ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Benedetta Berti - Conflict and security researcher
Benedetta Berti studies how conflicts impact civilians.

Why you should listen

Benedetta Berti is an expert on the role of armed groups and the future of armed conflict, especially in the Middle East. She has spent over a decade researching non-state armed groups, from terrorists to insurgents to militias, and has worked with governments, international organizations and NGOs to offer new approaches to better understand and tackle modern conflict. As a security and humanitarian consultant, Berti has designed disarmament campaigns; conducted trainings of counter-insurgency and protection of civilians; worked on violence prevention; and assisted humanitarian organizations on issues related to gaining access to war-torn areas.  She has conducted research and worked across the globe -- from Central and Latin America to the Middle East, and from the United States to Eastern Africa -- and has focused her work on some of the world's most complex conflicts, from Syria, to Iraq, to Gaza, to Burundi. 

Berti has written four books, and her writing has appeared in Foreign Policy and Foreign Affairs.

More profile about the speaker
Benedetta Berti | Speaker | TED.com
TED2015

Benedetta Berti: The surprising way groups like ISIS stay in power

Benedetta Berti: 伊斯兰国式的组织保持权力的惊人方式

Filmed:
2,198,033 views

伊斯兰国、真主教、哈马斯,这三个大相径庭的组织都因为暴力而出名——但这仅仅是他们日常行为的一部分,政策分析师Benedetti Berti如此说。他们也试图通过参与社会工作来赢得大众:建立学校和医院,提供安全和安保,填补无力政府留下的空白。理解这些组织更广泛的工作可以为结束暴力提供新的策略。
- Conflict and security researcher
Benedetta Berti studies how conflicts impact civilians. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
For the past过去 decade,
0
849
1471
在过去的十年里,
00:14
I've been studying研究 non-state非国有 armed武装 groups:
1
2344
2902
我一直在研究非政府武装集团:
00:17
armed武装 organizations组织 like terrorists恐怖分子,
insurgents叛乱分子 or militias民兵.
2
5270
3867
像恐怖分子、造反派或民兵等武装组织。
00:21
I document文件 what these groups do
when they're not shooting射击.
3
9588
3173
我记录他们在非战斗状态下都做些什么。
00:24
My goal目标 is to better understand理解
these violent暴力 actors演员
4
12785
3563
我的目标是更好地了解这些暴力分子
00:28
and to study研究 ways方法 to encourage鼓励 transition过渡
from violent暴力 engagement订婚
5
16372
3690
并研究促进从暴力途径到非暴力对抗的
00:32
to nonviolent非暴力 confrontation对抗.
6
20086
1877
过渡方式。
00:33
I work in the field领域, in the policy政策 world世界
and in the library图书馆.
7
21987
3404
我做过实地考察, 研究过政策层面, 在图书馆翻阅过资料.
00:37
Understanding理解 non-state非国有 armed武装 groups
is key to solving most ongoing不断的 conflict冲突,
8
25749
5111
理解非政府武装组织是解决当今大多数冲突的关键,
00:42
because war战争 has changed.
9
30884
1556
因为战争形态已经跟以前不一样了。
00:44
It used to be a contest比赛 between之间 states状态.
10
32464
2460
它曾经是国家间的竞赛,
00:47
No longer.
11
35568
1151
但现在不是了。
00:48
It is now a conflict冲突 between之间 states状态
and non-state非国有 actors演员.
12
36743
3938
现在它是政府与非政府组织间的冲突。
00:53
For example, of the 216 peace和平 agreements协议
13
41236
3736
例如,在1975年到2011间签署的216项
00:56
signed between之间 1975 and 2011,
14
44996
3410
和平协议中,
01:00
196 of them were between之间 a state
and a non-state非国有 actor演员.
15
48430
5180
其中196项是政府与非政府组织之间签订的。
01:05
So we need to understand理解 these groups;
we need to either engage从事 them
16
53634
3237
因此我们需要了解这些集团;我们需要要么参与他们
01:08
or defeat打败 them in any conflict冲突 resolution解析度
process处理 that has to be successful成功.
17
56895
4889
要么在任何非成功不可的冲突解决过程中打败他们。
01:13
So how do we do that?
18
61808
1414
那么我们怎么做?
01:15
We need to know what makes品牌
these organizations组织 tick.
19
63805
3004
我们要知道是什么让这些组织采取武装行动
01:19
We know a lot about
how they fight斗争, why they fight斗争,
20
67148
2793
关于他们如何战斗、为何战斗我们了解很多,
01:21
but no one looks容貌 at what they're doing
when they're not fighting战斗.
21
69965
3054
但是没人关注当他们不战斗时都在干什么。
01:25
Yet然而, armed武装 struggle斗争
and unarmed徒手 politics政治 are related有关.
22
73043
3592
然而,武装斗争与非武装政治是相关联的。
01:28
It is all part部分 of the same相同 organization组织.
23
76659
2298
它们都是相同组织的一部分。
01:30
We cannot不能 understand理解 these groups,
let alone单独 defeat打败 them,
24
78981
3157
我们甚至不能理解这些集团,遑论打败他们,
01:34
if we don't have the full充分 picture图片.
25
82162
1888
如果我们不能了解全貌的话。
01:37
And armed武装 groups today今天
are complex复杂 organizations组织.
26
85140
3058
当今的武装集团是复杂的组织。
01:40
Take the Lebanese黎巴嫩 Hezbollah真主党,
27
88222
1903
以黎巴嫩真主党为例,
01:42
known已知 for its violent暴力
confrontation对抗 against反对 Israel以色列.
28
90149
2783
它因暴力对抗以色列而出名。
01:44
But since以来 its creation创建 in the early 1980s,
29
92956
2835
但自从上世纪80年代初创建以来,
01:47
Hezbollah真主党 has also set up
a political政治 party派对,
30
95815
2585
真主党也建立了政党,
01:50
a social-service社会服务 network网络,
and a military军事 apparatus仪器.
31
98424
3317
社会服务网络和军事机构。
01:53
Similarly同样, the Palestinian巴勒斯坦的 Hamas哈马斯,
32
101765
2626
类似地,因其对抗以色列的自杀式袭击而出名的
01:56
known已知 for its suicide自杀 attacks攻击
against反对 Israel以色列,
33
104415
2567
巴勒斯坦哈马斯,
01:59
also runs运行 the Gaza加沙 Strip跳闸 since以来 2007.
34
107006
3204
自从2007年来也控制加沙走廊。
02:02
So these groups do way more
than just shoot射击.
35
110234
2678
因而这些集团所做的不仅仅是战斗。
02:05
They multi-task多任务.
36
113453
1159
他们进行多项任务。
02:07
They set up complex复杂
communication通讯 machines --
37
115239
3015
他们建立复杂的宣传系统——
02:10
radio无线电 stations, TV电视 channels渠道,
38
118278
2143
包括无线电台、电视频道、
02:12
Internet互联网 websites网站
and social社会 media媒体 strategies策略.
39
120445
2953
网站和社交媒体宣传。
02:15
And up here, you have the ISIS伊斯兰国 magazine杂志,
40
123422
2292
这里还有伊斯兰国杂志,
02:17
printed印刷的 in English英语
and published发表 to recruit.
41
125738
3125
用英文打印,发表文章来招募新兵。
02:21
Armed武装 groups also invest投资
in complex复杂 fund-raising集资 --
42
129259
2907
武装组织也投资复杂的基金筹备工作——
02:24
not looting抢劫, but setting设置 up
profitable有利可图 businesses企业;
43
132190
3863
不是通过掠夺的方式,而是通过建立可盈利的公司;
02:28
for example, construction施工 companies公司.
44
136077
2390
例如建筑公司。
02:30
Now, these activities活动 are keys按键.
45
138491
1883
现在,这些活动是关键。
02:32
They allow允许 these groups
to increase增加 their strength强度,
46
140398
2420
它们使得这些集团能够增强自己的力量,
02:34
increase增加 their funds资金,
47
142842
1355
增加基金,
02:36
to better recruit
and to build建立 their brand.
48
144221
2872
更好地招募,建立自己的品牌。
02:39
Armed武装 groups also do something else其他:
49
147537
1739
武装组织也做其他的一些事情:
02:41
they build建立 stronger bonds债券
with the population人口
50
149300
2660
它们通过投资社会服务
02:43
by investing投资 in social社会 services服务.
51
151984
2449
与大众建立更牢固的联系。
02:46
They build建立 schools学校, they run hospitals医院,
52
154457
2843
他们建立学校,他们经营医院,
02:49
they set up vocational-training职业培训 programs程式
or micro-loan小额贷款 programs程式.
53
157324
3756
他们建立职业培训项目或小额贷款项目。
02:53
Hezbollah真主党 offers报价 all
of these services服务 and more.
54
161104
3777
真主党提供所有这些服务,并且不止这些。
02:56
Armed武装 groups also seek寻求
to win赢得 the population人口 over
55
164905
2809
武装组织也寻求通过提供政府未提供的东西
02:59
by offering something
that the state is not providing提供:
56
167738
3900
来赢得大众的支持:
03:03
safety安全 and security安全.
57
171662
2051
安全和稳定。
03:06
The initial初始 rise上升 of the Taliban塔利班
in war-torn兵连祸结 Afghanistan阿富汗,
58
174141
3960
塔利班在战乱重创的阿富汗的崛起,
03:10
or even the beginning开始
of the ascent上升 of ISIS伊斯兰国,
59
178125
2877
或者甚至是伊斯兰国的崛起,
03:13
can be understood了解 also by looking
at these groups' efforts努力
60
181026
3058
可以通过看这些团体提供安保的努力
03:16
to provide提供 security安全.
61
184108
2216
来理解。
03:18
Now, unfortunately不幸, in these cases,
62
186348
2271
现在,不幸的是,在这些案例中,
03:20
the provision规定 of security安全
came来了 at an unbearably无法忍受 high price价钱
63
188643
3246
提供安保对大众来说是个
03:23
for the population人口.
64
191913
1410
难以承受的高代价。
03:25
But in general一般, providing提供
social社会 services服务 fills填充 a gap间隙,
65
193347
4241
但是通常情况下,提供社会服务填充了一个缺口,
03:29
a governance治理 gap间隙 left by the government政府,
66
197612
2261
由政府留下的管理缺口,
03:31
and allows允许 these groups
to increase增加 their strength强度
67
199897
2595
使得这些集团能够增强自身实力
03:34
and their power功率.
68
202516
1198
和权利。
03:36
For example, the 2006 electoral victory胜利
of the Palestinian巴勒斯坦的 Hamas哈马斯
69
204040
4406
例如,要理解2006年巴勒斯坦哈马斯的选举胜利
03:40
cannot不能 be understood了解 without
acknowledging承认 the group's集团 social社会 work.
70
208470
3579
就不能不承认集团的社会工作扮演的重要角色。
03:44
Now, this is a really complex复杂 picture图片,
71
212696
2374
现在,情况变得复杂起来,
03:47
yet然而 in the West西,
when we look at armed武装 groups,
72
215094
2477
然而在西方,当我们提起武装集团,
03:49
we only think of the violent暴力 side.
73
217595
2202
我们仅仅想到它暴力的一面。
03:51
But that's not enough足够 to understand理解
these groups' strength强度,
74
219821
2872
但这不足以理解这些集团的力量,
03:54
strategy战略 or long-term长期 vision视力.
75
222717
2262
策略或长远目标。
03:57
These groups are hybrid混合动力.
76
225393
1560
这些集团是混合体。
03:58
They rise上升 because they fill a gap间隙
left by the government政府,
77
226977
3324
他们的崛起是因为他们填补了政府留下的空白,
04:02
and they emerge出现
to be both armed武装 and political政治,
78
230325
3380
他们以武装与政治集团的身份出现,
04:05
engage从事 in violent暴力 struggle斗争
and provide提供 governance治理.
79
233729
3220
参与暴力斗争、提供管理。
04:09
And the more these organizations组织
are complex复杂 and sophisticated复杂的,
80
237431
4008
这些组织越复杂、精密,
04:13
the less we can think of them
as the opposite对面 of a state.
81
241463
3341
他们越不会将自身视为国家的对立面。
04:16
Now, what do you call
a group like Hezbollah真主党?
82
244828
2279
现在,你怎么称呼想真主党这样的集团?
04:19
They run part部分 of a territory领土,
they administer管理 all their functions功能,
83
247131
3315
他们管理部分领土,有政府所有的功能,
04:22
they pick up the garbage垃圾,
they run the sewage污水 system系统.
84
250470
3134
他们回收垃圾,他们维护排水系统。
04:25
Is this a state? Is it a rebel反叛 group?
85
253628
2711
这是政府吗?这是叛乱集团吗?
04:28
Or maybe something else其他,
something different不同 and new?
86
256720
3337
或是其他一些东西,一些不同的新东西?
04:32
And what about ISIS伊斯兰国?
87
260081
1681
那么伊斯兰国呢?
04:33
The lines线 are blurred模糊.
88
261786
1270
界限模糊了。
04:35
We live生活 in a world世界 of states状态,
non-states非国, and in-between在两者之间,
89
263080
3758
我们生活在政府、非政府以及二者之间,
04:38
and the more states状态 are weak,
like in the Middle中间 East today今天,
90
266862
3413
政府越无力,像今天的中东那样,
04:42
the more non-state非国有 actors演员
step in and fill that gap间隙.
91
270299
3476
非政府武装组织就会更多地介入,填补那个空白。
04:45
This matters事项 for governments政府,
because to counter计数器 these groups,
92
273799
3126
这对政府来说很重要,因为为了对抗这些集团,
04:48
they will have to invest投资 more
in non-military非军事 tools工具.
93
276949
3450
他们将不得不在非军事领域投入更多。
04:53
Filling填充 that governance治理 gap间隙
94
281202
1471
填补这项政府空白,
04:54
has to be at the center中央
of any sustainable可持续发展 approach途径.
95
282697
3429
必须居于任何可持续方式的中心。
04:58
This also matters事项 very much
for peacemaking缔造和平 and peacebuilding建设和平.
96
286150
3639
这对于调解和创建和平也很重要。
05:01
If we better understand理解 armed武装 groups,
97
289813
2031
如果我们更好地理解武装集团,
05:03
we will better know
what incentives奖励 to offer提供
98
291868
2462
我们将更好地了解该采取何种途径来
05:06
to encourage鼓励 the transition过渡
from violence暴力 to nonviolence非暴力.
99
294354
3776
实现从暴力到非暴力形式的过渡。
05:10
So in this new contest比赛
between之间 states状态 and non-states非国,
100
298487
3644
因此在这项政府与非政府间的竞赛中,
05:14
military军事 power功率 can win赢得 some battles战斗,
101
302155
2652
军事力量可以赢得一些战斗,
05:16
but it will not give us
peace和平 nor也不 stability稳定性.
102
304831
2833
但是它不会给我们带来和平与稳定。
05:20
To achieve实现 these objectives目标,
103
308085
1848
为了实现这些目标,
05:21
what we need is a long-term长期 investment投资
in filling填充 that security安全 gap间隙,
104
309957
4805
我们需要的是填补这项安保空白
05:26
in filling填充 that governance治理 gap间隙
105
314786
2001
填补上政府管理的缺位
05:28
that allowed允许 these groups
to thrive兴旺 in the first place地点.
106
316811
3091
这才是阻止非政府武装组织繁荣的关键.
05:32
Thank you.
107
320220
1151
谢谢。
05:33
(Applause掌声)
108
321395
3557
(鼓掌)
Translated by Bangyou Xiang
Reviewed by Psycho Decoder

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Benedetta Berti - Conflict and security researcher
Benedetta Berti studies how conflicts impact civilians.

Why you should listen

Benedetta Berti is an expert on the role of armed groups and the future of armed conflict, especially in the Middle East. She has spent over a decade researching non-state armed groups, from terrorists to insurgents to militias, and has worked with governments, international organizations and NGOs to offer new approaches to better understand and tackle modern conflict. As a security and humanitarian consultant, Berti has designed disarmament campaigns; conducted trainings of counter-insurgency and protection of civilians; worked on violence prevention; and assisted humanitarian organizations on issues related to gaining access to war-torn areas.  She has conducted research and worked across the globe -- from Central and Latin America to the Middle East, and from the United States to Eastern Africa -- and has focused her work on some of the world's most complex conflicts, from Syria, to Iraq, to Gaza, to Burundi. 

Berti has written four books, and her writing has appeared in Foreign Policy and Foreign Affairs.

More profile about the speaker
Benedetta Berti | Speaker | TED.com