TEDxUIdaho
Jakob Magolan: A crash course in organic chemistry
雅各馬哥蘭: 一堂有機化學的速成課程
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雅各馬哥蘭要改變你對於有機化學的感受。這是一場用驚人繪圖包裝的親切演說。在演說中，他教導我們基礎知識，同時也打破了有機化學的可怕刻板印象。
Jakob Magolan - Organic chemist
Professor Jakob Magolan is a synthetic chemist who assembles new molecules to discover new medicines. Full bio
Professor Jakob Magolan is a synthetic chemist who assembles new molecules to discover new medicines. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'd like you to ask yourself,
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我想請各位問問自己，
00:14
what do you feel when you hear
the words "organic chemistry?"
the words "organic chemistry?"
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聽到「有機化學」時，
你有什麼感覺？
你有什麼感覺？
00:18
What comes to mind?
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會想到什麼？
00:20
There is a course offered
at nearly every university,
at nearly every university,
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幾乎在每一所大學，
都有開一門課程，
都有開一門課程，
00:24
and it's called Organic Chemistry,
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就叫做「有機化學」，
00:26
and it is a grueling, heavy
introduction to the subject,
introduction to the subject,
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這門課是種既繁重又累人的
有機化學入門，
有機化學入門，
00:30
a flood of content
that overwhelms students,
that overwhelms students,
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一大堆的內容，讓學生無法招架，
00:33
and you have to ace it if you want
to become a doctor or a dentist
to become a doctor or a dentist
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如果你想要成為醫生、
牙醫，或獸醫，
牙醫，或獸醫，
就得要把這門課讀好。
00:37
or a veterinarian.
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00:38
And that is why so many students
perceive this science like this ...
perceive this science like this ...
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那就是為什麼很多學生
都這樣看待這門科學……
都這樣看待這門科學……
00:44
as an obstacle in their path,
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他們道路上的阻礙，
00:46
and they fear it and they hate it
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他們害怕它、討厭它，
00:48
and they call it a weed-out course.
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他們稱它為一門淘汰課。
00:50
What a cruel thing for a subject
to do to young people,
to do to young people,
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一門學科對年輕人
做這樣的事，實在很殘忍，
做這樣的事，實在很殘忍，
00:53
weed them out.
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把他們淘汰。
00:55
And this perception spread
beyond college campuses long ago.
beyond college campuses long ago.
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很早以前，這種感受就已經
散播到大學校園以外的地方了。
散播到大學校園以外的地方了。
00:59
There is a universal anxiety
about these two words.
about these two words.
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不論在哪裡，
這四個字都讓人焦慮。
這四個字都讓人焦慮。
01:04
I happen to love this science,
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我剛好很愛這門科學，
01:07
and I think this position
in which we have placed it
in which we have placed it
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我認為，我們將它
定位在這個位置，
定位在這個位置，
01:09
is inexcusable.
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實在不可原諒。
01:11
It's not good for science,
and it's not good for society,
and it's not good for society,
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那樣對科學沒有好處，
對社會沒有好處，
對社會沒有好處，
01:15
and I don't think it has to be this way.
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我不認為這是必要的。
01:18
And I don't mean that this class
should be easier. It shouldn't.
should be easier. It shouldn't.
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我的意思並不是這門課
應該簡單一點。它不該簡單。
應該簡單一點。它不該簡單。
01:23
But your perception of these two words
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但你們對於這四個字的感受
01:28
should not be defined
by the experiences of premed students
by the experiences of premed students
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不應該被醫學院預科
學生的經驗所定義，
學生的經驗所定義，
01:33
who frankly are going through
a very anxious time of their lives.
a very anxious time of their lives.
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坦白說，他們正在經歷
他們人生中非常焦慮的時期。
他們人生中非常焦慮的時期。
01:37
So I'm here today because I believe
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今天，我來這裡，是因為我相信
01:40
that a basic knowledge
of organic chemistry is valuable,
of organic chemistry is valuable,
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有機化學的基本知識
是很有價值的，
是很有價值的，
01:42
and I think that it can be made
accessible to everybody,
accessible to everybody,
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我認為它應該是任何人
都可以進入的一門科學，
都可以進入的一門科學，
01:47
and I'd like to prove that to you today.
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今天我會向大家證明這一點。
01:49
Would you let me try?
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你們願意讓我試試嗎？
01:51
Audience: Yeah!
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觀眾：願意！
01:52
Jakob Magolan: All right, let's go for it.
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講者：好，咱們開始吧！
01:55
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
01:57
Here I have one of these
overpriced EpiPens.
overpriced EpiPens.
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我手上是一支定價過高的
腎上腺素注射器。
腎上腺素注射器。
02:00
Inside it is a drug called epinephrine.
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裡面裝的是一種叫腎上腺素的藥。
02:03
Epinephrine can restart
the beat of my heart,
the beat of my heart,
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腎上腺素能夠讓我的心臟
重新開始跳動，
重新開始跳動，
02:06
or it could stop a life-threatening
allergic reaction.
allergic reaction.
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它也可以阻止可能
威脅生命的過敏反應。
威脅生命的過敏反應。
02:08
An injection of this
right here will do it.
right here will do it.
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只要把它注射到這裡就可以了。
02:13
It would be like turning
the ignition switch
the ignition switch
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它就像是一個點火開關，
02:15
in my body's fight-or-flight machinery.
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控制我身體的
「打或逃」機械裝置。
「打或逃」機械裝置。
02:17
My heart rate, my blood pressure would
go up so blood could rush to my muscles.
go up so blood could rush to my muscles.
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我的心跳率、我的血壓會上升，
血液就會被急送給我的肌肉。
血液就會被急送給我的肌肉。
02:21
My pupils would dilate.
I would feel a wave of strength.
I would feel a wave of strength.
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我的瞳孔會放大。
我會感受到一波力量。
我會感受到一波力量。
02:24
Epinephrine has been the difference
between life and death for many people.
between life and death for many people.
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對許多人而言，腎上腺素
決定了他們是生還是死。
決定了他們是生還是死。
02:29
This is like a little miracle
that you can hold in your fingers.
that you can hold in your fingers.
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它就像是你能夠掌握
在手中的一個小小奇蹟。
在手中的一個小小奇蹟。
02:33
Here is the chemical structure
of epinephrine.
of epinephrine.
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這是腎上腺素的化學結構。
02:37
This is what organic chemistry looks like.
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有機化學看起來就是這個樣子的。
02:39
It looks like lines and letters ...
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它看起來像是線段和英文字母……
02:43
No meaning to most people.
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對大部分人來說沒有意義。
02:45
I'd like to show you what I see
when I look at that picture.
when I look at that picture.
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我想展示一下，當看到
這張圖時我看見的是什麼。
這張圖時我看見的是什麼。
02:49
I see a physical object
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我看見一個實體的物體，
02:53
that has depth and rotating parts,
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有立體深度，也有能旋轉的部位，
02:55
and it's moving.
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且它會動。
02:58
We call this a compound or a molecule,
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我們稱它為化合物或分子，
03:00
and it is 26 atoms that are stitched
together by atomic bonds.
together by atomic bonds.
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它是由 26 個原子，
用原子鍵結合在一起而成。
用原子鍵結合在一起而成。
03:07
The unique arrangement of these atoms
gives epinephrine its identity,
gives epinephrine its identity,
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這些原子的獨特排列方式，
就代表著腎上腺素，
就代表著腎上腺素，
03:11
but nobody has ever
actually seen one of these,
actually seen one of these,
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但沒有人看見過這些東西，
03:14
because they're very small,
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因為它們非常小，
03:15
so we're going to call this
an artistic impression,
an artistic impression,
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所以我們可以稱它為藝術印象，
03:18
and I want to explain to you
how small this is.
how small this is.
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我想要跟各位說明它有多小。
03:22
In here, I have less than
half a milligram of it dissolved in water.
half a milligram of it dissolved in water.
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在這裡，我取了半毫克，
將它溶解在水中。
將它溶解在水中。
03:26
It's the mass of a grain of sand.
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這是一粒沙的質量。
03:28
The number of epinephrine
molecules in here is one quintillion.
molecules in here is one quintillion.
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這裡的腎上腺素分子數量
是一百萬的三次方。
是一百萬的三次方。
03:33
That's 18 zeroes.
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也就是 18 個零。
03:35
That number is hard to visualize.
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這個數字很難視覺化。
03:37
Seven billion of us on this planet?
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在地球上有 70 億人？
03:40
Maybe 400 billion stars in our galaxy?
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宇宙中也許有 4000 億顆星星？
03:45
You're not even close.
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都還差得遠呢。
03:46
If you wanted to get
into the right ballpark,
into the right ballpark,
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如果你想要做更正確的約略估計，
03:48
you'd have to imagine every grain of sand
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你得要想像在所有
海洋和湖泊底下，
海洋和湖泊底下，
03:51
on every beach,
under all the oceans and lakes,
under all the oceans and lakes,
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每一個海灘上的每一粒沙子，
03:55
and then shrink them all
so they fit in here.
so they fit in here.
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接著把它們通通縮小，
塞到這裡面來。
塞到這裡面來。
03:59
Epinephrine is so small
we will never see it,
we will never see it,
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腎上腺素非常小，
我們永遠不可能看見它，
我們永遠不可能看見它，
04:02
not through any microscope ever,
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透過任何顯微鏡都不可能，
04:05
but we know what it looks like,
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但我們知道它的外觀，
04:07
because it shows itself
through some sophisticated machines
through some sophisticated machines
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因為它能透過一些
很精密的機器顯現出來，
很精密的機器顯現出來，
04:11
with fancy names
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這些機器的名字很炫，
04:13
like "nuclear magnetic
resonance spectrometers."
resonance spectrometers."
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比如「核磁共振光譜儀」。
04:17
So visible or not, we know
this molecule very well.
this molecule very well.
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不論看不看得見，
我們都很了解這個分子。
我們都很了解這個分子。
04:20
We know it is made
of four different types of atoms,
of four different types of atoms,
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我們知道它是由四種
不同型的原子組成，
不同型的原子組成，
04:23
hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen.
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氫、碳、氧，和氮。
04:25
These are the colors
we typically use for them.
we typically use for them.
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我們通常會用
這些顏色來表示它們。
這些顏色來表示它們。
04:27
Everything in our universe
is made of little spheres
is made of little spheres
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在我們宇宙中的一切，
都是由小球體組成，
都是由小球體組成，
04:30
that we call atoms.
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它們叫做原子。
04:31
There's about a hundred
of these basic ingredients,
of these basic ingredients,
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這種基本組成元素大約有 100 種，
04:34
and they're all made
from three smaller particles:
from three smaller particles:
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它們都是用這三種
更小的粒子組成的：
更小的粒子組成的：
04:36
protons, neutrons, electrons.
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光子、中子、電子。
04:38
We arrange these atoms
into this familiar table.
into this familiar table.
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我們用這個熟悉的表格
來排放這些原子。
來排放這些原子。
04:42
We give them each a name and a number.
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每一種都有一個名稱和數字。
04:45
But life as we know it
doesn't need all of these,
doesn't need all of these,
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但我們所知道的生命，
並不需要表中的每一種原子，
並不需要表中的每一種原子，
04:47
just a smaller subset, just these.
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只需要其中的一些，
只要這些即可。
只要這些即可。
04:50
And there are four atoms in particular
that stand apart from the rest
that stand apart from the rest
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有四種原子很特別，
和其他原子不同，
和其他原子不同，
04:53
as the main building blocks of life,
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它們是生建造生命的主要建材，
04:56
and they are the same ones
that are found in epinephrine:
that are found in epinephrine:
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也就是在腎上腺素中
找到的那幾種：
找到的那幾種：
04:59
hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen.
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氫、碳、氮，以及氧。
05:04
Now what I tell you next
is the most important part.
is the most important part.
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我接下來要告訴各位的，
是最重要的部分。
是最重要的部分。
05:08
When these atoms
connect to form molecules,
connect to form molecules,
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當這些原子連結起來，形成分子，
05:11
they follow a set of rules.
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它們會遵循一組規則。
05:13
Hydrogen makes one bond,
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氫有一個鍵結，
05:15
oxygen always makes two,
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氧總是有兩個鍵結，
05:17
nitrogen makes three
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氮有三個鍵結，
05:18
and carbon makes four.
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碳有四個鍵結。
05:20
That's it.
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就這樣。
05:22
HONC -- one, two, three, four.
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H、O、N、C，一、二、三、四。
05:25
If you can count to four,
and you can misspell the word "honk,"
and you can misspell the word "honk,"
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如果你會數到四，且你會拼錯
「honk（喇叭聲）」這個字，
「honk（喇叭聲）」這個字，
05:29
you're going to remember this
for the rest of your lives.
for the rest of your lives.
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那你一輩子就不會忘記這些。
05:32
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
05:34
Now here I have four bowls
with these ingredients.
with these ingredients.
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這裡，我有四個碗，
裡面有這些組成元素。
裡面有這些組成元素。
05:36
We can use these to build molecules.
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我們可以用它們來建立分子。
05:40
Let's start with epinephrine.
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咱們從腎上腺素開始。
05:43
Now, these bonds between atoms,
they're made of electrons.
they're made of electrons.
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在原子之間的鍵結，
是由電子組成的。
是由電子組成的。
05:48
Atoms use electrons like arms
to reach out and hold their neighbors.
to reach out and hold their neighbors.
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原子把電子當成手臂來用，
向外伸，抓住它們的鄰居。
向外伸，抓住它們的鄰居。
05:51
Two electrons in each bond,
like a handshake,
like a handshake,
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每個鍵結有兩個電子，
就像在握手，
就像在握手，
05:53
and like a handshake,
they are not permanent.
they are not permanent.
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還有一點也像握手：
它們並非永久的。
它們並非永久的。
05:56
They can let go of one atom
and grab another.
and grab another.
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它們會放掉一個原子，
去抓另一個。
去抓另一個。
那就是我們所謂的化學反應，
05:58
That's what we call a chemical reaction,
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06:00
when atoms exchange partners
and make new molecules.
and make new molecules.
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原子會交換夥伴，並形成新分子。
06:03
The backbone of epinephrine
is made mostly of carbon atoms,
is made mostly of carbon atoms,
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腎上腺素的主要骨幹
大部分是由碳原子所組成，
大部分是由碳原子所組成，
06:06
and that's common.
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那很常見。
06:07
Carbon is life's favorite
structural building material,
structural building material,
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碳是生命最喜歡的結構建材，
06:10
because it makes
a good number of handshakes
a good number of handshakes
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因為它握手的數量很理想，
06:13
with just the right grip strength.
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握手的力量也很恰好。
06:15
That's why we define organic chemistry
as the study of carbon molecules.
as the study of carbon molecules.
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那就是為什麼我們把有機化學
定義為對碳原子的研究。
定義為對碳原子的研究。
06:20
Now, if we build the smallest molecules
we can think of that follow our rules,
we can think of that follow our rules,
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如果我們依據我們的規則，
建造出我們所能想出最小的分子，
建造出我們所能想出最小的分子，
它們會突顯出我們的規則，
且它們的名字都很耳熟：
且它們的名字都很耳熟：
06:25
they highlight our rules,
and they have familiar names:
and they have familiar names:
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水、氨、甲烷，
即 H2O、NH3，和 CH4。
即 H2O、NH3，和 CH4。
06:28
water, ammonia and methane,
H20 and NH3 and CH4.
H20 and NH3 and CH4.
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06:33
The words "hydrogen,"
"oxygen" and "nitrogen" --
"oxygen" and "nitrogen" --
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「氫」、「氧」，
和「氮」這些字——
和「氮」這些字——
06:36
we use the same words
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這三個分子都各
含有兩個相同的原子，
含有兩個相同的原子，
06:38
to name these three molecules
that have two atoms each.
that have two atoms each.
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所以我們直接以
原子的名字來命名它們。
原子的名字來命名它們。
06:41
They still follow the rules,
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它們仍然遵循規則，
06:42
because they have one, two
and three bonds between them.
and three bonds between them.
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因為它們之間的鍵結數
為一、二，以及三個。
為一、二，以及三個。
06:45
That's why oxygen gets called O2.
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那就是為什麼氧氣要叫 O2。
06:48
I can show you combustion.
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我可以展示燃燒給各位看。
06:51
Here's carbon dioxide, CO2.
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這是二氧化碳，CO2。
06:53
Above it, let's place water and oxygen,
and beside it, some flammable fuels.
and beside it, some flammable fuels.
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在上面，我們放上水和氧，
在旁邊，是可燃的燃料。
在旁邊，是可燃的燃料。
06:58
These fuels are made
of just hydrogen and carbon.
of just hydrogen and carbon.
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這些燃料的成份只有氫和碳。
07:01
That's why we call them hydrocarbons.
We're very creative.
We're very creative.
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所以它們被稱為碳氫化合物。
我們很有創意。
我們很有創意。
07:03
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
07:05
So when these crash
into molecules of oxygen,
into molecules of oxygen,
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當這些分子撞上氧分子，
07:07
as they do in your engine
or in your barbecues,
or in your barbecues,
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就像在引擎或烤肉野餐
所發生的狀況，
所發生的狀況，
07:12
they release energy and they reassemble,
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它們就會釋出能量、重組，
每個碳原子最後都會成為
一個 CO2 分子的中心，
一個 CO2 分子的中心，
07:14
and every carbon atom
ends up at the center of a CO2 molecule,
ends up at the center of a CO2 molecule,
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07:17
holding on to two oxygens,
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抓住兩個氧原子，
07:18
and all the hydrogens end up
as parts of waters,
as parts of waters,
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所有的氫最後都會成為水的一部分，
07:20
and everybody follows the rules.
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大家都會遵循規則。
07:22
They are not optional,
145
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沒得選，
07:24
and they're not optional
for bigger molecules either,
for bigger molecules either,
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更大的分子也沒得選，
07:26
like these three.
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比如這三個分子。
07:29
This is our favorite vitamin
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這是我們最愛的維他命，
07:31
sitting next to our favorite drug,
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旁邊是我們最愛的藥物，
07:33
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
07:34
and morphine is one of the most
important stories in medical history.
important stories in medical history.
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在醫療史上，嗎啡是
最重要的故事之一。
最重要的故事之一。
07:38
It marks medicine's first
real triumph over physical pain,
real triumph over physical pain,
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它代表的是醫學第一次
戰勝了身體的痛苦，
戰勝了身體的痛苦，
07:41
and every molecule has a story,
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2004
每個分子都有一段故事，
07:43
and they are all published.
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通通都已經出版。
07:44
They're written by scientists,
and they're read by other scientists,
and they're read by other scientists,
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這些故事是由科學家所寫，
讀者則是其他科學家，
讀者則是其他科學家，
07:48
so we have handy representations
to do this quickly on paper,
to do this quickly on paper,
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所以，我們有方便的表示方式，
方便論文的讀寫，
方便論文的讀寫，
07:51
and I need to teach you how to do that.
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而我得要教各位這些表示方式。
07:53
So we lay epinephrine flat on a page,
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2775
我們把腎上腺素
攤平放在一張紙上，
攤平放在一張紙上，
07:56
and then we replace all the spheres
with simple letters,
with simple letters,
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接著，我們把所有的球體
都換成簡單的字母，
都換成簡單的字母，
07:58
and then the bonds
that lie in the plane of the page,
that lie in the plane of the page,
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2495
再把平面紙上的那些鍵結也換掉，
08:01
they just become regular lines,
161
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換成一般的線段，
08:03
and the bonds that point
forwards and backwards,
forwards and backwards,
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至於指向前以及向後的那些鍵結，
08:05
they become little triangles,
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就換成小三角形，
08:06
either solid or dashed to indicate depth.
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用實心或是虛線來呈現深度。
08:09
We don't actually draw these carbons.
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我們不會真的畫出這些碳。
08:11
We save time by just hiding them.
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為了節省時間，
我們會把它們隱藏起來。
我們會把它們隱藏起來。
08:14
They're represented
by corners between the bonds,
by corners between the bonds,
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鍵結之間的轉角，就表示碳，
08:18
and we also hide every hydrogen
that's bonded to a carbon.
that's bonded to a carbon.
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我們也會把和碳
連結的氫給隱藏起來。
連結的氫給隱藏起來。
08:22
We know they're there
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我們只要看到一個碳
08:23
whenever a carbon is showing us
any fewer than four bonds.
any fewer than four bonds.
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旁邊的鍵結不到四個，
就知道有氫在那裡。
就知道有氫在那裡。
08:27
The last thing that's done
is the bonds between OH and NH.
is the bonds between OH and NH.
171
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最後處理的是 OH
和 NH 間的鍵結。
和 NH 間的鍵結。
08:31
We just get rid of those
to make it cleaner,
to make it cleaner,
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我們直接把它們拿掉，
讓畫面更乾淨，
讓畫面更乾淨，
08:33
and that's all there is to it.
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501544
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就只有這樣而已。
08:35
This is the professional way
to draw molecules.
to draw molecules.
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這是畫分子的專業方法。
08:37
This is what you see on Wikipedia pages.
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505649
2411
在維基百科上
看到的圖就是這種圖。
看到的圖就是這種圖。
08:42
It takes a little bit of practice,
but I think everyone here could do it,
but I think everyone here could do it,
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需要一點練習，但我認為
這裡人人都做得到，
這裡人人都做得到，
08:46
but for today, this is epinephrine.
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但今天，知道這是腎上腺素即可。
08:49
This is also called adrenaline.
They're one and the same.
They're one and the same.
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517886
2928
epinephrine 和 adrenaline
這兩個字都是指腎上腺素。
這兩個字都是指腎上腺素。
08:52
It's made by your adrenal glands.
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1612
它是由你的腎上腺製造的。
08:54
You have this molecule swimming
through your body right now.
through your body right now.
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現在你的體內就有
這種分子在游動。
這種分子在游動。
08:57
It's a natural molecule.
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1690
它是種天然分子。
08:59
This EpiPen would just give you
a quick quintillion more of them.
a quick quintillion more of them.
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4244
這支腎上腺素注射器只是很快地
再補給十的十八次方個給你。
再補給十的十八次方個給你。
09:03
(Laughter)
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1650
（笑聲）
09:05
We can extract epinephrine
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我們可以從羊或牛的腎上腺
09:08
from the adrenal glands
of sheep or cattle,
of sheep or cattle,
185
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3420
抽取出腎上腺素，
09:11
but that's not
where this stuff comes from.
where this stuff comes from.
186
539765
2334
但我手上的這東西
並不是這麼來的。
並不是這麼來的。
09:14
We make this epinephrine in a factory
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這種腎上腺素是在工廠製造的，
09:17
by stitching together smaller molecules
that come mostly from petroleum.
that come mostly from petroleum.
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5239
做法是把比較小的分子結合起來，
而這些分子通常都來自石油。
而這些分子通常都來自石油。
09:23
And this is 100 percent synthetic.
189
551322
1709
這是 100% 合成的。
09:25
And that word, "synthetic,"
makes some of us uncomfortable.
makes some of us uncomfortable.
190
553862
3253
「合成」這個詞會讓
一些人感到不舒服。
一些人感到不舒服。
09:29
It's not like the word "natural,"
which makes us feel safe.
which makes us feel safe.
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它不像是「天然」這個詞
會讓我們感到安全。
會讓我們感到安全。
09:33
But these two molecules,
they cannot be distinguished.
they cannot be distinguished.
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3642
但這兩種分子其實
完全一樣，無法區別。
完全一樣，無法區別。
09:38
We're not talking about two cars
that are coming off an assembly line here.
that are coming off an assembly line here.
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566263
3896
我們並不是在談同一條
生產線上產出的兩台車。
生產線上產出的兩台車。
09:42
A car can have a scratch on it,
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2041
車體上可能會有刮痕，
09:44
and you can't scratch an atom.
195
572248
1855
你無法去刮一個原子。
09:46
These two are identical in a surreal,
almost mathematical sense.
almost mathematical sense.
196
574127
4548
在一種超現實，幾乎可說是數學的
意義上，這兩種分子是一樣的。
意義上，這兩種分子是一樣的。
09:50
At this atomic scale,
math practically touches reality.
math practically touches reality.
197
578699
3101
在原子的尺度上，
數學幾乎是切中現實的。
數學幾乎是切中現實的。
09:54
And a molecule of epinephrine ...
198
582128
1619
而腎上腺素的分子——
09:56
it has no memory of its origin.
199
584779
1699
它不會記著它的來源。
09:58
It just is what it is,
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1405
它就是它，
09:59
and once you have it,
201
587931
1151
一旦你有了它，
10:01
the words "natural" and "synthetic,"
they don't matter,
they don't matter,
202
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4411
是「天然」或「合成」
都無所謂了，
都無所謂了，
10:06
and nature synthesizes
this molecule just like we do,
this molecule just like we do,
203
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3212
且大自然和我們用同樣的方式
合成這種分子，
合成這種分子，
10:09
except nature is much better
at this than we are.
at this than we are.
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2287
只差在大自然比我們
更擅常這件事。
更擅常這件事。
10:11
Before there was life on earth,
205
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2378
在地球上有生命出現之前，
10:14
all the molecules were small, simple:
206
602233
3007
所有的分子都很小、很簡單：
10:17
carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen,
207
605264
1651
二氧化碳、水、氮，
10:20
just simple things.
208
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1150
都是簡單的東西。
10:21
The emergence of life changed that.
209
609192
1948
生命的出現帶來了改變。
10:23
Life brought biosynthetic factories
that are powered by sunlight,
that are powered by sunlight,
210
611164
3236
生命帶來了生物合成工廠，
靠太陽能提供能量，
靠太陽能提供能量，
10:26
and inside these factories,
small molecules crash into each other
small molecules crash into each other
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614424
3515
在這些工廠內，
小分子會發生碰撞，
小分子會發生碰撞，
10:29
and become large ones:
carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids,
carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids,
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3308
變成較大的分子：
碳氫化合物、蛋白質、核酸，
碳氫化合物、蛋白質、核酸，
10:33
multitudes of spectacular creations.
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621295
2453
許許多多了不起的創造物。
10:37
Nature is the original organic chemist,
214
625613
2325
大自然是最原始的有機化學家，
10:40
and her construction also fills our sky
with the oxygen gas we breathe,
with the oxygen gas we breathe,
215
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3423
靠它的建造，我們的天空中
才會充滿了我們呼吸的氧氣，
才會充滿了我們呼吸的氧氣，
10:44
this high-energy oxygen.
216
632379
1468
這種高能的氧。
10:47
All of these molecules are infused
with the energy of the sun.
with the energy of the sun.
217
635597
3261
太陽的能量會注入
所有這些分子之中，
所有這些分子之中，
10:50
They store it like batteries.
218
638882
1468
存在分子之中，就像電池。
10:52
So nature is made of chemicals.
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640810
2842
所以，大自然是由
化學物質組成的。
化學物質組成的。
10:56
Maybe you guys can help me
to reclaim this word, "chemical,"
to reclaim this word, "chemical,"
220
644251
2937
也許各位可以協助我
恢復「化學」這個詞的意思，
恢復「化學」這個詞的意思，
10:59
because it has been stolen from us.
221
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2499
因為它被從我們身上偷走了。
11:01
It doesn't mean toxic,
and it doesn't mean harmful,
and it doesn't mean harmful,
222
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2699
它並不是指有毒，不是指有害，
11:04
and it doesn't mean man-made or unnatural.
223
652458
2635
它也不是指人造的或非自然的。
11:07
It just means "stuff," OK?
224
655117
3253
它的意思就只是「原料」，好嗎？
11:10
(Laughter)
225
658394
1521
（笑聲）
11:11
You can't have
chemical-free lump charcoal.
chemical-free lump charcoal.
226
659939
4036
不可能會有任何木炭塊
是沒有化學物質的。
是沒有化學物質的。
11:15
That is ridiculous.
227
663999
1210
那太荒謬了。
11:17
(Laughter)
228
665233
1001
（笑聲）
11:18
And I'd like to do one more word.
229
666258
1833
我還想再談一個詞。
11:20
The word "natural" doesn't mean "safe,"
230
668932
2675
「天然」這個詞並不表示「安全」，
11:23
and you all know that.
231
671631
2508
你們都知道這一點。
11:26
Plenty of nature's
chemicals are quite toxic,
chemicals are quite toxic,
232
674163
4483
很多大自然的
化學物質是相當毒的，
化學物質是相當毒的，
11:30
and others are delicious,
233
678670
2603
有些則是很可口，
11:33
and some are both ...
234
681297
1922
有些兩者都是……
11:35
(Laughter)
235
683243
1371
（笑聲）
11:36
toxic and delicious.
236
684638
1690
又毒又可口。
11:38
The only way to tell
whether something is harmful
whether something is harmful
237
686813
2778
只有一種方式可以分辨
一樣東西是否有害，
一樣東西是否有害，
11:41
is to test it,
238
689615
1872
就是去測試它，
11:43
and I don't mean you guys.
239
691511
2158
我不是指在座各位。
11:45
Professional toxicologists:
we have these people.
we have these people.
240
693693
2809
專業毒物學家：有這種人存在。
11:48
They're well-trained,
241
696526
1514
他們受過很好的訓練，
11:50
and you should trust them like I do.
242
698064
2002
你們應該跟我一樣相信他們。
11:52
So nature's molecules are everywhere,
243
700893
1770
所以，大自然的分子無所不在，
11:54
including the ones that have decomposed
244
702687
1873
其中有些分子，已經分解成
11:56
into these black mixtures
that we call petroleum.
that we call petroleum.
245
704584
2310
這種被我們稱為石油的黑色混合物。
11:58
We refine these molecules.
246
706918
2230
我們精鍊這些分子。
12:01
There's nothing unnatural about them.
247
709695
1819
這麼做一點也不會「不天然」。
12:03
We purify them.
248
711538
1150
我們將它們純化。
12:06
Now, our dependence on them for energy --
249
714228
2968
在能源方面，我們要依賴它們——
12:09
that means that every one of those carbons
gets converted into a molecule of CO2.
gets converted into a molecule of CO2.
250
717220
4009
那就表示，那些碳全部
都會被轉換成 CO2 分子。
都會被轉換成 CO2 分子。
12:13
That's a greenhouse gas
that is messing up our climate.
that is messing up our climate.
251
721253
2944
那是一種溫室氣體，
會擾亂我們的氣候。
會擾亂我們的氣候。
12:16
Maybe knowing this chemistry
will make that reality easier to accept
will make that reality easier to accept
252
724221
3691
也許對一些人而言，
知道這種化學特性，
知道這種化學特性，
會比較容易接受現實，我不知道，
12:19
for some people, I don't know,
253
727936
1470
12:21
but these molecules
are not just fossil fuels.
are not just fossil fuels.
254
729430
2283
但這些分子並不只是化石燃料。
12:24
They're also the cheapest
available raw materials
available raw materials
255
732523
2642
要做合成時，它們也是
12:27
for doing something
that we call synthesis.
that we call synthesis.
256
735189
2334
可得原料當中最便宜的。
12:30
We're using them like pieces of LEGO.
257
738195
2102
我們把它們當成樂高積木來使用。
12:33
We have learned how to connect them
or break them apart with great control.
or break them apart with great control.
258
741083
4287
我們已經學會如何連結它們
或在得宜的掌控下將它們拆解。
或在得宜的掌控下將它們拆解。
12:37
I have done a lot of this myself,
259
745394
1606
我自己就常常這麼做，
12:39
and I still think it's amazing
it's even possible.
it's even possible.
260
747024
2349
我仍然覺得能做到這樣
真的很了不起。
真的很了不起。
我們所做的，
就像是組合樂高積木，
就像是組合樂高積木，
12:41
What we do is kind of like assembling LEGO
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12:44
by dumping boxes of it
into washing machines,
into washing machines,
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但做法是把整盒積木
倒到洗衣機裡面，
倒到洗衣機裡面，
12:47
but it works.
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但這樣是可行的。
12:49
We can make molecules that are
exact copies of nature, like epinephrine,
exact copies of nature, like epinephrine,
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我們能做出和天然分子
一樣的分子，就像腎上腺素，
一樣的分子，就像腎上腺素，
12:53
or we can make creations of our own
from scratch, like these two.
from scratch, like these two.
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或者我們也可以自己
從無到有來創造，就像這兩種。
從無到有來創造，就像這兩種。
12:57
One of these eases the symptoms
of multiple sclerosis;
of multiple sclerosis;
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其中一種可以緩和
多發性硬化的症狀；
多發性硬化的症狀；
13:01
the other one cures a type of blood cancer
that we call T-cell lymphoma.
that we call T-cell lymphoma.
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另一種可以治療一種血癌，
叫做 T 細胞淋巴瘤。
叫做 T 細胞淋巴瘤。
13:05
A molecule with the right size and shape,
it's like a key in a lock,
it's like a key in a lock,
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大小和形狀正確的分子，
就像是一把鎖的鑰匙，
就像是一把鎖的鑰匙，
13:09
and when it fits, it interferes
with the chemistry of a disease.
with the chemistry of a disease.
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如果能對上，它就能
干涉疾病的化學性質。
干涉疾病的化學性質。
13:13
That's how drugs work.
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藥品就是這麼運作的。
13:15
Natural or synthetic,
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不論是天然的或合成的，
13:17
they're all just molecules that happen
to fit snugly somewhere important.
to fit snugly somewhere important.
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它們都只是在重要的地方
剛好完全符合需求的分子。
剛好完全符合需求的分子。
13:20
But nature is much better
at making them than we are,
at making them than we are,
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但大自然遠比我們
更擅長製造它們，
更擅長製造它們，
13:23
so hers look more impressive than ours,
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所以她的成品比我們的
更讓人印象深刻，
更讓人印象深刻，
13:25
like this one.
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就像這一個。
13:27
This is called vancomycin.
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它叫做萬古黴素。
13:29
She gave this majestic beast
two chlorine atoms
two chlorine atoms
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大自然給予這隻
雄偉的巨獸兩個氯原子，
雄偉的巨獸兩個氯原子，
13:32
to wear like a pair of earrings.
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就像戴著耳環一樣。
13:34
We found vancomycin in a puddle of mud
in a jungle in Borneo in 1953.
in a jungle in Borneo in 1953.
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1953 年，我們在婆羅洲的叢林中的
一個泥坑裡發現了萬古黴素。
一個泥坑裡發現了萬古黴素。
13:39
It's made by a bacteria.
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它是由細菌製造的。
13:42
We can't synthesize this
cost-efficiently in a lab.
cost-efficiently in a lab.
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在實驗室中，我們沒有
高成本效益的方式來合成它。
高成本效益的方式來合成它。
13:45
It's too complicated for us, but we
can harvest it from its natural source,
can harvest it from its natural source,
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對我們來說，它太複雜了，但我們
可以從它的天然來源取得它，
可以從它的天然來源取得它，
13:50
and we do, because this is
one of our most powerful antibiotics.
one of our most powerful antibiotics.
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我們確實這麼做了，因為它是
我們最強大的抗生素之一。
我們最強大的抗生素之一。
13:54
And new molecules are reported
in our literature every day.
in our literature every day.
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每天在我們的文獻中
都會有新分子的資訊。
都會有新分子的資訊。
13:57
We make them or we find them
in every corner of this planet.
in every corner of this planet.
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我們製造新分子，或在地球上的
每個角落尋找新分子，
每個角落尋找新分子，
14:01
And that's where drugs come from,
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藥品就是這麼來的，
14:03
and that's why your doctors
have amazing powers ...
have amazing powers ...
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那就是為什麼醫生
有很了不起的力量……
有很了不起的力量……
14:05
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
14:07
to cure deadly infections
and everything else.
and everything else.
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來治療會致命的感染及其他病症。
14:09
Being a physician today
is like being a knight in shining armor.
is like being a knight in shining armor.
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現今，身為醫生就像是
身為穿著閃亮盔甲的騎士。
身為穿著閃亮盔甲的騎士。
14:13
They fight battles
with courage and composure,
with courage and composure,
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他們帶著勇氣和和沉著去作戰，
14:16
but also with good equipment.
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但也有很好的裝備。
14:18
So let's not forget the role
of the blacksmith in this picture,
of the blacksmith in this picture,
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別忘了在這張圖片中，
鐵匠所扮演的角色，
鐵匠所扮演的角色，
14:22
because without the blacksmith,
things would look a little different ...
things would look a little different ...
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因為若沒有鐵匠，
一切看起來就會有點不同……
一切看起來就會有點不同……
14:26
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
14:28
But this science is bigger than medicine.
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但這項科學不只是醫學。
14:30
It is oils and solvents and flavors,
fabrics, all plastics,
fabrics, all plastics,
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它也是石油、溶劑、味道、
織物、所有的塑膠。
織物、所有的塑膠。
14:36
the cushions that
you're sitting on right now --
you're sitting on right now --
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各位現在所坐的坐墊，
14:39
they're all manufactured,
and they're mostly carbon,
and they're mostly carbon,
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都是製造來的，它們大部分是碳，
14:41
so that makes all of it organic chemistry.
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所以它們都是有機化學。
14:43
This is a rich science.
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它是一項豐富的科學。
14:45
I left out a lot today:
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今天我省去了很多：
14:47
phosphorus and sulfur and the other atoms,
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3185
磷和硫以及其他原子，
14:51
and why they all bond the way they do,
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以及它們的鍵結方式
為什麼是那樣的，
為什麼是那樣的，
14:54
and symmetry
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還有對稱性，
14:55
and non-bonding electrons,
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1821
以及沒有鍵結的電子，
14:57
and atoms that are charged,
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還有被充電的原子，
14:58
and reactions and their mechanisms,
and it goes on and on and on,
and it goes on and on and on,
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3096
以及反應和它們的機制，
還有好多好多，
還有好多好多，
15:01
and synthesis takes a long time to learn.
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合成需要花很多時間去學。
15:03
But I didn't come here to teach
you guys organic chemistry --
you guys organic chemistry --
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但我並不是來這裡
教各位有機化學的——
教各位有機化學的——
15:06
I just wanted to show it to you,
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我只是想將它展示給各位看，
15:08
and I had a lot of help with that today
from a young man named Weston Durland,
from a young man named Weston Durland,
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且一位叫做威斯頓德蘭的
年輕人給了我很大的協助，
年輕人給了我很大的協助，
15:13
and you've already seen him.
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你們已經看過他了。
15:16
He's an undergraduate
student in chemistry,
student in chemistry,
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他是化學系的大學生，
15:18
and he also happens to be
pretty good with computer graphics.
pretty good with computer graphics.
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他剛好也非常擅長電腦繪圖。
15:21
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
15:23
So Weston designed
all the moving molecules
all the moving molecules
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今天各位看到所有會動的原子都是
15:27
that you saw today.
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威斯頓設計的。
15:29
He and I wanted to demonstrate
through the use of graphics like these
through the use of graphics like these
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我和他想要用
這樣的繪圖來做展示，
這樣的繪圖來做展示，
15:32
to help someone talk
about this intricate science.
about this intricate science.
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來協助講解這門複雜的科學。
15:35
But our main goal was just to show you
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但我們主要的目標
只是要讓各位看到，
只是要讓各位看到，
15:37
that organic chemistry
is not something to be afraid of.
is not something to be afraid of.
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沒有必要害怕有機化學。
15:41
It is, at its core, a window
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它在本質上，就是一扇窗，
15:44
through which the beauty
of the natural world looks richer.
of the natural world looks richer.
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通過它，自然世界的美好
看起來會更豐富。
看起來會更豐富。
15:48
Thank you.
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謝謝。
15:49
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jakob Magolan - Organic chemistProfessor Jakob Magolan is a synthetic chemist who assembles new molecules to discover new medicines.
Why you should listen
Jakob Magolan holds the Boris Family Endowed Chair in Drug Discovery at McMaster University in Canada. As a graduate student, he was trained to synthesize the complex and beautiful molecules made by nature from simple chemical building blocks. His medicinal chemistry laboratory now partners with biologists and clinicians to find new molecules and innovative strategies to treat disease. He and his colleagues at McMaster's Institute for Infectious Disease Research are working to discover new antibiotics to combat the threat of drug-resistant microbial infections.
Magolan has taught organic chemistry to hundreds of undergraduate students. He believes in the tremendous value of scientific literacy in society and loves to share his appreciation of science with the public. Magolan prepared this TEDx talk together with graphic designer Weston Durland, who was one of his chemistry students.
Jakob Magolan | Speaker | TED.com