TEDMED 2017
Frans de Waal: The surprising science of alpha males
弗兰斯·德·瓦尔: 令人惊奇的雄性领袖科学
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在这个关于“雄性首领”的演讲中，灵长类动物学家弗兰斯·德·瓦尔向我们展示了权力的特权和成本，以及人类和黑猩猩在选择首领方面的一致性。他的研究展示了一些雄性领袖让人惊奇的能力——慷慨、同情、甚至维持和平——为人类政治提供了明灯。“一个强壮、喜欢恐吓并侮辱他人的人，不能被称之为雄性领袖”，德瓦尔指出。
Frans de Waal - Primatologist
Frans de Waal studies primate social behavior -- how they fight and reconcile, share and cooperate. Full bio
Frans de Waal studies primate social behavior -- how they fight and reconcile, share and cooperate. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Well, I have known
many alpha males in my life,
many alpha males in my life,
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我这一生见识过很多雄性头领，
00:16
chimpanzee alpha males,
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黑猩猩当中的雄性头领，
00:19
and I'm going to talk
about what an alpha male is,
about what an alpha male is,
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我将会谈何为雄性领袖，
00:22
because I think we can all learn
a lot from our close relatives
a lot from our close relatives
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因为我觉得可以从我们的近亲那学到很多，
00:26
where we have alpha males.
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我们也有雄性领袖。
00:28
And as an example, I want to give you
Amos, a male that I knew
Amos, a male that I knew
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给你们举个例子，我认识一只叫阿莫的雄性黑猩猩，
00:33
who was a young male
and he was alpha male,
and he was alpha male,
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他是一个年轻的雄性头领，
00:35
he was very popular,
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他非常受欢迎，
00:36
but he got sick
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但后来他病了
00:38
and he lost his position because,
you know, chimpanzee males
you know, chimpanzee males
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并失去了他的地位。
00:42
they can spot from a mile away
if you are weak
if you are weak
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如果你变虚弱了，其他雄性黑猩猩一眼就可以看出来。
00:44
and they went for him,
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于是，阿莫遭到群体的质疑，
00:46
and he lost his position,
and then he got sicker and sicker
and then he got sicker and sicker
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因此失去了地位，并病得越来越重。
00:49
until at some point we had to isolate him.
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直到最后，我们不得不把他隔离起来。
00:52
The group lived on a grassy island,
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这群黑猩猩生活在一个长满草的岛上，
00:56
and we had to isolate him in a cage,
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我们不得不用笼子把他隔离起来，
00:58
but we cracked open the cage
so that the rest of the chimps
so that the rest of the chimps
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但是我们把笼子开了一个口，
01:01
still had access to him.
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所以其他的黑猩猩可以来探望他。
01:02
And what happened was most touching.
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接下来发生的事情十分感人。
01:04
Other chimps would bring food to him,
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其他黑猩猩会带食物给阿莫，
还会带木屑给他，
01:07
they would bring wood wool to him,
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01:09
which is this thing that they use
to sleep in and build nests out of,
to sleep in and build nests out of,
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木屑是他们睡觉时做垫子和造窝用的材料，
01:13
and females would put
the wood wool behind his back.
the wood wool behind his back.
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雌性黑猩猩会把木屑垫在阿莫的背后，
01:16
He was leaning heavily against the wall,
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阿莫紧紧地靠着墙，
01:18
and the way we do with pillows
to patients in a hospital,
to patients in a hospital,
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就像在医院里，我们把枕头垫在病人背后一样，
01:22
they were putting
that stuff behind his back.
that stuff behind his back.
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他们也用同样的方式把木屑垫在阿莫的背上。
我开始觉得这就是拥护雄性领袖的方式。
01:24
And I thought, this is the way
to go for an alpha male.
to go for an alpha male.
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01:28
He was loved and respected,
and everyone was taking care of him,
and everyone was taking care of him,
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他受到大家的爱戴与尊敬并且得到照料，
01:32
and this is not always how it goes,
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但并不是所有的雄性领袖都有这样的待遇，
01:33
because some males don't answer well
when they lose their position.
when they lose their position.
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因为有些雄性领袖失去地位的时，他们下场可不好。
01:37
So Amos was an example
of a male who was liked as a leader,
of a male who was liked as a leader,
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所以，阿莫是一个受人爱戴的雄性领袖的例子，
01:42
and I think the term alpha male,
if you look it up on the internet,
if you look it up on the internet,
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如果你上网查“雄性领袖”这个词，
01:46
you will find all these business books
that tell you how to be an alpha male,
that tell you how to be an alpha male,
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你会发现一堆教你如何成为一个雄性领袖的商业书籍，
但这些书籍所教的内容不过是如何打败他人，
01:49
and what they mean
is how to beat up others
is how to beat up others
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01:52
and beat them over the head
and let them know that you are boss
and let them know that you are boss
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狠狠地打他的头，让他们知道你才是老大，
01:55
and don't mess with me and so on.
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以及不要惹我之类。
01:56
And basically an alpha male
for them is a bully.
for them is a bully.
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也就是雄性领袖基本与流氓无异。
02:00
And I really don't like
that kind of description,
that kind of description,
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我并不是很喜欢这种描述，
02:04
because I am actually partly responsible
for the term "alpha male"
for the term "alpha male"
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因为实际上，“雄性领袖”这个词与我有些许关系，
02:08
because I wrote this book
"Chimpanzee Politics,"
"Chimpanzee Politics,"
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因为我写了《黑猩猩政治》这本书，
02:11
which was recommended by Newt Gingrich
to freshmen congressmen.
to freshmen congressmen.
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纽特·金里奇将这本书推荐给新上任的国会议员。
02:16
I don't know what good it did,
but he recommended that book to them,
but he recommended that book to them,
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我不知道这本书起到什么积极作用，
但他将这本书推荐给他们，
但他将这本书推荐给他们，
02:20
and after that the term
"alpha male" became very popular.
"alpha male" became very popular.
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后来，“雄性领袖”这个词变得流行起来。
02:24
But I think it is used
in a mischaracterization.
in a mischaracterization.
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但是我觉得人们对这个词的使用并不恰当。
02:27
It's used in a very superficial way
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关于这个词的描述十分肤浅
02:30
that doesn't relate
to what a real alpha male is.
to what a real alpha male is.
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与真正的雄性领袖没一点关系。
02:32
And so I'm here to explain what that is.
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所以我想在这解释一下“雄性领袖”的真正含义。
02:35
The term itself goes back
actually much further.
actually much further.
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这个词可以追溯到很久以前。
02:37
It goes back to the '40s and '50s,
research on wolves,
research on wolves,
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可追溯到40年代和50年代时关于狼的研究，
02:41
and basically the definition
is very simple.
is very simple.
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那时，“雄性领袖”的定义十分简单。
02:43
The highest ranking male
is the alpha male.
is the alpha male.
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在群体里级别最高的那个雄性就是雄性领袖。
02:45
The highest ranking female
is the alpha female.
is the alpha female.
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在群体里级别最高的那个雌性就是雌性领袖。
02:48
Every primate group
has one alpha male, one alpha female,
has one alpha male, one alpha female,
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每个灵长类动物群体都有一个雄性领袖和雌性领袖。
02:51
not more than that, there's only one.
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不会超过这个数，只会有一个领袖。
02:54
And I will explain how that goes.
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我会解释一下会是什么样子。
02:57
So first, the body language.
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首先可以观察他们的肢体语言。
02:59
What you see here is two male chimpanzees
who are the same size,
who are the same size,
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你现在看到的是两只同等体型的雄性黑猩猩，
03:03
but one is walking upright,
has his hair up,
has his hair up,
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但一只直立行走，毛发竖起，
03:06
has a big rock in his hand,
and he's the alpha male.
and he's the alpha male.
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手上握着石头，它就是雄性领袖。
03:08
The other male is pant-grunting to him,
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另外那只发出喘息咕哝声的雄性黑猩猩，
03:11
is being submissive to him
and bowing for him,
and bowing for him,
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则是他的下属，正对他鞠躬。
03:14
and that is the sort of ritual they need
to go through many times a day
to go through many times a day
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这是他们每天都要进行好几次的仪式，
03:17
in order to have a stable relationship.
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目的是创建一种稳定的关系。
03:20
I'll show you a video from the field.
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我给大家展示一个野外拍摄的视频。
03:23
What you will see here
is a female pant-grunting to an alpha male
is a female pant-grunting to an alpha male
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你会看到一只雌性黑猩猩向
她的雄性领袖发出喘息的咕哝声。
她的雄性领袖发出喘息的咕哝声。
03:26
and you will see how that goes.
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你可以看看是怎样一个情形。
03:29
The male is approaching,
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雄性黑猩猩正在靠近，
03:30
she grunts at him.
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她向他发出咕哝声。
03:31
(Chimpanzee grunts)
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（黑猩猩发出咕哝声）
03:33
He has all his hair up
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他全部毛发竖起
03:35
and he displays.
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展示他的威力。
03:39
I'm actually standing far too close.
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我实际上站得太近。
03:41
A chimpanzee is far stronger than I am,
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黑猩猩比我强壮许多，
03:44
and I just was not very prudent,
this particular video.
this particular video.
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在这个视频当中，我不是非常谨慎 。
03:48
So what you saw him do
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所以你们可以看到
它双腿直立，
03:51
is he was lifting himself up
and standing on two legs,
and standing on two legs,
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03:54
and putting his arms out.
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举起双臂，
03:55
That's called the bipedal swagger.
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这是两足动物虚张声势的方式。
03:57
It's a very common posture
in high-ranking males,
in high-ranking males,
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在高级别的雄性中，这是非常常见的姿势，
04:00
and it's very recognizable
because humans do this kind of stuff.
because humans do this kind of stuff.
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这样的姿势很容易辨别，因为人类
也有类似的行为。
也有类似的行为。
04:03
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
04:04
Humans do this all the time.
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人类总是这么做。
04:07
And what I really like
about this particular picture
about this particular picture
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我特别喜欢这张照片中
04:10
is the two old guys to the side.
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站在边上的两位年长男性。
04:13
This is very chimpanzee.
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这是非常典型的黑猩猩的行为。
在黑猩猩当中，
04:15
In chimpanzees,
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04:16
we have usually old males
who are over the hill,
who are over the hill,
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通常有年老气衰的雄性黑猩猩，
04:19
who cannot be alpha male
themselves anymore,
themselves anymore,
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他们无法再成为雄性领袖了，
04:22
but they start playing games
and forming coalitions,
and forming coalitions,
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但他们开始搞事情并拉帮结派，
04:25
and behind the backs of others.
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站在背后。
04:27
And they become extremely influential,
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他们逐渐变得非常有势力，
04:29
and you may actually have old males
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你就会看到有老年雄性黑猩猩
04:31
who are more influential
than the alpha male himself.
than the alpha male himself.
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实际上可能比雄性领袖更有影响力。
04:35
Just as an example,
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举个例子，
04:36
the three males
that I used to work with most
that I used to work with most
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这三只雄性黑猩猩，
是我过去工作中最常接触到的，
04:39
at the Dutch zoo long ago, where I worked,
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在我过去工作的荷兰动物园里。
04:41
and the middle male here
is a 17-year-old alpha male.
is a 17-year-old alpha male.
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中间这只，是一只17岁的雄性领袖。
旁边这只正在梳理毛发的雄性年纪是它两倍，
04:45
The male who is grooming
on the side is twice as old,
on the side is twice as old,
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而正是这只年老雄性黑猩猩使它成为领袖。
04:50
and this old male has made him the leader.
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04:53
So you can imagine that that old male
has an enormous amount of power,
has an enormous amount of power,
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你可以想象那只年老的雄性黑猩猩
有多大的力量，
有多大的力量，
因为他使得那只雄性领袖成为领袖。
04:56
because he has made
the alpha male alpha male.
the alpha male alpha male.
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04:58
The male on the right
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最右边的这只雄性黑猩猩，
05:00
is individually the strongest male.
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是他们当中最强壮的雄性。
被孤立了，你可以看出来。
05:02
In captivity, you can test it out,
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你可以看出来这只雄性一对一毫无问题，
05:05
and you can know that this male
has no trouble with either one.
has no trouble with either one.
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05:09
He has only trouble
with the combination of the two.
with the combination of the two.
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它的唯一麻烦是另外两只联合起来。
所以拉帮结派的行为在黑猩猩群体中很常见。
05:12
And so the coalition formation
that goes on in chimpanzee society
that goes on in chimpanzee society
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情况远比你想象的复杂。
05:16
makes it much more complex than you think.
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意思是，比如，
05:18
It means, for example,
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05:20
that the smallest male in a group
can be the alpha male.
can be the alpha male.
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群体中体形最小的也可以成为雄性领袖。
05:23
You don't need to be
the biggest and strongest male.
the biggest and strongest male.
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身强体壮并不是成为雄性领袖的必要条件。
最小的雄性，如果它交对了朋友，
并且能让它们开心，
并且能让它们开心，
05:25
The smallest male, if he has
the right friends and keeps them happy,
the right friends and keeps them happy,
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或者得到雌性的支持，
05:29
or he has female support,
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它就可以成为雄性领袖。
05:30
he can be the alpha male.
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因此，联盟使一切都变复杂了，
05:33
So the coalition system
makes everything complex,
makes everything complex,
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我一直在等待
05:36
and I'm always waiting here in the US
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05:39
for the primaries,
the end of the primaries,
the end of the primaries,
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初选在美国的终结。
05:41
because that's a moment
where you need to demonstrate unity.
where you need to demonstrate unity.
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因为这是我们需要展示团结的时刻。
05:45
Now let me first show you
how the unity is shown in chimpanzees.
how the unity is shown in chimpanzees.
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首先我展示下黑猩猩是如何展现团结。
05:48
What you see here is two males on the left
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你看到左边这两只雄性黑猩猩
站在一起。
05:50
who are standing together.
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05:52
You also see the big
canine teeth that they have.
canine teeth that they have.
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你还可以看到他们的大犬齿。
他俩站在一起并向其他的成员展示
05:54
And they're standing together and they
demonstrate to the rest of the group,
demonstrate to the rest of the group,
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“我们在一起，我们是个团体。”
05:58
"We are together. We are a unit."
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右边的雄性黑猩猩正同步行走。
06:00
The males on the right
are walking together in synchrony.
are walking together in synchrony.
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06:03
That's another way of demonstrating
that you are together.
that you are together.
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这里另一种展示团结的方式。
06:06
And so demonstrating unity
is extremely important
is extremely important
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这展现了在联盟系统里
团结一致是十分重要的。
06:09
in a coalition system,
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06:11
and as I said, in the primaries
always I'm waiting for that moment
always I'm waiting for that moment
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我总是期待在初选中看到这样的场景，
同一党派的两个成员
06:14
because then you have
two members of the same party
two members of the same party
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需要相互竞争，
06:17
who have been fighting with each other,
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但在有些时候，却需要一起出台。
06:19
and they need to come
together at some moment.
together at some moment.
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这场景就很尴尬。
06:22
And it leads to very awkward situations.
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互不喜欢的人需要彼此拥抱
06:25
People who don't like each other
need to embrace each other
need to embrace each other
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站在一起，
06:27
and stand together,
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06:29
and that's absolutely essential
for the unity of the party,
for the unity of the party,
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这对于政党的团结一致是极为重要的，
06:32
and if you don't do that,
the party may fall apart.
the party may fall apart.
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如果不这样做，党派就会分裂。
如果处理不好，就像这样——
06:35
And so if it doesn't go well,
like in this particular case --
like in this particular case --
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（笑声）
06:38
(Laughter)
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06:39
then the party is in deep doo-doo
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这个党派就麻烦了，
06:41
because they have not demonstrated unity.
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因为他们不团结。
06:44
So that's a very important part
of the coalition system,
of the coalition system,
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所以，团结是联盟系统当中非常重要的一部分
06:47
and that's something that we share
between humans and chimpanzees.
between humans and chimpanzees.
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这是人类和黑猩猩的共同点
那么，如何成为一个雄性领袖呢？
06:51
Now, how do you become an alpha male?
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06:55
First of all, you need to be
impressive and intimidating
impressive and intimidating
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首先，你必须让人印象深刻，显得强势，
不时展现你的活力，
06:58
and demonstrate your vigor on occasion
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07:00
and show that you are very strong,
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并展现出你非常强壮，
07:02
and there's all sorts
of ways of doing that.
of ways of doing that.
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有很多方式可以展现你的强劲有力的一面。
但是你还必须有宽宏大量。
07:05
But other things that you need to do
is you need to be generous.
is you need to be generous.
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比如，其他雄性黑猩猩
07:08
So, for example,
males who go on a campaign
males who go on a campaign
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要把雄性首领赶下台的话，
07:10
to dethrone the leader,
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07:11
which may take two or three months
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这通常需要花两到三个月时间。
07:14
where they're testing
all the coalitions in the group,
all the coalitions in the group,
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当它们在群体中当中寻找联盟时，
它们也会变得慷慨大方起来。
07:17
they also become extremely generous.
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07:19
They share food very easily with everyone.
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它们能非常轻松地与其他成员分享食物，
或者开始逗雌性成员的小宝宝。
07:21
Or they start to tickle
the babies of the females.
the babies of the females.
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07:24
They're normally, male chimpanzees,
not particularly interested in infants,
not particularly interested in infants,
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通常来说，雄性黑猩猩对婴儿不感兴趣，
但是当它们进行类似宣传行动时候，
07:28
but when they are campaigning like that,
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它们就会对婴儿非常感兴趣并逗他们玩，
07:30
they get very interested in infants
and they tickle them,
and they tickle them,
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它们想借此增进与雌性成员间的关系
07:33
and they try to curry favor
with the females.
with the females.
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（笑声）
07:35
(Laughter)
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在人类中，也是非常显然，
07:36
So in humans, of course,
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我总是被这些候选人
07:37
I am always intrigued
by these men who are candidates
by these men who are candidates
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那样把宝宝抱起来吸引。
07:41
and hold babies up like this.
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小宝宝一般并不喜欢这样的方式。
07:42
This is not particularly
something that babies like --
something that babies like --
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（笑声）
07:45
(Laughter)
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但这是一个给全世界的信号，
07:46
but since it is a signal
to the rest of the world,
to the rest of the world,
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他们得把小宝宝举过头顶。
07:48
they need to hold them in the air.
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07:50
And I was really intrigued by,
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但尤为吸引我的是
在上一届竞选中，我们的女性候选人，
07:53
when we had a female candidate
in the last election,
in the last election,
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她抱小宝宝的方式更像是这样，
07:55
the way she held babies
was more like this,
was more like this,
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07:58
which is what babies really like.
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这种才是小宝宝喜欢的方式。
08:00
But she of course
didn't need to send the message
didn't need to send the message
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当然，她不需要向世界传达信息，
也就是，小宝宝在她手里是安全的。
08:02
that she could hold a baby
without dropping it,
without dropping it,
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然而男性却需要这么做来传达信息。
08:05
which was what the man was doing.
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08:07
So this is a very common tactic,
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所以这是十分常见的策略。
雄性黑猩猩，
08:08
and male chimpanzees,
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他们花很多时间增进与各个群体之间的关系。
08:10
they spend a lot of time
currying favor with all sorts of parties
currying favor with all sorts of parties
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当他们在宣传造势的时候。
08:14
when they are campaigning.
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08:17
Now, what are the privileges and the costs
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现在，我们来看看作为一个雄性领袖的
08:21
of being an alpha male?
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特权与代价。
08:23
The biggest privilege is females.
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最大的利益在于获得雌性，
08:26
Food is really irrelevant.
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食物倒不太相关。
08:27
Male chimpanzees
can go a week without food
can go a week without food
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雄性黑猩猩就算一个星期没进食也可存活。
08:30
if there's a female in estrus
and they're sexually interested in her.
and they're sexually interested in her.
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如果有正处在发情期的雌性黑猩猩，
并且他这对只雌性黑猩猩有“性趣”，
食物是次要的。
食物是次要的。
08:34
Food is secondary to sex.
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08:36
And so the male chimpanzees --
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所以，雄性大猩猩以及
08:38
and we evolutionary biologists, of course,
we have an explanation for this,
we have an explanation for this,
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我们进化学生物学家，对此有所解释，
08:42
is that sex leads to reproduction,
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性与繁衍息息相关
有繁衍才有进化。
08:44
and reproductive success
is the measure of evolution.
is the measure of evolution.
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世间一切都是这么发展的。
08:47
That's how everything evolves.
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1735
08:49
And so if males can enhance
their reproductive success
their reproductive success
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如果在群体中，级别高
能增加它们繁衍成功的机率。
08:51
by being high ranking,
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08:53
you get automatically the ambition
to be high ranking in the males.
to be high ranking in the males.
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那么，这自然就成为努力成为
雄性领袖的动力。
雄性领袖的动力。
08:57
So that's the privilege.
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这就是我们所说的特权。
09:00
The costs, one cost is of course
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那么雄性领袖的代价之一，当然就是
09:03
that you need to keep your partners happy.
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你需要让你的伙伴保持开心。
09:05
So if you come to power
with the support of an old male,
with the support of an old male,
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如果你借助一位长老的帮助成为领袖，
09:09
you need to let that old male
mate with females.
mate with females.
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3016
你需要给予那位长老与雌性交配的特权
09:12
If you don't do that,
that old male is going to get mad at you,
that old male is going to get mad at you,
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如果你不那么做，长老会大发雷霆。
09:15
and you're going to lose him as a partner.
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2016
并且你会失去他这位伙伴。
09:18
So there's a transaction going on.
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所以这是一笔交易。
09:20
If you become alpha male this way,
you need to keep your partners happy.
you need to keep your partners happy.
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3936
如果你是通过这种方式获得地位
你需要让你的伙伴开心。
你需要让你的伙伴开心。
所以这就是代价之一。
09:24
And so that's one of the costs.
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09:25
The second cost is that
everyone wants your position.
everyone wants your position.
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第二个代价就是，每个人都垂涎你的地位。
09:29
Alpha male position
is a very important position,
is a very important position,
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2856
雄性领袖是一个非常重要的地位，
09:31
and everyone wants to take it from you,
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2176
每个人都想从你那里夺取这个地位，
09:34
and so you constantly
have to watch your back.
have to watch your back.
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所以你要一直保持警惕。
09:36
You have to be extremely vigilant.
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你要非常地谨慎小心。
09:38
For example, you have to
disrupt the coalitions of others
disrupt the coalitions of others
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比如，你必须要阻止帮派的形成。
雄性黑猩猩经常拉帮结派。
09:40
and that's what male
chimpanzees do quite a bit.
chimpanzees do quite a bit.
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它们的策略是，分而治之。
09:43
Divide and rule strategies, they have.
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所以这是个非常有压力的情景。
我们实际上有数据来证明。
我们实际上有数据来证明。
09:45
And so that's a very stressful situation,
and we actually have data on this.
and we actually have data on this.
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数据来自野外考察，
09:49
The data comes from the field,
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这次考察对象是狒狒而不是黑猩猩，
09:51
from baboons not chimpanzees in this case,
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2616
他们检验了狒狒的粪便样本
09:54
where they did fecal samples
on the baboons
on the baboons
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2496
09:56
and they analyzed them
for glucocorticoids.
for glucocorticoids.
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检验其中的糖皮质激素。
在这幅曲线图上
09:59
And what you see here is a graph
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2296
你可以看到，狒狒的级别越低，
10:01
where you see that the lower ranking
the male baboon is,
the male baboon is,
218
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3936
10:05
the higher is his cortisol level
219
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2136
粪便中的皮质醇的水平就越高，
10:07
in the feces,
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但正如你所见，
10:09
but the alpha male, as you see,
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雄性领袖的粪便中，
10:11
has just as high a level
as the lowest-ranking males,
as the lowest-ranking males,
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3136
皮质醇水平和低级别的狒狒一样高，
10:14
and so you may think that being alpha male
is nice and dandy and is wonderful,
is nice and dandy and is wonderful,
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4496
你可能认为作为雄性领袖一定风光无限，
但实际上这是一个压力很大的角色，
10:19
but it's actually
a very stressful position,
a very stressful position,
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这可以从生理学数据显示。
10:21
and we can demonstrate
that physiologically.
that physiologically.
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10:25
Now, what are the obligations?
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那么，什么是雄性领袖的义务呢？
这对于我来说十分有趣，
10:27
And here, for me,
it gets really interesting,
it gets really interesting,
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这和你想象中雄性领袖的义务很不一样。
10:30
and it deviates very much
from your typical image of the alpha male.
from your typical image of the alpha male.
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4240
雄性领袖有两种义务
10:35
The alpha male
has two sorts of obligations.
has two sorts of obligations.
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其一，保障群体内部和平。
10:38
One is to keep the peace in the group.
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1976
我们可以称其为控制角色
10:40
We call that the control role,
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1456
10:42
to control fights in the group,
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控制群体内部斗争，
10:44
and the second is to be the most empathic,
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其二，表现出同理心，
10:46
the consoler in chief, basically,
of the nation, so to speak.
of the nation, so to speak.
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也就是扮演群体里那个安慰群众的角色。
首先，保持群体内部和平。
10:49
So first of all, keeping the peace.
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这是一只雄性阻止两只雌性的争斗的画面。
10:51
This is a male who stops a fight
between two females.
between two females.
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2936
分别在左边和右边的两只雌性
10:54
Two females on the left and the right
237
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1816
10:56
have been screaming and yelling
at each other over food,
at each other over food,
238
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2620
由于食物产生了争执，
10:59
because food is very
important for the females,
important for the females,
239
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2492
因为食物对于雌性来说非常重要，
所以他像这样站在她们中间劝架。
11:01
and so he stops the fight between them
and stands between them like this.
and stands between them like this.
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这对我来说非常有趣，
当雄性领袖这么做的时候，
当雄性领袖这么做的时候，
11:05
And it's very interesting to me
that alpha males, when they do this,
that alpha males, when they do this,
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3191
他们变得公正。
11:08
they become impartial.
242
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他们并不会偏袒他们的母亲或者最好的朋友。
11:10
They don't support their mom
or their best buddy.
or their best buddy.
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2576
11:13
No, no, they stop fights,
244
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2616
他们不会这么做而是去阻止争斗，
并且为斗争中的弱势一方挺身而出。
11:15
and they come up
for the underdog in general.
for the underdog in general.
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2136
11:17
And this makes them
extremely popular in the group,
extremely popular in the group,
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3176
这使他们在群体受到欢迎，
因为他们为大家带来安全感，
11:21
because they provide security
247
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1976
11:23
for the lowest-ranking
members of the group.
members of the group.
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2496
特别是为弱势群体。
11:25
And so they become impartial,
249
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1816
他们变得公正，
11:27
which is an unusual condition
for a chimpanzee to be in,
for a chimpanzee to be in,
250
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2656
这对于黑猩猩来说可不常见，
11:30
because they're usually
very fond of their friends and so on,
very fond of their friends and so on,
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因为他们通常十分善待他们的朋友，
这些雄性领袖很擅长做和解的一方，
11:33
and these alpha males
who are good at this,
who are good at this,
252
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11:35
they can be very effective
at keeping the peace in the group.
at keeping the peace in the group.
253
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2896
而这能有效保持群体内部和平。
11:38
And the second thing they do
is they show empathy for others.
is they show empathy for others.
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他们做的第二件事，就是对其他组员表示同理心。
我做了很多有关同理心的研究，
11:41
Now, I do an enormous amount
of research on empathy,
of research on empathy,
255
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2736
但是我没有时间透露其中细节，
11:44
and I don't have time to go into it,
256
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1736
11:45
but empathy is nowadays a topic
that we study in rodents and dogs
that we study in rodents and dogs
257
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同情心是我们在啮齿动物和狗，
11:50
and elephants and primates,
258
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2096
以及大象和灵长类，
等各种动物中研究的课题。
11:52
all sorts of animals.
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11:54
And what you see here is two bonobos.
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你在这里看到的是两只矮黑猩猩，
11:56
The one in front
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2176
前面这只
在之前的一场搏斗中惨败。
11:59
has been beaten up in a fight.
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1456
12:00
The one in the back puts
her arms around her and consoles her.
her arms around her and consoles her.
263
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3296
后面这只搂着她，安慰她。
12:03
This is also actually how we measure
empathy in young children,
empathy in young children,
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3656
这也是我们用于评测儿童同情心的方式，
通过观察他们如何对处于痛苦的人做出反应。
12:07
by looking at how they respond
to distressed individuals.
to distressed individuals.
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3496
高级别的男性会做很多这样的事情，
12:11
And high-ranking males,
they do a lot of this.
they do a lot of this.
266
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2296
12:13
High-ranking males provide an enormous
amount of comfort in the group,
amount of comfort in the group,
267
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4416
群体中级别高的男性做出许多
表示同理心的行为，
表示同理心的行为，
他们出现在地震或飓风发生的地方
12:17
and they go to places
where there are earthquakes
where there are earthquakes
268
725800
2416
12:20
or hurricanes
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他们为群体带来慰藉。
12:22
and they provide comfort.
270
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12:23
The pope does this.
The presidents do this.
The presidents do this.
271
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2136
教皇如此，总统亦然。
12:26
All the leaders in the world
have to do this job.
have to do this job.
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2336
世界上所有的领袖都要做这种工作。
女王等等也如此。
12:28
The queen does it and so on.
273
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1816
他们都需要这样做。
12:30
They all have to do this job,
274
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1416
12:31
so providing consolation,
and that's a very important task.
and that's a very important task.
275
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3376
慰问群众是一项非常重要的任务。
非常擅长于这两件事情的男性，
12:35
And males who are good at these two,
276
743160
2016
维持和平，提供宽慰，
12:37
keeping the peace and providing comfort,
277
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他们就会成非常受欢迎的领导者。
12:39
they become extremely popular leaders,
278
747640
2016
12:41
and there's actually
some self-interest involved in it.
some self-interest involved in it.
279
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2816
所以这往往有私心在里面。
他们做这并不只为了群体，
12:44
They don't do it just for the group,
280
752520
1816
12:46
because it also stabilizes their position.
281
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2200
因为这也有助于维持他的地位。
12:49
The more popular
a male becomes as alpha male
a male becomes as alpha male
282
757400
2816
一个雄性首领越来越受欢迎，
其他成员就会更尊敬景仰他，
12:52
and the more the rest of them
respects them and looks up to them,
respects them and looks up to them,
283
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4696
12:56
the better their position is defended
284
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1816
这样雄性领袖的地位就越牢固了，
12:58
in case it's going to be
challenged by somebody else,
challenged by somebody else,
285
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2496
以防它会受到别人的挑战
因为当然，所有的群体都会支持这个人，
13:01
because then, of course, the whole group
is going to support that male
is going to support that male
286
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3296
因为他们想要维护对他们有益的领袖。
13:04
because they want to keep
a leader who is good for them.
a leader who is good for them.
287
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所以群众通常都比较拥护好领袖，
13:07
So the group is usually very supportive
of males who are good leaders,
of males who are good leaders,
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3366
完全不支持霸凌的领袖。
13:10
and it's not supportive at all of bullies.
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一旦这些霸凌者失去地位，
13:13
And when bullies lose their position,
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他们的下场可能很惨。
13:14
they may end up
in a very bad situation there.
in a very bad situation there.
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13:17
This is data actually
on the consolation behavior.
on the consolation behavior.
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这是关于慰问行为的数据。
13:20
This is data on consolation
in chimpanzees,
in chimpanzees,
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这是关于黑猩猩如何安慰同伙的数据，
13:23
and you see for the medium-
and low-ranking individuals,
and low-ranking individuals,
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你看在中下等级的黑猩猩中，
13:26
the females do more of it than the males.
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雌性做的比雄性多。
13:28
This is basically the whole community.
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基本上是整个社群都是这样。
13:30
And this is true for all
the mammal studies on empathy
the mammal studies on empathy
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在哺乳动物的同情心研究中
13:33
is that females
have more of it than males.
have more of it than males.
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也显示雌性比雄性有更多的同情心。
13:35
But look at the alpha male.
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但是看看这位雄性领袖。
13:37
The alpha male does
far more than anybody else.
far more than anybody else.
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雄性领袖做的比任何人都多。
13:40
And so that's the data on alpha males
being the consoler in chief, basically.
being the consoler in chief, basically.
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这基本上就是雄性领袖作为
首席安慰者的数据。
首席安慰者的数据。
13:46
The last thing I want to say
is something about alpha females.
is something about alpha females.
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最后我想提一些雌性领袖的事。
13:50
This is a picture of Mama,
the alpha female in the Arnhem zoo
the alpha female in the Arnhem zoo
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这是Mama的照片，她是
阿亨姆动物园里的雌性领袖，
阿亨姆动物园里的雌性领袖，
13:53
where I used to work,
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我过去在这个动物园工作过，
13:54
who is now all over the internet,
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Mama现在在网络上非常红，
13:56
I think a hundred million
clicks at the moment,
clicks at the moment,
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我想现在关于她的一个视频
可能有上亿的点击量。
可能有上亿的点击量。
13:58
for a video of her dying at the age of 59,
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这是一个她在59岁去世的视频，
14:01
which happened last year.
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她是在去年过世的。
14:02
And Mama was an absolute
centrum of the group.
centrum of the group.
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Mama绝对是团体中的中流砥柱。
14:05
So she was not physically capable
of dominating the males.
of dominating the males.
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虽然她并不能凭借强大的体力统领雄性，
14:10
She ranked below the males,
but she was the center of the community,
but she was the center of the community,
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她的地位也比雄性低，但是她是社群的中心。
14:14
and if there was big trouble
in the community,
in the community,
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如果社群里出什么事，
所有人最终都得找Mama解决。
14:16
everyone would end up in the arms of Mama.
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14:18
And so she was a very important figure.
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她是一个非常重要的人物。
14:20
And so I don't want to minimize
the position of alpha females
the position of alpha females
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所以我不想贬低雌性领袖
14:24
in the chimpanzee group.
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在黑猩猩群体中地位。
14:25
And then we have a species
that is equally close to us
that is equally close to us
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还有一个种群，就像黑猩猩一样和我们很相近
14:28
as the chimpanzee, the bonobo.
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那就是矮黑猩猩。
14:30
We often forget about the bonobo,
but the bonobos have a matriarchal society
but the bonobos have a matriarchal society
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我们经常忘记矮黑猩猩，
他们过母系社会的生活。
他们过母系社会的生活。
14:35
and the alpha individual
is a female, generally.
is a female, generally.
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通常来说，首领是雌性。
14:39
Generally, it's a female
who is at the top of the community,
who is at the top of the community,
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雌性是社群的首领，
14:42
and we know much less
about how this is done
about how this is done
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然而我们并不知道雌性是如何成为首领的
14:44
and how they get to that position,
and what they do with it,
and what they do with it,
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以及她们如何获得地位并用之何处，
14:47
because we know much less
about bonobos in general.
about bonobos in general.
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因为我们对矮黑猩猩大体上所知甚少，
14:50
But I do want to emphasize
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但是我想强调的是
14:51
that the alpha in a group
doesn't need to be a male,
doesn't need to be a male,
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一个群体的领袖并不一定是雄性，
14:55
and that actually in one
of our close relatives, it is a female.
of our close relatives, it is a female.
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并且在我们的近亲中，有个种群的
领袖就是雌性。
领袖就是雌性。
14:59
So the message I want to leave you with
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我想传达的信息是
15:01
is that if you are looking
at men in our society
at men in our society
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我们现今社会中的男性
15:07
who are the boss of, let's say,
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不论是家庭或公司中的领头人
15:09
a family or a business
or Washington or whatever,
or Washington or whatever,
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或是美国总统华盛顿，
你可以称他们为雄性领袖，
15:12
you call them alpha male,
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15:15
you should not insult chimpanzees
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但是你不可以用错误的标签
15:17
by using the wrong label.
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侮辱黑猩猩。
15:19
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
15:20
You should not call a bully an alpha male.
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你不应该称一个霸凌者为雄性领袖
一个强壮，喜欢恐吓并侮辱他人的人，
15:23
Someone who is big and strong
and intimidates and insults everyone
and intimidates and insults everyone
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15:27
is not necessarily an alpha male.
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这样的人不能被称之为雄性首领。
15:29
An alpha male has all sorts of qualities,
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一个雄性领袖有各种各样的品质。
15:31
and I have seen bully
alpha males in chimpanzees,
alpha males in chimpanzees,
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当然，黑猩猩中存在霸凌式雄性头领，
15:34
they do occur,
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他们的确存在，
15:35
but most of the ones that we have
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但是我们大部分雄性领袖
有领导力，
15:38
have leadership capacities
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15:40
and are integrated in their community,
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与群体融合在一起
15:42
and, like Amos at the end,
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最终，它们就像阿莫那样
15:44
they are loved and respected,
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受到爱戴与尊敬，
所以真正的雄性领袖可能
和你们想象得不一样。
和你们想象得不一样。
15:45
and so it's a very different situation
than you may think.
than you may think.
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谢谢！
15:48
And I thank you.
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15:50
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Frans de Waal - PrimatologistFrans de Waal studies primate social behavior -- how they fight and reconcile, share and cooperate.
Why you should listen
Dutch/American biologist and ethologist Frans de Waal draws parallels between primate and human behavior, from peacemaking and morality to culture. Looking at human society through the lens of animal behavior, de Waal's first book, Chimpanzee Politics (1982), compares the schmoozing and scheming of chimpanzees involved in power struggles with that of human politicians. Named one of the 100 Most Influential People Today by Time Magazine, de Waal has written hundreds of peer-reviewed scientific articles, and his popular books have been translated in over 20 languages. He is a professor in Emory University's psychology department and Director of the Living Links Center at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center, in Atlanta. His next book is on animal and human emotions, entitled Mama's Last Hug (Norton, 2019).
Frans de Waal | Speaker | TED.com