TEDWomen 2018
Kotchakorn Voraakhom: How to transform sinking cities into landscapes that fight floods
Kotchakorn Voraakhom: 从下陷的城市到能够抗洪的园林
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TED 成员 Kotchakorn Voraakhom 说： “从伦敦到东京，气候变化正在引起城市沉陷。现代水泥建筑让我们在严重的洪水面前变得如此无力。” 但是，如果我们能设计出抵御洪水的城市呢？在这个鼓舞人心的演讲中，Voraakhom 讲述了她是如何在曼谷设计建造出一个可以吸纳一百万加仑雨水的巨大公园。她通过演讲呼吁更多应对气候变化的解决方案，并使城市与大自然重新连接。
Kotchakorn Voraakhom - Urban landscape architect
Kotchakorn Voraakhom is a landscape architect who works on building green public space that tackle climate change. Full bio
Kotchakorn Voraakhom is a landscape architect who works on building green public space that tackle climate change. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
At this very moment,
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此时此刻，
我们每呼吸一口气，
00:16
with every breath we take,
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全球主要港口城市都下沉一点点，
00:19
major delta cities
across the globe are sinking,
across the globe are sinking,
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包括纽约、伦敦、
00:23
including New York, London,
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00:26
Tokyo, Shanghai, New Orleans,
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东京、上海、新奥尔良、
和我的城市曼谷。
00:30
and as well as my city, Bangkok.
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00:35
Here is the usual version
of climate change.
of climate change.
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这是气候变化最常见的版本。
00:40
This is mine.
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而这是我所看见的。
00:42
Nothing much,
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这也没什么，
就是一条鳄鱼出现在了大街上。
00:43
just a crocodile on the street.
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（笑声）
00:45
(Laughter)
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这是气候变化带来的
一个严重结果：
一个严重结果：
00:47
This is an urgent impact
of climate change:
of climate change:
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我们的城市正在沉陷。
00:50
our sinking cities.
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00:54
Here, you can see
the urbanization of Bangkok,
the urbanization of Bangkok,
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你可以看到曼谷的城区
正在向四周扩大，
00:58
growing in every direction,
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从蓬松的耕地，
01:01
shifting from porous, agricultural land --
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01:05
the land that can breathe
and absorb water --
and absorb water --
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能够呼吸空气和雨水的土地，
变成了水泥的丛林。
01:09
to a concrete jungle.
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01:13
This is what parts of it look like
after 30 minutes of rainfall.
after 30 minutes of rainfall.
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这就是在三十分钟的降雨后
城市中部分地区的掠影，
城市中部分地区的掠影，
01:18
And every time it rains,
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每次下雨，
我都希望我的车能变成一艘小船。
01:20
I wish my car could turn into a boat.
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01:24
This land has no room for water.
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这片土地已经水饱和了，
01:27
It has lost its absorbent capacity.
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失去了吸水的能力。
01:34
The reality of Bangkok's
metropolitan region
metropolitan region
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曼谷这座大都会城市
汇集了一千五百万人，
01:37
is a city of 15 million people
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他们工作、生活和通勤在这个
会移动的和布满淤泥的河岸上。
会移动的和布满淤泥的河岸上。
01:43
living, working and commuting
on top of a shifting, muddy river delta.
on top of a shifting, muddy river delta.
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01:49
Bangkok is sinking
more than one centimeter per year,
more than one centimeter per year,
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曼谷每年都会下沉超过1厘米。
这比海平面上升的速度高出了4倍。
01:54
which is four times faster
than the rate of predicted sea level rise.
than the rate of predicted sea level rise.
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02:02
And we could be below sea level by 2030,
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到2030年，这座城市
可能会低于海平面，
可能会低于海平面，
没有多少时间了。
02:08
which will be here too soon.
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02:12
There is no coincidence that I am here
as a landscape architect.
as a landscape architect.
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作为景观设计师，
我站在这里并不是偶然。
我站在这里并不是偶然。
02:19
As a child, I grew up in a row house
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小时候，我在一个
繁忙公路旁的排屋长大。
02:23
next to the busy road
always filled with traffic.
always filled with traffic.
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02:28
In front of my house,
there was a concrete parking lot,
there was a concrete parking lot,
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在屋子的前面，
有一个水泥地的停车场，
有一个水泥地的停车场，
那里是我的游乐场。
02:32
and that was my playground.
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02:36
The only living creature I would find,
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我能发现的唯一生物，
也是非常喜欢的，
02:40
and had fun with,
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就是在水泥地裂缝中悄悄生长的
02:42
were these sneaky little plants
trying to grow through the crack
trying to grow through the crack
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那些小小的绿色植物。
02:47
of the concrete pavement.
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02:49
My favorite game with friends
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我和朋友们最喜欢的游戏
02:52
was to dig a bigger
and bigger hole through this crack
and bigger hole through this crack
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就是在这些裂缝中挖一个更大的坑，
让这些小植物能够生长，
02:58
to let this little plant creep out --
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不断地爬出来。
03:01
sneak out more and more.
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03:05
And yes, landscape architecture
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是的，景观设计
使我能够有机会
继续实现我远大的目标，
继续实现我远大的目标，
03:08
gives me the opportunity
to continue my cracking ambition --
to continue my cracking ambition --
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（笑声）
03:14
(Laughter)
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将水泥地与大自然融为一体。
03:15
to connect this concrete land
back to nature.
back to nature.
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03:22
Before, Thais -- my people --
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以前，我们泰国人
适应了干湿交替的季节变换。
03:25
we were adapted to the cycle
of the wet and dry season,
of the wet and dry season,
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你可以说我们是水陆两栖。
03:31
and you could all us amphibious.
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（笑声）
03:34
(Laughter)
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我们可以在陆地上和水上生活，
03:35
We lived both on land and on water.
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03:38
We were adapted to both.
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两种环境都可以适应。
03:42
And flooding was a happy event,
when the water fertilized our land.
when the water fertilized our land.
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洪水是一件令人开心的事情，
因为水能够滋养土地。
因为水能够滋养土地。
03:49
But now, flooding means ...
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但现在， 洪涝却意味着——
03:52
disaster.
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灾难。
03:54
In 2011,
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在2011年，
泰国历经了一场史上最严重，
也是经济损失最大的
也是经济损失最大的
03:56
Thailand was hit by the most damaging
and the most expensive flood disaster
and the most expensive flood disaster
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04:03
in our history.
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洪涝灾害。
04:05
Flooding has turned central Thailand
into an enormous lake.
into an enormous lake.
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这让泰国中心地区
变成了一个巨大的湖泊。
变成了一个巨大的湖泊。
04:10
Here, you can see the scale of the flood
in the center of the image,
in the center of the image,
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你可以在图片中央
看到这场洪水的规模，
看到这场洪水的规模，
黄线标出的是曼谷地区。
04:15
to the scale of Bangkok,
outlined in yellow.
outlined in yellow.
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04:20
The water was overflowing from the north,
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洪水从北部地区开始
蔓延至好几个省区。
04:22
making its way across several provinces.
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04:28
Millions of my people,
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数百万泰国人民，
包括我和我的家人
04:32
including me and my family,
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都无家可归。
04:35
were displaced and homeless.
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04:39
Some had to escape the city.
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有些人不得不逃离城市。
04:42
Many were terrified of losing
their home and their belongings,
their home and their belongings,
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很多人都害怕
失去他们的房子和财产，
失去他们的房子和财产，
所以他们留了下来，
忍受着没有电和纯净水的日子。
忍受着没有电和纯净水的日子。
04:47
so they stayed back in the flood
with no electricity and clean water.
with no electricity and clean water.
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04:55
For me, this flood reflects clearly
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与我而言，这场洪水清晰地反映了
04:57
that our modern infrastructure,
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我们的现代基础设施，
05:02
and especially our notion
of fighting flood with concrete,
of fighting flood with concrete,
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特别是我们用水泥建筑
来抵御洪水的想法，
来抵御洪水的想法，
已经让我们在变化多端的
气候面前显得相当脆弱。
气候面前显得相当脆弱。
05:07
had made us so extremely vulnerable
to the climate uncertainty.
to the climate uncertainty.
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05:15
But in the heart of this disaster,
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但也是在这场灾难中，
我发现了自己的使命。
05:19
I found my calling.
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05:21
I cannot just sit and wait
as my city continues to sink.
as my city continues to sink.
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我不能眼睁睁地看着我的城市下沉。
05:27
The city needed me,
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我的城市需要我，
而我也有能力解决这一问题。
05:29
and I had the ability to fix this problem.
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05:34
Six years ago,
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六年前，
05:37
I started my project.
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我开始了我的项目。
我和我的团队赢得了一个
抗洪公园的设计比赛，
抗洪公园的设计比赛，
05:39
My teams and I won the design competition
for Chulalongkorn Centenary Park.
for Chulalongkorn Centenary Park.
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05:46
This was the big, bold mission
of the first university in Thailand
of the first university in Thailand
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这是为泰国第一所大学的百年校庆
而开启的一项大胆而艰巨的任务，
05:52
for celebrating its hundredth anniversary
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把这片土地变成一座城市公园。
05:56
by giving this piece of land
as a public park to our city.
as a public park to our city.
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06:03
Having a park sounds very normal
to many other cities,
to many other cities,
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在其他城市，有城市公园
是一个很正常的事情，
是一个很正常的事情，
但曼谷却不同，
06:08
but not in Bangkok,
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它是亚洲的超大型城市中
人均公共绿色面积
人均公共绿色面积
06:12
which has one of the lowest
public green space per capita
public green space per capita
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最低的城市之一。
06:17
among megacities in Asia.
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06:21
Our project's become
the first new public park
the first new public park
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我们的项目成为了30年里
第一个城市公园。
06:26
in almost 30 years.
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06:29
The 11-acre park --
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这个11英亩的公园——
宛如曼谷中心的一道
巨大绿色裂缝——
巨大绿色裂缝——
06:32
a big green crack
at the heart of Bangkok --
at the heart of Bangkok --
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在去年向公众开放了。
06:36
opened just last year.
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06:38
(Applause and cheers)
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（掌声和欢呼声）
谢谢！
06:40
Thank you.
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06:41
(Applause)
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（掌声）
四年中，我们开了无数次会议，
06:45
For four years, we have pushed
through countless meetings
through countless meetings
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以努力确保
06:50
to convince and never
give up to convincing
give up to convincing
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这座公园不仅仅是为了美化或娱乐，
06:54
that this park isn't just
for beautification or recreation:
for beautification or recreation:
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它必须能够帮助城市抗洪，
06:59
it must help the city deal with water,
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必须能够帮助城市抵御气候变化。
07:02
it must help the city
confront climate change.
confront climate change.
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07:05
And here is how it works.
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这个公园是这样运作的。
07:08
Bangkok is a flat city,
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曼谷位于平原上，
因此我们让整个公园倾斜，
来利用地吸引力
来利用地吸引力
07:10
so we harnessed the power of gravity
by inclining the whole park
by inclining the whole park
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收集雨水。
07:15
to collect every drop of rain.
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07:20
The gravity force pulls down
the runoff from the highest point
the runoff from the highest point
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重力作用迫使雨水从最高点
流向最低点。
07:24
to the lowest point.
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07:26
This park has three main elements
that work as one system.
that work as one system.
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公园的这个排水系统
由三个主要部分构成。
由三个主要部分构成。
07:31
The first -- the green roof.
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第一个，绿色的屋顶。
07:34
This is the biggest
green roof in Thailand,
green roof in Thailand,
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这是泰国最大的绿色屋顶，
有雨水收集器和地下博物馆。
07:37
with the rainwater tanks
and museum underneath.
and museum underneath.
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07:42
In the dry season,
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在干燥的季节里，
收集的雨水可以灌溉公园一个月。
07:44
the collected rain can be used
to water the park for up to a month.
to water the park for up to a month.
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07:51
The runoff on the green roof
then falls through wetlands
then falls through wetlands
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绿色屋顶的雨水流过湿地区域，
07:55
with the native water plants
that can help filter
that can help filter
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那里的水生植物能够
过滤和净化水源。
07:59
and help clean water.
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08:02
And at the lower end,
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在地势低洼的另一端，
蓄水池塘收集所有的雨水。
08:04
the retention pond
collects all of the water.
collects all of the water.
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08:09
At this pond, there are water bikes.
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在池塘里，有脚踏船。
08:13
People can pedal and help clean water.
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人们可以通过踩脚踏船来清洁池水。
08:18
Their exercise becomes an active part
of the park water system.
of the park water system.
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这些活动成为了
公园水系统的一个活跃部分。
公园水系统的一个活跃部分。
08:25
When life gives you a flood,
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如果生活给你洪水，
你就在水中嬉戏。
08:27
you have fun with the water.
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（笑声）
08:29
(Laughter)
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08:32
Centenary Park gives room for people
and room for water,
and room for water,
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这座纪念公园给了人和水空间，
这正是我们和城市所需要的。
08:36
which is exactly
what we and our cities need.
what we and our cities need.
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08:43
This is an amphibious design.
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这是一个水陆融合的设计。
08:47
This park is not
about getting rid of flood.
about getting rid of flood.
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这座公园的用途并不在于消除洪水，
08:50
It's about creating a way to live with it.
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而在于创造一种与雨水共生的方式。
08:54
And not a single drop of rain
is wasted in this park.
is wasted in this park.
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在这座公园里，
没有一滴雨水会被浪费掉。
没有一滴雨水会被浪费掉。
09:00
This park can hold and collect
a million gallons of water.
a million gallons of water.
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它可以容纳一百万加仑的雨水。
09:08
(Applause)
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(掌声)
谢谢。
09:10
Thank you.
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（掌声）
09:11
(Applause)
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对我来说，每一个项目
09:15
Every given project, for me,
is an opportunity
is an opportunity
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都是在水泥丛林中
创造绿色裂缝的机会，
创造绿色裂缝的机会，
09:19
to create more green cracks
through this concrete jungle
through this concrete jungle
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09:24
by using landscape architecture
as a solution,
as a solution,
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用景观设计作为解决方案，
就像把这个水泥屋顶
变为城市农场，
变为城市农场，
09:28
like turning this concrete roof
into an urban farm,
into an urban farm,
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能够吸纳雨水，
09:34
which can help absorb rain;
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减少气候热岛效应，
09:37
reduce urban heat island
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并在城市中央种植粮食；
09:39
and grow food in the middle of the city;
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09:43
reuse the abandoned concrete structure
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再利用废弃钢筋结构
来建造绿色步行桥；
09:46
to become a green pedestrian bridge;
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09:50
and another flood-proof park
at Thammasat University,
at Thammasat University,
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位于福井大学的另一座抗洪公园
几乎是整个东南亚地区最大的
09:55
which nearly completes the biggest
green roof on an academic campus yet
green roof on an academic campus yet
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校园绿色屋顶。
10:01
in Southeast Asia.
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10:06
Severe flooding is our new normal,
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严重洪涝已成为日常，
这让东南亚地区，
10:11
putting the southeast Asian region --
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世界上拥有最长海岸线的地区，
10:15
the region with the most coastline --
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陷入了危险之中。
10:18
at extreme risk.
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10:22
Creating a park is just one solution.
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建造公园只是一个解决方案。
10:26
The awareness of climate change
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对气候变化的意识
意味着来自各行各业的我们，
10:28
means we, in every profession
we are involved,
we are involved,
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都有更多义务去
了解气候变化的风险，
了解气候变化的风险，
10:34
are increasingly obligated
to understand the climate risk
to understand the climate risk
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并在我们的工作中寻找解决方案。
10:39
and put whatever we are working on
as part of the solution.
as part of the solution.
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10:46
Because if our cities continue
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因为如果我们的城市
像这样继续下沉，
10:50
the way they are now,
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10:53
a similar catastrophe
will happen again ...
will happen again ...
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灾难会不断地
10:57
and again.
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重复上演。
11:01
Creating a solution
in these sinking cities
in these sinking cities
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在下陷的城市里创造一个解决方案，
就如同把不可能变为可能。
11:04
is like making the impossible possible.
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11:11
And for that,
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为此，
11:14
I would like to share one word
that I always keep in mind,
that I always keep in mind,
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我想分享我始终铭记在心的一个词，
那就是 "tangjai"。
11:19
that is, "tangjai."
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11:23
The literal translation
for "tang" is "to firmly stand,"
for "tang" is "to firmly stand,"
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“tang”可以翻译成“坚决支持”，
11:31
and "jai" means "heart."
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“jai”的意思是“心”。
11:36
Firmly stand your heart at your goal.
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坚持你心中的目标。
11:41
In Thai language,
when you commit to do something,
when you commit to do something,
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在泰语中，当你心无旁骛地
做某件事的时候，
做某件事的时候，
就在你说的话前加上“tangjai”，
11:45
you put tangjai in front of your work,
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这样一来你就能够
心有所向，言行一致。
心有所向，言行一致。
11:49
so your heart will be in your action.
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11:54
No matter how rough the path,
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无论路途多么艰难，
裂缝多么巨大，
11:56
how big the crack,
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你会都着目标不断前行，
11:58
you push through to your goal,
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因为那是你心之向往。
12:00
because that's where your heart is.
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12:04
And yes, Thailand is home.
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是的，泰国是我的家。
12:10
This land is my only home,
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这片土地是我唯一的家，
12:13
and that's where I firmly stand my heart.
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它是我所坚持的心中目标。
12:19
Where do you stand yours?
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你心中的目标又是什么呢？
12:21
Thank you.
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谢谢。
（掌声）
12:23
(Applause)
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谢谢。
12:24
Thank you.
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（泰语）谢谢。
12:25
Kòp kun ka.
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（掌声和欢呼声）
12:26
(Applause and cheers)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kotchakorn Voraakhom - Urban landscape architectKotchakorn Voraakhom is a landscape architect who works on building green public space that tackle climate change.
Why you should listen
Kotchakorn Voraakhom never thought her childhood pastimes -- like boat paddling with friends in the floodwaters in front of her house -- would later signal a catastrophic disaster: a sinking city. To help save her hometown of Bangkok from rising sea levels and climate change, Voraakhom founded the landscape architecture design firm Landprocess. She is also the founder of Porous City Network, a social enterprise working to solve urban environmental problems and increase urban resilience across Southeast Asia by aiding, engaging and educating climate-vulnerable communities about productive landscape design.
In Bangkok, Voraakhom and her team has turned an invaluable commercial property in the heart of the city into Chulalongkorn Centenary Park, a flood-proof, water-retention public green space. Voraakhom also works as a design consultant for the Bangkok250, a major redevelopment project for the city's 250th anniversary. Voraakhom is an Echoing Green Climate Fellow, Atlantic Fellow and Asia Foundation Development Fellow. She received her master's in landscape architecture from Harvard University's Graduate School of Design.
Kotchakorn Voraakhom | Speaker | TED.com