TED2011
Ron Gutman: The hidden power of smiling
Ron Gutman: Smilets skjulte kraft
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Ron Gutman gennemgår en lang række undersøgelser omkring smilet og afslører nogle overraskende resultater. Vidste du, at dit smil kan være en indikator for din levetid - og at et simpelt smil har en målbar effekt på dit velvære? Gør dig klar til at bevæge et par ansigtsmuskler og lær mere om denne evolutionært smittende adfærd.
Ron Gutman - Entrepreneur
Ron Gutman is the founder and former CEO of HealthTap, free mobile and online apps for health info. He's also the organizer of TEDxSiliconValley. Full bio
Ron Gutman is the founder and former CEO of HealthTap, free mobile and online apps for health info. He's also the organizer of TEDxSiliconValley. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
When I was a child, I always wanted to be a superhero.
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Da jeg var barn, ville jeg altid gerne være superhelt.
00:18
I wanted to save the world and then make everyone happy.
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Jeg ville redde verden, og gøre alle glade.
00:21
But I knew that I'd need superpowers
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Men jeg vidste, at jeg ville have brug for superkræfter
00:23
to make my dreams come true.
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for at få min drøm til at gå i opfyldelse.
00:25
So I used to embark on these imaginary journeys
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Så jeg tog på de her fantasirejser
00:28
to find intergalactic objects from planet Krypton,
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for at finde intergalaktiske objekter fra planeten Krypton,
00:31
which was a lot of fun,
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hvilket var rigtig sjovt,
00:33
but didn't get much result.
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men ikke førte til noget.
00:35
When I grew up and realized
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Da jeg voksede op, og det gik op for mig
00:37
that science fiction was not a good source for superpowers,
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at science fiction ikke var en god kilde til superkræfter,
00:40
I decided instead to embark on a journey of real science,
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besluttede jeg mig i stedet til at tage på en rejse ind i den rigtige videnskab,
00:43
to find a more useful truth.
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for at finde en mere brugbar sandhed.
00:45
I started my journey in California
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Jeg begyndte på min rejse i Californien
00:48
with a UC Berkeley 30-year longitudinal study
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med et studie på Berkley, som gennem en periode på 30 år
00:51
that examined the photos of students
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undersøgte billederne af de studerende
00:53
in an old yearbook
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i en gammel blå bog
00:55
and tried to measure their success and well-being
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og forsøgte at måle deres succes og velvære
00:57
throughout their life.
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gennem deres liv.
00:59
By measuring their student smiles,
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Ved at måle de studerendes smil
01:01
researchers were able to predict
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var forskerne i stand til at forudsige
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how fulfilling and long-lasting
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hvor berigende og vedvarende
01:05
a subject's marriage will be,
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en persons ægteskab ville være,
01:08
how well she would score
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hvor godt hun ville klare sig
01:10
on standardized tests of well-being
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i en standardiseret test af velvære
01:12
and how inspiring she would be to others.
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og hvor inspirerende hun ville være for andre
01:16
In another yearbook, I stumbled upon Barry Obama's picture.
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I en anden blå bog, faldt jeg over Obamas billede.
01:19
When I first saw his picture,
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Da jeg først så hans billede,
01:21
I thought that these superpowers came from his super collar.
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troede jeg, at superkræfterne kom fra hans superkrave.
01:25
But now I know it was all in his smile.
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Men nu ved jeg, at de var i hans smil.
01:28
Another aha! moment
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En anden aha-oplevelse
01:30
came from a 2010 Wayne State University research project
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kom fra et forskningsprojekt i 2010 på Wayne State University
01:33
that looked into pre-1950s baseball cards
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som undersøgte baseballkort fra før 1950'erne
01:36
of Major League players.
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på spillere i Major Leauge.
01:38
The researchers found
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Forskerne fandt ud af,
01:40
that the span of a player's smile
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at bredden på en spillers smil,
01:42
could actually predict the span of his life.
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kunne forudsige længden på hans liv.
01:45
Players who didn't smile in their pictures
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De spillere som ikke smilede på deres billeder,
01:48
lived an average of only 72.9 years,
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levede i gennemsnit kun 72,9 år,
01:51
where players with beaming smiles
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hvorimod spillere med brede smil
01:53
lived an average of almost 80 years.
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levede i gennemsnit næsten 80 år.
01:56
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
01:58
The good news is that we're actually born smiling.
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Den gode nyhed er, at vi faktisk bliver født smilende.
02:01
Using 3D ultrasound technology,
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Ved at bruge 3D ultralydsteknologi,
02:03
we can now see that developing babies appear to smile,
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kan vi nu se, at fostre ser ud til at smile,
02:06
even in the womb.
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selv i livmoderen.
02:08
When they're born,
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Når de bliver født,
02:10
babies continue to smile --
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fortsætter babyer med at smile
02:12
initially, mostly in their sleep.
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til at begynde med - mest i søvne.
02:14
And even blind babies smile
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Selv blinde babyer smiler
02:16
to the sound of the human voice.
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ved lyden af den menneskelige stemme.
02:19
Smiling is one of the most basic, biologically-uniform
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At smile er en af de mest basale og biologisk ens
02:22
expressions of all humans.
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udtryk hos alle mennesker.
02:24
In studies conducted in Papua New Guinea,
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I forskning foretaget i Papua Ny Guinea
02:26
Paul Ekman,
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Paul Ekman,
02:28
the world's most renowned researcher on facial expressions,
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som er en af verdens mest anerkendte forskere i ansigtsudtryk,
02:31
found that even members of the Fore tribe,
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kom frem til, at selv medlemmer af Fore stammen,
02:34
who were completely disconnected from Western culture,
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som er fuldstændigt afskåret fra vestlig kultur
02:37
and also known for their unusual cannibalism rituals,
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og også kendt for deres usædvanlige kannibalistiske ritualer,
02:41
attributed smiles to descriptions of situations
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brugte smil til at beskrive situationer
02:44
the same way you and I would.
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på samme måde som du og jeg.
02:46
So from Papua New Guinea
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Så lige fra Papua Ny Guinea
02:49
to Hollywood
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til Hollywood
02:51
all the way to modern art in Beijing,
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og hele vejen til moderne kunst i Beiijing,
02:54
we smile often,
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smiler vi tit,
02:56
and you smile to express joy
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og man smiler for at udtrykke glæde
02:58
and satisfaction.
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og tilfredshed.
03:00
How many people here in this room
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Hvor mange her i lokalet
03:02
smile more than 20 times per day?
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smiler mere end 20 gange om dagen?
03:04
Raise your hand if you do. Oh, wow.
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Ræk hånden op hvis du gør. Oh, wow.
03:07
Outside of this room,
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Uden for dette lokale,
03:09
more than a third of us smile more than 20 times per day,
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smiler mere end en tredjedel af os mere end 20 gange om dagen,
03:12
whereas less than 14 percent of us
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hvorimod under 14 procent af os
03:15
smile less than five.
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smiler mindre end fem.
03:17
In fact, those with the most amazing superpowers
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Dem med de mest fantastiske superkræfter
03:20
are actually children,
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er faktisk børn
03:23
who smile as many as 400 times per day.
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som smiler op til 400 gange om dagen.
03:26
Have you ever wondered why being around children
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Har du nogensinde tænkt over, hvorfor at være omgivet af børn
03:28
who smile so frequently
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som smiler så ofte
03:30
makes you smile very often?
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tit får dig til at smile?
03:34
A recent study at Uppsala University in Sweden
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Et nyligt studie ved Uppsala universitet i Sverige
03:36
found that it's very difficult to frown
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viste, at det er meget vanskeligt at rynke panden
03:39
when looking at someone who smiles.
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mens man kigger på nogle der smiler
03:41
You ask, why?
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Og I spørger hvorfor?
03:43
Because smiling is evolutionarily contagious,
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Fordi at smile er evolutionært smittende,
03:45
and it suppresses the control
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og det undertrykker den kontrol
03:47
we usually have on our facial muscles.
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vi normalt har over vores ansigtsmuskler.
03:50
Mimicking a smile
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At efterligne et smil
03:52
and experiencing it physically
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og opleve det fysisk
03:54
help us understand whether our smile is fake or real,
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kan hjælpe til at forstå om et smil er falsk eller ægte,
03:58
so we can understand the emotional state
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så vi kan forstå den følelsesmæssige tilstand
04:00
of the smiler.
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af personen som smiler.
04:02
In a recent mimicking study
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I et nyligt studie af efterligninger
04:04
at the University of Clermont-Ferrand in France,
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ved Clermont-Ferrand universitet i Frankrig,
04:07
subjects were asked to determine
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blev forsøgspersonerne bedt om at afgøre,
04:09
whether a smile was real or fake
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om et smil var ægte eller falsk
04:11
while holding a pencil in their mouth
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mens de holdt en blyant i munden
04:13
to repress smiling muscles.
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for at undertrykke deres smilemuskler.
04:15
Without the pencil, subjects were excellent judges,
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Uden blyanten var forsøgspersonerne fremragende til at bedømme,
04:18
but with the pencil in their mouth --
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men med blyanten i munden,
04:20
when they could not mimic the smile they saw --
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da de ikke kunne efterligne hvad de så,
04:23
their judgment was impaired.
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blev deres dømmekraft forringet.
04:25
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
04:27
In addition to theorizing on evolution in "The Origin of Species,"
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Udover sin evolutionsteori i "Arternes oprindelse"
04:30
Charles Darwin also wrote
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skrev Charles Darwin også
04:32
the facial feedback response theory.
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teorien om ansigts-feedback respons.
04:34
His theory states
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Hans teori siger,
04:36
that the act of smiling itself
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at selve det at smile
04:38
actually makes us feel better --
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faktisk får os til at føle os bedre tilpas
04:40
rather than smiling being merely a result
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og at smilet ikke kun er et resultat af,
04:42
of feeling good.
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af at have det godt
04:44
In his study,
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I sine studier,
04:46
Darwin actually cited a French neurologist, Guillaume Duchenne,
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citerede Darwin faktisk en fransk neurolog, Guillaume Duchenne,
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who used electric jolts to facial muscles
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som brugte elektriske stød i ansigtsmuskulaturen
04:52
to induce and stimulate smiles.
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til at fremkalde og stimulere smil.
04:54
Please, don't try this at home.
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Prøv venligst ikke dette derhjemme.
04:56
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
04:58
In a related German study,
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I et beslægtet, tysk studie,
05:00
researchers used fMRI imaging
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brugte forskere fMRI-scanning
05:02
to measure brain activity
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til at måle hjerneaktiviteten
05:04
before and after injecting Botox
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før og efter indsprøjtninger med Botox
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to suppress smiling muscles.
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for at undertrykke smilemusklerne.
05:10
The finding supported Darwin's theory
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Resultaterne understøttede Darwins teori
05:12
by showing that facial feedback
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ved at vise, at ansigts feedback
05:14
modifies the neural processing
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ændrer den neurale bearbejdning
05:16
of emotional content in the brain
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af hjernens følelsesmæssige indhold
05:18
in a way that helps us feel better when we smile.
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på en sådan måde, at vi føler os bedre tilpas når vi smiler.
05:22
Smiling stimulates our brain reward mechanism
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At smile stimulerer vores hjernes belønnelsesmekanisme
05:24
in a way that even chocolate --
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på en måde som selv chokolade,
05:26
a well-regarded pleasure inducer --
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som er en velkendt kilde til nydelse,
05:29
cannot match.
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ikke kan overgå.
05:31
British researchers found that one smile
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Britiske forskere har fundet ud af, at ét smil
05:34
can generate the same level of brain stimulation
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kan frembringe det samme niveau af stimuli til hjernen
05:37
as up to 2,000 bars of chocolate.
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som op til 2000 chokoladebarer.
05:40
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
05:42
Wait. The same study found
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Vent. Det samme studie kom frem til,
05:45
that smiling is as stimulating
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at dét at smile er lige så stimulerende
05:47
as receiving up to 16,000 pounds Sterling in cash.
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som at modtage op til 16.000 engelske pund kontant.
05:52
That's like 25 grand a smile.
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Det er omkring 140.000 kr. pr. smil.
05:54
It's not bad.
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Ikke dårligt.
05:56
And think about it this way:
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Og tænk på det sådan her:
05:58
25,000 times 400 --
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140.000 gange 400
06:00
quite a few kids out there
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en hel del børn derude
06:02
feel like Mark Zuckerberg every day.
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må have det som Mark Zuckerberg hver dag.
06:05
And, unlike lots of chocolate,
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Og i modsætning til masser af chokolade
06:07
lots of smiling can actually make you healthier.
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kan masser af smil faktisk gøre dig sundere.
06:10
Smiling can help reduce the level
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Smil kan hjælpe med at reducere mængden
06:12
of stress-enhancing hormones
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af stressfremkaldende hormoner
06:14
like cortisol, adrenaline and dopamine,
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som kortisol, adrenalin og dopamin,
06:17
increase the level of mood-enhancing hormones
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øge mængden af humørforbedrende hormoner
06:19
like endorphin
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som endorfin
06:21
and reduce overall blood pressure.
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og sænke blodtrykket.
06:23
And if that's not enough,
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Og som om det ikke var nok,
06:25
smiling can actually make you look good
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ser smil faktisk godt ud
06:27
in the eyes of others.
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i andres øjne.
06:29
A recent study at Penn State University
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Et nyligt studie på Penn State University
06:31
found that when you smile,
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kom frem til, at når du smiler,
06:33
you don't only appear to be more likable and courteous,
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ser du ikke bare mere sympatisk og høflig ud,
06:36
but you actually appear to be more competent.
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men du virker faktisk også mere kompetent.
06:40
So whenever you want to look great and competent,
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Så når du gerne vil se godt og kompetent ud,
06:42
reduce your stress
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reducere din stress
06:44
or improve your marriage,
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eller forbedre dit ægteskab,
06:46
or feel as if you just had a whole stack of high-quality chocolate --
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eller føle dig som om du lige har spist en hel stak kvalitetschokolade
06:49
without incurring the caloric cost --
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uden alle kalorierne...
06:52
or as if you found 25 grand in a pocket
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eller som om du har fundet 140.000 kr. i en lomme
06:54
of an old jacket you hadn't worn for ages,
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på en gammel jakke, du ikke har haft på i årevis
06:57
or whenever you want to tap into a superpower
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eller når du vil i forbindelse med en superkraft
07:01
that will help you and everyone around you
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som vil hjælpe dig, og alle omkring dig,
07:04
live a longer, healthier, happier life,
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med at leve et længere, sundere og gladere liv,
07:07
smile.
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så smil.
07:09
(Applause)
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(Klapsalver)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ron Gutman - EntrepreneurRon Gutman is the founder and former CEO of HealthTap, free mobile and online apps for health info. He's also the organizer of TEDxSiliconValley.
Why you should listen
Ron Gutman is the founder of HealthTap, free mobile and online apps for immediate access to relevant, reliable and trusted health answers and tips from a network of doctors. Before this, he founded and led an online consumer health company that developed the world's largest community of independent health writers; it was acquired in early 2009.
As a graduate student at Stanford, Gutman organized and led a multidisciplinary group of faculty and graduate students from the schools of Engineering, Medicine, Business, Psychology and Law to conduct research in personalized health and to design ways to help people live healthier, happier lives. He is an angel investor and advisor to health and technology companies such as Rock Health (the first Interactive Health Incubator) and Harvard Medical School's SMArt Initiative ("Substitutable Medical Apps, reusable technologies"). He's the organizer of TEDxSiliconValley.
Find links to all the studies that Gutman references in his talk right here >>
Ron Gutman | Speaker | TED.com