ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Niti Bhan - Human-centered strategist
Through exploratory and human-centered research, Niti Bhan discovers and makes tangible pragmatic opportunities for sustainable and inclusive value creation.

Why you should listen

Niti Bhan is a global nomad whose life mission is to bridge the gap of understanding between cultures, contexts and continents. She brings a multicultural perspective to innovation for the informal economies of the emerging markets of the developing world. She is the founder and principal of Emerging Futures Lab, a multidisciplinary team of human-centered researchers, designers, engineers and economists who collaborate on design and innovation strategies for social impact and sustainable profit in the emerging consumer markets of sub-Saharan Africa.

Growing up as a third culture kid in the ASEAN of the 1970s exposed Bhan to the British and American systems of primary and secondary education whilst her university education in Engineering (Bangalore University), Design (National Institute of Design, India & the Institute of Design, IIT Chicago), and Business (majoring in Strategy at the Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh) gave her the experience of living and working across cultures and continents. Emerging Futures Lab came to life in San Francisco in 2005, operated between Singapore, the Netherlands, and East Africa from 2007 through 2013, and is now an established SME in Finland.

More profile about the speaker
Niti Bhan | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2017

Niti Bhan: The hidden opportunities of the informal economy

Niti Bhan: As oportunidades escondidas da economia informal

Filmed:
1,222,576 views

Niti Bhan estuda estratégias de negócios para os mercados informais da África: as pequenas lojas, barracas, artesões habilidosos e trabalhadores que são o motor invisível que mantém a economia do continente girando. É tentador achar que esses trabalhadores são desviadores de impostos e até criminosos, mas ela nos afirma que esse segmento efervescente da economia é legítimo e vale a pena investir nele. Se fizermos isso, ela afirma, talvez possamos gerar mais milhares empregos. "Essas são as sementes férteis de negócios e empresas", Bhan diz. "Está na hora de legitimarmos suas habilidades e ocupações".
- Human-centered strategist
Through exploratory and human-centered research, Niti Bhan discovers and makes tangible pragmatic opportunities for sustainable and inclusive value creation. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
The informal markets of Africa
are stereotypically seen
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Os mercados informais da África
são estereotipicamente vistos
00:16
as chaotic and lackadaisical.
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como caóticos e negligentes.
00:19
The downside of hearing
the word "informal"
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O lado ruim de ouvir a palavra "informal"
00:21
is this automatic grand
association we have,
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é a grande associação
automática que temos,
00:24
which is very negative,
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que é bem negativa,
00:26
and it's had significant consequences
and economic losses,
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e já teve consequências e prejuízos
econômicos significantes,
00:30
easily adding -- or subtracting --
40 to 60 percent of the profit margin
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adicionando ou subtraindo facilmente
40% a 60% da margem de lucro
00:36
for the informal markets alone.
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apenas nos mercados informais.
00:39
As part of a task of mapping
the informal trade ecosystem,
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Como parte de uma tarefa de mapear
o ecossistema do comércio informal,
00:43
we've done an extensive literature review
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fizemos um estudo de análise extenso
de todos os relatórios e pesquisas
00:46
of all the reports and research
on cross-border trade in East Africa,
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sobre o negócio transfronteiriço
na África oriental de até 20 anos atrás.
00:51
going back 20 years.
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00:52
This was to prepare us for fieldwork
to understand what was the problem,
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Serviu para nos preparar para o trabalho
de campo e entender qual era o problema,
00:57
what was holding back informal trade
in the informal sector.
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o que estava impedindo
o comércio informal no setor informal.
01:01
What we discovered
over the last 20 years was,
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Descobrimos que nos últimos 20 anos
ninguém havia distinguido o ilícito,
01:05
nobody had distinguished
between illicit --
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01:09
which is like smuggling or contraband
in the informal sector --
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que seria contrabandear
no setor informal,
01:13
from the legal but unrecorded,
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do que é legítimo, só que sem registros,
01:16
such as tomatoes, oranges, fruit.
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como tomates, laranjas, frutas.
01:19
This criminalization --
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A criminalização,
01:22
what in Swahili refers to as "biashara,"
which is the trade or the commerce,
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que em suaíli quer dizer "biashara",
que é o negócio ou comércio,
01:27
versus "magendo," which is
the smuggling or contraband --
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contra "magendo", que é o contrabando,
01:30
this criminalization
of the informal sector,
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essa criminalização do setor informal,
01:34
in English, by not distinguishing
between these aspects,
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em inglês, ao não diferenciar
esses aspectos,
01:38
easily can cost each African economy
between 60 to 80 percent addition
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pode facilmente custar para cada economia
africana uma adição de 60% a 80%
01:43
on the annual GDP growth rate,
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na taxa anual de crescimento do PIB,
01:46
because we are not recognizing the engine
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pois não estamos legitimando o motor
01:50
of what keeps the economies running.
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que mantém as economias girando.
01:52
The informal sector is growing jobs
at four times the rate
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O setor informal gera
quatro vezes mais emprego
01:56
of the traditional formal economy,
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que o sistema tradicional formal,
01:58
or "modern" economy, as many call it.
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ou a economia "moderna", como chamam.
02:00
It offers employment and income
generation opportunities
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Oferece empregos e oportunidades salariais
02:04
to the most "unskilled"
in conventional disciplines.
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aos mais "inexperientes"
nas disciplinas convencionais.
02:08
But can you make a french fry
machine out of an old car?
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Mas, pode-se fazer uma máquina
de batata frita com um carro velho?
02:12
So, this, ladies and gentlemen,
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É isso, senhoras e senhores,
02:15
is what so desperately needs
to be recognized.
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que urgentemente precisa ser legitimado.
02:19
As long as the current assumptions
hold that this is criminal,
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Enquanto as presunções atuais
acharem que isso é criminoso,
02:23
this is shadow,
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que isso é uma sombra, que é ilegal,
02:24
this is illegal,
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02:26
there will be no attempt at integrating
the informal economic ecosystem
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não haverá tentativas de integração
do ecossistema informal econômico
02:30
with the formal or even the global one.
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com o sistema formal, nem com o global.
02:34
I'm going to tell you a story of Teresia,
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Irei lhes contar a história da Teresia,
02:37
a trader who overturned
all our assumptions,
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uma comerciante que derrubou
todas as nossas presunções,
02:41
made us question all the stereotypes
that we'd gone in on,
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e que nos fez questionar todos
os estereótipos que tínhamos,
02:45
based on 20 years of literature review.
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baseado naqueles 20 anos
de estudo de análise.
02:49
Teresia sells clothes under a tree
in a town called Malaba,
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Teresia vende roupas sob uma árvore
na cidade de Malaba,
02:55
on the border of Uganda and Kenya.
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na fronteira entre Uganda e o Quênia.
02:57
You think it's very simple, don't you?
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Vocês acham que é bem simples, né?
03:00
We'll go hang up new clothes
from the branches,
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Só ir lá e pendurar as roupas nos galhos,
estender a lona, relaxar
03:03
put out the tarp, settle down,
wait for customers,
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e esperar pelos clientes, simples assim.
03:06
and there we have it.
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03:07
She was everything we were expecting
according to the literature,
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Ela era tudo que esperávamos
com base nos estudos,
03:11
to the research,
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nas pesquisas,
03:12
right down to she was a single
mom driven to trade,
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até sobre o fato de ela ser mãe
vivendo do comércio
03:16
supporting her kids.
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e criando seus filhos sozinha.
03:19
So what overturned our assumptions?
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Mas, o que foi que derrubou as presunções?
03:21
What surprised us?
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O que nos surpreendeu?
03:23
First, Teresia paid the county
government market fees
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Primeiro, Teresia pagava as tarifas
de mercado à prefeitura
03:27
every single working day
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todo santo dia de trabalho
03:28
for the privilege of setting
up shop under her tree.
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pelo privilégio de montar
seu negócio sob sua árvore.
03:32
She's been doing it for seven years,
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Ela já faz isso há sete anos,
03:34
and she's been getting receipts.
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e vem recebendo recibos.
03:36
She keeps records.
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Ela mantém registros.
03:38
We're seeing not a marginal,
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Não se trata de uma comerciante
africana insignificante,
03:41
underprivileged,
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sem privilégios,
03:42
vulnerable African woman trader
by the side of the road -- no.
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e vulnerável que vende
à beira da estrada, não.
03:48
We were seeing somebody
who's keeping sales records for years;
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Ela é alguém que mantém
registro de vendas há anos;
03:52
somebody who had an entire ecosystem
of retail that comes in from Uganda
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alguém com todo um ecossistema
de varejo que vem de Uganda
03:58
to pick up inventory;
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para adquirir um inventário;
04:01
someone who's got handcarts
bringing the goods in,
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alguém que tem um carrinho
de mão que traz os produtos,
ou o agente de transações pelo celular
que recolhe o dinheiro todo fim de tarde.
04:05
or the mobile money agent
who comes to collect cash
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04:08
at the end of the evening.
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04:09
Can you guess how much
Teresia spends, on average,
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Conseguem adivinhar o custo mensal
que ela tem, em média, com o inventário,
04:13
each month on inventory --
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estoques de roupas novas
que ela pega de Nairóbi?
04:16
stocks of new clothes
that she gets from Nairobi?
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04:19
One thousand five hundred US dollars.
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Ela gasta US$ 1,5 mil.
04:22
That's around 20,000 US dollars
invested in trade goods and services
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É investido mais ou menos US$ 20 mil
no comércio de produtos e serviços
04:27
every year.
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a cada ano.
04:29
This is Teresia,
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Essa é Teresia,
04:31
the invisible one,
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a invisível,
04:32
the hidden middle.
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a intermediária escondida.
04:34
And she's only the first rung
of the small entrepreneurs,
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E ela é só a primeira leva
de pequenos empreendedores,
04:38
the micro-businesses that can be found
in these market towns.
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dos micronegócios que podem ser
encontrados nesses mercados de cidades.
04:42
At least in the larger Malaba border,
she's at the first rung.
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Pelo menos na maior fronteira de Malaba,
ela faz parte da primeira leva.
04:48
The people further up the value chain
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As pessoas no topo da cadeia de valores
04:51
are easily running
three lines of business,
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estão facilmente administrando
três tipos de negócios,
04:54
investing 2,500 to 3,000
US dollars every month.
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investindo US$ 2,5 mil
a US$ 3 mil a cada mês.
04:59
So the problem turned out
that it wasn't the criminalization;
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Daí, o problema já não
é mais a criminalização;
05:03
you can't really criminalize someone
you're charging receipts from.
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não dá para criminalizar alguém
de quem você cobra recibos.
05:08
It's the lack of recognition
of their skilled occupations.
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E, sim, a falta de legitimação
de seus empregos especializados.
05:15
The bank systems and structures
have no means to recognize them
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As estruturas e sistemas bancários
não possuem meios de legitimá-los
05:19
as micro-businesses,
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como micronegócios,
05:20
much less the fact that, you know,
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e, ainda tem o fato
de que a árvore dela não
tem um endereço específico.
05:23
her tree doesn't have
a forwarding address.
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05:25
So she's trapped in the middle.
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Daí, ela está presa no meio.
05:28
She's falling through the cracks
of our assumptions.
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Ela está sendo ignorada
em nossas suposições.
05:30
You know all those microloans
to help African women traders?
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Sabem todos aqueles microempréstimos
que ajudariam as comerciantes africanas?
05:34
They're going to loan her
50 dollars or 100 dollars.
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Eles irão lhe emprestar US$ 50 ou US$ 100.
E o que ela fará com isso?
05:37
What's she going to do with it?
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Ela gasta dez vezes mais que isso por mês
05:39
She spends 10 times
that amount every month
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05:41
just on inventory --
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só com o inventário;
05:43
we're not talking about
the additional services
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nem estamos falando de serviços
adicionais ou de apoio ao ecossistema.
05:45
or the support ecosystem.
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05:47
These are the ones who fit
neither the policy stereotype
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São aqueles que não se encaixam
nem nos estereótipos regulamentais
05:51
of the low-skilled and the marginalized,
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dos inexperientes e dos marginalizados,
05:53
nor the white-collar,
salaried office worker
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nem dos colarinhos brancos,
trabalhadores assalariados
05:56
or civil servant with a pension
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ou funcionários públicos com uma pensão
05:58
that the middle classes
are allegedly composed of.
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que, supostamente, compõem a classe média.
06:02
Instead, what we have here
are the proto-SMEs
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Em vez disso, o que existe
são os protótipos de PMEs.
06:06
these are the fertile seeds
of businesses and enterprises
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Elas são as sementes férteis
dos comércios e as empresas
06:10
that keep the engines running.
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que mantêm os motores a todo vapor.
06:12
They put food on your table.
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Elas colocam a comida à sua mesa.
06:14
Even here in this hotel,
the invisible ones --
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Até mesmo neste hotel, as invisíveis:
as açougueiras, as padeiras,
as fabricantes de candelabros...
06:17
the butchers, the bakers
the candlestick makers --
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elas que fabricam as máquinas
que fazem suas batatas fritas
06:20
they make the machines
that make your french fries
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06:23
and they make your beds.
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e que confeccionam suas camas.
06:24
These are the invisible businesswomen
trading across borders,
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São as comerciantes invisíveis
que negociam pelas fronteiras,
06:29
all on the side of the road,
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todas à beira da estrada,
06:31
and so they're invisible
to data gatherers.
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assim ficam invisíveis
aos coletores de dados.
06:34
And they're mashed together
with the vast informal sector
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Logo, elas se misturam
ao vasto setor informal
06:38
that doesn't bother to distinguish
between smugglers and tax evaders
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que não se importa em distinguir
contrabandistas, sonegadores de impostos
06:43
and those running illegal whatnot,
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e aqueles que administram coisas ilegais,
06:46
and the ladies who trade,
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das mulheres comerciantes
06:48
and who put food on the table
and send their kids to university.
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e daquelas que colocam comida à mesa
e bancam a universidade dos filhos.
06:52
So that's really what I'm asking here.
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É isso que vim aqui pedir.
06:55
That's all that we need to start by doing.
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É isso que precisamos fazer para começar.
06:58
Can we start by recognizing
the skills, the occupations?
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Podemos começar legitimando
suas experiências e empregos?
07:03
We could transform the informal economy
by beginning with this recognition
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Podemos transformar a economia informal
começando com essa legitimação
07:08
and then designing the customized
doorways for them to enter
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e depois criar as portas customizadas
para que elas possam entrar
07:12
or integrate with the formal,
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ou integrar o formal,
07:15
with the global,
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o global,
07:16
with the entire system.
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e todo o sistema.
07:18
Thank you, ladies and gentlemen.
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Obrigada, senhoras e senhores.
07:19
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
Translated by Joao Vital Parente Correia
Reviewed by Maricene Crus

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Niti Bhan - Human-centered strategist
Through exploratory and human-centered research, Niti Bhan discovers and makes tangible pragmatic opportunities for sustainable and inclusive value creation.

Why you should listen

Niti Bhan is a global nomad whose life mission is to bridge the gap of understanding between cultures, contexts and continents. She brings a multicultural perspective to innovation for the informal economies of the emerging markets of the developing world. She is the founder and principal of Emerging Futures Lab, a multidisciplinary team of human-centered researchers, designers, engineers and economists who collaborate on design and innovation strategies for social impact and sustainable profit in the emerging consumer markets of sub-Saharan Africa.

Growing up as a third culture kid in the ASEAN of the 1970s exposed Bhan to the British and American systems of primary and secondary education whilst her university education in Engineering (Bangalore University), Design (National Institute of Design, India & the Institute of Design, IIT Chicago), and Business (majoring in Strategy at the Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh) gave her the experience of living and working across cultures and continents. Emerging Futures Lab came to life in San Francisco in 2005, operated between Singapore, the Netherlands, and East Africa from 2007 through 2013, and is now an established SME in Finland.

More profile about the speaker
Niti Bhan | Speaker | TED.com