ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nicholas Christakis - Physician, social scientist
Nicholas Christakis explores how the large-scale, face-to-face social networks in which we are embedded affect our lives, and what we can do to take advantage of this fact.

Why you should listen

People aren't merely social animals in the usual sense, for we don't just live in groups. We live in networks -- and we have done so ever since we emerged from the African savannah. Via intricately branching paths tracing out cascading family connections, friendship ties, and work relationships, we are interconnected to hundreds or even thousands of specific people, most of whom we do not know. We affect them and they affect us.

Nicholas Christakis' work examines the biological, psychological, sociological, and mathematical rules that govern how we form these social networks, and the rules that govern how they shape our lives. His work shows how phenomena as diverse as obesity, smoking, emotions, ideas, germs, and altruism can spread through our social ties, and how genes can partially underlie our creation of social ties to begin with. His work also sheds light on how we might take advantage of an understanding of social networks to make the world a better place.

At Yale, Christakis is a Professor of Social and Natural Science, and he directs a diverse research group in the field of biosocial science, primarily investigating social networks. His popular undergraduate course "Health of the Public" is available as a podcast. His book, Connected, co-authored with James H. Fowler, appeared in 2009, and has been translated into 20 languages. In 2009, he was named by Time magazine to its annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world, and also, in 2009 and 2010, by Foreign Policy magazine to its list of 100 top global thinkers

More profile about the speaker
Nicholas Christakis | Speaker | TED.com
TED2010

Nicholas Christakis: The hidden influence of social networks

古樂朋(Nicholas Christakis): 人際關係的潛在影響

Filmed:
1,674,218 views

每個人都被廣大的人際網路包圍著-朋友、親人、同事等等。古樂朋 (Nicholas Christakis) 追蹤人類行為-從快樂到肥胖-是如何在人與人之間傳播的,以及你在人際網路的位置,對於你生活的潛在影響。
- Physician, social scientist
Nicholas Christakis explores how the large-scale, face-to-face social networks in which we are embedded affect our lives, and what we can do to take advantage of this fact. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
For me, this story故事 begins開始 about 15 years年份 ago,
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大約15年前
00:19
when I was a hospice臨終關懷 doctor醫生 at the University大學 of Chicago芝加哥.
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我在芝加哥大學擔任安寧病房醫生
00:22
And I was taking服用 care關心 of people who were dying垂死 and their families家庭
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我負責照顧那些瀕臨死亡的人,與他們的家人
00:25
in the South Side of Chicago芝加哥.
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就在芝加哥南端
00:27
And I was observing觀察 what happened發生 to people and their families家庭
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我觀察這些疾病末期的人,與他們家人,
00:30
over the course課程 of their terminal終奌站 illness疾病.
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疾病帶給他們的影響
00:33
And in my lab實驗室, I was studying研究 the widower鰥夫 effect影響,
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我在實驗室研究守寡效應
00:35
which哪一個 is a very old idea理念 in the social社會 sciences科學,
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這個想法不新穎
00:37
going back 150 years年份,
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150年前就有了
00:39
known已知 as "dying垂死 of a broken破碎 heart."
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就是大家所知的「心碎而死」
00:41
So, when I die, my wife's妻子 risk風險 of death死亡 can double,
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就是,我死了,我妻子的死亡率在第一年
00:44
for instance, in the first year.
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會增加一倍。
00:46
And I had gone走了 to take care關心 of one particular特定 patient患者,
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當時我照顧一個
00:49
a woman女人 who was dying垂死 of dementia癡呆.
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失智症的婦人
00:51
And in this case案件, unlike不像 this couple一對,
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不像其他病人
00:53
she was being存在 cared照顧 for
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她是由她女兒
00:55
by her daughter女兒.
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負責照顧。
00:57
And the daughter女兒 was exhausted from caring愛心 for her mother母親.
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為照顧母親,她女兒已心力憔悴
01:00
And the daughter's女兒的 husband丈夫,
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而她女婿
01:02
he also was sick生病
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也因為妻子的憔悴
01:05
from his wife's妻子 exhaustion衰竭.
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而生病了。
01:07
And I was driving主動 home one day,
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我有天開車回家
01:09
and I get a phone電話 call from the husband's丈夫 friend朋友,
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接到一通女婿的朋友打來的電話
01:12
calling調用 me because he was depressed鬱悶
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他說,因為他朋友(女婿)生病
01:14
about what was happening事件 to his friend朋友.
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他也心情低落。
01:16
So here I get this call from this random隨機 guy
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這通陌生人的電話
01:18
that's having an experience經驗
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讓我有了這個體驗
01:20
that's being存在 influenced影響 by people
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原來人與人的影響
01:22
at some social社會 distance距離.
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不止於親近的人。
01:24
And so I suddenly突然 realized實現 two very simple簡單 things:
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我因此意識到兩件很簡單的事情
01:27
First, the widowhood寡婦身份 effect影響
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第一,守寡效應
01:29
was not restricted限制 to husbands丈夫 and wives妻子.
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並不侷限於夫妻
01:32
And second第二, it was not restricted限制 to pairs of people.
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第二,並不侷限於兩個人而已
01:35
And I started開始 to see the world世界
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我開始以全新的視角
01:37
in a whole整個 new way,
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來看這世界
01:39
like pairs of people connected連接的 to each other.
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人們一對對連結著
01:42
And then I realized實現 that these individuals個人
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然後又有其他個體
01:44
would be connected連接的 into foursomes四人二球賽 with other pairs of people nearby附近.
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與鄰近的這對連結,變成兩對
01:47
And then, in fact事實, these people
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然後這些人
01:49
were embedded嵌入式 in other sorts排序 of relationships關係:
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又被其他關係包圍著
01:51
marriage婚姻 and spousal配偶
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婚姻、夫妻、
01:53
and friendship友誼 and other sorts排序 of ties聯繫.
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友情等等連結
01:55
And that, in fact事實, these connections連接 were vast廣大
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事實上,這些連結很廣
01:58
and that we were all embedded嵌入式 in this
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我們每個人之間
02:00
broad廣闊 set of connections連接 with each other.
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都是被這許多的連結連起來的。
02:03
So I started開始 to see the world世界 in a completely全然 new way
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我開始用全新的角度看這世界
02:06
and I became成為 obsessed痴迷 with this.
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並為此著迷
02:08
I became成為 obsessed痴迷 with how it might威力 be
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我著迷於圍繞著
02:10
that we're embedded嵌入式 in these social社會 networks網絡,
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每個人的人際網路
02:12
and how they affect影響 our lives生活.
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與它的影響。
02:14
So, social社會 networks網絡 are these intricate錯綜複雜 things of beauty美女,
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人際關係是種美麗亦複雜的東西
02:17
and they're so elaborate闡述 and so complex複雜
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它既精密、複雜
02:19
and so ubiquitous普及, in fact事實,
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卻又普及,事實上,
02:21
that one has to ask what purpose目的 they serve服務.
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我們會問,它的功能是什麼?
02:24
Why are we embedded嵌入式 in social社會 networks網絡?
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我們為什麼會處於人際網路中?
02:26
I mean, how do they form形成? How do they operate操作?
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它們如何形成?怎麼運作?
02:28
And how do they effect影響 us?
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是怎麼影響我們的?
02:30
So my first topic話題 with respect尊重 to this,
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我的第一個要探討的主題,
02:33
was not death死亡, but obesity肥胖.
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不是關於死亡,而是肥胖
02:36
It had become成為 trendy新潮
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突然間,大家都討論著
02:38
to speak說話 about the "obesity肥胖 epidemic疫情."
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「肥胖流行症」
02:40
And, along沿 with my collaborator合作者, James詹姆士 Fowler福勒,
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我和James Fowler合作
02:43
we began開始 to wonder奇蹟 whether是否 obesity肥胖 really was epidemic疫情
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共同研究為什麼肥胖會流行
02:46
and could it spread傳播 from person to person
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還有它的傳染是否像我剛所提的
02:48
like the four people I discussed討論 earlier.
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那四個人那樣
02:51
So this is a slide滑動 of some of our initial初始 results結果.
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這是我們最初的結果
02:54
It's 2,200 people in the year 2000.
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2000年研究的2200人
02:57
Every一切 dot is a person. We make the dot size尺寸
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每個點是一個人,我們依據
02:59
proportional成比例的 to people's人們 body身體 size尺寸;
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體型來做點的大小
03:01
so bigger dots are bigger people.
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大點點的人體型較大
03:04
In addition加成, if your body身體 size尺寸,
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還有,體型、
03:06
if your BMIBMI, your body身體 mass index指數, is above以上 30 --
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BMI值超過30以上的
03:08
if you're clinically臨床 obese肥胖 --
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在醫學上被診斷為肥胖的
03:10
we also colored有色 the dots yellow黃色.
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我們標為黃點
03:12
So, if you look at this image圖片, right away you might威力 be able能夠 to see
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各位可以看到這張圖
03:14
that there are clusters集群 of obese肥胖 and
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肥胖的人聚成一團
03:16
non-obese非肥胖 people in the image圖片.
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不胖的人聚成一團
03:18
But the visual視覺 complexity複雜 is still very high.
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不過視覺上看起來還是很複雜
03:21
It's not obvious明顯 exactly究竟 what's going on.
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真正的情況看得不明顯。
03:24
In addition加成, some questions問題 are immediately立即 raised上調:
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另一個馬上想到的問題是
03:26
How much clustering集群 is there?
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圖中有多少聚集?
03:28
Is there more clustering集群 than would be due應有 to chance機會 alone單獨?
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聚集的產生是否不單因為巧合?
03:31
How big are the clusters集群? How far do they reach達到?
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這些聚集有多大?各自距離有多遠?
03:33
And, most importantly重要的,
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最重要的還有
03:35
what causes原因 the clusters集群?
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形成聚集原因是什麼?
03:37
So we did some mathematics數學 to study研究 the size尺寸 of these clusters集群.
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所以我們將這些聚集的大小數據化
03:40
This here shows節目, on the Y-axisY軸,
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可以看到,縱軸是
03:42
the increase增加 in the probability可能性 that a person is obese肥胖
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一個人因為週遭朋友
03:45
given特定 that a social社會 contact聯繫 of theirs他們的 is obese肥胖
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而變胖的可能性
03:47
and, on the X-axisX軸, the degrees of separation分割 between之間 the two people.
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橫軸是兩個人之間,分離的程度
03:50
On the far left, you see the purple紫色 line.
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最左邊,紫色長條顯示
03:52
It says that, if your friends朋友 are obese肥胖,
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如果你的朋友都過胖
03:54
your risk風險 of obesity肥胖 is 45 percent百分 higher更高.
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你過胖的機率比別人高45%
03:57
And the next下一個 bar酒吧 over, the [red] line,
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旁邊的紅色長條
03:59
says if your friend's朋友的 friends朋友 are obese肥胖,
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代表如果你朋友的朋友都過胖
04:01
your risk風險 of obesity肥胖 is 25 percent百分 higher更高.
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你過胖的機率比平均高出25%
04:03
And then the next下一個 line over says
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下一個長條表示
04:05
if your friend's朋友的 friend's朋友的 friend朋友, someone有人 you probably大概 don't even know, is obese肥胖,
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如果你朋友的朋友的朋友-即使你都不認識-過胖
04:08
your risk風險 of obesity肥胖 is 10 percent百分 higher更高.
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你過胖的機率比平均高出10%
04:11
And it's only when you get to your friend's朋友的 friend's朋友的 friend's朋友的 friends朋友
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只有到了你朋友的朋友的朋友的朋友
04:14
that there's no longer a relationship關係
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幾乎沒有關係可言
04:16
between之間 that person's人的 body身體 size尺寸 and your own擁有 body身體 size尺寸.
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你們的體型才不會互相影響。
04:20
Well, what might威力 be causing造成 this clustering集群?
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那形成這種聚集的原因是什麼?
04:23
There are at least最小 three possibilities可能性:
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至少三種可能
04:25
One possibility可能性 is that, as I gain獲得 weight重量,
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第一,當我體重增加
04:27
it causes原因 you to gain獲得 weight重量.
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你體重也增加
04:29
A kind of induction感應, a kind of spread傳播 from person to person.
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這是誘導性,在人與人之間的傳染
04:32
Another另一個 possibility可能性, very obvious明顯, is homophily趨同性,
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第二,很明顯的,同質性
04:34
or, birds鳥類 of a feather羽毛 flock together一起;
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也就是「物以類聚,人以群分」
04:36
here, I form形成 my tie領帶 to you
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我和你的聯繫
04:38
because you and I share分享 a similar類似 body身體 size尺寸.
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是因為我們體型相同
04:41
And the last possibility可能性 is what is known已知 as confounding混雜,
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最後一個可能性是混雜法
04:43
because it confounds混淆 our ability能力 to figure數字 out what's going on.
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我們搞不清楚狀況是什麼
04:46
And here, the idea理念 is not that my weight重量 gain獲得
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意思是,你體重增加的原因
04:48
is causing造成 your weight重量 gain獲得,
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不是因為我體重增加
04:50
nor也不 that I preferentially優先 form形成 a tie領帶 with you
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也不是我選擇與你有關聯
04:52
because you and I share分享 the same相同 body身體 size尺寸,
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而是因為我們有一樣的體型
04:54
but rather that we share分享 a common共同 exposure曝光
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所以我們會去類似的地方
04:56
to something, like a health健康 club俱樂部
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例如健身房等等
04:59
that makes品牌 us both lose失去 weight重量 at the same相同 time.
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我們一起瘦身的地方
05:02
When we studied研究 these data數據, we found發現 evidence證據 for all of these things,
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我們研究這些數據,發現以下一些證據
05:05
including包含 for induction感應.
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包含誘導性
05:07
And we found發現 that if your friend朋友 becomes obese肥胖,
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我們發現,如果你的朋友變胖
05:09
it increases增加 your risk風險 of obesity肥胖 by about 57 percent百分
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同一時期裡,你變胖的機會
05:12
in the same相同 given特定 time period.
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立刻增加57%
05:14
There can be many許多 mechanisms機制 for this effect影響:
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造成這種效果有很多機制
05:17
One possibility可能性 is that your friends朋友 say to you something like --
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一種情況是,你朋友的行為傳染給你
05:19
you know, they adopt採用 a behavior行為 that spreads利差 to you --
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他們可能會對你說:
05:22
like, they say, "Let's go have muffins鬆餅 and beer啤酒,"
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「我們吃馬芬鬆糕配啤酒吧」
05:25
which哪一個 is a terrible可怕 combination組合. (Laughter笑聲)
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這搭配好糟糕
05:28
But you adopt採用 that combination組合,
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但你習慣這樣吃以後
05:30
and then you start開始 gaining取得 weight重量 like them.
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你就會開始和他們一樣變胖
05:33
Another另一個 more subtle微妙 possibility可能性
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另一種可能
05:35
is that they start開始 gaining取得 weight重量, and it changes變化 your ideas思路
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是他們開始增胖,你開始改變了
05:38
of what an acceptable接受 body身體 size尺寸 is.
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對於正常體型的看法
05:40
Here, what's spreading傳播 from person to person
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這種人與人傳染情況
05:42
is not a behavior行為, but rather a norm規範:
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不是行為改變,而是標準改變。
05:44
An idea理念 is spreading傳播.
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有越來越多人接受這種想法。
05:46
Now, headline標題 writers作家
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有些記者
05:48
had a field領域 day with our studies學習.
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將我們的研究寫成報導
05:50
I think the headline標題 in The New York紐約 Times was,
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我想紐約時報的頭條是:
05:52
"Are you packing填料 it on?
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「變胖了嗎?」
05:54
Blame your fat脂肪 friends朋友." (Laughter笑聲)
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「怪你朋友吧!」
05:57
What was interesting有趣 to us is that the European歐洲的 headline標題 writers作家
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我們覺得有趣的是,歐洲的記者
05:59
had a different不同 take: They said,
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寫了不同的頭條:
06:01
"Are your friends朋友 gaining取得 weight重量? Perhaps也許 you are to blame."
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「你朋友變胖了嗎?是你害的!」
06:04
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
06:09
And we thought this was a very interesting有趣 comment評論 on America美國,
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我們覺得很有趣,這反應出美國人那種
06:12
and a kind of self-serving自顧自,
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有點自私、
06:14
"not my responsibility責任" kind of phenomenon現象.
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「不干我的事」的態度
06:16
Now, I want to be very clear明確: We do not think our work
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到此,我要澄清,我們並不認為
06:18
should or could justify辯解 prejudice偏見
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這研究能被拿來
06:20
against反對 people of one or another另一個 body身體 size尺寸 at all.
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當作身材歧視的正當理由
06:24
Our next下一個 questions問題 was:
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我們下一個問題是:
06:26
Could we actually其實 visualize想像 this spread傳播?
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這種擴散要如何視覺化?
06:29
Was weight重量 gain獲得 in one person actually其實 spreading傳播
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一個人變胖是否會連帶影響
06:31
to weight重量 gain獲得 in another另一個 person?
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另一個人的體重?
06:33
And this was complicated複雜 because
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這很複雜
06:35
we needed需要 to take into account帳戶 the fact事實 that the network網絡 structure結構體,
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因為我們要考慮到網路的結構、
06:38
the architecture建築 of the ties聯繫, was changing改變 across橫過 time.
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連結的構造方式,是隨時在改變的
06:41
In addition加成, because obesity肥胖 is not a unicentric單中心 epidemic疫情,
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還有,肥胖症不是種只有單一中心的流行病
06:44
there's not a Patient患者 Zero of the obesity肥胖 epidemic疫情 --
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沒有肥胖流行病的「零號病人」-
06:47
if we find that guy, there was a spread傳播 of obesity肥胖 out from him --
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疾病的原始帶原者是不存在的
06:50
it's a multicentric多中心 epidemic疫情.
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它是有許多中心的
06:52
Lots of people are doing things at the same相同 time.
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很多人同時做著相同的事
06:54
And I'm about to show顯示 you a 30 second第二 video視頻 animation動畫
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我給大家看個30秒動畫
06:57
that took me and James詹姆士 five years年份 of our lives生活 to do.
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我和James花五年研究出來的
07:00
So, again, every一切 dot is a person.
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每個點都是一個人
07:02
Every一切 tie領帶 between之間 them is a relationship關係.
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每條線表示他們的關連
07:04
We're going to put this into motion運動 now,
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我們現在放給大家看
07:06
taking服用 daily日常 cuts削減 through通過 the network網絡 for about 30 years年份.
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一睹30年的人際網路變化
07:09
The dot sizes大小 are going to grow增長,
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點的大小開始變化
07:11
you're going to see a sea of yellow黃色 take over.
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會看到越來越多黃點
07:14
You're going to see people be born天生 and die --
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也可以看到人們的出生、死亡
07:16
dots will appear出現 and disappear消失 --
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點的消失與形成
07:18
ties聯繫 will form形成 and break打破, marriages婚姻 and divorces離婚,
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連結的形成與斷裂,結婚與離婚
07:21
friendingsfriendings and defriendingsdefriendings.
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友情的產生與破裂
07:23
A lot of complexity複雜, a lot is happening事件
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非常複雜,這30年時間
07:25
just in this 30-year-年 period
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發生了許多事情
07:27
that includes包括 the obesity肥胖 epidemic疫情.
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包括肥胖的流行
07:29
And, by the end結束, you're going to see clusters集群
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最後,你可以看到
07:31
of obese肥胖 and non-obese非肥胖 individuals個人
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肥胖、不肥胖的個體
07:33
within the network網絡.
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在這網路裡
07:35
Now, when looked看著 at this,
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看著這張圖
07:38
it changed the way I see things,
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改變了我看事情的角度
07:41
because this thing, this network網絡
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因為這個網路
07:43
that's changing改變 across橫過 time,
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隨時間變換的網路
07:45
it has a memory記憶, it moves移動,
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它是有記憶的、會移動的
07:48
things flow within it,
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裏面也有很多流動
07:50
it has a kind of consistency一致性 --
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它擁有著一種持續性
07:52
people can die, but it doesn't die;
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人會死亡,但它不會
07:54
it still persists仍然存在 --
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永久存在
07:56
and it has a kind of resilience彈性
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它有種恢復力
07:58
that allows允許 it to persist堅持 across橫過 time.
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能隨時間存在著
08:00
And so, I came來了 to see these kinds of social社會 networks網絡
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我將這些人際網路視為
08:03
as living活的 things,
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活的東西
08:05
as living活的 things that we could put under a kind of microscope顯微鏡
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是我們可以放到顯微鏡下觀察、研究、
08:08
to study研究 and analyze分析 and understand理解.
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並加以了解的東西
08:11
And we used a variety品種 of techniques技術 to do this.
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我們用了很多方式研究
08:13
And we started開始 exploring探索 all kinds of other phenomena現象.
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並開始探索其他現象
08:16
We looked看著 at smoking抽煙 and drinking behavior行為,
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我們觀察吸菸、酗酒的人、
08:18
and voting表決 behavior行為,
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有投票習慣的人、
08:20
and divorce離婚 -- which哪一個 can spread傳播 --
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離婚的人-這也會傳染
08:22
and altruism利他主義.
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還有無私。
08:24
And, eventually終於, we became成為 interested有興趣 in emotions情緒.
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最後,我們對情緒感興趣
08:28
Now, when we have emotions情緒,
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人的情緒一來
08:30
we show顯示 them.
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馬上展現出來
08:32
Why do we show顯示 our emotions情緒?
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為什麼展現情緒?
08:34
I mean, there would be an advantage優點 to experiencing經歷
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我是說,如果能把生氣、開心等情緒
08:36
our emotions情緒 inside, you know, anger憤怒 or happiness幸福.
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放在心裡應該是種優點吧
08:39
But we don't just experience經驗 them, we show顯示 them.
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我們不只有情緒,我們會展現出來
08:41
And not only do we show顯示 them, but others其他 can read them.
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我們不只會展現出來,其他人還解讀的出來
08:44
And, not only can they read them, but they copy複製 them.
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他們不只解讀的出來,還會複製那情緒
08:46
There's emotional情緒化 contagion傳染性
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這就是人類社會的
08:48
that takes place地點 in human人的 populations人群.
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情緒傳染
08:51
And so this function功能 of emotions情緒
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這些情緒的功能
08:53
suggests提示 that, in addition加成 to any other purpose目的 they serve服務,
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還顯示他們有其他用途
08:55
they're a kind of primitive原始 form形成 of communication通訊.
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他們是一種最基本的溝通方式
08:58
And that, in fact事實, if we really want to understand理解 human人的 emotions情緒,
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如果我們真想了解人類的情緒
09:01
we need to think about them in this way.
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我們就需要將之視為如此
09:03
Now, we're accustomed慣常的 to thinking思維 about emotions情緒 in this way,
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我們短時間內,已經習慣
09:06
in simple簡單, sort分類 of, brief簡要 periods of time.
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將情緒視為溝通方式
09:09
So, for example,
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舉個例子,
09:11
I was giving this talk recently最近 in New York紐約 City,
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我最近在紐約也做了演講
09:13
and I said, "You know when you're on the subway地鐵
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我說:「你搭地鐵時,」
09:15
and the other person across橫過 the subway地鐵 car汽車
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「坐你對面的人」
09:17
smiles笑容 at you,
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「對你微笑」
09:19
and you just instinctively本能 smile微笑 back?"
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「你會直覺的也對他微笑。」
09:21
And they looked看著 at me and said, "We don't do that in New York紐約 City." (Laughter笑聲)
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觀眾看著我,說:「在紐約沒人這樣做。」
09:24
And I said, "Everywhere到處 else其他 in the world世界,
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我說:「紐約除外,世界其他地方」
09:26
that's normal正常 human人的 behavior行為."
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「這是正常現象。」
09:28
And so there's a very instinctive直覺的 way
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這是種直覺性的動作
09:30
in which哪一個 we briefly簡要地 transmit發送 emotions情緒 to each other.
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簡單的將情緒傳給他人
09:33
And, in fact事實, emotional情緒化 contagion傳染性 can be broader更廣泛 still.
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事實上,這種情緒傳染是可以很廣的
09:36
Like we could have punctuated打斷 expressions表達式 of anger憤怒,
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就像暴動中,展現憤怒情緒
09:39
as in riots暴動.
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的間接表達
09:41
The question that we wanted to ask was:
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我們想問的問題是:
09:43
Could emotion情感 spread傳播,
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情緒傳染是否不止
09:45
in a more sustained持續 way than riots暴動, across橫過 time
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在地鐵中相互微笑的兩人而已
09:48
and involve涉及 large numbers數字 of people,
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是否可以有更多人
09:50
not just this pair of individuals個人 smiling微笑 at each other in the subway地鐵 car汽車?
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甚至是更永續、跨時間的方式?
09:53
Maybe there's a kind of below下面 the surface表面, quiet安靜 riot暴動
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或許有那種表面下的暴動
09:56
that animates動畫 us all the time.
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永久地控制我們。
09:58
Maybe there are emotional情緒化 stampedes踩踏事件
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也許人際網路中也有
10:00
that ripple波紋 through通過 social社會 networks網絡.
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情緒潰散的情形
10:02
Maybe, in fact事實, emotions情緒 have a collective集體 existence存在,
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又或許,情緒有種聚集存在
10:05
not just an individual個人 existence存在.
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而非只是個體存在。
10:07
And this is one of the first images圖片 we made製作 to study研究 this phenomenon現象.
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這是我們為這個研究所做的圖
10:10
Again, a social社會 network網絡,
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同樣的,一個人際網路
10:12
but now we color顏色 the people yellow黃色 if they're happy快樂
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黃點是快樂的人
10:15
and blue藍色 if they're sad傷心 and green綠色 in between之間.
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藍點是傷心的,綠點是其他
10:18
And if you look at this image圖片, you can right away see
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這張圖可以明顯看出
10:20
clusters集群 of happy快樂 and unhappy不快樂 people,
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快樂、不快樂的人聚集
10:22
again, spreading傳播 to three degrees of separation分割.
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有三種程度的分散
10:24
And you might威力 form形成 the intuition直覺
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馬上看的出來
10:26
that the unhappy不快樂 people
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不快樂的人
10:28
occupy佔據 a different不同 structural結構 location位置 within the network網絡.
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聚集在網路裡的不同地點
10:31
There's a middle中間 and an edge邊緣 to this network網絡,
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網路有中間及邊緣
10:33
and the unhappy不快樂 people seem似乎 to be
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而不快樂的人似乎都
10:35
located位於 at the edges邊緣.
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聚在邊緣
10:37
So to invoke調用 another另一個 metaphor隱喻,
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用東西來比喻的話
10:39
if you imagine想像 social社會 networks網絡 as a kind of
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可以將人際網路想成是
10:41
vast廣大 fabric of humanity人性 --
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一塊人性的布料
10:43
I'm connected連接的 to you and you to her, on out endlessly不休 into the distance距離 --
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我與你連結、你與她連結,無限的距離
10:46
this fabric is actually其實 like
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這塊布料就有點像
10:48
an old-fashioned過時 American美國 quilt被子,
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老舊的美製棉被
10:50
and it has patches補丁 on it: happy快樂 and unhappy不快樂 patches補丁.
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上面有補丁,開心的、傷心的補丁
10:53
And whether是否 you become成為 happy快樂 or not
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而你快樂與否
10:55
depends依靠 in part部分 on whether是否 you occupy佔據 a happy快樂 patch補丁.
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取決於你是否在快樂補丁上
10:58
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
11:00
So, this work with emotions情緒,
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所以,我們對情緒的研究
11:03
which哪一個 are so fundamental基本的,
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是非常基本的
11:05
then got us to thinking思維 about: Maybe
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後來我們想,也許
11:07
the fundamental基本的 causes原因 of human人的 social社會 networks網絡
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影響人際關係的根本原因
11:09
are somehow不知何故 encoded編碼 in our genes基因.
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也許和基因有關
11:11
Because human人的 social社會 networks網絡, whenever每當 they are mapped映射,
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因為人際關係,不論如何塑造
11:14
always kind of look like this:
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都是長這樣
11:16
the picture圖片 of the network網絡.
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這是人際網路圖
11:18
But they never look like this.
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但從來不會像這樣
11:20
Why do they not look like this?
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為什麼不像這樣?
11:22
Why don't we form形成 human人的 social社會 networks網絡
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為什麼我們的人際網路
11:24
that look like a regular定期 lattice格子?
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不像這樣的點陣圖?
11:26
Well, the striking引人注目 patterns模式 of human人的 social社會 networks網絡,
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人際網路的獨特圖形
11:29
their ubiquity無處不在 and their apparent明顯的 purpose目的
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這種普遍性,和明顯的目的
11:32
beg questions問題 about whether是否 we evolved進化 to have
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引出了一個問題:我們是否
11:34
human人的 social社會 networks網絡 in the first place地點,
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天生就有這種人際網路,
11:36
and whether是否 we evolved進化 to form形成 networks網絡
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或者我們網路獨特樣貌的形成
11:38
with a particular特定 structure結構體.
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是後天進化的?
11:40
And notice注意 first of all -- so, to understand理解 this, though雖然,
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要解答這問題
11:42
we need to dissect解剖 network網絡 structure結構體 a little bit first --
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我們需要解剖這網路
11:45
and notice注意 that every一切 person in this network網絡
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注意這網路的每個人
11:47
has exactly究竟 the same相同 structural結構 location位置 as every一切 other person.
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與其他人同處相同的地點
11:50
But that's not the case案件 with real真實 networks網絡.
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但真正的網路並非如此
11:53
So, for example, here is a real真實 network網絡 of college學院 students學生們
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這裡是一間東北方頂尖大學的
11:55
at an elite原種 northeastern東北方 university大學.
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學生人際關係圖
11:58
And now I'm highlighting突出 a few少數 dots.
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我標出幾個明顯的點
12:00
If you look here at the dots,
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看看這些點
12:02
compare比較 node節點 B in the upper left
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比較左上的節點B
12:04
to node節點 D in the far right;
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與最右邊的節點D
12:06
B has four friends朋友 coming未來 out from him
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B有四個朋友
12:08
and D has six friends朋友 coming未來 out from him.
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而D有六個朋友
12:11
And so, those two individuals個人 have different不同 numbers數字 of friends朋友.
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這兩個人有不同數量的朋友
12:14
That's very obvious明顯, we all know that.
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很明顯啊,不用解釋
12:16
But certain某些 other aspects方面
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但其他方面
12:18
of social社會 network網絡 structure結構體 are not so obvious明顯.
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這種人際結構就沒那麼明顯了
12:20
Compare比較 node節點 B in the upper left to node節點 A in the lower降低 left.
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比較節點B與左下的節點A
12:23
Now, those people both have four friends朋友,
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這些人各有四個朋友
12:26
but A's friends朋友 all know each other,
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但A的朋友互相認識
12:28
and B'sB的 friends朋友 do not.
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而B的朋友則不是
12:30
So the friend朋友 of a friend朋友 of A's
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所以A的朋友的朋友
12:32
is, back again, a friend朋友 of A's,
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也是A的朋友
12:34
whereas the friend朋友 of a friend朋友 of B'sB的 is not a friend朋友 of B'sB的,
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然而,B的朋友的朋友,不是B的朋友
12:36
but is farther更遠 away in the network網絡.
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而是在網路的更遠端
12:38
This is known已知 as transitivity傳遞 in networks網絡.
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這是網路的傳遞性
12:41
And, finally最後, compare比較 nodes節點 C and D:
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最後,比較節點C、節點D
12:43
C and D both have six friends朋友.
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兩者都有六個朋友,
12:46
If you talk to them, and you said, "What is your social社會 life like?"
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如果你問:「你的社交生活如何?」
12:49
they would say, "I've got six friends朋友.
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他們會答:「我有六個朋友,」
12:51
That's my social社會 experience經驗."
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「這是我的交友經驗」
12:53
But now we, with a bird's鳥類 eye view視圖 looking at this network網絡,
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現在我們鳥瞰這張圖
12:56
can see that they occupy佔據 very different不同 social社會 worlds世界.
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可以發現他們的社交圈是完全不同的
12:59
And I can cultivate培育 that intuition直覺 in you by just asking you:
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現在用直覺回答這問題:
13:01
Who would you rather be
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如果有種致命病毒
13:03
if a deadly致命 germ病菌 was spreading傳播 through通過 the network網絡?
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正在這網路傳播
13:05
Would you rather be C or D?
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你要選節點C還是D?
13:08
You'd rather be D, on the edge邊緣 of the network網絡.
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你會選D,在人際網路邊緣
13:10
And now who would you rather be
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現在,如果是聊八卦
13:12
if a juicy多汁 piece of gossip八卦 -- not about you --
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講別人的八卦,不是你的
13:15
was spreading傳播 through通過 the network網絡? (Laughter笑聲)
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這種情況你選哪個?
13:17
Now, you would rather be C.
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你會選C吧
13:19
So different不同 structural結構 locations地點
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所以不同的結構點
13:21
have different不同 implications啟示 for your life.
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對於人生有不同的含意
13:23
And, in fact事實, when we did some experiments實驗 looking at this,
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事實上,我們為此做了些實驗
13:26
what we found發現 is that 46 percent百分 of the variation變異
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朋友數量多寡的差異
13:29
in how many許多 friends朋友 you have
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有46%都是可以用基因
13:31
is explained解釋 by your genes基因.
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來解釋
13:33
And this is not surprising奇怪. We know that some people are born天生 shy害羞
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這並不新奇,我們都知道,有些人天生害羞
13:36
and some are born天生 gregarious群居. That's obvious明顯.
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有些人天生合群,這是顯而易見的
13:39
But we also found發現 some non-obvious非顯而易見性 things.
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但我們也發現了些不那麼明顯的東西
13:41
For instance, 47 percent百分 in the variation變異
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例如,你的朋友們是否互相認識
13:44
in whether是否 your friends朋友 know each other
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其中47%的差異
13:46
is attributable歸屬 to your genes基因.
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是和你的基因有關。
13:48
Whether是否 your friends朋友 know each other
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你的朋友是否互相認識
13:50
has not just to do with their genes基因, but with yours你的.
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是與你的基因有關,而不是他們的。
13:53
And we think the reason原因 for this is that some people
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我們認為,這原因在於有些人
13:55
like to introduce介紹 their friends朋友 to each other -- you know who you are --
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喜歡把自己的朋友介紹給彼此
13:58
and others其他 of you keep them apart距離 and don't introduce介紹 your friends朋友 to each other.
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而其他人喜歡把朋友們分開,不介紹給彼此
14:01
And so some people knit針織 together一起 the networks網絡 around them,
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所以有些人將他們的人際網路編織在一起
14:04
creating創建 a kind of dense稠密 web捲筒紙 of ties聯繫
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形成了緊密的網路
14:06
in which哪一個 they're comfortably舒服 embedded嵌入式.
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並舒服的身處其中
14:08
And finally最後, we even found發現 that
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最後,我們還發現
14:10
30 percent百分 of the variation變異
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不論你是處在
14:12
in whether是否 or not people are in the middle中間 or on the edge邊緣 of the network網絡
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網路中心或邊緣,30%的差異
14:15
can also be attributed由於 to their genes基因.
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也是和基因有關
14:17
So whether是否 you find yourself你自己 in the middle中間 or on the edge邊緣
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所以不管你是在中心還是邊緣
14:19
is also partially部分 heritable遺傳.
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有一部分是遺傳的
14:22
Now, what is the point of this?
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所以,這表示什麼?
14:25
How does this help us understand理解?
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它如何讓我們了解這世界?
14:27
How does this help us
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它如何幫助我們
14:29
figure數字 out some of the problems問題 that are affecting影響 us these days?
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了解我們現在所面臨的問題?
14:33
Well, the argument論據 I'd like to make is that networks網絡 have value.
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我的論點是,這些人際網路充滿價值
14:36
They are a kind of social社會 capital首都.
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就如一種社會資產
14:39
New properties性能 emerge出現
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新特性的出現
14:41
because of our embeddedness根植 in social社會 networks網絡,
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是因為包圍我們的人際網路
14:43
and these properties性能 inhere在這裡
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以及形成網路結構
14:46
in the structure結構體 of the networks網絡,
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所固有的這些特性
14:48
not just in the individuals個人 within them.
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不單只是其中的個體而已
14:50
So think about these two common共同 objects對象.
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看看這兩個常見的東西
14:52
They're both made製作 of carbon,
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都用碳做的
14:54
and yet然而 one of them has carbon atoms原子 in it
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但其中一個是碳原子
14:57
that are arranged安排 in one particular特定 way -- on the left --
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以獨特的方式組合而成
15:00
and you get graphite石墨, which哪一個 is soft柔軟的 and dark黑暗.
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就是左邊的石墨,柔軟漆黑
15:03
But if you take the same相同 carbon atoms原子
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一樣的碳原子
15:05
and interconnect互連 them a different不同 way,
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以不同的方式組合
15:07
you get diamond鑽石, which哪一個 is clear明確 and hard.
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就變成鑽石,透徹堅硬
15:10
And those properties性能 of softness柔軟度 and hardness硬度 and darkness黑暗 and clearness清晰
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而這些柔軟、堅硬、漆黑、透徹的屬性
15:13
do not reside居住 in the carbon atoms原子;
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並不是碳原子造成的
15:15
they reside居住 in the interconnections互連 between之間 the carbon atoms原子,
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而是碳原子間的組合方式
15:18
or at least最小 arise出現 because of the
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或者說,至少是因為
15:20
interconnections互連 between之間 the carbon atoms原子.
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碳原子間的組合方式造成的
15:22
So, similarly同樣, the pattern模式 of connections連接 among其中 people
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同樣的,人與人之間的關聯
15:25
confers賦予 upon the groups of people
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也賜與各組群
15:28
different不同 properties性能.
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不同的屬性
15:30
It is the ties聯繫 between之間 people
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正是這種連結
15:32
that makes品牌 the whole整個 greater更大 than the sum of its parts部分.
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讓整體變的比個體還好很多。
15:35
And so it is not just what's happening事件 to these people --
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所以,不只是這些人所經歷的事-
15:38
whether是否 they're losing失去 weight重量 or gaining取得 weight重量, or becoming變得 rich豐富 or becoming變得 poor較差的,
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像減肥、增肥,變有錢或變窮、
15:41
or becoming變得 happy快樂 or not becoming變得 happy快樂 -- that affects影響 us;
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變得快樂、不快樂-在影響著我們
15:44
it's also the actual實際 architecture建築
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同時影響我們的
15:46
of the ties聯繫 around us.
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還有我們的連結架構。
15:48
Our experience經驗 of the world世界
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我們在世上的經歷
15:50
depends依靠 on the actual實際 structure結構體
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取決於我們所處網路的
15:52
of the networks網絡 in which哪一個 we're residing居住
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實際連結架構
15:54
and on all the kinds of things that ripple波紋 and flow
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以及在網路中,各種事情
15:57
through通過 the network網絡.
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所激盪的漣漪
16:00
Now, the reason原因, I think, that this is the case案件
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我想,這是因為
16:03
is that human人的 beings眾生 assemble集合 themselves他們自己
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人類形成群落
16:05
and form形成 a kind of superorganism超級有機體.
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組合成一種「超級個體」
16:09
Now, a superorganism超級有機體 is a collection採集 of individuals個人
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超級個體是每個獨立個體的集合
16:12
which哪一個 show顯示 or evince表明 behaviors行為 or phenomena現象
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表現出的行為或現象
16:15
that are not reducible還原 to the study研究 of individuals個人
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無法藉由研究個體而得知。
16:18
and that must必須 be understood了解 by reference參考 to,
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而需要了解、研究
16:20
and by studying研究, the collective集體.
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整個群體
16:22
Like, for example, a hive蜂巢 of bees蜜蜂
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例如,一窩蜜蜂
16:25
that's finding發現 a new nesting嵌套 site現場,
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正在找新的巢穴地點
16:28
or a flock of birds鳥類 that's evading迴避 a predator捕食者,
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還有一群躲避掠食者、
16:30
or a flock of birds鳥類 that's able能夠 to pool its wisdom智慧
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或是利用群體智慧
16:33
and navigate導航 and find a tiny speck斑點
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尋找太平洋裡的
16:35
of an island in the middle中間 of the Pacific和平的,
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一座小島的鳥兒
16:37
or a pack of wolves that's able能夠
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或是一群合作
16:39
to bring帶來 down larger prey獵物.
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攻擊獵物的狼。
16:42
Superorganisms超級有機體 have properties性能
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超級個體的屬性
16:44
that cannot不能 be understood了解 just by studying研究 the individuals個人.
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無法藉由研究單一個體來了解
16:47
I think understanding理解 social社會 networks網絡
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我認為,了解人際關係
16:49
and how they form形成 and operate操作
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了解它的形成與運作
16:51
can help us understand理解 not just health健康 and emotions情緒
415
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可以幫助我們了解健康和情感
16:54
but all kinds of other phenomena現象 --
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甚至其他現象-
16:56
like crime犯罪, and warfare,
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例如犯罪、福利、
16:58
and economic經濟 phenomena現象 like bank銀行 runs運行
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或是經濟現象,例如銀行擠兌、
17:00
and market市場 crashes崩潰
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市場崩盤、
17:02
and the adoption採用 of innovation革新
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對於創新的適應、
17:04
and the spread傳播 of product產品 adoption採用.
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產品適應的傳播等。
17:06
Now, look at this.
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看這結果
17:09
I think we form形成 social社會 networks網絡
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我想,我們彼此建立關係
17:11
because the benefits好處 of a connected連接的 life
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是因為這種連結的生活
17:13
outweigh超過 the costs成本.
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利大於弊
17:16
If I was always violent暴力 towards you
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如果我總是對你暴力相向
17:18
or gave you misinformation誤傳
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或給你錯誤資訊
17:20
or made製作 you sad傷心 or infected感染 you with deadly致命 germs病菌,
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或讓你難過、傳染致命病毒給你
17:23
you would cut the ties聯繫 to me,
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你就會和我斷交
17:25
and the network網絡 would disintegrate瓦解.
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這關係就會因此瓦解
17:27
So the spread傳播 of good and valuable有價值 things
431
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美好事物的傳播
17:30
is required需要 to sustain支持 and nourish滋養 social社會 networks網絡.
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需要永續、良好的人際關係
17:34
Similarly同樣, social社會 networks網絡 are required需要
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相同的,人際關係也需要
17:36
for the spread傳播 of good and valuable有價值 things,
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美好事物的傳播
17:39
like love and kindness善良
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像是愛與善良、
17:41
and happiness幸福 and altruism利他主義
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快樂與無私、
17:43
and ideas思路.
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新點子
17:45
I think, in fact事實, that if we realized實現
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我認為,如果我們可以意識到
17:47
how valuable有價值 social社會 networks網絡 are,
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人際關係的價值
17:49
we'd星期三 spend a lot more time nourishing滋補 them and sustaining維持 them,
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我們就會花更多時間來培養、維持
17:52
because I think social社會 networks網絡
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因為我認為人際關係
17:54
are fundamentally從根本上 related有關 to goodness善良.
442
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在本質上是與善良相連的
17:57
And what I think the world世界 needs需求 now
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我想現在世界所需的
17:59
is more connections連接.
444
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是更多連結
18:01
Thank you.
445
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謝謝
18:03
(Applause掌聲)
446
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(掌聲)
Translated by Adrienne Lin
Reviewed by Wang-Ju Tsai

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nicholas Christakis - Physician, social scientist
Nicholas Christakis explores how the large-scale, face-to-face social networks in which we are embedded affect our lives, and what we can do to take advantage of this fact.

Why you should listen

People aren't merely social animals in the usual sense, for we don't just live in groups. We live in networks -- and we have done so ever since we emerged from the African savannah. Via intricately branching paths tracing out cascading family connections, friendship ties, and work relationships, we are interconnected to hundreds or even thousands of specific people, most of whom we do not know. We affect them and they affect us.

Nicholas Christakis' work examines the biological, psychological, sociological, and mathematical rules that govern how we form these social networks, and the rules that govern how they shape our lives. His work shows how phenomena as diverse as obesity, smoking, emotions, ideas, germs, and altruism can spread through our social ties, and how genes can partially underlie our creation of social ties to begin with. His work also sheds light on how we might take advantage of an understanding of social networks to make the world a better place.

At Yale, Christakis is a Professor of Social and Natural Science, and he directs a diverse research group in the field of biosocial science, primarily investigating social networks. His popular undergraduate course "Health of the Public" is available as a podcast. His book, Connected, co-authored with James H. Fowler, appeared in 2009, and has been translated into 20 languages. In 2009, he was named by Time magazine to its annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world, and also, in 2009 and 2010, by Foreign Policy magazine to its list of 100 top global thinkers

More profile about the speaker
Nicholas Christakis | Speaker | TED.com