TED2017
Peter Calthorpe: 7 principles for building better cities
皮特·卡尔索普: 建设更好城市的七条原则
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全世界超过一半人口居住在城市中，还有25亿人将在2050年前搬入城市。我们如何建造这些新城市，将是非常关键的问题，关系到气候变化，经济活力，社会福利和人与人之间的交流感受。皮特·卡尔索普已经开始着手设计未来城市，并呼吁设计聚焦于人与人互动的社区。他分享了七条普适原则，能解决城市蔓延问题，并建立更智能，更可持续发展的城市。
Peter Calthorpe - Urban designer
Through his writing and his realized projects, Peter Calthorpe has spread the vision of New Urbanism, a framework for creating sustainable, human-scaled places. Full bio
Through his writing and his realized projects, Peter Calthorpe has spread the vision of New Urbanism, a framework for creating sustainable, human-scaled places. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So, let me add to the complexity
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让我们来整理一下思绪，
00:14
of the situation we find ourselves in.
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看看我们所处的复杂情况。
00:17
At the same time that we're solving
for climate change,
for climate change,
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在我们解决气候变化问题的同时，
00:21
we're going to be building cities
for three billion people.
for three billion people.
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我们还要建造
供三十亿人口居住的城市。
供三十亿人口居住的城市。
00:26
That's a doubling
of the urban environment.
of the urban environment.
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这将是我们目前城市规模的两倍。
00:29
If we don't get that right,
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这件事如果我们没做好，
00:31
I'm not sure all the climate solutions
in the world will save mankind,
in the world will save mankind,
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我不确定全球的气候变化解决方案
能否拯救人类，
能否拯救人类，
00:36
because so much depends
on how we shape our cities:
on how we shape our cities:
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因为这在很大程度上
取决于我们如何建造我们的城市：
取决于我们如何建造我们的城市：
00:40
not just environmental impacts,
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不仅是对环境的冲击，
00:42
but our social well-being,
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还有我们的社会福利，
00:44
our economic vitality,
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经济活力，
我们对于社区和交流的感受。
00:46
our sense of community and connectedness.
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00:50
Fundamentally, the way we shape cities
is a manifestation
is a manifestation
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从根本上说，我们建造城市的方式
00:53
of the kind of humanity we bring to bear.
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体现了我们的人性。
00:56
And so getting it right is, I think,
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因此我认为，把这件事情做好，
是我们的当务之急。
00:59
the order of the day.
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01:00
And to a certain degree, getting it right
can help us solve climate change,
can help us solve climate change,
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从某种意义上来说，
做好这件事有助于解决气候变化问题，
做好这件事有助于解决气候变化问题，
01:04
because in the end,
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因为归根结底，
01:05
it's our behavior that seems
to be driving the problem.
to be driving the problem.
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是我们的行为造成了气候问题。
01:09
The problem isn't free-floating,
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气候问题并不是孤立的，
01:11
and it isn't just ExxonMobil
and oil companies.
and oil companies.
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不仅仅因为埃克森美孚
或者其他石油公司。
或者其他石油公司。
01:14
It's us; how we live.
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原因在于我们，我们的生活方式。
01:18
How we live.
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我们如何生活。
01:20
There's a villain in this story.
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这个故事里有一个坏人。
01:21
It's called sprawl,
and I'll be upfront about that.
and I'll be upfront about that.
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它的名字叫城市蔓延，
我会实话实说。
我会实话实说。
01:25
But it's not just the kind of sprawl
you think of, or many people think of,
you think of, or many people think of,
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但它并不是你们大家，
或者许多人想象的那样，
或者许多人想象的那样，
01:28
as low-density development
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是低密度发展的，
01:30
out at the periphery
of the metropolitan area.
of the metropolitan area.
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位于大城市边缘地带的。
01:34
Actually, I think sprawl can happen
anywhere, at any density.
anywhere, at any density.
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实际上，我觉得……这样杂乱无序地拓展
会在任何地区以不同的密度发生。
会在任何地区以不同的密度发生。
01:39
The key attribute
is that it isolates people.
is that it isolates people.
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它的主要特色就是
隔离了人与人之间的距离。
隔离了人与人之间的距离。
01:43
It segregates people
into economic enclaves
into economic enclaves
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它将人们装进一块块经济飞地
01:46
and land-use enclaves.
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和土地利用飞地。
01:48
It separates them from nature.
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将他们同自然隔离开。
01:50
It doesn't allow the cross-fertilization,
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不允许跨族通婚，
01:53
the interaction,
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不允许交流，
01:55
that make cities great places
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而这些恰恰是使城市变得伟大
01:57
and that make society thrive.
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让社会繁荣发展的因素。
02:00
So the antidote to sprawl is really
what we all need to be thinking about,
what we all need to be thinking about,
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因此我们都要来考虑
城市蔓延的解药，
城市蔓延的解药，
02:05
especially when we're taking on
this massive construction project.
this massive construction project.
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尤其是当我们
要建设如此大的项目的时候。
要建设如此大的项目的时候。
02:10
So let me take you through one exercise.
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让我来举一个例子。
02:12
We developed the model
for the state of California
for the state of California
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我们为加利福尼亚州设计了一个模型，
02:16
so they could get on
with reducing carbon emissions.
with reducing carbon emissions.
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来降低碳排放量。
我们设想了一系列
加州会如何发展的场景，
加州会如何发展的场景，
02:20
We did a whole series of scenarios
for how the state could grow,
for how the state could grow,
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02:25
and this is just one
overly simplified one.
overly simplified one.
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而这只是一个极度简化的模型。
02:28
We mixed different development prototypes
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我们将不同的发展模型溷合到一起，
02:31
and said they're going to carry us
through the year 2050,
through the year 2050,
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假设它一直发展到2050年，
02:35
10 million new crew
in our state of California.
in our state of California.
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加利福尼亚州增加了一千万人口。
02:40
And one was sprawl.
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其中一种就是蔓延。
02:41
It's just more of the same:
shopping malls, subdivisions,
shopping malls, subdivisions,
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跟现在的情况差不多：
购物中心、土地分割、
购物中心、土地分割、
02:45
office parks.
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办公园区。
02:46
The other one was dominated by,
not everybody moving to the city,
not everybody moving to the city,
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另外一种情况，
并不是所有人都涌向城市，
并不是所有人都涌向城市，
02:50
but just compact development,
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而是一种集约的发展，
02:52
what we used to think of
as streetcar suburbs,
as streetcar suburbs,
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比如通有轨电车的郊区，
02:54
walkable neighborhoods,
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方便散步的社区，
02:56
low-rise, but integrated,
mixed-used environments.
mixed-used environments.
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建筑物的层高不高，
但整体集约发展、综合使用的环境。
但整体集约发展、综合使用的环境。
03:00
And the results are astounding.
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最后的结果令人震惊。
03:03
They're astounding not just
for the scale of the difference
for the scale of the difference
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这样城市设计习惯上的一点改变
不仅造成城市间规模上的差异，
03:06
of this one shift
in our city-making habit
in our city-making habit
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更因为每一种类型
都代表了一个特殊利益群体，
都代表了一个特殊利益群体，
03:10
but also because each one represents
a special interest group,
a special interest group,
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03:16
a special interest group
that used to advocate for their concerns
that used to advocate for their concerns
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而造成了这些群体
只关注自己眼前的利益，
只关注自己眼前的利益，
而无长远的计画。
03:20
one at a time.
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03:21
They did not see the, what I call,
"co-benefits" of urban form
"co-benefits" of urban form
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他们看不到城市形态带来的好处，
我称之为“共赢利益”，
我称之为“共赢利益”，
03:26
that allows them to join with others.
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可以让他们彼此融合。
03:29
So, land consumption:
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因此，土地消耗问题，
03:31
environmentalists are really
concerned about this,
concerned about this,
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环保主义者很关心，
还有农民，
03:33
so are farmers;
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03:35
there's a whole range of people,
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还有很多人
03:37
and, of course, neighborhood groups
that want open space nearby.
that want open space nearby.
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社区团体想开放临近的空间。
03:41
The sprawl version of California
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加利福尼亚州的蔓延版本
03:43
almost doubles the urban
physical footprint.
physical footprint.
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几乎将城市足迹扩大了一倍。
03:48
Greenhouse gas: tremendous savings,
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温室气体排放大幅下降，
03:51
because in California, our biggest
carbon emission comes from cars,
carbon emission comes from cars,
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因为在加州，
碳排放的最大来源是汽车，
碳排放的最大来源是汽车，
03:55
and cities that don't depend
on cars as much
on cars as much
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如果城市不再像以往一样依赖汽车，
03:59
obviously create huge savings.
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当然会降低排放。
04:03
Vehicle miles traveled:
that's what I was just talking about.
that's what I was just talking about.
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汽车的行驶里程，
就是我刚刚提到的。
就是我刚刚提到的。
04:06
Just reducing the average 10,000 miles
per household per year,
per household per year,
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每户每年平均下降了10000英里，
04:11
from somewhere
in the mid-26,000 per household,
in the mid-26,000 per household,
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有些地方甚至达到
每户两万六千多英里，
每户两万六千多英里，
这不仅大幅改善
空气质量，降低碳排放，
空气质量，降低碳排放，
04:17
has a huge impact
not just on air quality and carbon
not just on air quality and carbon
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04:21
but also on the household pocketbook.
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对节省家庭开支也大有好处。
04:24
It's very expensive to drive that much,
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因为开车真的非常贵，
04:27
and as we've seen,
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我们能看到，
中产阶级都有点无力承担。
04:28
the middle class is struggling to hold on.
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04:32
Health care: we were talking about
how do you fix it once we broke it --
how do you fix it once we broke it --
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关于医疗，我们以前谈论的是，
一旦出了问题我们该如何补救，
一旦出了问题我们该如何补救，
04:36
clean the air.
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改善空气质量。
04:37
Why not just stop polluting?
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那为什么不停止污染它呢？
04:39
Why not just use our feet and bikes more?
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为什么不多走路和骑自行车呢？
04:42
And that's a function of the kinds
of cities that we shape.
of cities that we shape.
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这也是我们要打造的城市
所拥有的功能。
所拥有的功能。
04:47
Household costs:
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家庭开支。
04:49
2008 was a mark in time,
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2008年是个里程碑，
04:51
not of just the financial
industry running amok.
industry running amok.
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不仅金融业失去控制。
04:55
It was that we were trying to sell
too many of the wrong kind of housing:
too many of the wrong kind of housing:
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我们的住房供应方向也不正确：
05:00
large lot, single family, distant,
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大地块，独门独户，遥远的距离，
05:03
too expensive for the average
middle-class family to afford
middle-class family to afford
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一般中产阶级根本负担不起，
05:07
and, quite frankly, not a good fit
to their lifestyle anymore.
to their lifestyle anymore.
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更明显的一点是，
不再符合他们的生活方式。
不再符合他们的生活方式。
05:11
But in order to move inventory,
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但为了清理积压房产，
05:13
you can discount the financing
and get it sold.
and get it sold.
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你可以低价出售。
05:16
I think that's a lot of what happened.
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我想这种情况很常见。
05:18
Reducing cost by 10,000 dollars --
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减少1万美元的支出——
05:21
remember, in California
the median is 50,000 --
the median is 50,000 --
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不要忘记，加州中产阶级
的收入是5万——
的收入是5万——
05:24
this is a big element.
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这是很大的份额。
05:26
That's just cars and utility costs.
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这还只是车辆和水电气的支出。
05:28
So the affordable housing advocates,
who often sit off in their silos
who often sit off in their silos
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所以那些经济适用房的倡导者，
往往自己有房住，
往往自己有房住，
05:32
separate from the environmentalists,
separate from the politicians,
separate from the politicians,
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将我们把环保主义者与
政治家有系统性的隔离，
政治家有系统性的隔离，
05:37
everybody fighting with everyone,
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造成大家谁也不让谁，
05:39
now begin to see common cause,
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现在共同的恶果开始体现出来了。
05:41
and I think the common cause
is what really brings about the change.
is what really brings about the change.
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但我认为就是这样的原因，
才能带来真正的变革。
才能带来真正的变革。
05:45
Los Angeles, as a result of these efforts,
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洛杉矶，由于这些努力的结果，
决定将自己转型为
05:48
has now decided to transform itself
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05:51
into a more transit-oriented environment.
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一个以公共交通导向的环境。
05:55
As a matter of fact, since '08,
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实际上，从2008年开始，
05:56
they've voted in 400 billion dollars
of bonds for transit
of bonds for transit
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洛杉矶就投票表决将4000亿美元
的债券拿来建设公共交通，
的债券拿来建设公共交通，
06:00
and zero dollars for new highways.
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但建设高速公路的预算是零。
06:03
What a transformation:
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转变是巨大的：
06:04
LA becomes a city of walkers and transit,
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洛杉矶成为了一座散步
和公共交通之城，
和公共交通之城，
06:08
not a city of cars.
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而不是汽车城。
（掌声）
06:09
(Applause)
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怎么做到的呢？
06:10
How does it happen?
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把那些人们最不喜欢的车道
06:11
You take the least
desirable land, the strip,
desirable land, the strip,
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06:13
you add where there's space, transit
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放上公交系统，
06:16
and then you infill mixed-use development,
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然后加上多功能的开发区，
06:20
you satisfy new housing demands
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满足人们新的住房需求，
06:22
and you make the existing neighborhoods
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建设令人兴奋的社区，
06:24
all around it more complex,
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更加综合性，
06:26
more interesting, more walkable.
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更加有趣，更适合步行。
06:28
Here's another kind of sprawl:
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还有另一种蔓延方式，
06:31
China, high-density sprawl,
what you think of as an oxymoron,
what you think of as an oxymoron,
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在中国，高密度的，
你们也许会觉得这有点矛盾，
你们也许会觉得这有点矛盾，
但问题是同样的，
大家在超级小区里互相隔离，
大家在超级小区里互相隔离，
06:35
but the same problems,
everything isolated in superblocks,
everything isolated in superblocks,
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06:38
and of course this amazing smog
that was just spoken to.
that was just spoken to.
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当然还有刚才提到过的雾霾。
06:42
Twelve percent of GDP
in China now is spent
in China now is spent
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中国GDP总量的12%
被用在处理雾霾带来的健康问题。
06:45
on the health impacts of that.
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06:47
The history, of course,
of Chinese cities is robust.
of Chinese cities is robust.
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毫无疑问，中国城市的
发展非常迅勐。
发展非常迅勐。
06:51
It's like any other place.
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跟其他任何地方一样。
06:52
Community was all about small, local shops
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所谓社区，应该有小店铺，
06:55
and local services and walking,
interacting with your neighbors.
interacting with your neighbors.
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本地化的服务，可以散步，
与邻居互动。
与邻居互动。
06:59
It may sound utopian, but it's not.
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听起来不切实际，
但并非遥不可及。
但并非遥不可及。
07:01
It's actually what people really want.
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这正是人们真正想要的。
07:03
The new superblocks --
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新的超级小区——
07:05
these are blocks that would have
5,000 units in them,
5,000 units in them,
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可能有5000户人家住在里面，
07:09
and they're gated as well,
because nobody knows anybody else.
because nobody knows anybody else.
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大家都门户紧闭，互不相识。
07:13
And of course, there isn't even
a sidewalk, no ground floor shops --
a sidewalk, no ground floor shops --
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当然，也没有
散步步道，没有底层商铺，
散步步道，没有底层商铺，
07:16
a very sterile environment.
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非常无趣的环境。
07:19
I found this one case
here in one of the superblocks
here in one of the superblocks
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我在其中一个超级小区中
发现了一件事，
发现了一件事，
07:23
where people had illicitly set up
shops in their garages
shops in their garages
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人们在自家车库私自开了商店，
07:26
so that they could have that kind
of local service economy.
of local service economy.
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这样他们就能获得本地化服务。
07:30
The desire of people
to get it right is there.
to get it right is there.
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人们想让都市更美好的
需求就摆在那儿。
需求就摆在那儿。
07:35
We just have to get the planners
on board and the politicians.
on board and the politicians.
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我们只是需要让规划者
和政治家意识到。
和政治家意识到。
07:39
All right. Some technical planning stuff.
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好的，下面是一些
规划技术层面的内容。
规划技术层面的内容。
07:42
Chongqing is a city of 30 million people.
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重庆是一座拥有3000万人口的城市。
07:46
It's almost as big as California.
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几乎跟加州一样多。
07:48
This is a small growth area.
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这是一个小的开发区。
07:50
They wanted us to test
the alternative to sprawl
the alternative to sprawl
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他们想让我们在中国的一些城市中
07:53
in several cities across China.
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测试城市蔓延的替代方案。
07:57
This is for four-and-a-half
million people.
million people.
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这里将会有450万人口。
08:00
What the takeaway from this image is,
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这幅图里最重要的一点是，
08:02
every one of those circles
is a walking radius
is a walking radius
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每一个圆圈代表的是步行的区域，
08:05
around a transit station --
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圆心位置是公共交通系统，
08:07
massive investment in metro and BRT,
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他们投入大量资金
建设地铁和快速公交，
建设地铁和快速公交，
08:10
and a distribution that allows everybody
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并且合理分布，
08:13
to work within walking distance of that.
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每一个人都可以步行上班。
08:15
The red area, this is a blow-up.
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红色的区域，就更厉害了。
08:18
All of a sudden, our principles
called for green space
called for green space
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一夜之间，所有的设计原则
全转向诉求绿色空间
全转向诉求绿色空间
08:21
preserving the important
ecological features.
ecological features.
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以及保护生态特征。
08:25
And then those other streets in there
are auto-free streets.
are auto-free streets.
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其它的街道都是禁止车辆通行的。
08:29
So instead of bulldozing,
leveling the site
leveling the site
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他们并没有推平岸边的树木，
08:33
and building right up to the river,
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或把房子建到河边，
08:35
this green edge was something
that really wasn't normative in China
that really wasn't normative in China
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而是将以往并不常见的
绿化带观念带进中国，
绿化带观念带进中国，
08:39
until these set of practices
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从我们在这片区域
08:42
began experimentation there.
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做实验性的行动就开始进行了。
08:45
The urban fabric, small blocks,
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这里的城市结构，是小区块的，
08:47
maybe 500 families per block.
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每个区块可能有500户人家。
08:49
They know each other.
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他们相互认识。
08:50
The street perimeter has shops
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街道两旁有商店，
08:53
so there's local destinations.
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居民有地方可去。
08:55
And the streets themselves become smaller,
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街道变小了，
08:57
because there are more of them.
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因为数量增加了。
08:59
Very simple,
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非常简单，
09:00
straightforward urban design.
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直接的城市设计理念。
09:03
Now, here you have something
I dearly love.
I dearly love.
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还有一点我非常喜欢。
09:06
Think of the logic.
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想象一下。
09:08
If only a third of the people have cars,
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如果只有三分之一的人有车，
那我们为什么要
把街道的使用权全部给车呢？
把街道的使用权全部给车呢？
09:10
why do we give 100 percent
of our streets to cars?
of our streets to cars?
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09:14
What if we gave 70 percent of the streets
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如果我们把70%的街道
09:18
to car-free, to everybody else,
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让给步行街，让给行人，
09:20
so that the transit
could move well for them,
could move well for them,
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这样公共交通就能更好地提供服务，
09:22
so that they could walk,
so they could bike?
so they could bike?
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他们可以选择步行，选择骑车。
09:24
Why not have --
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为什么不……
09:26
(Applause)
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（掌声）
09:27
geographic equity
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建立一个土地使用平等的
09:30
in our circulation system?
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交通系统？
09:32
And quite frankly,
cities would function better.
cities would function better.
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显而易见，城市会运行得更好。
09:36
No matter what they do,
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在北京，无论采取什么措施，
09:37
no matter how many ring roads
they build in Beijing,
they build in Beijing,
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无论修多少环线，
09:40
they just can't overcome
complete gridlock.
complete gridlock.
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他们都无法解决堵车问题。
09:43
So this is an auto-free street,
mixed use along the edge.
mixed use along the edge.
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这是一条步行街，
两边是综合利用区。
两边是综合利用区。
09:47
It has transit running down the middle.
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中间有公交系统。
09:49
I'm happy to make that transit
autonomous vehicles,
autonomous vehicles,
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我很乐意看到公交系统
使用无人驾驶车辆，
使用无人驾驶车辆，
09:52
but maybe I'll have a chance
to talk about that later.
to talk about that later.
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但也许过一会我们再来讨论这个问题。
09:55
So there are seven principles
that have now been adopted
that have now been adopted
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目前有七项原则，
已经被中国政府最高层所接受，
09:59
by the highest levels
in the Chinese government,
in the Chinese government,
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10:02
and they're moving to implement them.
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他们准备要付诸实施了。
10:03
And they're simple,
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这些原则很简单，
10:05
and they are globally,
I think, universal principles.
I think, universal principles.
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我觉得对其他国家也适用。
10:07
One is to preserve
the natural environment, the history
the natural environment, the history
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第一条就是保护自然环境，保护历史，
10:11
and the critical agriculture.
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保护关键性的农业。
10:14
Second is mix.
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第二条是溷合发展。
10:15
Mixed use is popular,
but when I say mixed,
but when I say mixed,
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溷合利用很流行，我所指的溷合，
10:18
I mean mixed incomes, mixed age groups
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是指不同收入，不同年龄的群体，
10:20
as well as mixed-land use.
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还有对于土地的综合利用。
10:24
Walk.
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步行。
10:25
There's no great city
that you don't enjoy walking in.
that you don't enjoy walking in.
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所有伟大的城市都欢迎你漫步其中。
10:28
You don't go there.
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否则你就不会去那里。
10:29
The places you go on vacation
are places you can walk.
are places you can walk.
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你去的度假地
肯定是可以散步的地方。
肯定是可以散步的地方。
10:32
Why not make it everywhere?
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那为什么不把所有的地方
都变成这样呢？
都变成这样呢？
10:34
Bike is the most efficient
means of transportation we know.
means of transportation we know.
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自行车是最高效的交通方式。
10:38
China has now adopted policies
that put six meters of bike lane
that put six meters of bike lane
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中国已经采取政策，
要在每条街道
要在每条街道
10:42
on every street.
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设立六米宽的自行车道。
10:43
They're serious about getting back
to their biking history.
to their biking history.
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他们真的想回归骑自行车的年代。
10:47
(Applause)
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（掌声）
10:49
Complicated planner-ese here:
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下面是比较复杂的规划了：
10:51
connect.
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连通。
10:52
It's a street network
that allows many routes
that allows many routes
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这是一个街道网络，
允许有多种路线组合，
允许有多种路线组合，
10:56
instead of singular routes
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而不仅仅是单一路线，
10:58
and provides many kinds of streets
instead of just one.
instead of just one.
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也可以建造多种多样的街道。
11:02
Ride.
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汽车
11:04
We have to invest more in transit.
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公共交通系统需要更多投资。
11:06
There's no silver bullet.
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没有捷径可走。
11:08
Autonomous vehicles are not
going to solve this for us.
going to solve this for us.
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无人驾驶汽车无法帮我们解决问题。
11:11
As a matter of fact, they're going
to generate more traffic, more VMT,
to generate more traffic, more VMT,
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实际上，跟传统车相比，
无人车会产生更多交通流量，
无人车会产生更多交通流量，
11:16
than the alternative.
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更多车辆行驶里程。
11:17
And focus.
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请注意。
11:19
We have a hierarchy of the city
based on transit
based on transit
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我们在城市的公交系统上
是有分层级的，
是有分层级的，
11:23
rather than the old armature of freeways.
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这跟老式的以高速公路
为枢纽的老城市相比
为枢纽的老城市相比
11:26
It's a big paradigm shift,
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是非常大的一种改变，
11:29
but those two things
have to get reconnected
have to get reconnected
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但是这两种形式必须
重新连接起来，
重新连接起来，
11:31
in ways that really shape
the structure of the city.
the structure of the city.
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来重新构建城市的结构。
11:37
So I'm very hopeful.
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我对此充满希望。
11:39
In California, the United States, China --
these changes are well accepted.
these changes are well accepted.
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在加州，在美国，在中国，
这些变化都被广泛接受。
这些变化都被广泛接受。
11:44
I'm hopeful for two reasons.
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我充满希望有两个原因。
11:47
One is, most people get it.
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第一，大部分人都懂。
11:49
They understand intrinsically
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1882
他们都真正明白，
11:51
what a great city can and should be.
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一座伟大的城市应该是什么样子。
11:53
The second is that the kind of analysis
we can bring to bear now
we can bring to bear now
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第二个原因是这样的分析结果
可以发挥作用，
可以发挥作用，
它将人们连接起来，
11:58
allows people to connect the dots,
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12:01
allows people to shape
political coalitions
political coalitions
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让人们建立起
前所未有的政治联盟。
12:04
that didn't exist in the past.
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12:06
That allows them to bring into being
the kinds of communities we all need.
the kinds of communities we all need.
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3740
进而允许他们建立
我们梦寐以求的社区。
我们梦寐以求的社区。
谢谢大家。
12:10
Thank you.
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12:11
(Applause)
247
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（掌声）
12:20
Chris Anderson: So, OK:
autonomous driving, self-driving cars.
autonomous driving, self-driving cars.
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克里斯·安德森：好的，
自动驾驶，无人驾驶汽车。
自动驾驶，无人驾驶汽车。
12:23
A lot of people here
are very excited about them.
are very excited about them.
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在座有很多人都对此非常兴奋。
12:27
What are your concerns
or issues about them?
or issues about them?
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你为什么会对此表示担忧呢？
12:30
Peter Calthorpe: Well, I think
there's almost too much hype here.
there's almost too much hype here.
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皮特·卡尔索普：因为
我认为宣传得有些过了。
我认为宣传得有些过了。
12:33
First is, everybody says
we're going to get rid of a lot of cars.
we're going to get rid of a lot of cars.
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首先，每个人都说
我们会减少许多车辆。
我们会减少许多车辆。
12:37
What they don't say is you're going
to get a lot more vehicle miles.
to get a lot more vehicle miles.
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但是没有人注意到
我们会增加许多车辆里程。
我们会增加许多车辆里程。
因为会有更多的车行驶在路上。
12:40
You're going to get a lot more
cars moving on streets.
cars moving on streets.
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2547
会更加拥堵。
12:43
There will be more congestion.
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12:44
CA: Because they're so appealing --
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2308
CA：因为它们是如此方便，
12:47
you can drive while reading or sleeping.
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你可以在阅读和睡觉的时候行驶。
12:49
PC: Well, a couple of reasons.
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PC：有很多原因。
其中一点是，如果车辆是私人的，
大家会行驶更远的距离。
大家会行驶更远的距离。
12:50
One is, if they're privately owned,
people will travel greater distances.
people will travel greater distances.
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3971
12:54
It'll be a new lease on life to sprawl.
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1941
会让城市蔓延重新开始。
12:56
If you can work on your way to work,
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如果你可以在上班途中工作，
12:58
you can live in more remote locations.
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你就可以选择住在更远的地方。
13:00
It'll revitalize sprawl
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这会使城市蔓延
13:03
in a way that I'm deeply frightened.
264
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以一种我非常害怕的方式复苏。
13:05
Taxis:
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1854
出租车，
13:07
about 50 percent of the surveys say
that people won't share them.
that people won't share them.
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3748
有50%的调查结果显示，
人们不愿意拼车。
人们不愿意拼车。
13:11
If they don't share them,
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1374
如果不拼车，
13:12
you can end up with a 90 percent
increase in vehicle miles traveled.
increase in vehicle miles traveled.
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可能会增加90%的车辆行驶里程。
13:18
If you share them,
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1321
如果拼车，
13:19
you're still at around
a 30 percent increase in VMT.
a 30 percent increase in VMT.
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3530
也会增加大约30%。
13:23
CA: Sharing them, meaning
having multiple people riding at once
having multiple people riding at once
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CA：拼车，就是说几个人
通过某种智能共享的方式
通过某种智能共享的方式
13:26
in some sort of intelligent ride-sharing?
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1976
同时乘坐一辆车？
PC：是的，就是无人驾驶的优步。
13:28
PC: Yeah, so the Uber share
without a steering wheel.
without a steering wheel.
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2531
但实际情况是，车辆的效率
13:31
The reality is, the efficiency
of vehicles -- you can do it
of vehicles -- you can do it
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3849
跟有没有方向盘并没有太大关系。
13:34
with or without a steering wheel,
it doesn't matter.
it doesn't matter.
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2491
13:37
They claim they're the only ones
that are going to be efficient electric,
that are going to be efficient electric,
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3493
他们宣称自己将是
唯一能让电动车变得高效的，
唯一能让电动车变得高效的，
但这并不是真的。
13:41
but that's not true.
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1154
说到底，步行，自行车和公共交通
13:42
But the real bottom line
is that walking, biking and transit
is that walking, biking and transit
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3570
13:45
are the way cities and communities thrive.
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3164
才能让城市和社区繁荣发展。
13:48
And putting people
in their private bubbles,
in their private bubbles,
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2807
让人们藏在自己私密的小空间里，
13:51
whether they have a steering wheel or not,
281
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2297
无论有没有方向盘，
13:54
is the wrong direction.
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1571
都是错误的发展方向。
13:55
And quite frankly,
283
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1151
坦白来说，
13:56
the image of an AV on its way
to McDonald's to pick up a pack
to McDonald's to pick up a pack
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5679
我一想象，一辆无人驾驶车
去麦当劳取餐，
去麦当劳取餐，
14:02
without its owner,
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1684
它的主人并不在车里，
14:04
just being sent off on these
kind of random errands
kind of random errands
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3710
它被派出去做各种差事，
14:08
is really frightening to me.
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1397
让我觉得害怕。
14:09
CA: Well, thank you for that,
and I have to say, the images you showed
and I have to say, the images you showed
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CA：好的，谢谢你的分享，
我不得不说，你给我们展示的
我不得不说，你给我们展示的
14:12
of those mixed-use streets
were really inspiring, really beautiful.
were really inspiring, really beautiful.
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综合利用的街道，
非常有启发性，非常漂亮。
非常有启发性，非常漂亮。
PC：谢谢你。
CA：谢谢你所做的工作。
CA：谢谢你所做的工作。
14:16
PC: Thank you.
CA: Thank you for your work.
CA: Thank you for your work.
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Peter Calthorpe - Urban designerThrough his writing and his realized projects, Peter Calthorpe has spread the vision of New Urbanism, a framework for creating sustainable, human-scaled places.
Why you should listen
Peter Calthorpe’s 30-year design practice is informed by the idea that successful places -- whether neighborhoods, towns, urban districts or metropolitan regions -- must be diverse in uses and users, must be scaled to the pedestrian and human interaction, and must be environmentally sustainable.
In the early 1990s, Calthorpe developed the concept of Transit Oriented Development (described in his book The Next American Metropolis: Ecology, Community and the American Dream) -- an idea that is now the foundation of many regional policies and city plans around the world. His 2010 book is Urbanism in the Age of Climate Change. Calthorpe Associates' work in Europe, Asia and the Middle East has demonstrated that community design with a focus on sustainability and scale can be adapted throughout the globe. His current work throughout China is focused on developing standards and examples of Low Carbon Cities in Beijing, Chongqing, Kunming, Zhuhai, Jinan and other major cities.
Peter Calthorpe | Speaker | TED.com