TED2012
Joshua Foer: Feats of memory anyone can do
Joshua Foer: Joshua Foer: Mälusaavutused, mis on jõukohased igaühele
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On inimesi, kes suudavad kiirelt meelde jätta tuhandeid arve, kaartide järjestust kaardipakis (või isegi kümnes!) ja enamgi veel. Teaduskirjanik Joshua Foer kirjeldab mnemotehnikat, mida kutsutakse mälupalee meetodiks ja demonstreerib selle meetodi kõige märkimisväärsemat omadust - igaüks, sealhulgas ta ise, on võimeline seda meetodit kasutama õppima..
Joshua Foer - Writer
Joshua Foer is a science writer who 'accidentally' won the U.S. Memory Championship. Full bio
Joshua Foer is a science writer who 'accidentally' won the U.S. Memory Championship. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I'd like to invite you to close your eyes.
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Palun, et sulgeksite oma silmad.
00:20
Imagine yourself standing
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Kujutlege, et seisate oma kodu uksel.
00:23
outside the front door of your home.
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00:27
I'd like you to notice the color of the door,
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Pange tähele, mis värvi see uks on
00:30
the material that it's made out of.
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ja millest see uks on tehtud.
00:34
Now visualize a pack of overweight nudists on bicycles.
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Nüüd kujutage ette trobikonda
ülekaalulisi nudiste jalgratastel.
ülekaalulisi nudiste jalgratastel.
00:41
They are competing in a naked bicycle race,
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Nad võistlevad alastisõidu rattarallil
00:44
and they are headed straight for your front door.
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ja sööstavad otse su ukse suunas.
00:48
I need you to actually see this.
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Ma tahan, et te ka tegelikult seda näeksite.
00:50
They are pedaling really hard, they're sweaty,
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Nad väntavad elu eest,
nad on üleni higised,
nad on üleni higised,
00:53
they're bouncing around a lot.
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nende kehad rappuvad sadulas.
00:56
And they crash straight into the front door of your home.
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Ja nad panevad täie hooga otse vastu sinu ust.
01:00
Bicycles fly everywhere, wheels roll past you,
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Jalgrattad paiskuvad õhku,
üksikud rattad veerevad sinust mööda,
üksikud rattad veerevad sinust mööda,
01:04
spokes end up in awkward places.
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kõik kohad on kodaraid täis.
01:07
Step over the threshold of your door
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Astu uksest sisse,
01:11
into your foyer, your hallway, whatever's on the other side,
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esikusse või koridori või mis täpselt seal teiselpool ust siis ka poleks
01:13
and appreciate the quality of the light.
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ja imetle kaunist valgust.
01:17
The light is shining down on Cookie Monster.
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Valgusvihus on Cookie Monster.
01:23
Cookie Monster is waving at you
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Cookie Monster istub beežika hobuse seljas
01:26
from his perch on top of a tan horse.
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ja lehvitab sulle.
01:29
It's a talking horse.
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See on rääkiv hobune.
01:31
You can practically feel his blue fur tickling your nose.
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Võid peaaegu tunda, kuidas Cookie Monsteri sinine karvakasukas su nina kõdistab.
01:35
You can smell the oatmeal raisin cookie that he's about to shovel into his mouth.
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Tunned rosina-kaeraküpsise lõhna, mille ta on just endale suhu pistmas.
01:40
Walk past him. Walk past him into your living room.
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Mine temast mööda. Mine mööda ja astu elutuppa.
01:43
In your living room, in full imaginative broadband,
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Elutoas näed kogu tema hiilguses
01:46
picture Britney Spears.
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Britney Spearsi.
01:49
She is scantily clad, she's dancing on your coffee table,
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Ta on napis riietuses ja tantsib su diivanilaual,
01:55
and she's singing "Hit Me Baby One More Time."
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lauldes "Hit Me Baby One More Time"
01:57
And then follow me into your kitchen.
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Nüüd tule minuga kööki.
02:00
In your kitchen, the floor has been paved over with a yellow brick road
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Köögipõrand on kaetud kollaste tänavakividega
02:04
and out of your oven are coming towards you
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ja ahjust astuvad välja
02:08
Dorothy, the Tin Man,
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Dorothy, Plekkmees,
02:10
the Scarecrow and the Lion from "The Wizard of Oz,"
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Hernehirmutis ja Lõvi "Võlur Oz"-ist
02:13
hand-in-hand skipping straight towards you.
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nad tulevad käsikäes hüpeldes otse sinu suunas.
02:15
Okay. Open your eyes.
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Okei. Ava oma silmad.
02:20
I want to tell you about a very bizarre contest
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Tahan sulle rääkida ühest üsna omapärasest võistlusest
02:23
that is held every spring in New York City.
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mis toimub igal kevadel New Yorkis.
02:26
It's called the United States Memory Championship.
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Tegu on USA mälumeistrivõistlustega.
02:30
And I had gone to cover this contest a few years back
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Mõned aastad tagasi tuli mul teadusajakirjanikuna
02:33
as a science journalist
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kirjutada lugu sellest võistlusest.
02:35
expecting, I guess, that this was going to be
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Kujutasin ette, et see konkurss
02:37
like the Superbowl of savants.
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on mingisugustele veidrikele.
02:40
This was a bunch of guys and a few ladies,
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Oli seltskond meesterahvaid, sekka ka mõned naised,
02:44
widely varying in both age and hygienic upkeep.
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kõik eri vanuses ja erinevas puhtusastmes.
02:48
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
02:51
They were memorizing hundreds of random numbers,
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Nad jätsid meelde sadu juhuslikke arve
02:55
looking at them just once.
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ainult korraks peale vaadates.
02:56
They were memorizing the names of dozens and dozens and dozens of strangers.
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Nad õppisid pähe kümnete ja kümnete tundmatute nimesid.
03:01
They were memorizing entire poems in just a few minutes.
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Luuletused jäid neile pähe kõigest mõne minutiga.
03:04
They were competing to see who could memorize
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Võisteldi, kes suudab kõige kiiremini meelde jätta
03:06
the order of a shuffled pack of playing cards the fastest.
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kaartide järjestuse segatud kaardipakis.
03:10
I was like, this is unbelievable.
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See kõik tundus mulle täiesti uskumatu.
03:12
These people must be freaks of nature.
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Need inimesed peavad olema ebanormaalsed.
03:15
And I started talking to a few of the competitors.
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Tegin juttu mõne võistlejaga.
03:19
This is a guy called Ed Cook
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See on Ed Cook
03:20
who had come over from England
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kes tuli siia Inglismaalt
03:22
where he had one of the best trained memories.
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kus ta on üks kõige treenituma mäluga inimesi.
03:24
And I said to him, "Ed, when did you realize
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Küsisin temalt:" Ed, millal sa aru said, et
03:27
that you were a savant?"
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sul on ebanormaalne anne?"
03:30
And Ed was like, "I'm not a savant.
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Ed vastas:" Ma ei ole mingi eriline veidrikust geenius,
03:33
In fact, I have just an average memory.
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tegelikult on mul üsna keskpärane mälu.
03:35
Everybody who competes in this contest
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Kõik, kes siin võistlevad,
03:37
will tell you that they have just an average memory.
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kinnitavad sulle, et nende mälu täiesti keskmine.
03:40
We've all trained ourselves
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Nende erakordsete mäluülesannete sooritamiseks
03:42
to perform these utterly miraculous feats of memory
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oleme kõik harjutanud
03:46
using a set of ancient techniques,
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ühe väga vana meetodi abil
03:48
techniques invented 2,500 years ago in Greece,
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see meetod leiutati Kreekas 2500 aastat tagasi.
03:52
the same techniques that Cicero had used
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Cicero kasutas sama meetodit,
03:55
to memorize his speeches,
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oma kõnede meeldejätmiseks,
03:57
that medieval scholars had used to memorize entire books."
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keskaegsed õpetlased jätsid sel moel meelde terveid raamatuid."
04:01
And I was like, "Whoa. How come I never heard of this before?"
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Olin hämmingus. "Mis mõttes? Kuidas ma pole varem sellest midagi kuulnud?"
04:05
And we were standing outside the competition hall,
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Nii me siis seal võistluspaiga ukse taga seisime
04:08
and Ed, who is a wonderful, brilliant,
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ja Ed, kes on imetore, tark,
04:11
but somewhat eccentric English guy,
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aga veidi ekstsentriline Inglise tüüp
04:14
says to me, "Josh, you're an American journalist.
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ütleb mulle: "Josh, sina kui Ameerika ajakirjanik,
04:19
Do you know Britney Spears?"
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Kas Sa Britney Spearsi tunned?"
04:21
I'm like, "What? No. Why?"
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Mina vastu, et "Mida!? Ei! Miks sa seda küsid?"
04:26
"Because I really want to teach Britney Spears
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"Sest ma tahaksin väga õpetada USA televisioonis
04:29
how to memorize the order of a shuffled pack of playing cards
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Britney Spearsile, kuidas jätta meelde
04:31
on U.S. national television.
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mängukaartide järjekord segatud kaardipakis.
04:34
It will prove to the world that anybody can do this."
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See tõestaks kogu maailmale, et igaüks võib sellega hakkama saada."
04:37
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
04:41
I was like, "Well I'm not Britney Spears,
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Vastasin, et mina küll pole Britney Spears,
04:45
but maybe you could teach me.
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aga äkki ta võiks hoopis mind õpetada,
04:48
I mean, you've got to start somewhere, right?"
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sest kuskilt peab ju pihta hakkama, eks ole?
04:50
And that was the beginning of a very strange journey for me.
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Selline oligi mu väga kummalise teekonna algus.
04:54
I ended up spending the better part of the next year
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Asi lõppes sellega, et terve järgneva aasta kulutasin
04:57
not only training my memory,
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oma mälu treenimise kõrval ka sellele,
04:59
but also investigating it,
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et uurida mälu toimimist
05:01
trying to understand how it works,
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ja ka seda
05:03
why it sometimes doesn't work
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miks mälu teinekord ei tööta
05:05
and what its potential might be.
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ja milline on mälu tegelik potentsiaal.
05:07
I met a host of really interesting people.
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Kohtusin mitmete erakordselt huvitavate inimestega
05:10
This is a guy called E.P.
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Selle mehe nimi on E.P.
05:11
He's an amnesic who had, very possibly,
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Tal kannatas vaegmälu all ja tõenäoliselt oligi tal
05:14
the very worst memory in the world.
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maailma halvim mälu.
05:17
His memory was so bad
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Tema mälu oli nii vilets,
05:18
that he didn't even remember he had a memory problem,
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et ta ei mäletanud isegi oma mäluprobleemi,
05:21
which is amazing.
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mis on täiesti hämmastav.
05:23
And he was this incredibly tragic figure,
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Ta oli üks tõeliselt õnnetu kuju, aga samas
05:25
but he was a window into the extent
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on tänu temale võimalik mõista, kui suurel määral
05:27
to which our memories make us who we are.
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sõltub meie põhiolemus meie mälust.
05:31
The other end of the spectrum: I met this guy.
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Nüüd aga skaala teine äärmus. Sain tuttavaks selle mehega.
05:34
This is Kim Peek.
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Tema on Kim Peek
05:35
He was the basis for Dustin Hoffman's character in the movie "Rain Man."
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Ta oli filmis "Vihmamees" Dustin Hoffmanni tegelaskuju prototüüp.
05:39
We spent an afternoon together
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Veetsime üheskoos ühe pärastlõuna
05:41
in the Salt Lake City Public Library memorizing phone books,
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Salt Lake City raamatukogus telefoniraamatuid pähe õppides.
05:45
which was scintillating.
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See oli ülipõnev.
05:48
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
05:51
And I went back and I read a whole host of memory treatises,
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Siis lugesin läbi terve hunniku mälu-uurimusi,
05:55
treatises written 2,000-plus years ago
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mis olid kirjutatud üle 2000 aasta tagasi
05:58
in Latin in Antiquity
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antiikajal, ladina keeles,
06:00
and then later in the Middle Ages.
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ja ka hiljem, keskkajal.
06:03
And I learned a whole bunch of really interesting stuff.
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Sain teada nii mõndagi põnevat.
06:05
One of the really interesting things that I learned
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Üks erakordselt huvitav avastus oli see,
06:08
is that once upon a time,
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et vanasti ei olnud
06:11
this idea of having a trained, disciplined, cultivated memory
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mõte sellest, et mälu tuleks treenida ja harida
06:17
was not nearly so alien as it would seem to us to be today.
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pooltki nii võõras, kui see tundub meile tänapäeval.
06:22
Once upon a time, people invested in their memories,
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Vanasti tegelesid inimesed oma mäluga,
06:26
in laboriously furnishing their minds.
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ja tegid selle kallal tõsist tööd.
06:31
Over the last few millenia
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Viimaste aastatuhandete jooksul
06:34
we've invented a series of technologies --
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oleme leiutanud rea tehnoloogiaid -
06:36
from the alphabet to the scroll
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esmalt tähestik, siis käsikiri,
06:39
to the codex, the printing press, photography,
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seejärel raamatu eelkäijad, edasi trükipress, fotograafia,
06:41
the computer, the smartphone --
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arvuti ja nutitelefon -
06:43
that have made it progressively easier and easier
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mis kõik on üha enam ja enam hõlbustanud
06:46
for us to externalize our memories,
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meelespidamist välismälu abil.
06:49
for us to essentially outsource
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Oleme loovutanud selle fundamentaalse inimvõime
06:51
this fundamental human capacity.
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millelegi väljaspoolsele.
06:54
These technologies have made our modern world possible,
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Kõik need tehnoloogiad an aluseks kaasaegsele maailmale
06:58
but they've also changed us.
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aga nad on ka meid muutnud.
07:00
They've changed us culturally,
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Nad on meid muutnud nii kultuuriliselt
07:02
and I would argue that they've changed us cognitively.
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kui ka kognitiivses mõttes.
07:05
Having little need to remember anymore,
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Kuna meil ei ole enam vajadust asju meelde jätta, tundub mõnikord,
07:08
it sometimes seems like we've forgotten how.
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et oleme unustanud, kuidas see meeldejätmine üldse käib,
07:11
One of the last places on Earth
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Üks viimaseid kohti siin maa peal,
07:13
where you still find people passionate about this idea
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kust võib endiselt leida inimesi, kes suhtuvad kirglikult ideesse,
07:16
of a trained, disciplined, cultivated memory
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et mälu peaks olema treenitud, distsiplineeritud ja haritud,
07:19
is at this totally singular memory contest.
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ongi see üksainus mäluvõistlus.
07:22
It's actually not that singular,
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Tegelikult pole see siiski mitte ainus omataoline,
07:23
there are contests held all over the world.
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sellelaadseid võistlusi toimub kõikjal maailmas.
07:25
And I was fascinated, I wanted to know how do these guys do it.
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Olin täiesti pahviks löödud ning tahtsin teada, kuidas nad seda teevad.
07:29
A few years back a group of researchers at University College London
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Mõni aasta tagasi kutsusid Londoni Ülikooli teadlased
07:34
brought a bunch of memory champions into the lab.
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grupi mälutšempione oma laboratooriumisse.
07:37
They wanted to know:
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Teadlased tahtsid teada
07:38
Do these guys have brains
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kas mälutšempionite aju
07:40
that are somehow structurally, anatomically different from the rest of ours?
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on oma anatoomiliselt ülesehituselt kuidagi erinev tavainimese ajust.
07:44
The answer was no.
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Vastus oli ei.
07:47
Are they smarter than the rest of us?
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Aga kas nad on targemad kui meie?
07:50
They gave them a bunch of cognitive tests,
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Mälutšempionid tegid mitmeid kognitiivseid teste
07:52
and the answer was not really.
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mille tulemustest selgus, et tegelikult mitte.
07:54
There was however one really interesting and telling difference
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Siiski oli üks huvitav ja kõnekas erinevus
07:58
between the brains of the memory champions
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mälutšempionite ja nendega võrreldud
08:00
and the control subjects that they were comparing them to.
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kontrollgrupi aju vahel.
08:02
When they put these guys in an fMRI machine,
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Kui mälutšempionite aju uuriti kompuutertomograafiga sel ajal
08:05
scanned their brains
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kui nad jätsid meelde
08:07
while they were memorizing numbers and people's faces and pictures of snowflakes,
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numbreid, inimeste nimesid ja lumehelveste pilte,
08:12
they found that the memory champions
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avastati, et mälutšempionite ajus
08:14
were lighting up different parts of the brain
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muutusid aktiivseks teistsugused aju piirkonnad
08:17
than everyone else.
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kui ülejäänutel.
08:19
Of note, they were using, or they seemed to be using,
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Paistis, et nad kasutasid, või siis tundusid kasutavat aju seda osa,
08:22
a part of the brain that's involved in spatial memory and navigation.
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mis tegeleb ruumilise mälu ja ruumis orienteerumisega.
08:26
Why? And is there something the rest of us can learn from this?
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Aga miks? Kas siin on midagi, millest saaksime õppida?
08:32
The sport of competitive memorizing
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Mäluvõistlused kui spordiala
08:37
is driven by a kind of arms race
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on justkui võidurelvastumine,
08:39
where every year somebody comes up
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kus igal aastal tuleb keegi välja uue meetodiga
08:43
with a new way to remember more stuff more quickly,
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mis aitab asju senisest veelgi kiiremini meelde jätta
08:45
and then the rest of the field has to play catchup.
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ja ülejäänud peavad siis üritama teda kinni püüda.
08:47
This is my friend Ben Pridmore,
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See on mu sõber Ben Pridmore,
08:49
three-time world memory champion.
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kolmekordne mälu maailmameister.
08:51
On his desk in front of him
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Tema ees laual on
08:52
are 36 shuffled packs of playing cards
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36 pakki hästi segatud mängukaarte,
08:56
that he is about to try to memorize in one hour,
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mille ta üritab ühe tunni jooksul meelde jätta,
08:59
using a technique that he invented and he alone has mastered.
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meetodil, mille ta ise välja mõtles ja mida valdab ainult tema.
09:03
He used a similar technique
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1911
Ta kasutas sama meetodit, et jätta meelde
09:05
to memorize the precise order
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4140 juhusliku biti
09:08
of 4,140 random binary digits
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täpne järjestus
09:13
in half an hour.
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poole tunniga.
09:16
Yeah.
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1931
Jee.
09:18
And while there are a whole host of ways
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Kuigi on palju mälutehnikaid
09:22
of remembering stuff in these competitions,
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mida neil võistlustel kasutatakse,
09:25
everything, all of the techniques that are being used,
181
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taanduvad kõik need meetodid
09:28
ultimately come down to a concept
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lõpuks ühele kontseptsioonile,
09:31
that psychologists refer to as elaborative encoding.
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mida psühholoogid nimetavad töötlevaks salvestamiseks.
09:35
And it's well illustrated by a nifty paradox
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Selle heaks näiteks on üks elegantne paradoks
09:37
known as the Baker/baker paradox,
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mida tuntakse Baker/baker paradoksina,
09:39
which goes like this:
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1562
ja mille sisu on järgmine:
09:41
If I tell two people to remember the same word,
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2896
Kui paluda kahel inimesel jätta meelde üks ja sama sõna,
09:44
if I say to you,
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näiteks ütlen sulle:
09:45
"Remember that there is a guy named Baker."
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3627
"Jäta meele, et selle mehe nimi on Baker."
09:49
That's his name.
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See on ta nimi.
09:50
And I say to you, "Remember that there is a guy who is a baker."
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Ja siis ütlen ma "Jäta meelde, et see mees on pagar."
09:56
And I come back to you at some point later on,
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Ning mõne aja pärast tulen
09:59
and I say, "Do you remember that word
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ja küsin, kas sa mäletad seda sõna,
10:03
that I told you a while back?
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mida ma sulle mõni aeg tagasi ütlesin?
10:04
Do you remember what it was?"
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"Kas sa mäletad, mis see sõna oli?"
10:06
The person who was told his name is Baker
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See, kellele öeldi, et mehe nimi on Baker,
10:09
is less likely to remember the same word
197
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mäletas sama sõna väiksema tõenäosusega kui
10:11
than the person was told his job is that he is a baker.
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3851
see, kellele öeldi, et see mees töötab pagarina (ingl k Baker).
10:15
Same word, different amount of remembering; that's weird.
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Täpselt sama sõna, aga erinev tulemus meenutamisel - kas pole kummaline?
10:18
What's going on here?
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1977
Millega on siin tegu?
10:20
Well the name Baker doesn't actually mean anything to you.
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Tõtt-öelda ei tähenda nimi Baker teile ju midagi.
10:25
It is entirely untethered
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Sel ei ole mingit seost teiste mälupiltidega,
10:27
from all of the other memories floating around in your skull.
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3238
mis teie peas hõljuvad.
10:31
But the common noun baker,
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1890
Aga kui võtta seda kui tavalist nimisõna - pagar,
10:33
we know bakers.
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1871
siis ju teame, kes pagar on.
10:34
Bakers wear funny white hats.
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2029
Pagaritel on naljakad valged mütsid.
10:37
Bakers have flour on their hands.
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Pagaritel on jahused käed.
10:38
Bakers smell good when they come home from work.
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2075
Pagarid lõhnavad hästi kui nad töölt tulevad.
10:40
Maybe we even know a baker.
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Võib-olla me isegi tunneme mõnda pagarit.
10:42
And when we first hear that word,
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Ja kui kuuleme seda sõna,
10:44
we start putting these associational hooks into it
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siis haagime sinna külge kõik oma senised mälupildid,
10:47
that make it easier to fish it back out at some later date.
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mille abil on seda hiljem kergem meelde tuletada.
10:51
The entire art of what is going on
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Kogu kunst seisnebki selles,
10:54
in these memory contests
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2115
- ja see kehtib nii mäluvõistluste kui ka
10:56
and the entire art of remembering stuff better in everyday life
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3227
igapäevases elus asjade meeldejätmise kohta,
10:59
is figuring out ways to transform capital B Bakers
216
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3986
et tuleb leida viis, kuidas muuta suure tähega Pagar
11:03
into lower-case B bakers --
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1996
väikese tähega pagariks.
11:05
to take information that is lacking in context,
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Teisisõnu, info, millel puudub meie jaoks kontekst ja tähendus
11:08
in significance, in meaning
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2306
tuleb muuta selliseks,
11:11
and transform it in some way
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1550
et sel infol tekiks
11:12
so that it becomes meaningful
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2175
meie jaoks tähendus,
11:14
in the light of all the other things that you have in your mind.
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seostudes juba mälus olemasolevaga.
11:19
One of the more elaborate techniques for doing this
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3734
Üks üksikasjalikumaid mnemotehnikaid selle saavutamiseks
11:23
dates back 2,500 years to Ancient Greece.
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3919
pärineb 2500 aasta tagusest antiik-Kreekast.
11:27
It came to be known as the memory palace.
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1978
Seda meetodit tuntakse mälupalee-tehnikana.
11:29
The story behind its creation goes like this:
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3425
Mälupalee tehnika tekkimise lugu on järgmine:
11:32
There was a poet called Simonides
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2972
Elas kord poeet, kelle nimi oli Simonides,
11:35
who was attending a banquet.
228
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1906
ja kes läks peole.
11:37
He was actually the hired entertainment,
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2248
Ta oli seal peol tegelikult tellitud esinejana,
11:39
because back then if you wanted to throw a really slamming party,
230
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3012
sest vanal ajal oli nii, et kui taheti korraldada tõeliselt vinge pidu,
11:42
you didn't hire a D.J., you hired a poet.
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3212
siis telliti DJ asemel hoopis luuletaja.
11:46
And he stands up, delivers his poem from memory, walks out the door,
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Niisiis tõuseb ta püsti, esitab peast oma luuletuse ja lahkub.
11:50
and at the moment he does, the banquet hall collapses,
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5112
Täpsel sel momendil, kui ta uksest väljub, variseb peosaal kokku
11:56
kills everybody inside.
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2681
ja kõik seesolijad hukkuvad.
11:58
It doesn't just kill everybody,
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Ja nad mitte lihtsalt ei huku
12:01
it mangles the bodies beyond all recognition.
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vaid nende kehad on varingus äratundmatuseni moondunud
12:05
Nobody can say who was inside,
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2321
Keegi ei suuda öelda, kes seal sees olid,
12:07
nobody can say where they were sitting.
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3171
samuti ei ole võimalik öelda, kus keegi istus.
12:10
The bodies can't be properly buried.
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2239
Surnukehasid ei ole võimalik nagu kord ja kohus matta.
12:12
It's one tragedy compounding another.
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3843
Üks tragöödia teise otsa.
12:16
Simonides, standing outside,
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2704
Simonides, kes seisab väljas,
12:19
the sole survivor amid the wreckage,
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2131
on nende varemete keskel ainus ellujääja
12:21
closes his eyes and has this realization,
243
725671
3636
ta suleb silmad ja näeb oma ettekujutuses
12:25
which is that in his mind's eye,
244
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2538
täie selgusega
12:27
he can see where each of the guests at the banquet had been sitting.
245
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5145
kes peokülalistest kuskil istus.
12:32
And he takes the relatives by the hand
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2343
Ja ta võtab sugulastel käest
12:35
and guides them each to their loved ones amid the wreckage.
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4058
ning juhib igaühe neist tema lähedase juurde.
12:39
What Simonides figured out at that moment
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See, mida Simonides tol hetkel mõistis,
12:42
is something that I think we all kind of intuitively know,
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3433
on midagi, mida me tegelikult sisimas teame.
12:45
which is that, as bad as we are
250
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2412
Nimelt - ükskõik kui viletsad me ka poleks
12:48
at remembering names and phone numbers
251
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2894
nimede ja numbrite
12:51
and word-for-word instructions from our colleagues,
252
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2658
või kolleegide õpetussõnade meeldetjätmises,
12:53
we have really exceptional visual and spatial memories.
253
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5490
on meil tegelikult erakordne visuaalne ja ruumiline mälu.
12:59
If I asked you to recount the first 10 words
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3596
Kui ma paluksin teil meenutada Simonidese loo
13:03
of the story that I just told you about Simonides,
255
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2464
esimest 10 sõna,
13:05
chances are you would have a tough time with it.
256
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2488
siis tõenäoliselt valmistaks see raskusi.
13:07
But I would wager
257
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2314
Aga võiksin kihla vedada,
13:10
that if I asked you to recall
258
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2683
et kui ma paluksin sul meenutada,
13:12
who is sitting on top of a talking tan horse
259
777087
4556
kes istus rääkiva pruuni hobuse seljas
13:17
in your foyer right now,
260
781643
1998
sinu esikus,
13:19
you would be able to see that.
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2325
näeksid sa seda kohemaid.
13:21
The idea behind the memory palace
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2530
Mälupalee mõte ongi selles,
13:24
is to create this imagined edifice in your mind's eye
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4633
et peas luuakse kujutletav ehitis
13:29
and populate it with images
264
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1746
ja sisustatakse see nende asjade kujutistega,
13:30
of the things that you want to remember --
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2208
mida soovitakse meelde jätta -
13:32
the crazier, weirder, more bizarre,
266
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3329
mida pöörasem, veidram, imelikum,
13:36
funnier, raunchier, stinkier the image is,
267
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3600
naljakam, riivatum ja haisvam see kujutis on,
13:39
the more unforgettable it's likely to be.
268
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2875
seda paremini ta meelde jääb.
13:42
This is advice that goes back 2,000-plus years
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2834
See õpetus pärineb enam kui 2500 aasta tagant
13:45
to the earliest Latin memory treatises.
270
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2785
vanimatest ladina mälu-uurimustest.
13:48
So how does this work?
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1829
Kuidas see tehnika töötab?
13:50
Let's say that you've been invited
272
814335
2540
Ütleme, et Sind on kutsutud
13:52
to TED center stage to give a speech
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3806
pidama TEDi kõnet
13:56
and you want to do it from memory,
274
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2534
ja sa tahad seda teha peast
13:59
and you want to do it the way that Cicero would have done it
275
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5045
ning sellisel tasemel, nagu Cicero,
14:04
if he had been invited to TEDxRome 2,000 years ago.
276
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4659
kui ta oleks pidanud esinema Rooma TEDxil 2000 aastat tagasi
14:08
What you might do
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2258
Sa võiksid teha nii,
14:11
is picture yourself at the front door of your house.
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5219
et kujutled end seismas oma maja välisuksel.
14:16
And you'd come up with some sort
279
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2042
Ja siis mõtled välja mingi
14:18
of an absolutely crazy, ridiculous, unforgettable image
280
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3508
täiesti pöörase, napaka ja meeldejääva kujutise,
14:21
to remind you that the first thing you want to talk about
281
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2983
mis aitaks sul meelde tuletada, et esimene asi, millest tahad rääkida
14:24
is this totally bizarre contest.
282
848929
2792
on see äärmiselt veider võistlus.
14:27
And then you'd go inside your house,
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851721
2833
Siis lähed sa majja sisse
14:30
and you would see an image of Cookie Monster
284
854554
2852
ja näed Cookie Monsterit
14:33
on top of Mister Ed.
285
857406
1887
hobuse nimega Mister Ed seljas.
14:35
And that would remind you
286
859293
1269
Ning see meenutaks sulle,
14:36
that you would want to then introduce your friend Ed Cook.
287
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3174
et tahad rääkida oma sõbrast Ed Cookist.
14:39
And then you'd see an image of Britney Spears
288
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2664
Siis näed sa oma vaimusilmas Britney Spearsi,
14:42
to remind you of this funny anecdote you want to tell.
289
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2812
mis meenutab seda naljakat lugu, mida tahtsid rääkida.
14:45
And you go into your kitchen,
290
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1672
Siis lähed kööki
14:46
and the fourth topic you were going to talk about
291
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1845
ja neljas teema, millest tahtsid rääkida,
14:48
was this strange journey that you went on for a year,
292
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2938
on kummaline teekond, mille sa aastaga läbi tegid
14:51
and you have some friends to help you remember that.
293
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4964
ja need sõbrad aitavad sul seda meenutada.
14:56
This is how Roman orators memorized their speeches --
294
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4219
Nii jätsid ka Rooma oraatorid meelde oma kõnesid -
15:00
not word-for-word, which is just going to screw you up,
295
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3394
mitte sõna-sõnalt, millest ei oleks abi,
15:04
but topic-for-topic.
296
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2412
vaid teemade kaupa.
15:06
In fact, the phrase "topic sentence,"
297
890656
2907
Tegelikult tuleb ingliskeelne sõna "topic"
15:09
that comes from the Greek word "topos,"
298
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3300
kreekakeelsest sõnast "topos".
15:12
which means "place."
299
896863
1720
mis tähendab "koht".
15:14
That's a vestige
300
898583
1567
See on pärand ajast
15:16
of when people used to think about oratory and rhetoric
301
900150
2320
kui inimesed mõtlesid oraatorlusest ja retoorikast
15:18
in these sorts of spatial terms.
302
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2238
pigem ruumilistes terministes.
15:20
The phrase "in the first place,"
303
904708
1937
Öeldes "esiteks"
15:22
that's like in the first place of your memory palace.
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3423
tähistab see juskui esimest kohta su mälupalees.
15:25
I thought this was just fascinating,
305
910068
1980
Mulle meeldis see kõik väga
15:27
and I got really into it.
306
912048
1900
ja hakkasin sellega tõsisemalt tegelema.
15:29
And I went to a few more of these memory contests.
307
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2748
Osalesin veel mitmel mäluvõistlusel.
15:32
And I had this notion that I might write something longer
308
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2561
Tekkis mõtte, et võiksin kirjutada midagi pikemat
15:35
about this subculture of competitive memorizers.
309
919257
3293
mäluvõistlustel osalejatest.
15:38
But there was a problem.
310
922550
2027
Oli aga üks probleem.
15:40
The problem was that a memory contest
311
924577
2748
Nimelt on mäluvõistlus
15:43
is a pathologically boring event.
312
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3729
erakordselt igav üritus.
15:46
(Laughter)
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2606
(Naer)
15:49
Truly, it is like a bunch of people sitting around taking the SATs.
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4550
Tõsiselt, see on nagu hulk inimesi istuks ja teeks eksamit.
15:54
I mean, the most dramatic it gets
315
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1694
Kõige põnevam, mis võib juhtuda, on see,
15:55
is when somebody starts massaging their temples.
316
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1379
kui keegi hakkab oma oimukohti masseerima.
15:57
And I'm a journalist, I need something to write about.
317
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3038
Olen ju ajakirjanik ja pean millestki kirjutadama.
16:00
I know that there's this incredible stuff happening in these people's minds,
318
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3777
Tean, et nende inimeste peades toimub uskumatuid asju,
16:03
but I don't have access to it.
319
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2100
aga sinna ma ju ei pääse.
16:06
And I realized, if I was going to tell this story,
320
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2719
Mõistsin, et selleks, et mul õnnestuks teha see lugu,
16:08
I needed to walk in their shoes a little bit.
321
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2750
pidin ma end nende olukorda panema.
16:11
And so I started trying to spend 15 or 20 minutes
322
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3581
Igal hommikul, enne kui asusin lugema oma New York Timesi,
16:15
every morning before I sat down with my New York Times
323
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2835
püüdsin tegeleda 15-20 minutit sellega,
16:17
just trying to remember something.
324
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2521
et lihtsalt midagi meelde jätta.
16:20
Maybe it was a poem.
325
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1669
See võis olla luuletus.
16:22
Maybe it was names from an old yearbook
326
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2039
Või nimed vanast aastaraamatust,
16:24
that I bought at a flea market.
327
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2259
mille olin kirbuturult ostnud.
16:26
And I found that this was shockingly fun.
328
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5496
Avastasin, et see oli kohutavalt lahe.
16:31
I never would have expected that.
329
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2078
Ma ei oleks seda iial arvanud.
16:34
It was fun because this is actually not about training your memory.
330
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3363
See oli lahe, kuna päriselt polegi see nagu mälutreening.
16:37
What you're doing is you're trying to get better and better and better
331
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3038
Mis tegelikult toimub on see, et üritad aina paremini ja paremini
16:40
at creating, at dreaming up,
332
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2429
mõelda välja ja ette kujutada
16:42
these utterly ludicrous, raunchy, hilarious
333
986975
2894
täiesti jaburaid, kiiksuga, napakaid
16:45
and hopefully unforgettable images in your mind's eye.
334
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4125
ja loodetavasti unustamatuid kujutluspilte.
16:49
And I got pretty into it.
335
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1583
See haaras mind täiesti.
16:51
This is me wearing my standard competitive memorizer's training kit.
336
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6657
Siin kannan ma mälusportlase põhivarustust:
16:58
It's a pair of earmuffs
337
1002234
1966
Paari kõrvaklappe
17:00
and a set of safety goggles that have been masked over
338
1004200
3409
ja ületeibitud kaitseprille,
17:03
except for two small pinholes,
339
1007609
2673
kuhu on jäetud vaid kaks pisikest nägemisava,
17:06
because distraction is the competitive memorizer's greatest enemy.
340
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5326
sest tähelepanu hajumine on mäluvõistleja suurim vaenlane.
17:11
I ended up coming back to that same contest that I had covered a year earlier.
341
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5767
Juhtus nii, et osalesingi võistlusel, mida olin aasta eest kajastanud.
17:17
And I had this notion that I might enter it,
342
1021375
2106
Mõte oli, et võiksin seal osaleda
17:19
sort of as an experiment in participatory journalism.
343
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3302
lihtsalt ajakirjandusliku eksperimendina.
17:22
It'd make, I thought, maybe a nice epilogue to all my research.
344
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4521
Mulle tundus, et see oleks ilusaks lõpetuseks mu uurimistööle.
17:27
Problem was the experiment went haywire.
345
1031304
3738
Paraku väljus see eksperiment kontrolli alt.
17:30
I won the contest,
346
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2737
Ma võitsin selle võistluse,
17:33
which really wasn't supposed to happen.
347
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3103
seda poleks tegelikult pidanud ju juhtuma.
17:36
(Applause)
348
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5849
(Aplaus)
17:42
Now it is nice
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1705
Muidugi on tore
17:44
to be able to memorize speeches
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2827
suuta meelde jätta kõnesid,
17:47
and phone numbers and shopping lists,
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3094
telefoninumbreid ja poenimekirju
17:50
but it's actually kind of beside the point.
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aga see pole põhiline.
17:53
These are just tricks.
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Need on lihtsalt nipid.
17:55
They are tricks that work
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2002
Nipid, mis toimivad
17:57
because they're based on some pretty basic principles
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3183
kuna nad põhinevad aju töö
18:00
about how our brains work.
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lihtsatel põhimõtetel.
18:02
And you don't have to be building memory palaces
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Pole vaja ehitada mälupaleesid
18:06
or memorizing packs of playing cards
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2006
või jätta meelde kaartide järjestust pakis
18:08
to benefit from a little bit of insight
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2013
et saada kasu teadmisest,
18:10
about how your mind works.
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2644
kuidas aju töötab.
18:12
We often talk about people with great memories
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1793
Sageli räägime suurepärase mäluga inimestest
18:14
as though it were some sort of an innate gift,
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2300
kui kellestki, kel on erakordne anne,
18:16
but that is not the case.
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1890
aga nii see ei ole.
18:18
Great memories are learned.
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3768
Suurepärane mälu on õpitav.
18:22
At the most basic level, we remember when we pay attention.
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3469
Kõige lihtsamal tasemel jäävad asjad meelde siis, kui neile tähelepanu pöörame.
18:26
We remember when we are deeply engaged.
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3206
Asjad jäävad meelde, kui oleme süvenenud
18:29
We remember when we are able
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ja siis kui saame aru,
18:30
to take a piece of information and experience
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2771
miks sellel infokillul või kogemusel
18:33
and figure out why it is meaningful to us,
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2106
on meie jaoks tähendus,
18:35
why it is significant, why it's colorful,
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2423
miks see on oluline, miks see on värvikas,
18:38
when we're able to transform it in some way
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2929
kui suudame muuta teadmist nõnda
18:40
that it makes sense
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1494
et sel oleks meie jaoks tähendus
18:42
in the light of all of the other things floating around in our minds,
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2227
juba meie peas olemasolevate asjade valguses,
18:44
when we're able to transform Bakers into bakers.
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5260
kui oskame teha Bakeritest pagarid.
18:49
The memory palace, these memory techniques,
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2426
Mälupalee ja teised mnemotehnikad
18:52
they're just shortcuts.
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1870
on lihtsalt abivahendid.
18:54
In fact, they're not even really shortcuts.
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2565
Tegelikult pole need isegi abivahendid.
18:56
They work because they make you work.
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3403
Need toimivad, kuna panevad teid tööle.
19:00
They force a kind of depth of processing,
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3940
Sunnivad asjadesse süvenema,
19:04
a kind of mindfulness,
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1521
pöörama erilist tähelepanu,
19:05
that most of us don't normally walk around exercising.
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4228
mida enamik meist tavaolukorras ei teeks.
19:09
But there actually are no shortcuts.
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2562
Tegelikult ei olegi siin mingeid kiirmeetodeid.
19:12
This is how stuff is made memorable.
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Asjade meeldejätmine käibki just nii.
19:15
And I think if there's one thing that I want to leave you with,
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4143
Kui on üks asi, mida tahaksin, et te siite kaasa võtaksite,
19:19
it's what E.P.,
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2734
oleks see seesama, mille E.P.,
19:22
the amnesic who couldn't even remember that he had a memory problem,
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3798
vaegmäluga mees, kes ei mäletanudki, et tal oli mäluhäire.
19:26
left me with,
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1490
andis mulle,
19:27
which is the notion
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2098
nimelt,
19:29
that our lives are the sum of our memories.
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5037
et meie elu koosnebki meie mälestustest.
19:34
How much are we willing to lose
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5833
Kui palju oleme valmis kaotama
19:40
from our already short lives
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3667
oma niigi lühikesest elust
19:44
by losing ourselves in our Blackberries, our iPhones,
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6960
unustades end oma Blackberridesse ja iPhonedesse,
19:51
by not paying attention to the human being across from us
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3798
mitte märgates enda kõrval inimest,
19:54
who is talking with us,
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1575
kes meiega räägib,
19:56
by being so lazy that we're not willing
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2071
olles nii laisad, et ei viitsi
19:58
to process deeply?
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3690
süveneda?
20:02
I learned firsthand
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2444
Õppisin omast kogemusest,
20:04
that there are incredible memory capacities
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3397
et igaühes meist on peidus
20:08
latent in all of us.
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1192185
2003
uskumatu mälupotentsiaal.
20:10
But if you want to live a memorable life,
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3397
Aga kui soovite elada mäletamisväärset elu,
20:13
you have to be the kind of person
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tuleb teil olla inimene,
20:15
who remembers to remember.
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kes ei unusta meelde jätta.
20:18
Thank you.
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Aitäh!
20:20
(Applause)
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(Aplaus)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Joshua Foer - WriterJoshua Foer is a science writer who 'accidentally' won the U.S. Memory Championship.
Why you should listen
In 2005 science writer Joshua Foer went to cover the U.S. Memory Championship. A year later he was back -- as contestant. A year of mental training with Europe's top memorizer turned into a book, Moonwalking with Einstein, which is both a chronicle of his immersion in the memory culture and wonderfully accessible and informative introduction to the science of memory. Much more surprisingly, that year of training also turned into a first-place victory at the national competition in New York and the chance to represent the U.S. at the World Memory Championship. Foer's writing has appeared in National Geographic, Slate, the New York Times, and other publications. He is the co-founder of the Atlas Obscura, an online guide to the world’s wonders and curiosities, and is also the co-founder of the design competition Sukkah City.
Joshua Foer | Speaker | TED.com