TED2019
Doug Roble: Digital humans that look just like us
道格·罗伯: 仿真数码人
Filmed:
Readability: 3.6
562,138 views
在一个令人叹为观止的演说和技术展示里，软件研究者道格·罗伯首次展示了一个实时，三维的，和他自己连毛孔，皱纹都一模一样的“数码道格”。在惯性动作捕获器，神经网络以及大量数据的帮助下，数码道格清晰展现了真实道格的表情（包括他的血液流动和眼睫毛的动作）。通过视频，一起来了解这个令人振奋的技术是怎样实现的——以及它在电影，视觉辅助和其他方面的应用吧。
Doug Roble - Computer graphics software researcher
Doug Roble has found a career combining the things he loves: math, computers, movies and imagination. Full bio
Doug Roble has found a career combining the things he loves: math, computers, movies and imagination. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Hello.
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大家好。
我不是一个真人。
00:15
I'm not a real person.
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00:17
I'm actually a copy of a real person.
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我实际上是一个真人的复制版本。
但我感觉和真人无异。
00:19
Although, I feel like a real person.
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这样很难说明白。
00:22
It's kind of hard to explain.
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稍等， 我看见了一个真人……在这儿。
00:24
Hold on -- I think I saw
a real person ... there's one.
a real person ... there's one.
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00:28
Let's bring him onstage.
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欢迎他来到台前。
00:33
Hello.
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大家好。
00:35
(Applause)
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（掌声）
00:40
What you see up there is a digital human.
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大家刚才看到的是一个数字化的人。
00:43
I'm wearing an inertial
motion capture suit
motion capture suit
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我穿着一套能够捕获惯性运动的装备，
它能够分析出我身体当前的动作。
00:46
that's figuring what my body is doing.
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这里有一个对准我脸的摄像头，
00:49
And I've got a single camera here
that's watching my face
that's watching my face
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它不断的把我的面部表情
输入进一个机器学习的软件里，
输入进一个机器学习的软件里，
00:53
and feeding some machine-learning software
that's taking my expressions,
that's taking my expressions,
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像这样 ，“嗯，嗯，嗯，”，
00:58
like, "Hm, hm, hm,"
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01:02
and transferring it to that guy.
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再把这些表情传输给刚才那个复制品。
01:05
We call him "DigiDoug."
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我们叫他“数码道格”。
01:09
He's actually a 3-D character
that I'm controlling live in real time.
that I'm controlling live in real time.
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他实际上是一个三维人物，
而我可以实时控制他。
而我可以实时控制他。
01:16
So, I work in visual effects.
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我的工作方向是视觉效果。
01:19
And in visual effects,
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在视觉效果这个领域，
一件最难的事情就是
制造出一个让人信服的，
制造出一个让人信服的，
01:20
one of the hardest things to do
is to create believable, digital humans
is to create believable, digital humans
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难辨真假的数字人。
01:26
that the audience accepts as real.
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人们通常都很擅长辨认人脸。
01:28
People are just really good
at recognizing other people.
at recognizing other people.
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那就去辨认吧！
01:32
Go figure!
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01:35
So, that's OK, we like a challenge.
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我们喜欢面对挑战。
在过去的15年里，
01:39
Over the last 15 years,
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我们一直将人和动物角色
放在电影中，
放在电影中，
01:40
we've been putting
humans and creatures into film
humans and creatures into film
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你会认为它们是真实存在的。
01:45
that you accept as real.
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01:48
If they're happy, you should feel happy.
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你会因他们喜而喜，
01:51
And if they feel pain,
you should empathize with them.
you should empathize with them.
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也会因他们的遭遇而心生同情。
01:58
We're getting pretty good at it, too.
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我们也已经做得很不错了。
但这其实很不简单。
02:00
But it's really, really difficult.
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02:03
Effects like these take thousands of hours
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达到这样的效果，
得花费成千上万个小时，
得花费成千上万个小时，
需要数百个天赋异禀的艺术家。
02:07
and hundreds of really talented artists.
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02:10
But things have changed.
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但是，时过境迁。
02:13
Over the last five years,
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在过去的五年，
02:14
computers and graphics cards
have gotten seriously fast.
have gotten seriously fast.
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电脑和显卡技术发展迅速。
02:20
And machine learning,
deep learning, has happened.
deep learning, has happened.
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机器学习和深度学习技术也日趋成熟。
02:25
So we asked ourselves:
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我们开始自问：
02:27
Do you suppose we could create
a photo-realistic human,
a photo-realistic human,
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通过真人面部表情和细节
控制对应的数码人，
02:31
like we're doing for film,
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02:33
but where you're seeing
the actual emotions and the details
the actual emotions and the details
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我们是否能够制作出
像我们一直在电影中做的
像我们一直在电影中做的
那样逼真的人物，
02:39
of the person who's controlling
the digital human
the digital human
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但是是实时产生的？
02:43
in real time?
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02:45
In fact, that's our goal:
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事实上，这就是我们的目标：
如果让你和“数码道格”
02:47
If you were having
a conversation with DigiDoug
a conversation with DigiDoug
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一对一谈话，
02:51
one-on-one,
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02:53
is it real enough so that you could tell
whether or not I was lying to you?
whether or not I was lying to you?
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他能够真实到
让你能判断我是否在说谎吗？
让你能判断我是否在说谎吗？
02:59
So that was our goal.
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这就是我们的目标。
03:02
About a year and a half ago,
we set off to achieve this goal.
we set off to achieve this goal.
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一年半以前，我们设置了这个目标。
现在就给大家简单展示一下
这一路走来，
这一路走来，
03:06
What I'm going to do now is take you
basically on a little bit of a journey
basically on a little bit of a journey
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为了达到这个目标，
我们做了怎样的努力。
我们做了怎样的努力。
03:10
to see exactly what we had to do
to get where we are.
to get where we are.
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03:15
We had to capture
an enormous amount of data.
an enormous amount of data.
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我们必须获取大量的数据。
03:20
In fact, by the end of this thing,
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毫不夸张的说，到这个项目结束为止，
有关我脸部的数据集可能是
03:23
we had probably one of the largest
facial data sets on the planet.
facial data sets on the planet.
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03:28
Of my face.
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地球上最大的数据集之一了。
03:29
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
为什么选我的脸啊？
03:32
Why me?
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因为，我愿意为科学献身啊。
03:33
Well, I'll do just about
anything for science.
anything for science.
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看看我这身！
03:36
I mean, look at me!
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03:38
I mean, come on.
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仔细看看。
03:43
We had to first figure out
what my face actually looked like.
what my face actually looked like.
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首先得分析出我的脸长什么样子。
03:49
Not just a photograph or a 3-D scan,
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并不仅仅是一张照片或者是三维扫描，
得分析出它在任何镜头之下呈现的真实面貌，
03:52
but what it actually looked like
in any photograph,
in any photograph,
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光影如何和我的皮肤互动。
03:56
how light interacts with my skin.
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03:59
Luckily for us, about three blocks away
from our Los Angeles studio
from our Los Angeles studio
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幸运的是，在我们位于洛杉矶的
工作室三个街道之外，
工作室三个街道之外，
有个叫做ICT的地方。
04:05
is this place called ICT.
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04:07
They're a research lab
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ICT是个研究实验室，
它附属于南加州大学。
04:09
that's associated with the University
of Southern California.
of Southern California.
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04:12
They have a device there,
it's called the "light stage."
it's called the "light stage."
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它里面有个叫做“光平台”的设备。
这个设备有超级多个单独控制的灯
04:16
It has a zillion
individually controlled lights
individually controlled lights
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和很多的摄像头。
04:20
and a whole bunch of cameras.
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在这个设备的帮助下，我们可以在
很多种不同光影变化中，重建我的面部。
很多种不同光影变化中，重建我的面部。
04:22
And with that, we can reconstruct my face
under a myriad of lighting conditions.
under a myriad of lighting conditions.
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04:29
We even captured the blood flow
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我们甚至捕捉到了血液的流通，
以及在我做表情时，
我的面部是如何变化的。
我的面部是如何变化的。
04:31
and how my face changes
when I make expressions.
when I make expressions.
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04:35
This let us build a model of my face
that, quite frankly, is just amazing.
that, quite frankly, is just amazing.
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说真的，这样制造出的
面部模型真是非常棒。
面部模型真是非常棒。
04:41
It's got an unfortunate
level of detail, unfortunately.
level of detail, unfortunately.
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虽然它呈现了不该呈现的细节，
太让人难堪了。
太让人难堪了。
（笑）
04:45
(Laughter)
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你能清晰的看见每个毛孔，每条皱纹。
04:47
You can see every pore, every wrinkle.
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但是呢，我们必须有这些东西。
04:50
But we had to have that.
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04:52
Reality is all about detail.
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真实取决于细节。
没有细节，你的工作就存在缺陷。
04:55
And without it, you miss it.
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04:58
We are far from done, though.
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但是我们的工作远远不止这些。
05:01
This let us build a model of my face
that looked like me.
that looked like me.
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这仅仅是制作了一个
像我面部的模型罢了。
像我面部的模型罢了。
05:05
But it didn't really move like me.
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它还不能像我一样动。
05:08
And that's where
machine learning comes in.
machine learning comes in.
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这时候，就要用到机器学习了。
机器学习需要很多很多的数据。
05:11
And machine learning needs a ton of data.
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05:15
So I sat down in front of some
high-resolution motion-capturing device.
high-resolution motion-capturing device.
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所以呢，我得坐到一个
高分辨率的动态捕捉仪器前。
高分辨率的动态捕捉仪器前。
我们也使用传统的
动作捕捉方法进行标记。
动作捕捉方法进行标记。
05:20
And also, we did this traditional
motion capture with markers.
motion capture with markers.
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05:25
We created a whole bunch
of images of my face
of images of my face
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我们制作了很多我的面部图片
以及能呈现我面部轮廓的动态点云。
05:28
and moving point clouds
that represented that shapes of my face.
that represented that shapes of my face.
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05:33
Man, I made a lot of expressions,
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啊，我做了太多表情了，
在各种不同的心情下
说了许多不同的台词……
说了许多不同的台词……
05:36
I said different lines
in different emotional states ...
in different emotional states ...
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我们必须把这些都捕捉下来。
05:40
We had to do a lot of capture with this.
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05:43
Once we had this enormous amount of data,
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一旦我们有了这些巨量的数据，
就可以开始建造和训练深度神经网络了。
05:46
we built and trained deep neural networks.
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05:51
And when we were finished with that,
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当我们做完这些，
在16微秒内，
05:52
in 16 milliseconds,
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神经网络就可以根据我的图像，
05:55
the neural network can look at my image
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分析出我脸上的所有细节。
05:58
and figure out everything about my face.
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06:02
It can compute my expression,
my wrinkles, my blood flow --
my wrinkles, my blood flow --
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它能计算出我的表情，
皱纹，血液流动——
皱纹，血液流动——
甚至于我的睫毛是怎么动的。
06:07
even how my eyelashes move.
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06:10
This is then rendered
and displayed up there
and displayed up there
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所以之前我们捕捉的细节，
都会被渲染和呈现出来。
06:13
with all the detail
that we captured previously.
that we captured previously.
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06:18
We're far from done.
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但这还远远没完成。
06:20
This is very much a work in progress.
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我们还要再接再厉。
这是我们第一次在
公司之外展示这一成果。
公司之外展示这一成果。
06:22
This is actually the first time
we've shown it outside of our company.
we've shown it outside of our company.
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这还没有达到我们想要的效果；
06:25
And, you know, it doesn't look
as convincing as we want;
as convincing as we want;
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在我背后还可以看见数据线，
06:29
I've got wires coming out
of the back of me,
of the back of me,
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从捕获录影到显示屏展示
06:32
and there's a sixth-of-a-second delay
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这之间还有六分之一秒的延时。
06:34
between when we capture the video
and we display it up there.
and we display it up there.
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六分之一秒啊，这相当厉害了！
06:38
Sixth of a second -- that's crazy good!
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06:41
But it's still why you're hearing
a bit of an echo and stuff.
a bit of an echo and stuff.
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但是你还是会听到一点回音。
06:46
And you know, this machine learning
stuff is brand new to us,
stuff is brand new to us,
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机器学习对我们而言，
是个全新的东西，
是个全新的东西，
有时候很难确保
它做出了正确的判断，
它做出了正确的判断，
06:50
sometimes it's hard to convince
to do the right thing, you know?
to do the right thing, you know?
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它有的时候过于夸张。
06:54
It goes a little sideways.
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（笑）
06:56
(Laughter)
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06:59
But why did we do this?
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但是为什么我们要这么做呢？
07:03
Well, there's two reasons, really.
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实话说，有两个原因。
首先，这真是太酷了。
07:05
First of all, it is just crazy cool.
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（笑）
07:08
(Laughter)
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有多酷呢？
07:09
How cool is it?
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07:10
Well, with the push of a button,
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按一下按钮，
我就能以完全不同的
人物形象来做这个演说。
人物形象来做这个演说。
07:13
I can deliver this talk
as a completely different character.
as a completely different character.
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07:17
This is Elbor.
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这个是阿波尔。
07:22
We put him together
to test how this would work
to test how this would work
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我们用他来检测这套系统是如何
用另一副形象来工作的。
07:24
with a different appearance.
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07:27
And the cool thing about this technology
is that, while I've changed my character,
is that, while I've changed my character,
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这个艺术很炫酷的地方就在于，
虽然呈现的形象变了，
虽然呈现的形象变了，
但是演说的人仍然是我。
07:32
the performance is still all me.
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我习惯用偏右边的嘴巴讲话；
07:35
I tend to talk out of the right
side of my mouth;
side of my mouth;
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阿波尔和我一样。
07:38
so does Elbor.
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（笑）
07:39
(Laughter)
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07:42
Now, the second reason we did this,
and you can imagine,
and you can imagine,
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第二个原因，你也许能想到，
这对电影制作意义非凡。
07:44
is this is going to be great for film.
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对于艺术家，导演以及说书者，
07:47
This is a brand new, exciting tool
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它是一个崭新的，令人振奋的工具。
07:49
for artists and directors
and storytellers.
and storytellers.
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07:55
It's pretty obvious, right?
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这很明显，对吧？
一定会让人爱不释手。
07:56
I mean, this is going to be
really neat to have.
really neat to have.
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现在呢，我们已经实现了，
07:59
But also, now that we've built it,
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很明显，它的应用远远不止在电影界。
08:01
it's clear that this
is going to go way beyond film.
is going to go way beyond film.
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08:05
But wait.
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等一下，
08:07
Didn't I just change my identity
with the push of a button?
with the push of a button?
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我刚才不是按一下按钮
就改变了我的形象和身份吗？
就改变了我的形象和身份吗？
这是不是很像我们之前听说过的
08:11
Isn't this like "deepfake"
and face-swapping
and face-swapping
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“deepfake”和换脸呢？
08:14
that you guys may have heard of?
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08:17
Well, yeah.
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对。
08:19
In fact, we are using
some of the same technology
some of the same technology
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我们其实应用了一些
和deepfake
和deepfake
同样的技术。
08:22
that deepfake is using.
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08:23
Deepfake is 2-D and image based,
while ours is full 3-D
while ours is full 3-D
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Deepfake是基于二维和平面图像的，
而我们这个是三维的，
而我们这个是三维的，
更强大。
08:28
and way more powerful.
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08:31
But they're very related.
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但二者非常相关。
08:33
And now I can hear you thinking,
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我猜你一定在想：
“天啊！
08:35
"Darn it!
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我以为我至少可以信任视频的真实性。
08:36
I though I could at least
trust and believe in video.
trust and believe in video.
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实时视频，不应该都是真的吗？”
08:40
If it was live video,
didn't it have to be true?"
didn't it have to be true?"
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08:44
Well, we know that's not
really the case, right?
really the case, right?
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可是，我们都知道，
事实不是这样的，对吧？
事实不是这样的，对吧？
08:48
Even without this, there are simple tricks
that you can do with video
that you can do with video
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哪怕没有数码人，
你在视频上运用一下小技巧，
你在视频上运用一下小技巧，
比方说你可以通过布局镜头
08:52
like how you frame a shot
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去掩盖真正发生的事。
08:55
that can make it really misrepresent
what's actually going on.
what's actually going on.
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09:00
And I've been working
in visual effects for a long time,
in visual effects for a long time,
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我在视觉效果研究上花了很长时间，
很久前我们就知道了，
09:03
and I've known for a long time
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只要做出足够的努力，
在任何事物上，我们都可以愚弄人。
在任何事物上，我们都可以愚弄人。
09:05
that with enough effort,
we can fool anyone about anything.
we can fool anyone about anything.
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09:11
What this stuff and deepfake is doing
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Deepfake和我们研发的工具
可以让视频处理更简单，更容易，
09:13
is making it easier and more accessible
to manipulate video,
to manipulate video,
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就像不久以前用PS工具处理图像一样。
09:18
just like Photoshop did
for manipulating images, some time ago.
for manipulating images, some time ago.
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09:25
I prefer to think about
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我更倾向于思考
这项技术会怎样让其他技术
变得更加人性化，
变得更加人性化，
09:26
how this technology could bring
humanity to other technology
humanity to other technology
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让人与人走得更近。
09:31
and bring us all closer together.
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现在你们也看到了，
09:34
Now that you've seen this,
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想一想各种可能性吧。
09:36
think about the possibilities.
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09:39
Right off the bat, you're going to see it
in live events and concerts, like this.
in live events and concerts, like this.
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马上，你就会在演唱会
和直播活动中看到它，就像这样。
和直播活动中看到它，就像这样。
09:45
Digital celebrities, especially
with new projection technology,
with new projection technology,
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特别是随着新的
投影技术的发展，数码化的名人
投影技术的发展，数码化的名人
将会和电影一样，
但是更鲜活，而且是实时的。
但是更鲜活，而且是实时的。
09:50
are going to be just like the movies,
but alive and in real time.
but alive and in real time.
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09:55
And new forms of communication are coming.
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沟通交流的新形式要来临了。
09:59
You can already interact
with DigiDoug in VR.
with DigiDoug in VR.
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你已经能够在虚拟现实中
和 数码道格 交流了。
和 数码道格 交流了。
10:03
And it is eye-opening.
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这让人大开眼界。
就像你和我身处同一个房间一样，
10:05
It's just like you and I
are in the same room,
are in the same room,
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即使你我相隔很远。
10:09
even though we may be miles apart.
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下次你和别人视频通话的时候，
10:12
Heck, the next time you make a video call,
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10:15
you will be able to choose
the version of you
the version of you
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你就可以选择自己的版本，
选择你想让对方见到的样子。
10:18
you want people to see.
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10:20
It's like really, really good makeup.
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这就像你化了个很好的妆一样。
10:24
I was scanned about a year and a half ago.
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我大约一年半以前扫描了我的脸。
10:29
I've aged.
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我现在比那会儿老了。
但是数码道格却没有。
10:30
DigiDoug hasn't.
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10:32
On video calls, I never have to grow old.
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在视频通话中，我一点都不会变老。
10:38
And as you can imagine,
this is going to be used
this is going to be used
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你能想象得到，这还可以用来
给虚拟助手提供一个身体和脸。
10:41
to give virtual assistants
a body and a face.
a body and a face.
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让它更像一个人。
10:44
A humanity.
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当我与虚拟助手说话时，我喜欢
10:45
I already love it that when I talk
to virtual assistants,
to virtual assistants,
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它们以令人平静的、
与人类相似的声音来回应。
与人类相似的声音来回应。
10:48
they answer back in a soothing,
humanlike voice.
humanlike voice.
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10:51
Now they'll have a face.
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现在他们还将会有一张人类的脸。
而且你还能看到让沟通
更方便的非语言的线索。
更方便的非语言的线索。
10:53
And you'll get all the nonverbal cues
that make communication so much easier.
that make communication so much easier.
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11:00
It's going to be really nice.
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效果一定很不错。
你可以判断出，虚拟助手是太忙了，
还是迷茫、没听懂指令，
还是迷茫、没听懂指令，
11:01
You'll be able to tell when
a virtual assistant is busy or confused
a virtual assistant is busy or confused
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亦或是它们在担心什么。
11:05
or concerned about something.
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11:09
Now, I couldn't leave the stage
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不过，不给你们看看我的真容，
让你们比较一下，
11:12
without you actually being able
to see my real face,
to see my real face,
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我是不能下台的。
11:14
so you can do some comparison.
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11:18
So let me take off my helmet here.
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让我取下头盔。
别担心，它只是看起来有点糟糕而已。
11:20
Yeah, don't worry,
it looks way worse than it feels.
it looks way worse than it feels.
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（笑）
11:25
(Laughter)
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11:29
So this is where we are.
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就这样了。
我再带上头盔。
11:30
Let me put this back on here.
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（笑）
11:32
(Laughter)
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11:35
Doink!
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咚！
11:37
So this is where we are.
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这就是我们目前的进展。
11:39
We're on the cusp of being able
to interact with digital humans
to interact with digital humans
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我们很快就能和数码人互动了，
11:43
that are strikingly real,
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他们看起来与真人无异，
无论是被机器控制或被真人操控。
11:45
whether they're being controlled
by a person or a machine.
by a person or a machine.
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和现在所有的新技术一样，
11:49
And like all new technology these days,
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11:54
it's going to come with some
serious and real concerns
serious and real concerns
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它也会带来一些严峻且真实的顾虑，
这是我们必须去处理的。
11:59
that we have to deal with.
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12:02
But I am just so really excited
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但我真的很期待，
可以有能力把在我有生之年曾经只在
12:04
about the ability to bring something
that I've seen only in science fiction
that I've seen only in science fiction
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科幻小说中看到的事
12:09
for my entire life
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变成现实。
12:11
into reality.
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12:13
Communicating with computers
will be like talking to a friend.
will be like talking to a friend.
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和电脑说话，就跟和朋友说话一样。
12:18
And talking to faraway friends
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和远方的朋友说话
就像坐在同一个房间说话一样。
12:20
will be like sitting with them
together in the same room.
together in the same room.
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12:24
Thank you very much.
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非常感谢。
（掌声）
12:26
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Doug Roble - Computer graphics software researcherDoug Roble has found a career combining the things he loves: math, computers, movies and imagination.
Why you should listen
Doug Roble has really only had one job in his life. After getting his PhD in Computer Science from the Ohio State University in 1992, he joined Digital Domain, a visual effects production company. Once there, he found a unique place where art and technology collide. Now he builds new tools for artists to use and they, in turn, use the tools in surprising and unexpected ways. The feedback loop between art and science is completely addicting. And, the byproduct of this are movies that the whole world enjoys.
Roble's work outside Digital Domain reflects this passion. He was the Editor and Chief of the Journal of Graphics tools for more than five years. He's currently the Chair of the Motion Picture Academy's Sci/Tech Awards and a member of the Academy's Sci/Tech Council. And two of the tools he's built over the years have won Sci/Tech Academy Awards themselves.
Doug Roble | Speaker | TED.com