TEDMED 2017
Frans de Waal: The surprising science of alpha males
弗蘭斯德瓦爾: 雄性領袖背後的驚人科學
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在這場關於「雄性領袖」的演說中，靈長類學家弗蘭斯德瓦爾探究了權力的特權和代價，同時也提出人類和靈長類選擇領袖的方式有許多共同點。他的研究指出，雄性領袖有一些一般人未預期的能力（大方、同理心，甚至維護和平），他也解釋人類政治人物對於權力的掙扎。德瓦爾說：「如果這個人個頭很大、很強壯，會威嚇人，且會侮辱大家，他不見得就是雄性領袖。」
Frans de Waal - Primatologist
Frans de Waal studies primate social behavior -- how they fight and reconcile, share and cooperate. Full bio
Frans de Waal studies primate social behavior -- how they fight and reconcile, share and cooperate. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Well, I have known
many alpha males in my life,
many alpha males in my life,
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我一生中認識很多雄性領袖，
00:16
chimpanzee alpha males,
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黑猩猩雄性領袖，
00:19
and I'm going to talk
about what an alpha male is,
about what an alpha male is,
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我要來談談雄性領袖是什麼，
00:22
because I think we can all learn
a lot from our close relatives
a lot from our close relatives
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因為我認為，在我們
也有雄性領袖的事物上，
也有雄性領袖的事物上，
有很多能向我們的近親學習的。
00:26
where we have alpha males.
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00:28
And as an example, I want to give you
Amos, a male that I knew
Amos, a male that I knew
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舉例來說，我認識
一隻雄性黑猩猩叫做艾莫斯，
一隻雄性黑猩猩叫做艾莫斯，
00:33
who was a young male
and he was alpha male,
and he was alpha male,
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牠很年輕，且牠是雄性領袖，
00:35
he was very popular,
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牠非常受歡迎，
00:36
but he got sick
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但牠生病了，
00:38
and he lost his position because,
you know, chimpanzee males
you know, chimpanzee males
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牠失去了牠的地位，因為，
你們知道的，雄猩猩
你們知道的，雄猩猩
00:42
they can spot from a mile away
if you are weak
if you are weak
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在一英哩外就能發現你很虛弱，
00:44
and they went for him,
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所以牠們找上牠，
00:46
and he lost his position,
and then he got sicker and sicker
and then he got sicker and sicker
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牠失去了牠的地位，
接著牠越病越重，
接著牠越病越重，
00:49
until at some point we had to isolate him.
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直到某個時點，我們得要將牠隔離。
00:52
The group lived on a grassy island,
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這群動物住在滿是青草的島嶼上，
00:56
and we had to isolate him in a cage,
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我們得要用一個籠子將牠隔離，
00:58
but we cracked open the cage
so that the rest of the chimps
so that the rest of the chimps
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但我們讓籠子開了個縫，
讓其他的黑猩猩
讓其他的黑猩猩
01:01
still had access to him.
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仍然能接觸到牠。
01:02
And what happened was most touching.
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接下來發生的事情非常感人。
01:04
Other chimps would bring food to him,
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其他黑猩猩會帶食物給牠，
01:07
they would bring wood wool to him,
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會帶木毛給牠，
01:09
which is this thing that they use
to sleep in and build nests out of,
to sleep in and build nests out of,
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木毛是牠們用來當床
以及建立巢穴用的，
以及建立巢穴用的，
01:13
and females would put
the wood wool behind his back.
the wood wool behind his back.
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母黑猩猩會把木毛放在牠背後。
01:16
He was leaning heavily against the wall,
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牠很沉重地傾身靠在牆壁上，
01:18
and the way we do with pillows
to patients in a hospital,
to patients in a hospital,
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就像在醫院裡我們
會拿枕頭給病人墊著，
會拿枕頭給病人墊著，
01:22
they were putting
that stuff behind his back.
that stuff behind his back.
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牠們則是把木毛放在牠的背後。
01:24
And I thought, this is the way
to go for an alpha male.
to go for an alpha male.
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我心想，這是對待
雄性領袖的方式。
雄性領袖的方式。
01:28
He was loved and respected,
and everyone was taking care of him,
and everyone was taking care of him,
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牠是被愛戴且尊敬的，
每隻黑猩猩都在照顧牠，
每隻黑猩猩都在照顧牠，
01:32
and this is not always how it goes,
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通常不見得會如此，
01:33
because some males don't answer well
when they lose their position.
when they lose their position.
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因為有些雄猩猩在失去地位之後
並沒有被好好地對待。
並沒有被好好地對待。
01:37
So Amos was an example
of a male who was liked as a leader,
of a male who was liked as a leader,
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所以，艾莫斯是個
被愛戴的雄性領導者的例子，
被愛戴的雄性領導者的例子，
01:42
and I think the term alpha male,
if you look it up on the internet,
if you look it up on the internet,
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至於「雄性領袖（alpha male）」
這個詞，若你們上網查，
這個詞，若你們上網查，
01:46
you will find all these business books
that tell you how to be an alpha male,
that tell you how to be an alpha male,
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會找到各種商業書籍，
教你如何成為雄性領袖，
教你如何成為雄性領袖，
01:49
and what they mean
is how to beat up others
is how to beat up others
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而他們的意思是要擊敗其他人，
01:52
and beat them over the head
and let them know that you are boss
and let them know that you are boss
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且要直接打向頭部，
讓其他人知道你是老大，
讓其他人知道你是老大，
01:55
and don't mess with me and so on.
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不要來惹我等等。
01:56
And basically an alpha male
for them is a bully.
for them is a bully.
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因為，對他們來說，
雄性領袖就是個惡霸。
雄性領袖就是個惡霸。
02:00
And I really don't like
that kind of description,
that kind of description,
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而我真的不喜歡那種描述，
02:04
because I am actually partly responsible
for the term "alpha male"
for the term "alpha male"
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因為對於「雄性領袖」這個詞，
我其實也有點責任，
我其實也有點責任，
02:08
because I wrote this book
"Chimpanzee Politics,"
"Chimpanzee Politics,"
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因為《黑猩猩政治學》
這本書是我寫的，
這本書是我寫的，
02:11
which was recommended by Newt Gingrich
to freshmen congressmen.
to freshmen congressmen.
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而紐特金瑞契把這本書
推薦給新進的國會議員。
推薦給新進的國會議員。
02:16
I don't know what good it did,
but he recommended that book to them,
but he recommended that book to them,
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我不知道這本書有什麼好處，
但他就推薦給了他們，
但他就推薦給了他們，
02:20
and after that the term
"alpha male" became very popular.
"alpha male" became very popular.
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從那之後，「雄性領袖」
這個詞就變得很熱門。
這個詞就變得很熱門。
02:24
But I think it is used
in a mischaracterization.
in a mischaracterization.
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但我認為這個詞
被用在錯誤的描述中。
被用在錯誤的描述中。
02:27
It's used in a very superficial way
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它被拿來做很表淺的解讀，
02:30
that doesn't relate
to what a real alpha male is.
to what a real alpha male is.
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那和真正的雄性領袖是不一樣的。
02:32
And so I'm here to explain what that is.
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所以，我來是此要解釋
雄性領袖是什麼。
雄性領袖是什麼。
02:35
The term itself goes back
actually much further.
actually much further.
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這個詞本身的源頭
要再向前追溯許多。
要再向前追溯許多。
02:37
It goes back to the '40s and '50s,
research on wolves,
research on wolves,
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要回到四○及五○年代，
關於狼的研究，
關於狼的研究，
02:41
and basically the definition
is very simple.
is very simple.
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基本上，定義十分簡單。
02:43
The highest ranking male
is the alpha male.
is the alpha male.
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等級排名最高的雄性，
就是雄性領袖。
就是雄性領袖。
02:45
The highest ranking female
is the alpha female.
is the alpha female.
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等級排名最高的雌性，
就是雌性領袖。
就是雌性領袖。
02:48
Every primate group
has one alpha male, one alpha female,
has one alpha male, one alpha female,
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每個靈長類動物群體，都會有
一隻雄性領袖、一隻雌性領袖，
一隻雄性領袖、一隻雌性領袖，
02:51
not more than that, there's only one.
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不會超過，就只有一隻。
02:54
And I will explain how that goes.
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我來解釋一下這個過程。
02:57
So first, the body language.
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首先，肢體語言。
02:59
What you see here is two male chimpanzees
who are the same size,
who are the same size,
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你們在這裡看到的是
大小相同的兩隻雄猩猩，
大小相同的兩隻雄猩猩，
03:03
but one is walking upright,
has his hair up,
has his hair up,
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但有一隻用直立的姿勢走路，
牠的毛也是站立著的，
牠的毛也是站立著的，
03:06
has a big rock in his hand,
and he's the alpha male.
and he's the alpha male.
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手上拿著一塊大石頭，
牠就是雄性領袖。
牠就是雄性領袖。
03:08
The other male is pant-grunting to him,
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另一隻雄性則是
喘吁吁地對牠發出呼嚕聲，
喘吁吁地對牠發出呼嚕聲，
03:11
is being submissive to him
and bowing for him,
and bowing for him,
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對牠表示順從，對牠屈身，
03:14
and that is the sort of ritual they need
to go through many times a day
to go through many times a day
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牠們一天需要做許多次這種儀式，
03:17
in order to have a stable relationship.
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才能夠有穩定的關係。
03:20
I'll show you a video from the field.
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讓我放一段實地拍攝的
影片給各位看。
影片給各位看。
03:23
What you will see here
is a female pant-grunting to an alpha male
is a female pant-grunting to an alpha male
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會看到一隻雌猩猩對雄性領袖
喘吁吁地發出呼嚕聲，
喘吁吁地發出呼嚕聲，
03:26
and you will see how that goes.
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各位可以看到這個過程。
03:29
The male is approaching,
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雄性正在靠近，
03:30
she grunts at him.
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雌性對牠發出呼嚕聲。
03:31
(Chimpanzee grunts)
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（黑猩猩發出呼嚕聲）
03:33
He has all his hair up
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雄性的毛都立起來了，
03:35
and he displays.
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牠在求偶炫耀。
03:39
I'm actually standing far too close.
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我其實站得太近了。
03:41
A chimpanzee is far stronger than I am,
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黑猩猩比我強壯太多，
03:44
and I just was not very prudent,
this particular video.
this particular video.
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在這支影片中，我不夠審慎。
03:48
So what you saw him do
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所以，你們看見牠所做的，
03:51
is he was lifting himself up
and standing on two legs,
and standing on two legs,
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是牠把自己抬起來，用兩腳站立，
03:54
and putting his arms out.
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伸出雙臂。
03:55
That's called the bipedal swagger.
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這叫做雙足式的昂首闊步。
03:57
It's a very common posture
in high-ranking males,
in high-ranking males,
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這是排名等級高的雄性
非常常見的姿勢，
非常常見的姿勢，
04:00
and it's very recognizable
because humans do this kind of stuff.
because humans do this kind of stuff.
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這非常容易被認出來，
因為人類也會做這個動作。
因為人類也會做這個動作。
04:03
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
04:04
Humans do this all the time.
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人類常常會做。
04:07
And what I really like
about this particular picture
about this particular picture
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這張照片，我很喜歡的一點，
04:10
is the two old guys to the side.
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是旁邊的兩個老傢伙。
04:13
This is very chimpanzee.
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這是非常黑猩猩的景象，
04:15
In chimpanzees,
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在黑猩猩中，
04:16
we have usually old males
who are over the hill,
who are over the hill,
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通常會有已經過了顛峰期的雄猩猩，
04:19
who cannot be alpha male
themselves anymore,
themselves anymore,
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牠們不能再是雄性領袖，
04:22
but they start playing games
and forming coalitions,
and forming coalitions,
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但牠們會開始玩權謀，組成聯盟，
04:25
and behind the backs of others.
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在別的黑猩猩背後做手腳。
04:27
And they become extremely influential,
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牠們會變得十分有影響力，
04:29
and you may actually have old males
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確實有可能會有老的雄猩猩
04:31
who are more influential
than the alpha male himself.
than the alpha male himself.
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比雄性領袖本身還要有影響力。
04:35
Just as an example,
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舉個例子，
04:36
the three males
that I used to work with most
that I used to work with most
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我很久以前在荷蘭動物園工作時
04:39
at the Dutch zoo long ago, where I worked,
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最常接觸三隻雄猩猩，
04:41
and the middle male here
is a 17-year-old alpha male.
is a 17-year-old alpha male.
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中間的那一隻是十七歲的雄性領袖。
04:45
The male who is grooming
on the side is twice as old,
on the side is twice as old,
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在旁邊被牠梳洗的那一隻
年齡有兩倍大，
年齡有兩倍大，
04:50
and this old male has made him the leader.
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這隻老的雄猩猩讓牠成為領袖。
04:53
So you can imagine that that old male
has an enormous amount of power,
has an enormous amount of power,
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所以，各位可以想像，
這隻老的黑猩猩有非常大的權力，
這隻老的黑猩猩有非常大的權力，
04:56
because he has made
the alpha male alpha male.
the alpha male alpha male.
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因為是牠讓雄性領袖
成為雄性領袖的。
成為雄性領袖的。
04:58
The male on the right
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右邊的那一隻，
05:00
is individually the strongest male.
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個別來說是最強壯的雄猩猩。
05:02
In captivity, you can test it out,
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在囚禁的狀況下測試，
05:05
and you can know that this male
has no trouble with either one.
has no trouble with either one.
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可以得知這隻雄猩猩
和其他兩隻沒有個別的過節，
和其他兩隻沒有個別的過節，
05:09
He has only trouble
with the combination of the two.
with the combination of the two.
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牠唯一不滿的就是
兩隻黑猩猩結合在一起。
兩隻黑猩猩結合在一起。
05:12
And so the coalition formation
that goes on in chimpanzee society
that goes on in chimpanzee society
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所以，在黑猩猩社會中
也會有聯盟形成，
也會有聯盟形成，
05:16
makes it much more complex than you think.
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讓牠們的社會比想像中還複雜。
05:18
It means, for example,
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這意味著，比如，
05:20
that the smallest male in a group
can be the alpha male.
can be the alpha male.
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群體中最小的雄猩猩
也可能成為雄性領袖。
也可能成為雄性領袖。
05:23
You don't need to be
the biggest and strongest male.
the biggest and strongest male.
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雄性領袖不需要最高大、最強壯。
05:25
The smallest male, if he has
the right friends and keeps them happy,
the right friends and keeps them happy,
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最小的雄猩猩如果能找對朋友
並讓這些朋友保持開心，
並讓這些朋友保持開心，
05:29
or he has female support,
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或能得到雌性的支持，
05:30
he can be the alpha male.
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牠就有可能當上雄性領袖。
05:33
So the coalition system
makes everything complex,
makes everything complex,
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結盟的體制讓一切變複雜了，
05:36
and I'm always waiting here in the US
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而我一直在美國這裡等待著，
05:39
for the primaries,
the end of the primaries,
the end of the primaries,
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等待初選，等待初選結束，
05:41
because that's a moment
where you need to demonstrate unity.
where you need to demonstrate unity.
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因為在那一刻就會需要展現團結。
05:45
Now let me first show you
how the unity is shown in chimpanzees.
how the unity is shown in chimpanzees.
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我先讓各位看看在黑猩猩中的
團結是什麼樣子的。
團結是什麼樣子的。
05:48
What you see here is two males on the left
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在左圖中有兩隻雄猩猩，
05:50
who are standing together.
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牠們站在一起。
05:52
You also see the big
canine teeth that they have.
canine teeth that they have.
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可以看見牠們有很大顆的犬齒。
05:54
And they're standing together and they
demonstrate to the rest of the group,
demonstrate to the rest of the group,
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牠們站在一起，
向群體中的其他黑猩猩宣示：
向群體中的其他黑猩猩宣示：
05:58
"We are together. We are a unit."
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「我們是一起的。我們是一體的。」
06:00
The males on the right
are walking together in synchrony.
are walking together in synchrony.
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右邊的雄猩猩同步走在一起。
06:03
That's another way of demonstrating
that you are together.
that you are together.
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那是另一種宣示牠們在一起的方式。
06:06
And so demonstrating unity
is extremely important
is extremely important
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在結盟的體制中，宣示出團結
06:09
in a coalition system,
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是非常重要的，
06:11
and as I said, in the primaries
always I'm waiting for that moment
always I'm waiting for that moment
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如我先前所言，在初選中，
我總是在等待那個時刻，
我總是在等待那個時刻，
06:14
because then you have
two members of the same party
two members of the same party
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因為接著就會有同黨派的兩個成員，
06:17
who have been fighting with each other,
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牠們本來一直在互相鬥爭，
06:19
and they need to come
together at some moment.
together at some moment.
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卻在某個時刻得要聯手。
06:22
And it leads to very awkward situations.
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這會造成非常尷尬的情況。
06:25
People who don't like each other
need to embrace each other
need to embrace each other
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不喜歡彼此的人得要擁抱彼此，
06:27
and stand together,
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站在一起，
06:29
and that's absolutely essential
for the unity of the party,
for the unity of the party,
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對於黨派的團結，
這點是絕對必要的，
這點是絕對必要的，
06:32
and if you don't do that,
the party may fall apart.
the party may fall apart.
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如果你不這麼做，黨派可能會分裂。
06:35
And so if it doesn't go well,
like in this particular case --
like in this particular case --
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如果不太順利，就像這個案例—–
06:38
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
06:39
then the party is in deep doo-doo
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那麼這個黨派就有大麻煩了，
06:41
because they have not demonstrated unity.
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因為他們沒有展現出團結。
06:44
So that's a very important part
of the coalition system,
of the coalition system,
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所以，那是結盟的體制
非常重要的一部分，
非常重要的一部分，
06:47
and that's something that we share
between humans and chimpanzees.
between humans and chimpanzees.
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這也是人類和黑猩猩的共同之處。
06:51
Now, how do you become an alpha male?
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那麼，你要如何成為雄性領袖？
06:55
First of all, you need to be
impressive and intimidating
impressive and intimidating
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首先，你得要讓人印象深刻
且要令人生畏，
且要令人生畏，
06:58
and demonstrate your vigor on occasion
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偶爾要展現出你的精力，
07:00
and show that you are very strong,
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顯示你非常強壯，
07:02
and there's all sorts
of ways of doing that.
of ways of doing that.
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要做到這一點的方式很多。
07:05
But other things that you need to do
is you need to be generous.
is you need to be generous.
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但你還需要做其他的事，
你得要大方。
你得要大方。
07:08
So, for example,
males who go on a campaign
males who go on a campaign
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所以，舉例來說，
如果雄性想要競選，
如果雄性想要競選，
07:10
to dethrone the leader,
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罷黜現有的領袖，
07:11
which may take two or three months
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這可能要花二或三個月的時間，
07:14
where they're testing
all the coalitions in the group,
all the coalitions in the group,
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牠們會用這段時間
測試群體中的所有聯盟，
測試群體中的所有聯盟，
07:17
they also become extremely generous.
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牠們也會變得十分大方。
07:19
They share food very easily with everyone.
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牠們會很輕易就和大家分享食物。
07:21
Or they start to tickle
the babies of the females.
the babies of the females.
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或是牠們會開始逗弄雌猩猩的寶寶。
07:24
They're normally, male chimpanzees,
not particularly interested in infants,
not particularly interested in infants,
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正常來說，雄猩猩
對於嬰兒不會特別感興趣，
對於嬰兒不會特別感興趣，
07:28
but when they are campaigning like that,
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但當牠們要從事競選時，
07:30
they get very interested in infants
and they tickle them,
and they tickle them,
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牠們就會對嬰兒
很感興趣，會逗弄嬰兒，
很感興趣，會逗弄嬰兒，
07:33
and they try to curry favor
with the females.
with the females.
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牠們會試圖巴結討好雌猩猩。
07:35
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
07:36
So in humans, of course,
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當然，換作是人類，
07:37
I am always intrigued
by these men who are candidates
by these men who are candidates
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這些男性候選人
像這樣高舉著嬰兒時，
像這樣高舉著嬰兒時，
07:41
and hold babies up like this.
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總讓我感到很好奇。
07:42
This is not particularly
something that babies like --
something that babies like --
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嬰兒並不會特別喜歡
被這樣對待——
被這樣對待——
07:45
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
07:46
but since it is a signal
to the rest of the world,
to the rest of the world,
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但畢竟這是在對全世界
傳遞一個訊息，
傳遞一個訊息，
07:48
they need to hold them in the air.
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他們總是得把嬰兒高舉在空中。
07:50
And I was really intrigued by,
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還有一點也讓我覺得很好奇的，
07:53
when we had a female candidate
in the last election,
in the last election,
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就是上一次的選舉中有女性候選人，
07:55
the way she held babies
was more like this,
was more like this,
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她抱起嬰兒的方式比較像是這樣，
07:58
which is what babies really like.
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這才是嬰兒喜歡的方式。
08:00
But she of course
didn't need to send the message
didn't need to send the message
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但，當然，她並不需要
傳遞訊息告訴大家
傳遞訊息告訴大家
08:02
that she could hold a baby
without dropping it,
without dropping it,
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她能夠抱著嬰兒
且不會讓嬰兒摔落，
且不會讓嬰兒摔落，
08:05
which was what the man was doing.
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這是剛剛那位男性在傳遞的訊息。
08:07
So this is a very common tactic,
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所以，這是個很常見的戰略，
08:08
and male chimpanzees,
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而雄猩猩
08:10
they spend a lot of time
currying favor with all sorts of parties
currying favor with all sorts of parties
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在競選的時候，會花很多時間
討好各黨派。
08:14
when they are campaigning.
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08:17
Now, what are the privileges and the costs
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當上雄性領袖有什麼特權
08:21
of being an alpha male?
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和代價？
08:23
The biggest privilege is females.
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最大的特權就是雌猩猩。
08:26
Food is really irrelevant.
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食物其實不重要。
08:27
Male chimpanzees
can go a week without food
can go a week without food
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如果雄猩猩對
發情的雌猩猩有「性」趣，
發情的雌猩猩有「性」趣，
08:30
if there's a female in estrus
and they're sexually interested in her.
and they're sexually interested in her.
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牠們可以一星期不吃東西。
08:34
Food is secondary to sex.
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性比食物更重要。
08:36
And so the male chimpanzees --
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所以，雄猩猩——
08:38
and we evolutionary biologists, of course,
we have an explanation for this,
we have an explanation for this,
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當然，我們演化生物學家
對此有一種解釋說法，
對此有一種解釋說法，
08:42
is that sex leads to reproduction,
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就是性會導致繁殖，
08:44
and reproductive success
is the measure of evolution.
is the measure of evolution.
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而演化成功就是用繁殖來測量的。
08:47
That's how everything evolves.
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那就是萬物演化的方式。
08:49
And so if males can enhance
their reproductive success
their reproductive success
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所以，若雄性能夠透過
取得高的等級地位
取得高的等級地位
08:51
by being high ranking,
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來增加繁殖的成功，
08:53
you get automatically the ambition
to be high ranking in the males.
to be high ranking in the males.
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雄性自動就會有野心
想要取得高的等級排名。
想要取得高的等級排名。
08:57
So that's the privilege.
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所以，那是項特權。
09:00
The costs, one cost is of course
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至於代價，其中一項當然就是
09:03
that you need to keep your partners happy.
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你得要讓你的伙伴開心。
09:05
So if you come to power
with the support of an old male,
with the support of an old male,
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如果你是因為老的雄猩猩支持
才得以取得權力，
才得以取得權力，
09:09
you need to let that old male
mate with females.
mate with females.
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你就得讓那隻老的雄猩猩
和雌猩猩交配。
和雌猩猩交配。
09:12
If you don't do that,
that old male is going to get mad at you,
that old male is going to get mad at you,
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如果不這麼做，那隻
老的雄猩猩就會生你的氣，
老的雄猩猩就會生你的氣，
09:15
and you're going to lose him as a partner.
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你就會失去這個伙伴。
09:18
So there's a transaction going on.
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所以，這可說是一項交易。
09:20
If you become alpha male this way,
you need to keep your partners happy.
you need to keep your partners happy.
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如果你用這種方式成為雄性領袖，
你就得要讓你的伙伴開心。
你就得要讓你的伙伴開心。
09:24
And so that's one of the costs.
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那是其中一項代價。
09:25
The second cost is that
everyone wants your position.
everyone wants your position.
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第二項代價是大家都想要你的位置。
09:29
Alpha male position
is a very important position,
is a very important position,
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雄性領袖的位置非常重要，
09:31
and everyone wants to take it from you,
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大家都想從你手上將之奪走，
09:34
and so you constantly
have to watch your back.
have to watch your back.
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所以你得要常常嚴防暗算。
09:36
You have to be extremely vigilant.
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你得要極度警戒。
09:38
For example, you have to
disrupt the coalitions of others
disrupt the coalitions of others
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比如，你得去瓦解其他猩猩的聯盟，
09:40
and that's what male
chimpanzees do quite a bit.
chimpanzees do quite a bit.
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雄猩猩常常會結盟。
09:43
Divide and rule strategies, they have.
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牠們有「分而治之」的策略。
09:45
And so that's a very stressful situation,
and we actually have data on this.
and we actually have data on this.
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所以，那是個壓力非常大的情況，
我們有確實的相關資料佐證。
我們有確實的相關資料佐證。
09:49
The data comes from the field,
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資料來自實地，
09:51
from baboons not chimpanzees in this case,
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這項研究的對象是狒狒，
而非黑猩猩，
而非黑猩猩，
09:54
where they did fecal samples
on the baboons
on the baboons
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在研究中，他們取得
狒狒的糞便樣本，
狒狒的糞便樣本，
09:56
and they analyzed them
for glucocorticoids.
for glucocorticoids.
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他們分析樣本中的糖皮質激素。
09:59
And what you see here is a graph
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各位看到的這張圖中，
10:01
where you see that the lower ranking
the male baboon is,
the male baboon is,
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當雄性狒狒的等級排名越低，
10:05
the higher is his cortisol level
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牠糞便中的皮質醇含量就會越高。
10:07
in the feces,
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10:09
but the alpha male, as you see,
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但各位可以看到，雄性領袖
10:11
has just as high a level
as the lowest-ranking males,
as the lowest-ranking males,
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和最低等級排名的雄性狒狒
有一樣高的皮質醇含量。
有一樣高的皮質醇含量。
10:14
and so you may think that being alpha male
is nice and dandy and is wonderful,
is nice and dandy and is wonderful,
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因此，各位可能認為身為
雄性領袖是很好很棒的一件事，
雄性領袖是很好很棒的一件事，
10:19
but it's actually
a very stressful position,
a very stressful position,
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但那其實是個壓力很大的位置，
10:21
and we can demonstrate
that physiologically.
that physiologically.
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我們可以從生理層面
來展示這一點。
來展示這一點。
10:25
Now, what are the obligations?
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至於義務呢？有什麼義務？
10:27
And here, for me,
it gets really interesting,
it gets really interesting,
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對我來說，這就是
十分有趣的地方，
十分有趣的地方，
10:30
and it deviates very much
from your typical image of the alpha male.
from your typical image of the alpha male.
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4240
這和各位對於雄性領袖的
典型形象認知有很大的差別。
典型形象認知有很大的差別。
10:35
The alpha male
has two sorts of obligations.
has two sorts of obligations.
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雄性領袖有兩種義務。
10:38
One is to keep the peace in the group.
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第一，是要維持群體中的和平。
10:40
We call that the control role,
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我們稱之為控制的角色，
10:42
to control fights in the group,
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控制群體中的打鬥，
10:44
and the second is to be the most empathic,
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第二，可以說是要當整個國度中
10:46
the consoler in chief, basically,
of the nation, so to speak.
of the nation, so to speak.
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最有同理心的主要安慰者。
10:49
So first of all, keeping the peace.
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所以，首先，維護和平。
10:51
This is a male who stops a fight
between two females.
between two females.
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這是一隻雄猩猩在阻止
兩隻雌猩猩的鬥爭。
兩隻雌猩猩的鬥爭。
10:54
Two females on the left and the right
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左邊和右邊的兩隻雌猩猩
10:56
have been screaming and yelling
at each other over food,
at each other over food,
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2620
為了食物一直在對彼此吼叫，
10:59
because food is very
important for the females,
important for the females,
239
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2492
因為對雌猩猩來說，食物十分重要，
11:01
and so he stops the fight between them
and stands between them like this.
and stands between them like this.
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所以，這隻雄猩猩阻止牠們爭吵，
像這樣站在牠們之間。
像這樣站在牠們之間。
11:05
And it's very interesting to me
that alpha males, when they do this,
that alpha males, when they do this,
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我覺得很有趣的一點是，
當雄性領袖在做這件事時，
當雄性領袖在做這件事時，
11:08
they become impartial.
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牠們能夠很公正。
11:10
They don't support their mom
or their best buddy.
or their best buddy.
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牠們不會支持自己的母親
或是最好的朋友。
或是最好的朋友。
11:13
No, no, they stop fights,
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不會，牠們就是阻止鬥爭，
11:15
and they come up
for the underdog in general.
for the underdog in general.
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且一般來說牠們
會為劣勢的一方出頭。
會為劣勢的一方出頭。
11:17
And this makes them
extremely popular in the group,
extremely popular in the group,
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這讓牠們在群體中非常受歡迎，
11:21
because they provide security
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1976
因為牠們能提供安全感，
11:23
for the lowest-ranking
members of the group.
members of the group.
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保護等級排名最低的群體成員。
11:25
And so they become impartial,
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所以，牠們就會變得很公正，
11:27
which is an unusual condition
for a chimpanzee to be in,
for a chimpanzee to be in,
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這在黑猩猩當中是很不尋常的，
11:30
because they're usually
very fond of their friends and so on,
very fond of their friends and so on,
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因為牠們通常都非常
喜愛自己的朋友等等，
喜愛自己的朋友等等，
11:33
and these alpha males
who are good at this,
who are good at this,
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且非常擅於此道的雄性領袖
11:35
they can be very effective
at keeping the peace in the group.
at keeping the peace in the group.
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能在群體中非常有效地維護和平。
11:38
And the second thing they do
is they show empathy for others.
is they show empathy for others.
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牠們所做的第二件事，
就是展現對其他黑猩猩的同理。
就是展現對其他黑猩猩的同理。
11:41
Now, I do an enormous amount
of research on empathy,
of research on empathy,
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我針對同理心做了很大量的研究，
11:44
and I don't have time to go into it,
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我沒有時間深入探討這主題，
11:45
but empathy is nowadays a topic
that we study in rodents and dogs
that we study in rodents and dogs
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但現今，同理心是研究探討的主題，
針對齧齒目動物、犬類、
11:50
and elephants and primates,
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大象、靈長類動物，
11:52
all sorts of animals.
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各式各樣的動物。
11:54
And what you see here is two bonobos.
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各位看見的是兩隻倭黑猩猩。
11:56
The one in front
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前面的這一隻
在一場打鬥中被打得很慘。
11:59
has been beaten up in a fight.
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12:00
The one in the back puts
her arms around her and consoles her.
her arms around her and consoles her.
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後面的那一隻把牠的
手臂繞過牠、安慰牠。
手臂繞過牠、安慰牠。
12:03
This is also actually how we measure
empathy in young children,
empathy in young children,
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這其實就是我們用來測量
孩童同理心的方式，
孩童同理心的方式，
12:07
by looking at how they respond
to distressed individuals.
to distressed individuals.
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我們會看孩童對於
沮喪的人有什麼反應。
沮喪的人有什麼反應。
12:11
And high-ranking males,
they do a lot of this.
they do a lot of this.
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高等級排名的雄性常常會這麼做。
12:13
High-ranking males provide an enormous
amount of comfort in the group,
amount of comfort in the group,
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高等級排名的雄性會
在群體中提供大量的安慰，
在群體中提供大量的安慰，
12:17
and they go to places
where there are earthquakes
where there are earthquakes
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雄性會到有地震的地方，
12:20
or hurricanes
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或有颶風的地方，
12:22
and they provide comfort.
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提供安慰。
12:23
The pope does this.
The presidents do this.
The presidents do this.
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教宗這麼做。總統這麼做。
12:26
All the leaders in the world
have to do this job.
have to do this job.
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世界上所有的領導者
都得做這項工作。
都得做這項工作。
12:28
The queen does it and so on.
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女王也會做，以此類推。
12:30
They all have to do this job,
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他們都得做這項工作，
12:31
so providing consolation,
and that's a very important task.
and that's a very important task.
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所以，提供安慰是一項
非常重要的工作任務。
非常重要的工作任務。
12:35
And males who are good at these two,
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擅長做這兩件事的雄性，
12:37
keeping the peace and providing comfort,
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會維護和平也會提供安慰，
12:39
they become extremely popular leaders,
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就能成為非常受歡迎的領袖，
12:41
and there's actually
some self-interest involved in it.
some self-interest involved in it.
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其實這裡還涉及到一些自我利益。
12:44
They don't do it just for the group,
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這麼做的目的不只是為了群體，
12:46
because it also stabilizes their position.
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也是為了穩固自己的地位。
12:49
The more popular
a male becomes as alpha male
a male becomes as alpha male
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當雄性領袖變得越受歡迎，
12:52
and the more the rest of them
respects them and looks up to them,
respects them and looks up to them,
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且有越多其他成員尊敬、崇拜牠們，
當有其他成員要向牠們挑戰時，
12:56
the better their position is defended
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12:58
in case it's going to be
challenged by somebody else,
challenged by somebody else,
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牠們的位置就更安全，
因為當發生這種狀況時，
當然整個群體都會支持牠，
當然整個群體都會支持牠，
13:01
because then, of course, the whole group
is going to support that male
is going to support that male
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因為大家都想要保有
一個對牠們好的領袖。
一個對牠們好的領袖。
13:04
because they want to keep
a leader who is good for them.
a leader who is good for them.
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所以，群體通常都
非常支持好的雄性領袖，
非常支持好的雄性領袖，
13:07
So the group is usually very supportive
of males who are good leaders,
of males who are good leaders,
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且完全不支持惡霸。
13:10
and it's not supportive at all of bullies.
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13:13
And when bullies lose their position,
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當惡霸失去了牠們的位置，
13:14
they may end up
in a very bad situation there.
in a very bad situation there.
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牠們的處境可能會非常糟。
13:17
This is data actually
on the consolation behavior.
on the consolation behavior.
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這是關於安慰行為的資料。
13:20
This is data on consolation
in chimpanzees,
in chimpanzees,
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這些資料是黑猩猩的安慰行為資料，
13:23
and you see for the medium-
and low-ranking individuals,
and low-ranking individuals,
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各位可以看到，
中低等級排名的黑猩猩，
中低等級排名的黑猩猩，
13:26
the females do more of it than the males.
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雌猩猩會比雄猩猩更常安慰。
13:28
This is basically the whole community.
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基本上，這是整個社群。
13:30
And this is true for all
the mammal studies on empathy
the mammal studies on empathy
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所有的哺乳動物同理心研究都發現
13:33
is that females
have more of it than males.
have more of it than males.
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雌性會比雄性更常做出安慰行為。
13:35
But look at the alpha male.
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但，看看雄性領袖。
13:37
The alpha male does
far more than anybody else.
far more than anybody else.
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雄性領袖遠比任何成員
做的安慰行為都更多。
做的安慰行為都更多。
13:40
And so that's the data on alpha males
being the consoler in chief, basically.
being the consoler in chief, basically.
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基本上，資料呈現出的是
雄性領袖在擔任主要安慰者。
雄性領袖在擔任主要安慰者。
13:46
The last thing I want to say
is something about alpha females.
is something about alpha females.
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我想談的最後一件事，
和雌性領袖有關。
和雌性領袖有關。
13:50
This is a picture of Mama,
the alpha female in the Arnhem zoo
the alpha female in the Arnhem zoo
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這張照片中的是「媽媽」，
牠是阿納姆動物園中的雌性領袖，
牠是阿納姆動物園中的雌性領袖，
13:53
where I used to work,
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我先前在那裡工作，
13:54
who is now all over the internet,
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牠現在在網路上火紅，
13:56
I think a hundred million
clicks at the moment,
clicks at the moment,
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她在 59 歲時過世的影片，
13:58
for a video of her dying at the age of 59,
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在那時應該有十萬次點閱了，
14:01
which happened last year.
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發生的時間是在去年。
14:02
And Mama was an absolute
centrum of the group.
centrum of the group.
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媽媽是群體中的絕對中心。
14:05
So she was not physically capable
of dominating the males.
of dominating the males.
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在身體上，牠並沒有
能力可以支配雄性。
能力可以支配雄性。
14:10
She ranked below the males,
but she was the center of the community,
but she was the center of the community,
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牠的等級排名比雄性還低，
但牠卻是社群的中心，
但牠卻是社群的中心，
14:14
and if there was big trouble
in the community,
in the community,
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如果社群中出現大麻煩，
14:16
everyone would end up in the arms of Mama.
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大家最終都會以
得到媽媽的懷抱收場。
得到媽媽的懷抱收場。
14:18
And so she was a very important figure.
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所以牠是個非常重要的角色。
14:20
And so I don't want to minimize
the position of alpha females
the position of alpha females
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所以，我並不想把雌性領袖
在黑猩猩群體中的位置放到最低。
14:24
in the chimpanzee group.
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14:25
And then we have a species
that is equally close to us
that is equally close to us
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另外還有一種物種跟我們的相近程度
不輸給黑猩猩，就是倭黑猩猩。
14:28
as the chimpanzee, the bonobo.
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14:30
We often forget about the bonobo,
but the bonobos have a matriarchal society
but the bonobos have a matriarchal society
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我們常常忘了倭黑猩猩，
但倭黑猩猩的社會是母權的社會，
但倭黑猩猩的社會是母權的社會，
14:35
and the alpha individual
is a female, generally.
is a female, generally.
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一般來說，領袖的角色
是由雌性來擔任。
是由雌性來擔任。
14:39
Generally, it's a female
who is at the top of the community,
who is at the top of the community,
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一般來說，這個角色是
位在社群最頂端的雌性，
位在社群最頂端的雌性，
14:42
and we know much less
about how this is done
about how this is done
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我們不是很了解
這個過程是如何的、
這個過程是如何的、
14:44
and how they get to that position,
and what they do with it,
and what they do with it,
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牠們如何得到這個位置，
及要用這個位置做什麼，
及要用這個位置做什麼，
14:47
because we know much less
about bonobos in general.
about bonobos in general.
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因為我們對於倭黑猩猩的
一般知識就比較缺乏。
一般知識就比較缺乏。
14:50
But I do want to emphasize
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但我想要強調的是，
14:51
that the alpha in a group
doesn't need to be a male,
doesn't need to be a male,
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群體中的領袖不見得一定是雄性，
14:55
and that actually in one
of our close relatives, it is a female.
of our close relatives, it is a female.
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在與我們最接近的物種中，
就有一種的領袖是雌性。
就有一種的領袖是雌性。
14:59
So the message I want to leave you with
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我想要留給各位的訊息是，
15:01
is that if you are looking
at men in our society
at men in our society
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如果對於我們人類社會中的男性，
15:07
who are the boss of, let's say,
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比如身為老大的男性，
15:09
a family or a business
or Washington or whatever,
or Washington or whatever,
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不論是在家中、在企業中，
或在華府等等，
或在華府等等，
15:12
you call them alpha male,
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你稱他們為雄性領袖時，
15:15
you should not insult chimpanzees
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你不該用錯誤的標籤
15:17
by using the wrong label.
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來侮辱黑猩猩。
15:19
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
15:20
You should not call a bully an alpha male.
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不要把惡霸稱為雄性領袖。
15:23
Someone who is big and strong
and intimidates and insults everyone
and intimidates and insults everyone
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如果這個人個頭很大、很強壯、
會威嚇人，且會侮辱大家，
會威嚇人，且會侮辱大家，
15:27
is not necessarily an alpha male.
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他不見得就是雄性領袖。
15:29
An alpha male has all sorts of qualities,
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雄性領袖有各式各樣的特質，
15:31
and I have seen bully
alpha males in chimpanzees,
alpha males in chimpanzees,
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我曾在黑猩猩中看過
惡霸型的雄性領袖，
惡霸型的雄性領袖，
15:34
they do occur,
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確實有，
15:35
but most of the ones that we have
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但大部分我們看見的雄性領袖
15:38
have leadership capacities
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都具有領導能力，
15:40
and are integrated in their community,
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且和牠們的社群結合成為一體，
15:42
and, like Amos at the end,
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就像艾莫斯，到了最後，
15:44
they are loved and respected,
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還是受到愛戴和尊敬的，
15:45
and so it's a very different situation
than you may think.
than you may think.
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這和各位的想法可能有很大的差異。
15:48
And I thank you.
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謝謝各位。
15:50
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Frans de Waal - PrimatologistFrans de Waal studies primate social behavior -- how they fight and reconcile, share and cooperate.
Why you should listen
Dutch/American biologist and ethologist Frans de Waal draws parallels between primate and human behavior, from peacemaking and morality to culture. Looking at human society through the lens of animal behavior, de Waal's first book, Chimpanzee Politics (1982), compares the schmoozing and scheming of chimpanzees involved in power struggles with that of human politicians. Named one of the 100 Most Influential People Today by Time Magazine, de Waal has written hundreds of peer-reviewed scientific articles, and his popular books have been translated in over 20 languages. He is a professor in Emory University's psychology department and Director of the Living Links Center at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center, in Atlanta. His next book is on animal and human emotions, entitled Mama's Last Hug (Norton, 2019).
Frans de Waal | Speaker | TED.com