TEDGlobal>NYC
Naoko Ishii: An economic case for protecting the planet
石井菜穗子: 一个保护地球的经济案例
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我们共享一个地球——我们呼吸同样的空气，喝同样的水，依赖于同样的海洋、森林和生物多样性。经济学家石井菜穗子正履行她的使命，保护对于我们的生存至关重要的、名为“全球公共资源”的共享资源。在一场有关地球健康的别开生面的演讲中，石井女士列出了我们需要做出改变的四大经济系统，来守护全球公共资源，与地球建立起一种新型的社会契约。
Naoko Ishii - Environmental policy expert
Naoko Ishii leads the Global Environment Facility (GEF), a public financial institution that provides around US$1 billion every year to help tackle our planet’s most pressing environmental problems. Full bio
Naoko Ishii leads the Global Environment Facility (GEF), a public financial institution that provides around US$1 billion every year to help tackle our planet’s most pressing environmental problems. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Good evening, everyone.
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各位晚上好。
00:16
I am from Japan,
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我来自日本，
00:18
so I'd like to start with a story
about Japanese fishing villages.
about Japanese fishing villages.
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在此我想先跟大家分享
一个日本渔村的故事。
一个日本渔村的故事。
00:24
In the past, every fisherman was tempted
to catch as many as fish as possible,
to catch as many as fish as possible,
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过去，每个渔民都渴望
捕到的鱼越多越好，
捕到的鱼越多越好，
00:32
but if everybody did that,
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但是如果所有人都这么做的话，
00:35
the fish, common shared resource
in the community, would disappear.
in the community, would disappear.
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作为社群共享资源的
鱼类资源便会消失。
鱼类资源便会消失。
00:41
The result would be hardship
and poverty for everyone.
and poverty for everyone.
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所有人将面临随之而来的
艰难困苦的日子。
艰难困苦的日子。
00:47
This happened in some cases,
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这种情况时有发生，
00:51
but it did not happen in other cases.
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但是也会出现截然不同的境况。
00:56
In these communities,
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在这些村落里，
渔民建立起了某种社会契约，
00:58
the fishermen developed
a kind of social contract
a kind of social contract
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告诉大家捕鱼的时候得
悠着点，避免过度捕获。
悠着点，避免过度捕获。
01:03
that told each one of them
to hold back a bit to prevent overfishing.
to hold back a bit to prevent overfishing.
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01:09
The fisherman would keep
an eye on each other.
an eye on each other.
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渔民之间互相监督。
01:13
There would be a penalty
if you were caught cheating.
if you were caught cheating.
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一旦被抓到违规，就要面临罚款。
01:18
But once the benefit of a social contract
became clear to everyone,
became clear to everyone,
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可是当大家一旦体会
这个社会契约的好处，
这个社会契约的好处，
渔民的违规操作就急剧减少。
01:25
the incentive to cheat
dramatically dropped.
dramatically dropped.
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01:30
We find the same story around the world.
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这样类似的故事在
世界其他地方都有发生。
世界其他地方都有发生。
01:34
This is how villagers in medieval Europe
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就如中世纪欧洲的村民
01:38
managed pasture and forests.
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如何管理牧场与森林。
01:42
This is how communities in Asia
managed water,
managed water,
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就如亚洲的村落如何管理水资源，
01:46
and this is how indigenous peoples
in the Amazon managed wildlife.
in the Amazon managed wildlife.
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以及亚马逊那些聪明的
原住民如何管理野生动物那样。
原住民如何管理野生动物那样。
01:53
These communities realized
they relied on a finite, shared resource.
they relied on a finite, shared resource.
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这些群体明白到他们都
依赖有限且共享的资源。
依赖有限且共享的资源。
02:01
They developed rules and practices
on how to manage those resources,
on how to manage those resources,
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他们建立起规则并用
实践来管理这些资源，
实践来管理这些资源，
02:07
and they changed their behavior
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并改变自己的行为，
02:09
so that they could continue
to rely on those shared resources tomorrow
to rely on those shared resources tomorrow
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不过度捕捞，不过度放牧，
02:16
by not overfishing,
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不污染或者
02:19
not overgrazing,
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耗竭水资源，
02:20
not polluting or depleting
water streams today.
water streams today.
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如此一来，日后便能继续
依赖于这些共享资源，
依赖于这些共享资源，
02:26
This is a story of the commons,
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这是一个有关“公共资源”的故事，
02:29
and also how to avoid
the so-called tragedy of the commons.
the so-called tragedy of the commons.
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关于如何避免所谓的
“公地悲剧”的故事。
“公地悲剧”的故事。
02:37
But this is also a story of an economy
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但同时也是一个有关经济体的故事，
02:40
that was mainly local,
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主要是本地经济体，
02:43
where everybody had
a very strong sense of belonging.
a very strong sense of belonging.
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在这样的经济体里
每个人都有强烈的归属感。
每个人都有强烈的归属感。
02:49
Our economies are no longer local.
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我们的经济体不再局限于本地。
02:52
When we moved away from being local,
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当我们从本地迁移出去，
02:55
we started to lose
our connection to the commons.
our connection to the commons.
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我们渐渐失去了与公共资源的联系。
03:00
We carried economic objectives,
goals and systems beyond the local,
goals and systems beyond the local,
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我们实现了超越本地之外的
经济目的，目标，系统，
经济目的，目标，系统，
03:06
but we did not carry the notion
of taking care of the commons.
of taking care of the commons.
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但我们却未有过
维护公共资源的概念。
维护公共资源的概念。
03:13
So our oceans, forests,
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以至于我们的海洋，森林，
03:17
once very close to us
as our local commons,
as our local commons,
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那些从前与我们
关系紧密的本地公共资源
关系紧密的本地公共资源
03:21
moved very far away from us.
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与我们越来越疏远。
03:25
So today, we pump millions of tons
of greenhouse gases into the air,
of greenhouse gases into the air,
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如今，我们不断向空气里
排放数以百万吨的温室气体，
排放数以百万吨的温室气体，
03:33
we dump plastics, fertilizers
and industrial waste
and industrial waste
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我们倾倒塑料，农药和工业废品
到河流和海洋里去，
03:38
into the rivers and oceans,
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03:40
and we cut down forests that absorb CO2.
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砍伐吸收二氧化碳的森林。
03:45
We make the wild biodiversity
much more fragile.
much more fragile.
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我们使得野生生物
多样性变得更加脆弱。
多样性变得更加脆弱。
03:51
We seem to have totally forgotten
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我们似乎已经完全忘了
03:53
that there is such a thing
as global commons:
as global commons:
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有一种被称为
全球公共资源的东西：
全球公共资源的东西：
03:58
air, water, forests and biodiversity.
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空气，水，森林和生物多样性。
04:05
Now, it is modern science
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而现在，这是一门现代科学，
04:08
that reminds us how vital
the global commons are.
the global commons are.
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提醒我们全球公共资源是多么重要。
04:14
In 2009, a group of scientists proposed
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在2009年，一群科学家倡议
04:19
how to assess the health
of the global commons.
of the global commons.
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如何评估全球公共资源的健康。
04:23
They defined nine planetary boundaries
vital to our survival,
vital to our survival,
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他们定义了对我们的生存
至关重要的九大环境安全界限，
至关重要的九大环境安全界限，
04:29
then they measured how far we could go
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然后他们测算我们到底
能去到什么程度，
能去到什么程度，
04:33
before we cross over
the tipping points or thresholds
the tipping points or thresholds
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便会触碰到临界点或阈值，
04:37
that would lead us to the irreversible
or even catastrophic change.
or even catastrophic change.
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致使我们走向无法挽回，
甚至是毁天灭地的变化。
甚至是毁天灭地的变化。
04:45
This is where we were in the 1950s.
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图上显示的是我们
在20世纪50年代。
在20世纪50年代。
04:51
We broadly remained
within safe operating space,
within safe operating space,
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我们处于十分宽裕的
安全活动范围中，
安全活动范围中，
04:56
marked by the green line.
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以绿线为标志。
05:00
But look at where we are now.
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但是看看我们现在的处境。
05:04
We have crossed four of those boundaries,
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我们已经超越了其中四大界限，
05:09
and we will be crossing others
in the future.
in the future.
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未来我们也将跨越其他界限。
05:13
How did we end up in this situation?
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我们是怎样走到今天这一步的呢？
05:17
Well, my personal story
may tell us something.
may tell us something.
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我想，从我的个人经历
也许能看出点端倪。
也许能看出点端倪。
05:23
Five years ago, I was appointed
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五年前我被委任
05:25
as CEO of the GEF,
Global Environment Facility,
Global Environment Facility,
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全球环境基金，GEF的CEO一职，
05:30
but I am not a conservationist
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但是我并不是一个保守党，
05:33
or an environmental activist.
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或者一个环境活动家。
05:37
I am an economist,
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我是一名经济学者，
05:39
and for the last 30 years,
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在过去的30年中，
05:41
I had worked for public finance
in my home country and around the world.
in my home country and around the world.
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我在日本以及世界各地
从事公共财政工作。
从事公共财政工作。
05:48
I can tell you one thing for sure:
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我可以肯定的一件事是：
05:51
during these 30 years,
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在这30年中，
05:53
the notion of the global commons
never crossed my mind.
never crossed my mind.
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全球公共资源的概念
从未在我的脑海浮现过。
从未在我的脑海浮现过。
05:58
I didn't have a single conversation
about the global commons
about the global commons
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我从未与同事进行过任何一次
06:02
with my colleagues.
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有关全球公共资源的讨论。
06:05
This tells me that the notion
of the global commons
of the global commons
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这就告诉我全球公共资源这个概念，
06:09
was not really entering
into the big money decisions
into the big money decisions
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并未真正地进入重大的金钱决策中，
06:13
like state budgets or investment plans.
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比如国家预算或投资计划。
06:18
And I'm wondering,
why do we have this sheer ignorance
why do we have this sheer ignorance
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同时我也在想，为什么
我们会对全球公共资源
我们会对全球公共资源
06:21
about the global commons,
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如此无知浅薄，
06:23
including me, myself?
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包括我自己？
06:27
One possible explanation might be
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一个可能的解释是
06:31
that until recently,
it didn't really matter too much.
it didn't really matter too much.
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这个问题一直得不到
重视，直到最近。
重视，直到最近。
06:36
Even if we mess up
some part of the environment,
some part of the environment,
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尽管我们搞砸了环境的一部分，
06:40
we were not fundamentally changing
the functions of the earth system.
the functions of the earth system.
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这还不至于从根本上引起
地球系统的功能紊乱。
地球系统的功能紊乱。
06:47
The global commons
had still enough capacity
had still enough capacity
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全球公共资源仍然拥有庞大的容量
06:51
to take the punches we gave them.
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接受我们每一次的冲击。
06:54
In fact, the fish were still plentiful,
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事实上，鱼依然很多，
06:59
the fields for grazing were still vast.
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可供放牧的土地依然广阔。
07:04
Our mistake was to assume
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但是我们的错误在于认为
07:07
that the capacity
of the earth for self-repair
of the earth for self-repair
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地球的自我修复能力
07:10
had no limits.
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是无止境的。
07:12
It does have limits.
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但是它是有极限的。
07:15
The message from
the science is very clear:
the science is very clear:
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科学所传递的信息已经很清晰：
07:19
we humans have become
an overwhelming force
an overwhelming force
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我们人类已经成为一股巨大的力量，
07:22
to determine the future
living conditions on earth,
living conditions on earth,
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能左右地球未来的居住条件，
07:26
and what's more,
we are running out of time.
we are running out of time.
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而且我们的时间已经不多了。
07:30
If we don't act on them,
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如果我们现在不行动，
07:34
we will be losing the global commons.
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我们将渐渐失去全球公共资源。
07:37
It's only our generation
who are able to preserve it --
who are able to preserve it --
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只有我们这一代人能够保护它——
07:40
preserve the commons as we know them.
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保护这些我们熟悉的公有物。
07:44
Now is the time we start managing
the global commons
the global commons
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现在正是我们开始管理
全球公共资源的时候，
全球公共资源的时候，
07:49
as our parents or our grandparents
managed their local commons.
managed their local commons.
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就如我们的父辈或祖辈
管理他们的本地公共资源那样。
管理他们的本地公共资源那样。
07:56
The first thing we need to do
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我们所需要做的第一件事
07:59
is to simply recognize
that we do have the global commons
that we do have the global commons
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很简单，就是认识到我们
这些全球公共资源确实存在，
这些全球公共资源确实存在，
08:05
and they are very, very important.
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以及它们非常非常的重要。
08:09
Then we need to build
the stewardship of the global commons
the stewardship of the global commons
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接着我们需要将
全球公共财产的管理职责，
全球公共财产的管理职责，
08:13
into all of our thinking,
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将此融入到我们的思维，
08:15
our business, our economy,
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融入到我们的商业，我们的经济，
08:17
our policy-making --
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融入到我们的政策制定——
08:19
in all of our actions.
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融入到我们所有的行动当中。
08:21
We need to recreate the social contract
of the fishing villages
of the fishing villages
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我们需要在全球范围内
重新建立起渔村里的
重新建立起渔村里的
08:27
on the global scale.
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那种社会契约。
08:31
But what does it mean in practice?
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但是到底要如何实践呢？
08:34
Where to start with?
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从什么时候开始？
08:37
I see there are four key economic systems
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我认为有四个关键的经济系统
08:41
that fundamentally need to change.
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需要从根本上发生改变。
08:44
First, we need to change our cities.
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第一，我们需要改变我们的城市。
08:48
By 2050, two thirds of our population
will live in cities.
will live in cities.
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到2050年，我们三分之二的
人口将会在城市居住。
人口将会在城市居住。
08:54
We need green cities.
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我们需要绿色城市。
08:57
Second, we need to change
our energy system.
our energy system.
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第二，我们需要改变我们的能源系统。
09:00
The world economy
must sharply decarbonize,
must sharply decarbonize,
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全球经济必须快速去碳化，
09:04
essentially in one generation.
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尤其需要在一代人的时间里完成。
09:08
Third, we need to change
our production-consumption system.
our production-consumption system.
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第三，我们需要改变
我们的生产消费系统。
我们的生产消费系统。
09:13
We need to break away from current
take-make-waste consumption patterns.
take-make-waste consumption patterns.
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我们需要从当前的“索取-生产-废弃”的
消费模式中脱离出来。
消费模式中脱离出来。
09:20
And finally, we need
to change our food system,
to change our food system,
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最后，我们需要改变
我们的食物系统，
我们的食物系统，
09:25
what to eat and how to produce it.
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吃什么，以及如何生产食物。
09:28
And all of those four systems
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上述的这四大系统
09:31
are putting enormous pressure
on the global commons,
on the global commons,
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正给全球公共资源施加巨大的压力，
09:35
and it's also very difficult to flip them.
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并且扭转这些系统是十分困难的。
09:38
They are extremely complex,
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它们异常复杂，
09:40
with many decision-makers,
actors involved.
actors involved.
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这牵扯到许多决策人，活动者。
09:45
Let's take the example of the food system.
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让我们以食物系统为例。
09:50
Food production is currently responsible
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食品生产目前占据
09:54
for one quarter
of greenhouse gas emissions.
of greenhouse gas emissions.
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温室气体排放量的四分之一，
09:58
It is also a main user
of the world's water resources.
of the world's water resources.
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同时也是世界用水大户。
10:02
In fact, 70 percent of today's water
is used to grow crops.
is used to grow crops.
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事实上，今天70%的水
被用来灌溉农作物。
被用来灌溉农作物。
10:09
Vast areas of tropical forest
are used for agriculture.
are used for agriculture.
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大面积的热带森林区被转作农耕地。
10:15
This deforestation drives extinction.
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去森林化导致了物种灭绝。
10:18
In fact, we are losing species
1,000 times faster
1,000 times faster
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事实上，人为导致的
物种灭绝速度比自然灭绝
物种灭绝速度比自然灭绝
10:23
than the natural rate.
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快1000倍。
10:26
And on top of all of that bad news,
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这还不是最坏的消息，
10:29
one third of food produced today globally
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当今全球生产的食物有三分之一
10:34
is not eaten.
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从未被食用，
10:35
It's wasted.
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而是白白浪费掉了。
10:39
But there is the good news,
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但是好消息还是有的，
10:42
good signs.
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有一些好的征兆。
10:44
Coalitions of stakeholders
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利益相关者结成联盟，
10:47
are now coming together
to try to transform the food system
to try to transform the food system
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正携手努力改变食物系统，
10:52
with one shared goal:
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只为实现同一个目标：
10:54
how to produce enough
healthy food for everyone,
healthy food for everyone,
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如何同时为每个人生产足够的
健康食物，
10:59
at the same time,
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试着去减少，大幅降低
11:01
to try to cut, to sharply reduce,
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11:04
the footprint from the food system
on the global commons.
on the global commons.
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食物系统在全球公共资源上
留下的伤害。
留下的伤害。
11:10
I had an opportunity
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我曾经有个机会
11:12
to fly over the Indonesian
island of Sumatra,
island of Sumatra,
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飞过印度尼西亚的Sumatra群岛，
11:17
and I saw with my own eyes
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我亲眼看见
11:19
the massive deforestation
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大面积的森林被砍伐，
11:21
to make room for palm oil plantations.
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那片土地被用作棕榈油种植。
11:27
By the way, palm oil is included
in thousands of food products
in thousands of food products
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随便一提，我们日常食用的
成千上万种食品当中都含有
成千上万种食品当中都含有
11:31
we eat every day.
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棕榈油。
11:33
The global demand for palm oil
is just increasing.
is just increasing.
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全球的棕榈油需求正在不断上升。
11:38
In Sumatra, I met smallholder farmers
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在Sumatra，我遇见了
一些小型种植场的庄园主，
一些小型种植场的庄园主，
11:42
who need to make a day-to-day living
from growing oil palm.
from growing oil palm.
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他们的日常生活
就依赖于种植油棕榈。
就依赖于种植油棕榈。
11:47
I met global food companies,
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我还访问了国际食品公司，
11:50
financial institutions
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金融机构，
11:52
and local government officials.
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以及当地政府的工作人员。
11:56
All of them told me that they can't
make the change by themselves,
make the change by themselves,
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所有人都告诉我他们不可能
凭借一己之力改变这一切，
凭借一己之力改变这一切，
12:01
and only by working together
under a kind of new contract,
under a kind of new contract,
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只有在某种新的契约之下同心协力，
12:07
or a new practice,
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或在新的实践的约束之下，
12:08
do they have a chance
to protect tropical forests.
to protect tropical forests.
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他们才有保护热带森林的机会。
12:13
So it's so encouraging to see,
at least for the last few years,
at least for the last few years,
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至少在过去几年，我们目睹了
这样令人鼓舞的光景，
这样令人鼓舞的光景，
12:18
this new coalition among these committed
actors along the supply chain
actors along the supply chain
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在供应链中这些充满责任感的
活跃人士结成同盟
活跃人士结成同盟
12:24
come together to try
to transform the food system.
to transform the food system.
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携手尝试改变食物系统。
12:29
In fact, what they are trying to do
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事实上，他们正努力
12:32
is to create a new kind of social contract
to manage the global commons.
to manage the global commons.
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创造一个新型的社会契约
来管理全球公共资源。
来管理全球公共资源。
12:41
All changes start at home,
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一切改变始于家门，
12:45
at your place and at my place.
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从你的地方，从我的地方开始。
12:48
At GEF, Global Environment Facility,
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在全球环境基金GEF，
12:52
we have now a new strategy,
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我们现在有一个新的策略，
12:54
and we put the global commons
at its center.
at its center.
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以全球公共资源为中心。
13:00
I hope we won't be the only ones.
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我希望我们不是孤军奋战，
13:04
If everybody stays on the sidelines,
waiting for others to step in,
waiting for others to step in,
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如果所有人袖手旁观，
等着其他人行动，
等着其他人行动，
13:09
the global commons
will continue to deteriorate,
will continue to deteriorate,
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那么全球公共资源将继续退化，
13:13
and everybody will be much worse off.
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所有人的处境终将更困难。
13:18
We need to save ourselves
from the tragedy of the commons.
from the tragedy of the commons.
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我们需要从“公地悲剧”中拯救自己。
13:24
So, I invite all of you
to embrace the global commons.
to embrace the global commons.
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因此，我现在邀请你们
一起拥抱全球公共资源。
一起拥抱全球公共资源。
13:30
Please do remember
that global commons do exist
that global commons do exist
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请谨记全球公共资源确实存在，
13:34
and are waiting for your stewardship.
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正等待你们各司其职。
13:38
We all share one planet in common.
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我们所有人都在同一个星球上。
13:42
We breathe the same air,
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我们呼吸同样的空气，
13:44
we drink the same water,
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喝同样的水，
13:46
we depend on the same oceans,
forests, and biodiversity.
forests, and biodiversity.
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我们依赖于同样的海洋，
森林和生物多样性。
森林和生物多样性。
13:52
There is no space
left on earth for egoism.
left on earth for egoism.
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在这个地球上，盲目自大
毫无立足之地。
毫无立足之地。
13:57
The global commons must be kept
within their safe operating space,
within their safe operating space,
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全球公共资源必须在它们
安全的活动空间中被好好保护，
安全的活动空间中被好好保护，
14:02
and we can only do it together.
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而我们必须同心协力来实现。
14:08
Thank you so much.
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谢谢大家。
（掌声）
14:09
(Applause)
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Translated by Xinran Yu
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Naoko Ishii - Environmental policy expertNaoko Ishii leads the Global Environment Facility (GEF), a public financial institution that provides around US$1 billion every year to help tackle our planet’s most pressing environmental problems.
Why you should listen
Since taking the helm at the GEF in 2012, Naoko Ishii, an economist by training, has steered the development and implementation of a new long-term strategy that addresses the underlying drivers of environmental degradation. She has put protecting the global commons -- our air, water, biodiversity, forests, land, oceans and a stable climate -- at its center.
Previously, Ishii was Deputy Vice Minister of Finance in Japan and has also worked at the World Bank and the IMF. As a sustainable development leader, Ishii strives to be build coalitions that address the "defining moment" that we're in for the future of the planet. She is a leading advocate on the need to make the environment everybody's business, and she believes safeguarding the global commons is, quite simply, the wisest investment we can make.
Ishii has been profiled for her pioneering work on cities and climate change, and she has highlighted the role of women in driving sustainable change around the world.
Naoko Ishii | Speaker | TED.com