ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jon Mooallem - Writer
Jon Mooallem is the author of "Wild Ones: A Sometimes Dismaying, Weirdly Reassuring Story About Looking at People Looking at Animals in America."

Why you should listen

What do we see when we look at wild animals -- do we respond to human-like traits, or thrill to the idea of their utter unfamiliarity? Jon Mooallem's book, Wild Ones , examines our relationship with wild animals both familiar and feral, telling stories of the North American environmental movement from its unlikely birth, and following three species who've come to symbolize our complicated relationship with whatever "nature" even means anymore.

Mooallem has written about everything from the murder of Hawaiian monk seals, to Idahoan utopians, to the world’s most famous ventriloquist, to the sad, secret history of the invention of the high five. A recent piece, "American Hippopotamus," was an Atavist story on, really, a plan in 1910 to jumpstart the hippopotamus ranching industry in America.

More profile about the speaker
Jon Mooallem | Speaker | TED.com
TED2014

Jon Mooallem: How the teddy bear taught us compassion

喬恩.莫埃倫姆: 泰迪熊的詭異故事,以及其所揭露的人類與動物關係

Filmed:
1,148,716 views

1902 年時,西奧多.羅斯福總統傳奇地拯救了一隻黑熊的生命──隨後引起一陣對毛絨玩具「泰迪熊」的熱潮。作家喬恩.莫埃倫姆深入研究這個故事,並請我們思考野生動物寓言如何決定物種存活與否的機率──以及拯救了整個大自然。
- Writer
Jon Mooallem is the author of "Wild Ones: A Sometimes Dismaying, Weirdly Reassuring Story About Looking at People Looking at Animals in America." Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
So it was the fall秋季 of 1902,
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1902 年秋天時,
00:15
and President主席 Theodore西奧多 Roosevelt羅斯福
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狄奧多.羅斯福總統
00:17
needed需要 a little break打破 from the White白色 House,
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想離開白宮去渡假,
00:19
so he took a train培養 to Mississippi密西西比州
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因此他搭上火車前往密西西比州,
00:21
to do a little black黑色 bear hunting狩獵 outside of a town
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到城外去獵黑熊,
00:23
called SmedesSmedes.
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就在史密德鎮。
00:25
The first day of the hunt打獵,
they didn't see a single bear,
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打獵的第一天,他們一隻熊也沒看到,
00:27
so it was a big bummer長號 for everyone大家,
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大家都覺得很掃興,
00:29
but the second第二 day, the dogs小狗 cornered走投無路 one
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但是第二天,
追逐好久之後,狗群圍住了一隻熊,
00:32
after a really long chase, but by that point,
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但是那時總統已經放棄,
00:34
the president主席 had given特定 up
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00:36
and gone走了 back to camp for lunch午餐,
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回到帳篷去吃午餐了。
00:37
so his hunting狩獵 guide指南 cracked破解 the animal動物
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因此狩獵長用來福槍托
00:40
on the top最佳 of the head with the butt屁股 of his rifle步槍,
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往那隻熊的頭上猛力一擊,
00:43
and then tied it up to a tree
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接著將牠綁在樹上,並開始吹號角,
00:44
and started開始 tootingtooting away on his bugle號角
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00:47
to call Roosevelt羅斯福 back so he could have the honor榮譽
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請羅斯福回來,
享有槍殺牠的特權。
00:49
of shooting射擊 it.
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00:51
The bear was a female.
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那是隻母熊。
00:53
It was dazed迷茫, injured受傷,
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牠頭暈眼花,遍體鱗傷,
00:56
severely嚴重 underweight體重過輕, a little mangy-looking癩皮狗前瞻性,
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十分瘦弱,看起來有點骯髒,
00:59
and when Roosevelt羅斯福 saw this animal動物
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羅斯福一看到牠被綁在樹上,
01:01
tied up to the tree,
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01:03
he just couldn't不能 bring帶來 himself他自己 to fire at it.
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就是無法鼓起勇氣對牠開槍。
01:05
He felt like that would go against反對 his code
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他覺得這麼做有違運動家精神。
01:07
as a sportsman運動員.
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01:09
A few少數 days later後來, the scene現場 was memorialized紀念
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幾天後,這個場景被畫在
01:11
in a political政治 cartoon動畫片 back in Washington華盛頓.
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華府的政治漫畫裡留念。
01:14
It was called "Drawing畫畫 a Line in Mississippi密西西比州,"
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稱為「在密西西比州劃界」,
01:17
and it showed顯示 Roosevelt羅斯福 with
his gun down and his arm out,
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這幅畫展現了羅斯福
放下槍並伸出手的樣子,
01:19
sparing保守的 the bear's熊的 life,
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留給熊一條活命。
01:21
and the bear was sitting坐在 on its hind legs
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那隻熊坐在後腳上,
01:22
with these two big, frightened受驚, wide eyes眼睛
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有著圓滾滾的雙眼
01:24
and little ears耳朵 pricked一豎 up at the top最佳 of its head.
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和頭頂上小巧、豎立的雙耳。
01:26
It looked看著 really helpless無助, like you just wanted to
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看起來非常無助,
01:28
sweep it up into your arms武器
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讓你想將牠抱在懷裡安慰牠。
01:30
and reassure再保證 it.
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01:31
It wouldn't不會 have looked看著 familiar at the time,
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當時那隻熊不太常見,
01:32
but if you go looking for the cartoon動畫片 now,
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但現在若是在漫畫裡找,
01:34
you recognize認識 the animal動物 right away:
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你馬上就能認出這隻動物:
01:37
It's a teddy泰迪熊 bear.
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泰迪熊。
01:39
And this is how the teddy泰迪熊 bear was born天生.
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而這就是泰迪熊誕生的方式。
01:41
Essentially實質上, toymakers玩具生產商 took
the bear from the cartoon動畫片,
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基本上,玩具商從漫畫採用這隻熊,
01:43
turned轉身 it into a plush長毛絨 toy玩具, and then named命名 it
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讓牠變成毛絨絨的玩具,
01:45
after President主席 Roosevelt羅斯福 -- Teddy's泰迪 bear.
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並以羅斯福總統之名,稱它為「泰迪熊」。
01:48
And I do feel a little ridiculous荒謬
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我覺得有點可笑,
01:50
that I'm up here on this stage階段
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因為我站在這舞台上
01:53
and I'm choosing選擇 to use my time
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把我的時間花在
01:54
to tell you about a 100-year-old-歲 story故事
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告訴大家一個百年前的老故事,
01:57
about the invention發明 of a squishy糊狀的 kid's孩子的 toy玩具,
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關於一個軟綿綿童玩的誕生。
02:00
but I'd argue爭論 that the invention發明 of the teddy泰迪熊 bear,
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但我認為泰迪熊發明的故事裡頭
02:04
inside that story故事 is a more important重要 story故事,
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還有一個更重要的故事,
02:07
a story故事 about how dramatically顯著 our ideas思路
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一個我們的想法
能讓自然大幅改變的故事,
02:09
about nature性質 can change更改,
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02:11
and also about how, on the planet行星 right now,
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同樣地,如今在地球上
02:14
the stories故事 that we tell
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我們述說的故事也大幅改變了自然。
02:16
are dramatically顯著 changing改變 nature性質.
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02:18
Because think about the teddy泰迪熊 bear.
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因為你想想泰迪熊。
02:20
For us, in retrospect回想起來, it feels感覺 like an obvious明顯 fit適合,
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試著回想,對我們來說
那是再自然不過的事了,
02:22
because bears are so cute可愛 and cuddly可愛,
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因為熊那麼可愛又討人喜歡,
02:24
and who wouldn't不會 want to give
one to their kids孩子 to play with,
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誰不會想拿隻熊給孩子玩?
02:26
but the truth真相 is that in 1902,
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但事實是 1902 年時,
02:29
bears weren't cute可愛 and cuddly可愛.
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熊並不可愛也不討喜。
02:30
I mean, they looked看著 the same相同,
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牠們雖然長得一樣,
02:32
but no one thought of them that way.
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但沒人會有那種感覺。
02:33
In 1902, bears were monsters怪物.
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1902 年時,熊是怪物。
02:36
Bears were something that frickin'frickin“ terrified kids孩子.
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熊是會嚇死小孩的東西。
02:39
For generations at that point,
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幾個世代以來,
02:41
the bear had been a shorthand速記 for all the danger危險
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熊一直是危險的象徵,
02:44
that people were encountering遇到 on the frontier邊境,
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大家會在荒郊野外碰到的那種,
02:46
and the federal聯邦 government政府 was actually其實
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聯邦政府其實有計畫地消滅熊,
02:47
systematically系統 exterminating消滅 bears
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02:49
and lots of other predators大鱷 too,
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以及其他食肉動物,
02:51
like coyotes小狼 and wolves.
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像是土狼和野狼。
02:52
These animals動物, they were being存在 demonized妖魔化.
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這些動物都被妖魔化了。
02:54
They were called murderers殺人犯
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牠們被稱為兇手,
02:56
because they killed殺害 people's人們 livestock家畜.
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因為牠們會殺害人類的牲畜。
02:58
One government政府 biologist生物學家, he explained解釋 this
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有位官方的生物學家說道,
03:00
war戰爭 on animals動物 like the bear by saying
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這場對動物,像是對熊的戰爭,
03:02
that they no longer had a place地點
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只需要透過說牠們在文明社會之中
03:05
in our advancing前進 civilization文明,
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已無容身之地,
03:07
and so we were just clearing空地 them out of the way.
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我們就能清光牠們。
03:11
In one 10-year-年 period, close to half a million百萬 wolves
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在十年之間,將近五十萬隻野狼被屠殺。
03:15
had been slaughtered屠宰.
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03:16
The grizzly灰熊 would soon不久 be wiped out
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95% 原生地的灰熊
03:18
from 95 percent百分 of its original原版的 territory領土,
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即將被一掃而空,
03:21
and whereas once一旦 there had been 30 million百萬 bison野牛
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然而,當地曾有
三千萬隻犎牛橫跨平原,
03:24
moving移動 across橫過 the plains平原, and you would have
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因此你聽過一些故事
03:26
these stories故事 of trains火車 having to stop
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提到火車需暫停四、五個小時,
03:28
for four or five hours小時 so that these thick,
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讓這些洪流般的大批動物通過軌道,
03:30
living活的 rivers河流 of the animals動物 could pour over the tracks軌道,
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03:33
now, by 1902, there were maybe
less than 100 left in the wild野生.
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到了 1902 年,留在原野上的
也許不到一百隻。
03:38
And so what I'm saying is, the teddy泰迪熊 bear was born天生
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我想表達的是,
泰迪熊在大滅絕時期誕生了,
03:41
into the middle中間 of this great spasm痙攣 of extermination滅絕,
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03:45
and you can see it as a sign標誌 that
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你可以將它視為徵兆,
03:46
maybe some people deep down
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也許有些人的內心深處
03:48
were starting開始 to feel conflicted衝突 about all that killing謀殺.
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對那些殺戮行為已開始感到衝突。
03:52
America美國 still hated the bear and feared害怕 it,
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當時美國還是討厭熊、害怕熊,
03:55
but all of a sudden突然, America美國 also wanted
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但是一瞬間,
03:57
to give the bear a great big hug擁抱.
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美國也想給熊一個大大的擁抱。
04:00
So this is something that I've been really
curious好奇 about in the last few少數 years年份.
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近年來,我對這件事深感好奇。
04:02
How do we imagine想像 animals動物,
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我們對如何想像動物,
04:03
how do we think and feel about them,
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我們如何看待、感受牠們,
04:05
and how do their reputations名譽 get written書面
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以及牠們的名聲如何在我們的心中
04:08
and then rewritten改寫 in our minds頭腦?
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被寫下,然後改寫?
04:10
We're here living活的 in the eye of a great storm風暴
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我們正生活在滅絕的颱風眼之中,
04:13
of extinction滅絕 where half the species種類 on the planet行星
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地球上,超過半數的物種
04:16
could be gone走了 by the end結束 of the century世紀,
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有可能在本世紀末就會消失,
04:18
and so why is it that we come to care關心 about
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為什麼我們在乎的是某些物種,
04:19
some of those species種類 and not others其他?
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而非其他的物種?
04:22
Well, there's a new field領域, a relatively相對 new field領域
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有一個在社會科學界較新的領域
04:24
of social社會 science科學 that started開始 looking at
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開始研究這些問題,
04:26
these questions問題 and trying to unpack解壓 the powerful強大
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並試著卸下我們對動物那強大
04:28
and sometimes有時 pretty漂亮 schizophrenic精神分裂症 relationships關係
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04:30
that we have to animals動物,
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且時常頗為反覆無常的關係,
04:32
and I spent花費 a lot of time looking through通過
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我花很多時間翻閱他們的學術期刊,
04:33
their academic學術的 journals期刊,
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04:35
and all I can really say is that their findings發現
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我能說的只有
他們的發現還真是廣泛的嚇人。
04:37
are astonishingly令人驚訝 wide-ranging廣泛.
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04:39
So some of my favorites最愛 include包括 that
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當中我最喜歡的包括
04:41
the more television電視 a person
watches手錶 in Upstate北部 New York紐約,
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紐約上州的居民如果越常看電視,
04:43
the more he or she is afraid害怕
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就會越害怕被黑熊攻擊。
04:45
of being存在 attacked襲擊 by a black黑色 bear.
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04:47
If you show顯示 a tiger to an American美國,
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如果你讓美國人看老虎,
04:50
they're much more likely容易 to assume承擔 that it's female
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他們多半會認為那是母的,而非公的。
04:52
and not male.
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04:53
In a study研究 where a fake snake
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一份研究指出,
如果路邊有假蛇和假烏龜,
04:55
and a fake turtle were put on the side of the road,
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04:57
drivers司機 hit擊中 the snake much
more often經常 than the turtle,
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駕駛輾過蛇的機率大於烏龜,
04:59
and about three percent百分 of
drivers司機 who hit擊中 the fake animals動物
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大約有 3% 的駕駛
似乎是故意輾過假動物。
05:01
seemed似乎 to do it on purpose目的.
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05:03
Women婦女 are more likely容易 than men男人 to get a
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女性在浪上看到海豚時,
05:06
"magical神奇 feeling感覺" when they see dolphins海豚 in the surf衝浪.
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比男性更可能有「神奇的感覺」。
05:09
Sixty-eight六十八個 percent百分 of mothers母親 with
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68% 的媽媽
05:11
"high feelings情懷 of entitlement權利 and self-esteem自尊"
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在買飼料時看到跳舞的貓咪,
05:14
identified確定 with the dancing跳舞 cats
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會有「強烈自尊心和權利的感受」。
05:16
in a commercial廣告 for Purina普瑞納. (Laughter笑聲)
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05:18
Americans美國人 consider考慮 lobsters龍蝦
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美國人認為龍蝦比企鵝還重要,
05:20
more important重要 than pigeons鴿子
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05:21
but also much, much stupider愚蠢.
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但也認為龍蝦較遲鈍。
05:23
Wild野生 turkeys火雞 are seen看到 as only slightly
more dangerous危險 than sea otters水獺,
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野生火雞只比海獺還危險一點而已;
05:26
and pandas大熊貓 are twice兩次 as lovable可愛 as ladybugs瓢蟲.
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熊貓可愛的程度比瓢蟲高兩倍。
05:32
So some of this is physical物理, right?
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這和外表有點關係吧?
05:33
We tend趨向 to sympathize同情 more
with animals動物 that look like us,
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我們傾向較同情長得像人的動物,
05:36
and especially特別 that resemble類似 human人的 babies嬰兒,
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尤其是長得像小嬰兒的動物,
05:37
so with big, forward-facing面向前 eyes眼睛
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有較大的前視眼睛
05:39
and circular faces面孔,
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和圓圓的臉,
05:40
kind of a roly-poly不倒翁 posture姿勢.
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圓滾滾的樣子。
05:42
This is why, if you get a Christmas聖誕 card from, like,
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這就是為什麼,如果你收到聖誕卡,
05:44
your great aunt姑媽 in Minnesota明尼蘇達,
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像明尼蘇達州姨媽寄的,
05:45
there's usually平時 a fuzzy模糊 penguin企鵝 chick小雞 on it,
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上面常會有毛絨絨的企鵝寶寶,
05:46
and not something like a Glacier冰川 Bay wolf spider蜘蛛.
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而不是冰河灣的狼蛛在上面。
05:49
But it's not all physical物理, right?
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但也不全是外表吧?
05:52
There's a cultural文化 dimension尺寸 to
how we think about animals動物,
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文化層面也影響我們怎麼看待動物,
05:55
and we're telling告訴 stories故事 about these animals動物,
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以及如何說這些動物的故事,
05:57
and like all stories故事,
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像所有故事一樣,
05:58
they are shaped成形 by the times and the places地方
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我們述說動物的時間和地點
也會改變牠們的形象。
06:00
in which哪一個 we're telling告訴 them.
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06:01
So think about that moment時刻
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回想 1902 年的那一刻,
06:03
back in 1902 again where a ferocious兇猛 bear
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一隻兇猛的熊
06:06
became成為 a teddy泰迪熊 bear.
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變成泰迪熊。
06:07
What was the context上下文?
Well, America美國 was urbanizing城市化.
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背景是什麼?美國正在都市化階段。
06:10
For the first time, nearly幾乎 a
majority多數 of people lived生活 in cities城市,
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首次,超過半數的人住在城市,
06:13
so there was a growing生長 distance距離
between之間 us and nature性質.
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因此我們和自然的距離越來越遠。
06:15
There was a safe安全 space空間 where we could
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有個安全地帶讓我們能重新思考熊,
06:17
reconsider重新考慮 the bear and romanticize浪漫 it.
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並讓牠的形象變得浪漫。
06:20
Nature性質 could only start開始 to
seem似乎 this pure and adorable可愛的
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自然要開始變得如此純淨、討喜,
06:22
because we didn't have to be afraid害怕 of it anymore.
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得要我們不再害怕自然才行。
06:25
And you can see that cycle週期 playing播放 out
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你會看到這種循環不斷重覆上演,
06:27
again and again with all kinds of animals動物.
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發生在各種動物身上。
06:29
It seems似乎 like we're always stuck卡住 between之間
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似乎我們總是陷在
06:31
demonizing妖魔化 a species種類 and wanting希望 to wipe擦拭 it out,
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妖魔化物種、想要毀滅牠們,
06:33
and then when we get very close to doing that,
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然後在我們快這麼做的時候,
06:35
empathizing移情 with it as an underdog弱旅
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就會同情牠們像隻敗犬,
06:37
and wanting希望 to show顯示 it compassion同情.
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想對牠們展現憐憫之情。
06:40
So we exert發揮 our power功率,
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因此我們運用權力,
06:42
but then we're unsettled
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但我們又因擁有
強大的力量而感到不安。
06:43
by how powerful強大 we are.
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06:46
So for example, this is one of
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例如,這是小朋友寄給布希政府
06:48
probably大概 thousands數千 of letters and drawings圖紙
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數千封信和畫之中的一件,
06:51
that kids孩子 sent發送 to the Bush襯套 administration行政,
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06:52
begging乞討 it to protect保護 the polar極性 bear
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請求政府能依據
瀕危物種法案保護北極熊,
06:54
under the Endangered瀕危 Species種類 Act法案,
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06:55
and these were sent發送 back in the mid-中-2000s,
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這些信在 2005 年左右被寄出,
06:58
when awareness意識 of climate氣候
change更改 was suddenly突然 surging滔滔.
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當時氣候變遷的意識突然高漲。
07:00
We kept不停 seeing眼看 that image圖片 of a polar極性 bear
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我們不斷看到北極熊
被困在小浮冰上的圖像,
07:01
stranded擱淺 on a little ice floe浮冰
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07:02
looking really morose憂鬱.
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看起來鬱鬱寡歡。
07:04
I spent花費 days looking through通過 these files.
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我花了幾天查閱這些資料,
07:06
I really love them. This one's那些 my favorite喜愛.
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非常喜愛,這是我最喜歡的一張。
07:08
If you can see, it's a polar極性 bear that's drowning溺死
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你可以看到北極熊快淹死了,
07:10
and then it's also being存在 eaten吃過 simultaneously同時
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同時龍蝦和鯊魚正要將牠吃下肚。
07:12
by a lobster龍蝦 and a shark鯊魚.
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07:15
This one came來了 from a kid孩子 named命名 Fritz弗里茨,
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這張是法瑞茲小朋友寫的,
07:17
and he's actually其實 got a solution to climate氣候 change更改.
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他真的找到氣候變遷的解方。
07:18
He's got it all worked工作 out to an ethanol-based乙醇為主 solution.
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他運用乙醇方案來解決一切。
07:20
He says, "I feel bad about the polar極性 bears.
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他說:「我覺得北極熊好可憐。
07:23
I like polar極性 bears.
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我喜歡北極熊。
07:25
Everyone大家 can use corn玉米 juice果汁 for cars汽車. From Fritz弗里茨."
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每個人都可以用玉米汁幫汽車加油。
法蘭茲敬上。」
07:31
So 200 years年份 ago, you would have Arctic北極 explorers探險
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200 年前,我們有北極探險家
07:34
writing寫作 about polar極性 bears leaping跳躍 into their boats
200
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會寫下北極熊跳到船上,
07:36
and trying to devour吞食 them,
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試圖活吞他們的故事,
07:37
even if they lit發光的 the bear on fire,
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即使放火燒熊也難保命,
07:39
but these kids孩子 don't see the polar極性 bear that way,
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但這些孩子不這樣看北極熊,
07:41
and actually其實 they don't even see the polar極性 bear
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其實他們看待北極熊的方式
07:43
the way that I did back in the '80s.
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甚至和我在 80 年代還小的時候不同。
07:45
I mean, we thought of these animals動物
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我們認為這些動物
07:46
as mysterious神秘 and terrifying可怕的 lords領主 of the Arctic北極.
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就像是北極圈裡謎樣又嚇人的領主。
07:49
But look now how quickly很快 that climate氣候 change更改
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但是現在氣候變遷
已飛快轉變這種動物
在我們心目中的形象。
07:51
has flipped翻轉 the image圖片 of the animal動物 in our minds頭腦.
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07:54
It's gone走了 from that bloodthirsty嗜血 man-killer男人殺手
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北極熊從嗜血的殺人兇手
07:56
to this delicate精巧, drowning溺死 victim受害者,
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到變成這種脆弱、快溺死的被害者,
07:59
and when you think about it, that's kind of
212
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而當你認真思考那個故事的結局,
08:01
the conclusion結論 to the story故事
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那個 1902 年開始傳說的泰迪熊故事,
08:03
that the teddy泰迪熊 bear started開始 telling告訴 back in 1902,
214
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08:06
because back then, America美國 had more or less
215
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那時候,美國已或多或少征服了那塊大陸。
08:09
conquered征服 its share分享 of the continent大陸.
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1315
08:10
We were just getting得到 around to
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1303
我們只是找時間去
08:12
polishing拋光 off these last wild野生 predators大鱷.
218
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快速處理最後一批野生食肉動物。
08:14
Now, society's社會 reach達到 has expanded擴大
219
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現在,社會已一路擴展到世界之巔,
08:16
all the way to the top最佳 of the world世界,
220
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2060
08:18
and it's made製作 even these, the most remote遠程,
221
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2294
甚至讓這些遠在天邊、
08:21
the most powerful強大 bears on the planet行星,
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世上最強壯的熊
08:23
seem似乎 like adorable可愛的 and blameless無可指責 victims受害者.
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都變成可愛又無辜的受害者。
08:26
But you know, there's also a
postscript後記 to the teddy泰迪熊 bear story故事
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其實泰迪熊故事還有後續發展,
08:29
that not a lot of people talk about.
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1637
但卻沒什麼人討論。
08:31
We're going to talk about it,
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我們可以稍做討論,
08:33
because even though雖然 it didn't really take long
227
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2173
因為即使在 1902 年羅斯福打獵後不久,
08:35
after Roosevelt's羅斯福 hunt打獵 in 1902
228
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1800
08:36
for the toy玩具 to become成為 a full-blown全面爆發 craze狂熱,
229
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1977
這玩具開始蔚為風潮,
08:38
most people figured想通 it was a fad時尚,
230
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2501
大多數人都把它看做是一時的流行,
08:41
it was a sort分類 of silly愚蠢 political政治 novelty新奇 item項目
231
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只是某種愚蠢的政治噱頭,
08:43
and it would go away once一旦 the president主席 left office辦公室,
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總統卸任就會煙消雲散。
08:45
and so by 1909, when Roosevelt's羅斯福 successor接班人,
233
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因此羅斯福在 1909 年的接班人
08:49
William威廉 Howard霍華德 Taft塔夫脫,
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1425
威廉.霍華德.塔虎脫
08:51
was getting得到 ready準備 to be inaugurated揭牌,
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1408
準備好要就職時,
08:52
the toy玩具 industry行業 was on the hunt打獵
236
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玩具業等著搜尋
08:54
for the next下一個 big thing.
237
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下一個大事件。
08:57
They didn't do too well.
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結果成效不彰。
08:59
That January一月, Taft塔夫脫 was the guest客人 of honor榮譽
239
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那年一月,塔虎脫是
亞特蘭大一場宴會的座上佳賓,
09:02
at a banquet宴會 in Atlanta亞特蘭大,
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1439
09:03
and for days in advance提前,
241
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在會前幾天,
09:05
the big news新聞 was the menu菜單.
242
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菜單是新聞重點。
09:06
They were going to be serving服務 him
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他們打算招待塔虎脫
09:08
a Southern南部的 specialty專業, a delicacy美味, really,
244
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一道南方菜,非常美味,
09:10
called possum負鼠 and taterstaters.
245
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2906
稱為「負鼠佐香薯」。
09:12
So you would have a whole整個 opossum負鼠
246
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2602
所以他會拿到一隻完整的烤負鼠,
09:15
roasted on a bed of sweet potatoes土豆,
247
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1365
躺在蕃薯上,
09:16
and then sometimes有時 they'd他們會 leave離開
248
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1447
有時會留著負鼠的大尾巴,
09:18
the big tail尾巴 on it like a big, meaty肉香 noodle麵條.
249
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就像是很粗的肉麵條。
09:21
The one brought to Taft's塔夫脫 table
250
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1679
送到塔虎脫桌上的那隻大約 18 磅。
09:23
weighed稱重 18 pounds英鎊.
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09:26
So after dinner晚餐, the orchestra樂隊 started開始 to play,
252
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2704
晚餐後,管弦樂團開始演奏,
09:29
and the guests賓客 burst爆裂 into song歌曲,
253
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1840
賓客被音樂環繞,
09:31
and all of a sudden突然, Taft塔夫脫 was surprised詫異
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1624
突然間,塔虎脫收到驚喜,
09:32
with the presentation介紹 of a gift禮品
255
560910
1722
當地支持群眾送上一份禮物,
09:34
from a group of local本地 supporters支持者,
256
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1892
09:36
and this was a stuffed填充的 opossum負鼠 toy玩具,
257
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2436
是個負鼠填充玩具,
09:38
all beady-eyed明眸眼 and bald-eared禿耳,
258
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有著圓滾的雙眼和光禿的耳朵,
09:41
and it was a new product產品 they were putting forward前鋒
259
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2700
他們把這項新產品拿來做為
09:43
to be the William威廉 Taft塔夫脫 presidency's總統的 answer回答
260
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2722
威廉.塔虎脫總統的象徵,
09:46
to Teddy泰迪熊 Roosevelt's羅斯福 teddy泰迪熊 bear.
261
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3548
就像是羅斯福的泰迪熊。
09:50
They were calling調用 it the "billy比利 possum負鼠."
262
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4446
大家把它叫做「比利鼠」。
09:54
Within 24 hours小時, the Georgia格魯吉亞 Billy比利 Possum負鼠 Company公司
263
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3850
不到 24 小時,喬治亞的比利鼠公司
09:58
was up and running賽跑, brokering經紀 deals交易
264
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1550
火速成立、開工、在全國舖貨,
09:59
for these things nationwide全國,
265
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1600
10:01
and the Los洛杉磯 Angeles洛杉磯 Times announced公佈,
266
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1598
《洛杉磯時報》十分篤定地報導:
10:03
very confidently信心十足地, "The teddy泰迪熊 bear
267
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1952
「泰迪熊已被拋在腦後,
10:05
has been relegated降級 to a seat座位 in the rear,
268
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2526
10:07
and for four years年份, possibly或者 eight,
269
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2598
未來四年或八年,
10:10
the children孩子 of the United聯合的 States狀態
270
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1954
美國孩童
10:12
will play with billy比利 possum負鼠."
271
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3232
都玩比利鼠了。」
10:15
So from that point, there was a fit適合 of opossum負鼠 fever發熱.
272
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2124
從那時起,開始掀起一鼓負鼠狂潮。
10:17
There were billy比利 possum負鼠 postcards明信片, billy比利 possum負鼠 pins,
273
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市面上有比利鼠明信片、比利鼠胸針、
10:20
billy比利 possum負鼠 pitchers投手 for your cream奶油 at coffee咖啡 time.
274
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2162
喝咖啡時用的奶油比利鼠罐。
10:22
There were smaller billy比利 possums負鼠 on a stick
275
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1730
還有在棒子上的小比利鼠,
10:23
that kids孩子 could wave around like flags.
276
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2942
讓孩子能夠像旗子般揮舞。
10:26
But even with all this marketing營銷,
277
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1918
但即使有這一大堆銷售方式,
10:28
the life of the billy比利 possum負鼠
278
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2030
比利鼠的壽命卻短得可憐。
10:30
turned轉身 out to be just pathetically悲哀地 brief簡要.
279
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3184
10:34
The toy玩具 was an absolute絕對 flop拍擊聲,
280
622004
2043
這個玩具大慘敗,
10:36
and it was almost幾乎 completely全然 forgotten忘記了
281
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1579
年底時幾乎就被世人徹底遺忘,
10:37
by the end結束 of the year,
282
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1368
10:38
and what that means手段 is that the billy比利 possum負鼠
283
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2092
也就是說比利鼠根本沒有活到聖誕假期,
10:41
didn't even make it to Christmastime聖誕節的時候,
284
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1500
10:42
which哪一個 when you think about it is
285
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1040
可以算是玩具界的特殊慘案。
10:43
a special特別 sort分類 of tragedy悲劇 for a toy玩具.
286
631626
3849
10:47
So we can explain說明 that failure失敗 two ways方法.
287
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1923
我們可以用兩種方式解釋這場失敗。
10:49
The first, well, it's pretty漂亮 obvious明顯.
288
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2190
第一,顯而易見,
10:51
I'm going to go ahead and say it out loud anyway無論如何:
289
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1888
我打算在這裡大聲說出來:
10:53
Opossums負鼠 are hideous可怕. (Laughter笑聲)
290
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2861
負鼠超醜。(笑聲)
10:56
But maybe more importantly重要的 is that
291
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2663
但也許更重要的是
10:59
the story故事 of the billy比利 possum負鼠 was all wrong錯誤,
292
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2690
比利鼠的故事錯得一塌糊塗,
11:01
especially特別 compared相比
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尤其是把它拿來和泰迪熊的故事相比。
11:03
to the backstory背景故事 of the teddy泰迪熊 bear.
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11:05
Think about it: for most of
human's人類 evolutionary發展的 history歷史,
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你想想:人類演化歷史中,
11:07
what's made製作 bears impressive有聲有色 to us
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大多數讓我們對熊留下深刻印象的原因,
11:09
has been their complete完成 independence獨立 from us.
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早已完全與我們無關。
11:12
It's that they live生活 these parallel平行 lives生活
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牠們以威脅和敵手的樣貌
11:14
as menaces恫嚇 and competitors競爭對手.
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和我們同時存活在世上。
11:17
By the time Roosevelt羅斯福 went hunting狩獵 in Mississippi密西西比州,
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羅斯福在密西西比打獵時,
11:19
that stature身材 was being存在 crushed,
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那形象已破滅,
11:21
and the animal動物 that he had roped拉攏 to a tree
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那隻被他綁在樹上的動物
11:23
really was a symbol符號 for all bears.
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其實就是所有熊的象徵。
11:26
Whether是否 those animals動物 lived生活 or died死亡 now
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現在那些動物是死是活,
11:28
was entirely完全 up to the compassion同情
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全看人類要用
同情心或是冷漠感來決定。
11:31
or the indifference漠不關心 of people.
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11:33
That said something really ominous不祥的
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那說明了熊的未來其實不太樂觀,
11:35
about the future未來 of bears,
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11:38
but it also said something very
unsettling惴惴 about who we'd星期三 become成為,
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但也說明了我們變得多麼讓人不安,
11:41
if the survival生存 of even an animal動物 like that
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即使是那種動物的生死
11:43
was up to us now.
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都操在我們的手中。
11:46
So now, a century世紀 later後來, if you're at all
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一個世紀之後的今天,
如果你非常注意環境中發生的事,
11:48
paying付款 attention注意 to what's
happening事件 in the environment環境,
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11:50
you feel that discomfort不舒服 so much more intensely激烈.
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那種讓人不安的感受會更加強烈。
11:54
We're living活的 now in an age年齡 of what scientists科學家們
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我們當前住的這個世代,
11:57
have started開始 to call "conservation保護 reliance依賴,"
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是科學家稱為「依賴保護」的時代,
11:59
and what that term術語 means手段 is that we've我們已經 disrupted破壞
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這個詞代表了我們已太過破壞自然,
12:01
so much that nature性質 can't possibly或者
stand on its own擁有 anymore,
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以致於自然無法再自立更生,
12:04
and most endangered瀕危 species種類
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最瀕危的物種若要生存,
12:06
are only going to survive生存
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12:08
if we stay out there in the landscape景觀
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人類就得離開這塊土地,
12:10
rigggingriggging the world世界 around them in their favor偏愛.
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以對自然有利的方式來安頓世界。
12:12
So we've我們已經 gone走了 hands-on動手
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而我們已著手實踐,
12:14
and we can't ever take our hands off,
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不能再袖手旁觀、置之不理,
12:16
and that's a hell地獄 of a lot of work.
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那可是一大堆棘手的工作。
12:18
Right now, we're training訓練 condors禿鷹
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目前,我們正在訓練兀鷹
12:21
not to perch棲息 on power功率 lines.
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不要棲息在電線上。
12:23
We teach whooping百日咳 cranes起重機
to migrate遷移 south for the winter冬季
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我們訓練鶴跟在輕型飛機後面
12:26
behind背後 little ultra-light超輕 airplanes飛機.
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遷徒到南方過冬。
12:28
We're out there feeding饋送 plague鼠疫 vaccine疫苗 to ferrets雪貂.
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我們為雪貂施打鼠疫疫苗。
12:32
We monitor監控 pygmy侏儒 rabbits with drones無人駕駛飛機.
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我們用無人機監控侏兔。
12:36
So we've我們已經 gone走了 from annihilating殲敵 species種類
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如此一來,我們就從毀滅物種
12:39
to micromanaging微觀管理 the survival生存 of a lot of species種類
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到無限期管理眾多物種生存的大小事,
12:43
indefinitely無限期, and which哪一個 ones那些?
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那是哪些物種呢?
12:45
Well, the ones那些 that we've我們已經 told
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是那些我們曾述說動人故事的物種,
12:46
compelling引人注目 stories故事 about,
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12:48
the ones那些 we've我們已經 decided決定 ought應該 to stick around.
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是那些我們決定要在身邊守護的物種。
12:51
The line between之間 conservation保護 and domestication馴化
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保護與馴養之間的界線
已變得模糊。
12:54
is blurred模糊.
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12:56
So what I've been saying is that the stories故事
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我不斷提到的是
我們述說關於野生動物的故事都很主觀,
12:58
that we tell about wild野生 animals動物 are so subjective主觀
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13:01
they can be irrational不合理的
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故事可能很不合理、
13:02
or romanticized浪漫 or sensationalized聳人聽聞.
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變得浪漫或聳動。
13:04
Sometimes有時 they just have
nothing to do with the facts事實.
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有時候他們對事實無能為力。
13:07
But in a world世界 of conservation保護 reliance依賴,
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但是在依賴保護的世界裡,
13:10
those stories故事 have very real真實 consequences後果,
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那些故事有非常真實的結局,
13:12
because now, how we feel about an animal動物
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因為現在,我們對動物的感受
會影響牠是否能生存,
13:15
affects影響 its survival生存
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13:17
more than anything that you read about
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影響甚至大於任何你在
生態學課本裡讀過的東西。
13:19
in ecology生態 textbooks教科書.
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13:21
Storytelling評書 matters事項 now.
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現在說故事很重要。
13:23
Emotion情感 matters事項.
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情感很重要。
13:25
Our imagination想像力 has become成為 an ecological生態 force.
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我們的想像變成一種生態力量。
13:31
And so maybe the teddy泰迪熊 bear worked工作 in part部分
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1937
也許泰迪熊起了點作用,
13:32
because the legend傳說 of Roosevelt羅斯福
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因為羅斯福和那隻熊
13:35
and that bear in Mississippi密西西比州
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在密西西比的傳奇故事
13:37
was kind of like an allegory寓言
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就像是種寓意,
13:39
of this great responsibility責任 that society社會
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象徵當時社會正要開始肩負重任。
13:41
was just beginning開始 to face面對 up to back then.
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13:43
It would be another另一個 71 years年份
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在《瀕危物種法案》通過之前,
13:46
before the Endangered瀕危 Species種類 Act法案 was passed通過,
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1854
也許還要再過 71 年,
13:48
but really, here's這裡的 its whole整個 ethos社會思潮
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但事實上,整個社會的氛圍
13:50
boiled煮沸 down into something like a scene現場
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1954
已轉變成某種像是
13:52
you'd see in a stained染色 glass玻璃 window窗口.
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你從彩色玻璃窗看進去的景象。
13:54
The bear is a helpless無助 victim受害者 tied to a tree,
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熊是被綁在樹上的無辜受害者,
13:57
and the president主席 of the United聯合的 States狀態
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而美國總統
14:00
decided決定 to show顯示 it some mercy憐憫.
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決定要表現憐憫之心。
14:02
Thank you.
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謝謝。
14:05
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
14:07
[Illustrations插圖 by Wendy溫迪 MacNaughton麥樂端]
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【插畫:溫蒂.麥克諾頓
(Wendy Macnaughton) 】
Translated by Marssi Draw
Reviewed by Geoff Chen

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jon Mooallem - Writer
Jon Mooallem is the author of "Wild Ones: A Sometimes Dismaying, Weirdly Reassuring Story About Looking at People Looking at Animals in America."

Why you should listen

What do we see when we look at wild animals -- do we respond to human-like traits, or thrill to the idea of their utter unfamiliarity? Jon Mooallem's book, Wild Ones , examines our relationship with wild animals both familiar and feral, telling stories of the North American environmental movement from its unlikely birth, and following three species who've come to symbolize our complicated relationship with whatever "nature" even means anymore.

Mooallem has written about everything from the murder of Hawaiian monk seals, to Idahoan utopians, to the world’s most famous ventriloquist, to the sad, secret history of the invention of the high five. A recent piece, "American Hippopotamus," was an Atavist story on, really, a plan in 1910 to jumpstart the hippopotamus ranching industry in America.

More profile about the speaker
Jon Mooallem | Speaker | TED.com