maybe you're a Roman foot soldier
or a medieval archer
or a medieval archer
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Potser un soldat romà d'infanteria,
o un arquer medieval,
o un arquer medieval,
00:22
or maybe you're a Zulu warrior.
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o un guerrer zulu.
00:24
Regardless of your time and place,
there are some things that are constant.
there are some things that are constant.
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L'època i el lloc són indiferents,
però hi ha aspectes constants.
però hi ha aspectes constants.
00:28
Your adrenaline is elevated,
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L'adrenalina s'eleva
00:30
and your actions are stemming
from these deeply ingrained reflexes,
from these deeply ingrained reflexes,
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i les accions sorgeixen d'uns reflexos
molt arrelats;
molt arrelats;
00:35
reflexes rooted in a need
to protect yourself and your side
to protect yourself and your side
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reflexos arrelats a una necessitat
de protegir-nos
de protegir-nos
00:39
and to defeat the enemy.
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i vèncer l'enemic.
00:42
So now, I'd like you to imagine
playing a very different role,
playing a very different role,
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Ara, m'agradaria que imaginéssiu
que sou algú completament diferent:
que sou algú completament diferent:
00:46
that of the scout.
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un explorador.
00:48
The scout's job is not
to attack or defend.
to attack or defend.
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La tasca de l'explorador
no és atacar o defensar,
no és atacar o defensar,
00:51
The scout's job is to understand.
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sinó entendre.
00:54
The scout is the one going out,
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És aquell qui surt
00:56
mapping the terrain,
identifying potential obstacles.
identifying potential obstacles.
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examina el terreny,
identifica possibles obstacles.
identifica possibles obstacles.
01:00
And the scout may hope to learn
that, say, there's a bridge
that, say, there's a bridge
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L'explorador espera descobrir que
hi ha, per exemple, un pont
hi ha, per exemple, un pont
01:04
in a convenient location across a river.
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en un lloc adequat d'un riu.
01:06
But above all, the scout
wants to know what's really there,
wants to know what's really there,
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Però sobretot, l'explorador vol saber
què hi ha allà fora,
què hi ha allà fora,
01:09
as accurately as possible.
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tan bé com pugui.
01:12
And in a real, actual army, both
the soldier and the scout are essential.
the soldier and the scout are essential.
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A l'exèrcit, ambdós són essencials,
01:17
But you can also think of each
of these roles as a mindset --
of these roles as a mindset --
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però també es poden considerar
mentalitats:
mentalitats:
01:22
a metaphor for how all of us
process information and ideas
process information and ideas
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una metàfora de com processem
la informació i les idees
la informació i les idees
01:26
in our daily lives.
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en la vida quotidiana.
01:28
What I'm going to argue today
is that having good judgment,
is that having good judgment,
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Avui debatré sobre com
tenir una opinió correcta,
tenir una opinió correcta,
01:32
making accurate predictions,
making good decisions,
making good decisions,
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predir adequadament o
prendre bones decisions,
prendre bones decisions,
01:35
is mostly about which mindset you're in.
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depèn de la nostra mentalitat.
01:38
To illustrate these mindsets in action,
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Per il·lustrar aquestes mentalitats,
01:41
I'm going to take you back
to 19th-century France,
to 19th-century France,
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vull tornar a la França del segle XIX.
01:45
where this innocuous-looking
piece of paper
piece of paper
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Allà, un tros de paper,
aparentment innocu,
aparentment innocu,
01:48
launched one of the biggest
political scandals in history.
political scandals in history.
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va suposar un dels escàndols polítics
més grans de la història.
més grans de la història.
01:51
It was discovered in 1894
by officers in the French general staff.
by officers in the French general staff.
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Va ser descobert l'any 1894
per oficials de l'exèrcit francès.
per oficials de l'exèrcit francès.
01:56
It was torn up in a wastepaper basket,
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Estava fet trossos en una paperera,
01:59
but when they pieced it back together,
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però el van ajuntar
02:01
they discovered
that someone in their ranks
that someone in their ranks
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per descobrir que
algú dels seus rangs
algú dels seus rangs
02:03
had been selling
military secrets to Germany.
military secrets to Germany.
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estava venent secrets militars
a Alemanya.
a Alemanya.
02:06
So they launched a big investigation,
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Així doncs,
van començar una gran investigació
van començar una gran investigació
02:08
and their suspicions
quickly converged on this man,
quickly converged on this man,
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i les sospites els van dirigir
a aquest home:
a aquest home:
02:12
Alfred Dreyfus.
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Alfred Dreyfus.
02:14
He had a sterling record,
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Tenia un historial excels,
02:16
no past history of wrongdoing,
no motive as far as they could tell.
no motive as far as they could tell.
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cap equivocació,
cap motivació que poguessin trobar.
cap motivació que poguessin trobar.
02:20
But Dreyfus was the only
Jewish officer at that rank in the army,
Jewish officer at that rank in the army,
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Però en Dreyfus era l'únic oficial jueu
d'aquell rang de l'exèrcit
d'aquell rang de l'exèrcit
02:25
and unfortunately at this time,
the French Army was highly anti-Semitic.
the French Army was highly anti-Semitic.
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i, per desgràcia, en aquella època
l'exèrcit francès era antisemita.
l'exèrcit francès era antisemita.
02:29
They compared Dreyfus's handwriting
to that on the memo
to that on the memo
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Van comparar la cal·ligrafia d'en Dreyfus
amb la de la nota
amb la de la nota
02:32
and concluded that it was a match,
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i van concloure que coincidien,
02:34
even though outside
professional handwriting experts
professional handwriting experts
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malgrat que experts professionals externs
02:37
were much less confident
in the similarity,
in the similarity,
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no n'estaven tant convençuts,
02:40
but never mind that.
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els va donar igual.
02:41
They went and searched
Dreyfus's apartment,
Dreyfus's apartment,
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Van inspeccionar
el pis d'en Dreyfus,
el pis d'en Dreyfus,
02:43
looking for any signs of espionage.
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buscant senyals
d'espionatge.
d'espionatge.
02:45
They went through his files,
and they didn't find anything.
and they didn't find anything.
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Van revisar les seves carpetes,
però no van trobar res.
però no van trobar res.
02:48
This just convinced them more
that Dreyfus was not only guilty,
that Dreyfus was not only guilty,
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Cosa que els va convèncer que
en Dreyfus era culpable
en Dreyfus era culpable
02:51
but sneaky as well, because clearly
he had hidden all of the evidence
he had hidden all of the evidence
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i a més, escorredís,
perquè havia amagat les proves
perquè havia amagat les proves
02:54
before they had managed to get to it.
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abans que les trobessin.
02:57
Next, they went and looked
through his personal history
through his personal history
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Després, van revisar
l'historial personal,
l'historial personal,
02:59
for any incriminating details.
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per tal de trobar
detalls criminatoris.
detalls criminatoris.
03:02
They talked to his teachers,
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Van parlar amb els professors,
03:03
they found that he had studied
foreign languages in school,
foreign languages in school,
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i van descobrir que havia estudiat
llengües estrangeres,
llengües estrangeres,
03:06
which clearly showed a desire
to conspire with foreign governments
to conspire with foreign governments
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que demostrava la intenció
de conspirar amb governs estrangers
de conspirar amb governs estrangers
03:10
later in life.
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més endavant.
03:11
His teachers also said that Dreyfus
was known for having a good memory,
was known for having a good memory,
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Els professors també van dir que
en Dreyfus tenia bona memòria.
en Dreyfus tenia bona memòria.
03:18
which was highly suspicious, right?
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Molt sospitós, oi?
03:20
You know, because a spy
has to remember a lot of things.
has to remember a lot of things.
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Perquè, com bé sabeu,
un espia ha de recordar moltes coses.
un espia ha de recordar moltes coses.
03:24
So the case went to trial,
and Dreyfus was found guilty.
and Dreyfus was found guilty.
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El cas va anar a judici
i en Dreyfus va ser declarat culpable.
i en Dreyfus va ser declarat culpable.
03:28
Afterwards, they took him out
into this public square
into this public square
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Més tard, el van fer sortir
a una plaça
a una plaça
03:32
and ritualistically tore
his insignia from his uniform
his insignia from his uniform
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i, com a ritual, li van arrencar
la insígnia de l'uniforme
la insígnia de l'uniforme
03:35
and broke his sword in two.
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i van trencar-li l'espasa
en dos.
en dos.
03:37
This was called
the Degradation of Dreyfus.
the Degradation of Dreyfus.
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Va ser anomenat
"la degradació de Dreyfus".
"la degradació de Dreyfus".
03:40
And they sentenced him
to life imprisonment
to life imprisonment
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El van sentenciar
a cadena perpètua
a cadena perpètua
03:43
on the aptly named Devil's Island,
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a l'illa del Diable,
curiosament anomenada,
curiosament anomenada,
03:46
which is this barren rock
off the coast of South America.
off the coast of South America.
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una barrera de roques
a prop de la costa de Sud-amèrica.
a prop de la costa de Sud-amèrica.
03:49
So there he went,
and there he spent his days alone,
and there he spent his days alone,
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Hi va anar
i va passar els dies sol,
i va passar els dies sol,
03:53
writing letters and letters
to the French government
to the French government
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escrivint cartes i més cartes
al govern francès,
al govern francès,
03:55
begging them to reopen his case
so they could discover his innocence.
so they could discover his innocence.
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demanant que obrissin el cas,
perquè descobrissin que era innocent.
perquè descobrissin que era innocent.
03:59
But for the most part,
France considered the matter closed.
France considered the matter closed.
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En general, però,
França considerava el cas tancat.
França considerava el cas tancat.
04:03
One thing that's really interesting
to me about the Dreyfus Affair
to me about the Dreyfus Affair
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El que més m'interessa
del cas Dreyfus
del cas Dreyfus
04:07
is this question of why the officers
were so convinced
were so convinced
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és per què els oficials
estaven convençuts
estaven convençuts
04:11
that Dreyfus was guilty.
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que en Dreyfus era culpable.
04:13
I mean, you might even assume
that they were setting him up,
that they were setting him up,
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És a dir, es podria creure
que li tendien una trampa,
que li tendien una trampa,
04:16
that they were intentionally framing him.
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que l'incriminaven
de manera intencionada.
de manera intencionada.
04:18
But historians don't think
that's what happened.
that's what happened.
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Però els historiadors
no creuen que fos així.
no creuen que fos així.
04:20
As far as we can tell,
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Pel que sabem,
04:21
the officers genuinely believed
that the case against Dreyfus was strong.
that the case against Dreyfus was strong.
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els oficials creien de veritat que
el cas contra Dreyfus tenia motius de pes.
el cas contra Dreyfus tenia motius de pes.
04:26
Which makes you wonder:
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Cosa que em fa pensar
04:28
What does it say about the human mind
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el que diu de la ment humana,
04:30
that we can find such paltry evidence
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el fet que unes proves
tan insignificants siguin
tan insignificants siguin
04:33
to be compelling enough to convict a man?
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tan convincents com
per condemnar algú.
per condemnar algú.
04:36
Well, this is a case of what scientists
call "motivated reasoning."
call "motivated reasoning."
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Els científics ho anomenen
"raonament motivat".
"raonament motivat".
04:40
It's this phenomenon in which
our unconscious motivations,
our unconscious motivations,
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És un fenomen en què
les motivacions inconscients,
les motivacions inconscients,
04:43
our desires and fears,
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els desitjos i les pors,
04:45
shape the way we interpret information.
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determinen com
interpretem la informació.
interpretem la informació.
04:48
Some information, some ideas,
feel like our allies.
feel like our allies.
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Hi ha informació, idees,
que semblen aliades:
que semblen aliades:
04:51
We want them to win.
We want to defend them.
We want to defend them.
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volem que guanyin,
volem defensar-les.
volem defensar-les.
04:54
And other information
or ideas are the enemy,
or ideas are the enemy,
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Hi ha informació, idees,
que són l'enemic
que són l'enemic
04:56
and we want to shoot them down.
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i volem abatre-les.
04:59
So this is why I call
motivated reasoning, "soldier mindset."
motivated reasoning, "soldier mindset."
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Per això dic que aquest raonament
és la "mentalitat del soldat".
és la "mentalitat del soldat".
05:03
Probably most of you have never persecuted
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Probablement, cap de vosaltres
ha perseguit mai
ha perseguit mai
05:07
a French-Jewish officer for high treason,
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un oficial francès jueu
per alta traïció,
per alta traïció,
05:09
I assume,
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suposo.
05:10
but maybe you've followed sports
or politics, so you might have noticed
or politics, so you might have noticed
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Però segurament heu seguit esports,
política, i us haureu adonat
política, i us haureu adonat
05:15
that when the referee judges
that your team committed a foul,
that your team committed a foul,
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que quan l'àrbitre creu
que el nostre equip ha comès una falta,
que el nostre equip ha comès una falta,
05:19
for example,
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per exemple,
05:21
you're highly motivated
to find reasons why he's wrong.
to find reasons why he's wrong.
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estem motivats a saber
per què no té raó.
per què no té raó.
05:24
But if he judges that the other team
committed a foul -- awesome!
committed a foul -- awesome!
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Però si creu que l'altre equip
ha comès una falta, perfecte!
ha comès una falta, perfecte!
05:27
That's a good call,
let's not examine it too closely.
let's not examine it too closely.
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És una bona decisió,
no ho analitzem tant.
no ho analitzem tant.
05:30
Or, maybe you've read
an article or a study
an article or a study
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O, potser hem llegit un article
o un estudi
o un estudi
05:32
that examined some controversial policy,
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que analitza una llei controvertida,
05:35
like capital punishment.
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com la pena de mort.
05:37
And, as researchers have demonstrated,
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I, com els investigadors han demostrat,
05:39
if you support capital punishment
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si defensem la pena de mort,
05:41
and the study shows
that it's not effective,
that it's not effective,
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i l'estudi demostra
que no és efectiva,
que no és efectiva,
05:44
then you're highly motivated
to find all the reasons
to find all the reasons
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estem més motivats
a saber per què
a saber per què
05:47
why the study was poorly designed.
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l'estudi no està ben enfocat.
05:49
But if it shows
that capital punishment works,
that capital punishment works,
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Però si demostra
que la pena de mort funciona,
que la pena de mort funciona,
05:51
it's a good study.
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és un bon estudi.
05:53
And vice versa: if you don't
support capital punishment, same thing.
support capital punishment, same thing.
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I viceversa: si no creiem
en la pena de mort, igual.
en la pena de mort, igual.
05:56
Our judgment is strongly
influenced, unconsciously,
influenced, unconsciously,
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La nostra opinió està
molt influenciada, inconscientment,
molt influenciada, inconscientment,
05:59
by which side we want to win.
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per allò que volem
que guanyi.
que guanyi.
06:02
And this is ubiquitous.
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I això és ubic.
06:03
This shapes how we think
about our health, our relationships,
about our health, our relationships,
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Determina la manera de pensar
en la salut, les relacions,
en la salut, les relacions,
06:07
how we decide how to vote,
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com decidir el vot,
06:08
what we consider fair or ethical.
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allò que considerem
just o ètic.
just o ètic.
06:12
What's most scary to me
about motivated reasoning
about motivated reasoning
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El que més por fa
sobre el raonament motivat
sobre el raonament motivat
06:14
or soldier mindset,
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o mentalitat del soldat
06:15
is how unconscious it is.
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és com n'és d'inconscient.
06:17
We can think we're being
objective and fair-minded
objective and fair-minded
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Podem pensar que som objectius
i justos
i justos
06:20
and still wind up ruining the life
of an innocent man.
of an innocent man.
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i acabar arruïnant la vida
d'un home innocent.
d'un home innocent.
06:25
However, fortunately for Dreyfus,
his story is not over.
his story is not over.
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Tanmateix, per sort pel Dreyfus,
la història no acaba aquí.
la història no acaba aquí.
06:27
This is Colonel Picquart.
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Ell és el coronel Picquart.
06:29
He's another high-ranking officer
in the French Army,
in the French Army,
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És un altre oficial d'alt rang
de l'exèrcit francès.
de l'exèrcit francès.
06:31
and like most people,
he assumed Dreyfus was guilty.
he assumed Dreyfus was guilty.
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Com la majoria de gent,
creia que Dreyfus era culpable.
creia que Dreyfus era culpable.
06:34
Also like most people in the army,
he was at least casually anti-Semitic.
he was at least casually anti-Semitic.
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Com molta gent a l'exèrcit,
era, casualment, antisemita.
era, casualment, antisemita.
06:39
But at a certain point,
Picquart began to suspect:
Picquart began to suspect:
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Però en algun moment,
Picquart va començar a sospitar:
Picquart va començar a sospitar:
06:43
"What if we're all wrong about Dreyfus?"
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"I si ens equivoquem amb en Dreyfus?"
06:46
What happened was,
he had discovered evidence
he had discovered evidence
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El que va passar, va ser que
havia descobert
havia descobert
06:48
that the spying for Germany had continued,
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que l'espia alemany havia continuat
06:51
even after Dreyfus was in prison.
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després d'enviar en Dreyfus a la presó.
06:53
And he had also discovered
that another officer in the army
that another officer in the army
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També havia descobert que
un altre oficial de l'exèrcit
un altre oficial de l'exèrcit
06:56
had handwriting that perfectly
matched the memo,
matched the memo,
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tenia una cal·ligrafia igual
a la de la nota,
a la de la nota,
06:59
much closer than Dreyfus's handwriting.
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molt més semblant
que la d'en Dreyfus.
que la d'en Dreyfus.
07:02
So he brought these discoveries
to his superiors,
to his superiors,
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Així, va portar els descobriments
als seus superiors,
als seus superiors,
07:06
but to his dismay,
they either didn't care
they either didn't care
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però, per desgràcia,
o bé els va ser igual,
o bé els va ser igual,
07:09
or came up with elaborate rationalizations
to explain his findings,
to explain his findings,
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o van començar amb racionalitzacions
per justificar els descobriments.
per justificar els descobriments.
07:13
like, "Well, all you've really shown,
Picquart, is that there's another spy
Picquart, is that there's another spy
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Com ara, "has descobert que
hi ha un altre espia
hi ha un altre espia
07:18
who learned how to mimic
Dreyfus's handwriting,
Dreyfus's handwriting,
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que ha après a copiar
la cal·ligrafia d'en Dreyfus
la cal·ligrafia d'en Dreyfus
07:21
and he picked up the torch of spying
after Dreyfus left.
after Dreyfus left.
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i li ha pres el relleu,
07:25
But Dreyfus is still guilty."
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però en Dreyfus és culpable".
07:27
Eventually, Picquart managed
to get Dreyfus exonerated.
to get Dreyfus exonerated.
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Finalment, Picquart va aconseguir
exonerar en Dreyfus.
exonerar en Dreyfus.
07:30
But it took him 10 years,
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Va trigar 10 anys
07:32
and for part of that time,
he himself was in prison
he himself was in prison
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i part d'aquest temps també
ell va anar a la presó
ell va anar a la presó
07:35
for the crime of disloyalty to the army.
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per deslleialtat a l'exèrcit.
07:38
A lot of people feel like Picquart
can't really be the hero of this story
can't really be the hero of this story
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Molta gent creu que Picquart
no pot ser l'heroi de la història,
no pot ser l'heroi de la història,
07:44
because he was an anti-Semite
and that's bad, which I agree with.
and that's bad, which I agree with.
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perquè era antisemita,
i això és dolent, que és cert.
i això és dolent, que és cert.
07:49
But personally, for me,
the fact that Picquart was anti-Semitic
the fact that Picquart was anti-Semitic
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Però, personalment crec
que el fet que fos antisemita
que el fet que fos antisemita
07:53
actually makes his actions more admirable,
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fa que les seves accions
siguin més admirables encara;
siguin més admirables encara;
07:56
because he had the same prejudices,
the same reasons to be biased
the same reasons to be biased
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perquè tenia els mateixos prejudicis
i raons per ser parcial
i raons per ser parcial
07:59
as his fellow officers,
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1785
que els seus companys oficials.
08:01
but his motivation to find the truth
and uphold it trumped all of that.
and uphold it trumped all of that.
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Però la seva motivació
per descobrir la veritat
per descobrir la veritat
i defensar-la
ho va superar tot.
ho va superar tot.
08:07
So to me,
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Per a mi,
08:08
Picquart is a poster child
for what I call "scout mindset."
for what I call "scout mindset."
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Picquart és un exemple
de la "mentalitat de l'explorador".
de la "mentalitat de l'explorador".
08:12
It's the drive not to make
one idea win or another lose,
one idea win or another lose,
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És l'impuls de no fer
que una idea guanyi o perdi,
que una idea guanyi o perdi,
08:16
but just to see what's really there
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1924
sinó veure què hi ha en realitat,
tan precís com sigui possible.
tan precís com sigui possible.
08:18
as honestly and accurately as you can,
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08:21
even if it's not pretty
or convenient or pleasant.
or convenient or pleasant.
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Encara que no sigui agradable
o convenient.
o convenient.
08:25
This mindset is what
I'm personally passionate about.
I'm personally passionate about.
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Aquesta mentalitat
és la que m'apassiona.
és la que m'apassiona.
08:28
And I've spent the last few years
examining and trying to figure out
examining and trying to figure out
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I durant els últims anys,
he investigat i intentat descobrir
he investigat i intentat descobrir
08:33
what causes scout mindset.
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1983
l'origen de la mentalitat d'explorador.
08:35
Why are some people, sometimes at least,
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Per què hi ha gent,
de vegades, almenys,
de vegades, almenys,
08:39
able to cut through their own prejudices
and biases and motivations
and biases and motivations
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que pot apartar els prejudicis,
la parcialitat i la motivació,
la parcialitat i la motivació,
08:42
and just try to see the facts
and the evidence
and the evidence
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i intenta veure els fets
i les proves
i les proves
08:45
as objectively as they can?
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el més objectivament possible.
08:47
And the answer is emotional.
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La resposta és emocional.
08:51
So, just as soldier mindset
is rooted in emotions
is rooted in emotions
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Tal com la mentalitat del soldat
s'arrela a emocions
s'arrela a emocions
08:54
like defensiveness or tribalism,
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com l'actitud defensiva
o el tribalisme,
o el tribalisme,
08:58
scout mindset is, too.
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1366
també ho fa l'explorador.
09:00
It's just rooted in different emotions.
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1986
S'arrela a emocions diferents.
09:02
For example, scouts are curious.
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3419
Per exemple, els exploradors
són curiosos,
són curiosos,
09:05
They're more likely to say
they feel pleasure
they feel pleasure
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estan predisposats
a dir que senten plaer
a dir que senten plaer
09:09
when they learn new information
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quan aprenen coses noves,
09:10
or an itch to solve a puzzle.
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o que desitgen resoldre
un enigma.
un enigma.
09:13
They're more likely to feel intrigued
when they encounter something
when they encounter something
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3169
Estan predisposats a la intriga
quan troben alguna cosa
quan troben alguna cosa
09:16
that contradicts their expectations.
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2096
que contradiu les expectatives.
09:19
Scouts also have different values.
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També tenen valors diferents:
09:21
They're more likely to say
they think it's virtuous
they think it's virtuous
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diran més fàcilment
que és virtuós
que és virtuós
09:24
to test your own beliefs,
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posar a prova
les creences;
les creences;
09:25
and they're less likely to say
that someone who changes his mind
that someone who changes his mind
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3706
i no diran que
algú que canvia d'opinió
algú que canvia d'opinió
09:29
seems weak.
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1262
és dèbil.
09:30
And above all, scouts are grounded,
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1885
I, sobretot,
tenen els peus a terra,
tenen els peus a terra,
09:32
which means their self-worth as a person
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3905
és a dir, que la seva autoestima
09:36
isn't tied to how right or wrong
they are about any particular topic.
they are about any particular topic.
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no va lligada a tenir raó o no
en alguna cosa.
en alguna cosa.
09:42
So they can believe
that capital punishment works.
that capital punishment works.
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Poden creure que la pena de mort
funciona.
funciona.
09:45
If studies come out showing
that it doesn't, they can say,
that it doesn't, they can say,
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2813
Si els estudis demostren que no,
poden dir
poden dir
09:48
"Huh. Looks like I might be wrong.
Doesn't mean I'm bad or stupid."
Doesn't mean I'm bad or stupid."
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3909
"Vaja, sembla que no tinc raó.
No vol dir que sigui dolent o estúpid".
No vol dir que sigui dolent o estúpid".
09:53
This cluster of traits
is what researchers have found --
is what researchers have found --
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Aquest conjunt de trets és
el que, segons els investigadors
el que, segons els investigadors
09:58
and I've also found anecdotally --
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i personalment trobo anecdòtic,
10:00
predicts good judgment.
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1831
prediu el seny.
10:02
And the key takeaway I want
to leave you with about those traits
to leave you with about those traits
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El que vull que n'extraieu,
d'aquestes característiques,
d'aquestes característiques,
10:05
is that they're primarily
not about how smart you are
not about how smart you are
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3637
és que no demostren
com en som de llestos
com en som de llestos
10:09
or about how much you know.
197
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1998
o tot el que sabem.
10:11
In fact, they don't correlate
very much with IQ at all.
very much with IQ at all.
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2806
De fet, no tenen cap relació
amb el QI.
amb el QI.
10:14
They're about how you feel.
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Tenen relació
amb el que sentim.
amb el que sentim.
10:16
There's a quote that I keep
coming back to, by Saint-Exupéry.
coming back to, by Saint-Exupéry.
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Hi ha una cita
de Saint-Exupéry,
de Saint-Exupéry,
10:20
He's the author of "The Little Prince."
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1941
l'autor del Petit Príncep,
10:22
He said, "If you want to build a ship,
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que diu:
"Si vols construir un vaixell,
"Si vols construir un vaixell,
10:26
don't drum up your men
to collect wood and give orders
to collect wood and give orders
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4621
no fomentis que els homes
agafin fusta i no donis ordres
agafin fusta i no donis ordres
10:30
and distribute the work.
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1420
ni distribueixis la feina.
10:32
Instead, teach them to yearn
for the vast and endless sea."
for the vast and endless sea."
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Ensenya'ls a anhelar
el mar vast i infinit".
el mar vast i infinit".
10:38
In other words, I claim,
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En altres paraules,
us dic
us dic
10:40
if we really want to improve
our judgment as individuals
our judgment as individuals
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que si volem millorar
el nostre criteri com a persones
el nostre criteri com a persones
10:44
and as societies,
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i com a societats,
10:45
what we need most
is not more instruction in logic
is not more instruction in logic
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no necessitem més educació
en lògica,
en lògica,
10:49
or rhetoric or probability or economics,
210
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3548
ni en retòrica, probabilitat
o economia,
o economia,
10:52
even though those things
are quite valuable.
are quite valuable.
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malgrat que aquestes
tinguin molt valor.
tinguin molt valor.
10:54
But what we most need
to use those principles well
to use those principles well
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El que necessitem per
emprar bé aquests principis,
emprar bé aquests principis,
10:58
is scout mindset.
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és mentalitat d'explorador.
10:59
We need to change the way we feel.
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Cal canviar la manera
com ens sentim.
com ens sentim.
11:01
We need to learn how to feel proud
instead of ashamed
instead of ashamed
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Cal aprendre a estar orgullosos,
no avergonyits,
no avergonyits,
11:05
when we notice we might
have been wrong about something.
have been wrong about something.
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quan ens adonem
que no tenim raó.
que no tenim raó.
11:08
We need to learn how to feel intrigued
instead of defensive
instead of defensive
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Cal aprendre a estar intrigats,
no a la defensiva,
no a la defensiva,
11:11
when we encounter some information
that contradicts our beliefs.
that contradicts our beliefs.
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quan trobem informació
que contradiu les creences.
que contradiu les creences.
11:16
So the question I want
to leave you with is:
to leave you with is:
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La pregunta que us vull fer és:
11:19
What do you most yearn for?
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Què és el que més anheleu?
11:22
Do you yearn to defend your own beliefs?
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Anheleu defensar les vostres creences?
11:26
Or do you yearn to see the world
as clearly as you possibly can?
as clearly as you possibly can?
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O veure el món tant clarament
com sigui possible?
com sigui possible?
11:30
Thank you.
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Gràcies.
11:31
(Applause)
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(Aplaudiments)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Julia Galef - WriterJulia Galef investigates how and why people change their minds.
Why you should listen
Julia Galef co-founded the Center for Applied Rationality, a nonprofit organization devoted to helping people improve their reasoning and decision-making, particularly with the aim of addressing global problems. Julia’s background is originally in statistics, and she did social science research at Columbia and Harvard Business Schools for several years before becoming a writer for venues such as Slate, Science, Scientific American and more. For the last six years, Julia has hosted the Rationally Speaking podcast.
Julia Galef | Speaker | TED.com