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Naoko Ishii: An economic case for protecting the planet
石井菜緒子: 保護地球的經濟案例
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地球是我們所共有的。我們呼吸相同的空氣，喝相同的水，依賴同樣的海洋、森林，以及生物多樣性。經濟學家石井菜緒子的使命是保護這些共有資源，也就是所謂的全球公有物，它們對我們的生存非常重要。在這場讓人開眼界的演說中，談到了地球的健康，石井指出，有四項經濟系統是我們必須要改變的，這麼一來才能守護全球公有物，和地球建立新的社會契約。
Naoko Ishii - Environmental policy expert
Naoko Ishii leads the Global Environment Facility (GEF), a public financial institution that provides around US$1 billion every year to help tackle our planet’s most pressing environmental problems. Full bio
Naoko Ishii leads the Global Environment Facility (GEF), a public financial institution that provides around US$1 billion every year to help tackle our planet’s most pressing environmental problems. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Good evening, everyone.
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各位，晚安。
00:16
I am from Japan,
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我來自日本，
00:18
so I'd like to start with a story
about Japanese fishing villages.
about Japanese fishing villages.
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我想用一個關於日本漁村的
故事來當開頭。
故事來當開頭。
00:24
In the past, every fisherman was tempted
to catch as many as fish as possible,
to catch as many as fish as possible,
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在過去，每位漁民都想要
盡可能抓到越多魚越好，
盡可能抓到越多魚越好，
00:32
but if everybody did that,
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但，如果每個人都如此，
00:35
the fish, common shared resource
in the community, would disappear.
in the community, would disappear.
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魚，社區所共享的資源，就會消失。
00:41
The result would be hardship
and poverty for everyone.
and poverty for everyone.
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結果就是每個人都艱困又貧窮。
00:47
This happened in some cases,
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在一些案例中有發生這樣的現象，
00:51
but it did not happen in other cases.
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但在其他案例中卻沒有。
00:56
In these communities,
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在這些社區中，
00:58
the fishermen developed
a kind of social contract
a kind of social contract
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漁民發展出了一種社會契約，
01:03
that told each one of them
to hold back a bit to prevent overfishing.
to hold back a bit to prevent overfishing.
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叫每一個人都稍稍退一步，
來預防過度捕撈。
來預防過度捕撈。
01:09
The fisherman would keep
an eye on each other.
an eye on each other.
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漁民們會監視彼此。
01:13
There would be a penalty
if you were caught cheating.
if you were caught cheating.
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如果你作弊被逮到，會受到處罰。
01:18
But once the benefit of a social contract
became clear to everyone,
became clear to everyone,
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但，一旦每個人都清楚了
社會契約的益處，
社會契約的益處，
01:25
the incentive to cheat
dramatically dropped.
dramatically dropped.
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作弊的動機就大幅下降了。
01:30
We find the same story around the world.
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我們在全世界都能找到同樣的故事。
01:34
This is how villagers in medieval Europe
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中世紀歐洲的村民就是這樣
01:38
managed pasture and forests.
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管理牧草和森林的。
01:42
This is how communities in Asia
managed water,
managed water,
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亞洲的社區就是這樣管理水的，
01:46
and this is how indigenous peoples
in the Amazon managed wildlife.
in the Amazon managed wildlife.
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亞馬遜原住民就是
這樣管理野生動物的。
這樣管理野生動物的。
01:53
These communities realized
they relied on a finite, shared resource.
they relied on a finite, shared resource.
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這些社區了解他們要
仰賴有限的共享資源。
仰賴有限的共享資源。
02:01
They developed rules and practices
on how to manage those resources,
on how to manage those resources,
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對於如何管理那些資源，
他們發展出了規則和慣例，
他們發展出了規則和慣例，
02:07
and they changed their behavior
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且他們改變了他們的行為，
02:09
so that they could continue
to rely on those shared resources tomorrow
to rely on those shared resources tomorrow
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這樣他們明天才能
繼續仰賴那些共享資源，
繼續仰賴那些共享資源，
02:16
by not overfishing,
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他們的做法就是不要過度捕撈、
02:19
not overgrazing,
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不要過度放牧、
02:20
not polluting or depleting
water streams today.
water streams today.
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不要污染或在今天就用盡水流。
02:26
This is a story of the commons,
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這是個公有物的故事，
02:29
and also how to avoid
the so-called tragedy of the commons.
the so-called tragedy of the commons.
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也是個關於如何避免所謂的
公有物悲劇的故事。
公有物悲劇的故事。
02:37
But this is also a story of an economy
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但這個故事也談到一個主要為
02:40
that was mainly local,
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地方性的經濟體，
02:43
where everybody had
a very strong sense of belonging.
a very strong sense of belonging.
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在這個經濟體中，
人人都有很強的歸屬感。
人人都有很強的歸屬感。
02:49
Our economies are no longer local.
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我們的經濟體已經
不再是地方性的了。
不再是地方性的了。
02:52
When we moved away from being local,
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當我們遠離了地方性，
02:55
we started to lose
our connection to the commons.
our connection to the commons.
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我們就開始失去和公有物的連結。
03:00
We carried economic objectives,
goals and systems beyond the local,
goals and systems beyond the local,
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我們把經濟方針、目標，
以及體制帶到地方性之外，
以及體制帶到地方性之外，
03:06
but we did not carry the notion
of taking care of the commons.
of taking care of the commons.
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但我們並沒有把如何照顧
公有物的想法一起帶著。
公有物的想法一起帶著。
03:13
So our oceans, forests,
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所以，我們的海洋、森林，
03:17
once very close to us
as our local commons,
as our local commons,
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這些曾經和我們非常靠近的公有物
03:21
moved very far away from us.
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遠離了我們。
03:25
So today, we pump millions of tons
of greenhouse gases into the air,
of greenhouse gases into the air,
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所以，現今，我們把數百萬噸的
溫室氣體排入空氣中，
溫室氣體排入空氣中，
03:33
we dump plastics, fertilizers
and industrial waste
and industrial waste
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我們丟棄塑膠、肥料，
以及工業廢料，
以及工業廢料，
03:38
into the rivers and oceans,
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丟入河流和海洋中，
03:40
and we cut down forests that absorb CO2.
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我們砍伐吸收二氧化碳的森林。
03:45
We make the wild biodiversity
much more fragile.
much more fragile.
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我們讓野生生物多樣性變得更脆弱。
03:51
We seem to have totally forgotten
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我們似乎完全忘記了
03:53
that there is such a thing
as global commons:
as global commons:
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所一種叫做全球公有物的東西：
03:58
air, water, forests and biodiversity.
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空氣、水、森林、生物多樣性。
04:05
Now, it is modern science
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現在，是現代科學
04:08
that reminds us how vital
the global commons are.
the global commons are.
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在提醒我們全球公有物有多麼重要。
04:14
In 2009, a group of scientists proposed
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2009 年，一群科學家提出
04:19
how to assess the health
of the global commons.
of the global commons.
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評估全球公有物之健康的方法。
04:23
They defined nine planetary boundaries
vital to our survival,
vital to our survival,
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他們定義了對於我們生存
很關鍵的九項地球限度，
很關鍵的九項地球限度，
04:29
then they measured how far we could go
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他們測量我們走了多遠
04:33
before we cross over
the tipping points or thresholds
the tipping points or thresholds
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就會跨越引爆點或門檻值，
04:37
that would lead us to the irreversible
or even catastrophic change.
or even catastrophic change.
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引領我們到無法逆轉或
甚至災難性的改變。
甚至災難性的改變。
04:45
This is where we were in the 1950s.
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這是我們 1950 年代時的狀況。
04:51
We broadly remained
within safe operating space,
within safe operating space,
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我們大體上都維持在
安全的運作空間中，
安全的運作空間中，
04:56
marked by the green line.
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這空間用綠線標記。
05:00
But look at where we are now.
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但看看我們現在的狀況。
05:04
We have crossed four of those boundaries,
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我們已經跨越了其中四項限度，
05:09
and we will be crossing others
in the future.
in the future.
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且未來我們還會跨越其他的。
05:13
How did we end up in this situation?
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我們是怎麼落到這種下場的？
05:17
Well, my personal story
may tell us something.
may tell us something.
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我的個人故事可能
可以給我們一點資訊。
可以給我們一點資訊。
05:23
Five years ago, I was appointed
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五年前，我被指派為
05:25
as CEO of the GEF,
Global Environment Facility,
Global Environment Facility,
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全球環境基金（GEF）的執行長，
05:30
but I am not a conservationist
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但我不是天然資源保護論者，
05:33
or an environmental activist.
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也不是環境保護激進份子。
05:37
I am an economist,
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我是經濟學家，
05:39
and for the last 30 years,
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過去三十年來，
05:41
I had worked for public finance
in my home country and around the world.
in my home country and around the world.
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我在我的祖國以及全世界
做公共財政相關的工作。
做公共財政相關的工作。
05:48
I can tell you one thing for sure:
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我可以肯定地告訴各位一件事：
05:51
during these 30 years,
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在這三十年間，
05:53
the notion of the global commons
never crossed my mind.
never crossed my mind.
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我從來沒有想過
全球公有物這個概念。
全球公有物這個概念。
05:58
I didn't have a single conversation
about the global commons
about the global commons
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我完全沒有和同事談過
任何關於全球公有物的事，
任何關於全球公有物的事，
06:02
with my colleagues.
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06:05
This tells me that the notion
of the global commons
of the global commons
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這告訴我，全球公有物的概念
06:09
was not really entering
into the big money decisions
into the big money decisions
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並沒有真的在牽扯大錢的決策中，
06:13
like state budgets or investment plans.
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比如州預算或
投資計畫中，被考量到。
投資計畫中，被考量到。
06:18
And I'm wondering,
why do we have this sheer ignorance
why do we have this sheer ignorance
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我很納悶，為什麼我們會完全忽視
06:21
about the global commons,
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全球公有物？
06:23
including me, myself?
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連我自己都不例外。
06:27
One possible explanation might be
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一種可能的解釋是，
06:31
that until recently,
it didn't really matter too much.
it didn't really matter too much.
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在最近之前，這都不是太要緊的事。
06:36
Even if we mess up
some part of the environment,
some part of the environment,
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即使我們亂搞某部分的環境，
06:40
we were not fundamentally changing
the functions of the earth system.
the functions of the earth system.
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基本上我們並未改變
地球系統的功能。
地球系統的功能。
06:47
The global commons
had still enough capacity
had still enough capacity
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全球公有物過去仍然
有能力承受我們的行為。
有能力承受我們的行為。
06:51
to take the punches we gave them.
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06:54
In fact, the fish were still plentiful,
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事實上，魚類還很充足，
06:59
the fields for grazing were still vast.
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放牧的原野還很廣大。
07:04
Our mistake was to assume
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我們的錯誤是去假設
07:07
that the capacity
of the earth for self-repair
of the earth for self-repair
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地球的自我修復能力沒有極限。
07:10
had no limits.
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07:12
It does have limits.
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極限是存在的。
07:15
The message from
the science is very clear:
the science is very clear:
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來自科學的訊息非常清楚：
07:19
we humans have become
an overwhelming force
an overwhelming force
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我們人類已經變成了
一股壓倒性的力量，
一股壓倒性的力量，
07:22
to determine the future
living conditions on earth,
living conditions on earth,
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會決定未來地球上的居住條件，
07:26
and what's more,
we are running out of time.
we are running out of time.
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此外，我們快要沒有時間了。
07:30
If we don't act on them,
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如果我們不為此採取行動，
07:34
we will be losing the global commons.
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我們將會失去全球公有物。
07:37
It's only our generation
who are able to preserve it --
who are able to preserve it --
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只有我們這個世代能夠保存它們──
07:40
preserve the commons as we know them.
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保存我們所認識的公有物。
07:44
Now is the time we start managing
the global commons
the global commons
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該是我們開始管理
全球公有物的時候了，
全球公有物的時候了，
07:49
as our parents or our grandparents
managed their local commons.
managed their local commons.
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就像我們的父母和祖父母管理
他們的地方性公有物一樣。
他們的地方性公有物一樣。
07:56
The first thing we need to do
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我們需要做的第一件事，
07:59
is to simply recognize
that we do have the global commons
that we do have the global commons
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就是承認我們確實有全球公有物，
08:05
and they are very, very important.
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且它們非常非常重要。
08:09
Then we need to build
the stewardship of the global commons
the stewardship of the global commons
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接著我們得要建立對
全球公有物的管理職責，
全球公有物的管理職責，
08:13
into all of our thinking,
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建在所有人的思想中、
08:15
our business, our economy,
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事業中、經濟中、
08:17
our policy-making --
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政策制訂中──
08:19
in all of our actions.
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我們所有的行為中。
08:21
We need to recreate the social contract
of the fishing villages
of the fishing villages
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我們得要重新創造出
漁村型社會契約，
漁村型社會契約，
08:27
on the global scale.
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擴張到全球規模版本。
08:31
But what does it mean in practice?
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但，在實際面上，這是什麼意思？
08:34
Where to start with?
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要從何處下手？
08:37
I see there are four key economic systems
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我認為，有四項關鍵的經濟系統
08:41
that fundamentally need to change.
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在根本上需要被改變。
08:44
First, we need to change our cities.
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第一，我們得要改變我們的城市。
08:48
By 2050, two thirds of our population
will live in cities.
will live in cities.
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到 2050 年時，我們的人口
會有三分之二住在城市中。
會有三分之二住在城市中。
08:54
We need green cities.
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我們得要綠化城市。
08:57
Second, we need to change
our energy system.
our energy system.
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第二，我們得要改變
我們的能源系統。
我們的能源系統。
09:00
The world economy
must sharply decarbonize,
must sharply decarbonize,
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世界經濟必須要明確地去碳，
09:04
essentially in one generation.
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基本上，在一個世代就要完成。
09:08
Third, we need to change
our production-consumption system.
our production-consumption system.
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第三，我們得要改變
我們的生產—消費系統。
我們的生產—消費系統。
09:13
We need to break away from current
take-make-waste consumption patterns.
take-make-waste consumption patterns.
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我們得要脫離目前的
「取用—生產—丟棄」消費模式。
「取用—生產—丟棄」消費模式。
09:20
And finally, we need
to change our food system,
to change our food system,
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最後，我們得要改變
我們的食物系統，
我們的食物系統，
09:25
what to eat and how to produce it.
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吃什麼，以及如何生產它。
09:28
And all of those four systems
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所有這四個系統
09:31
are putting enormous pressure
on the global commons,
on the global commons,
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對全球公有物產生了很大的壓力，
09:35
and it's also very difficult to flip them.
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且要翻轉它們是非常困難的。
09:38
They are extremely complex,
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它們極度複雜，
09:40
with many decision-makers,
actors involved.
actors involved.
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涉及到許多決策者和行為者。
09:45
Let's take the example of the food system.
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我們用食物系統來當例子。
09:50
Food production is currently responsible
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目前，食物生產造成了
09:54
for one quarter
of greenhouse gas emissions.
of greenhouse gas emissions.
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四分之一的溫室氣體排放。
09:58
It is also a main user
of the world's water resources.
of the world's water resources.
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它也是世界水資源的主要使用者。
10:02
In fact, 70 percent of today's water
is used to grow crops.
is used to grow crops.
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事實上，現今有 70% 的水
都被用來種植作物。
都被用來種植作物。
10:09
Vast areas of tropical forest
are used for agriculture.
are used for agriculture.
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很大區域的熱帶森林被用在農業上。
10:15
This deforestation drives extinction.
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森林砍伐造成了絕種。
10:18
In fact, we are losing species
1,000 times faster
1,000 times faster
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事實上，我們失去物種的速度，
比自然的速度要快上一千倍。
10:23
than the natural rate.
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10:26
And on top of all of that bad news,
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除了那些壞消息之外，
10:29
one third of food produced today globally
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現今全球所生產的食物，
有三分之一都沒被食用。
10:34
is not eaten.
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10:35
It's wasted.
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它們被浪費掉了。
10:39
But there is the good news,
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但，也有好消息，
10:42
good signs.
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好徵兆。
10:44
Coalitions of stakeholders
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利害關係人的聯盟
10:47
are now coming together
to try to transform the food system
to try to transform the food system
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現在集結在一起，
試圖改善食物系統，
試圖改善食物系統，
10:52
with one shared goal:
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他們有一個共同目標：
10:54
how to produce enough
healthy food for everyone,
healthy food for everyone,
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如何生產出足夠
每個人吃的健康食物，
每個人吃的健康食物，
10:59
at the same time,
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同時，還要試圖縮減、大大降低
11:01
to try to cut, to sharply reduce,
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11:04
the footprint from the food system
on the global commons.
on the global commons.
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食物系統在全球公有物上的足跡。
11:10
I had an opportunity
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我有個機會，
11:12
to fly over the Indonesian
island of Sumatra,
island of Sumatra,
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飛過蘇門達臘島的印尼島嶼，
11:17
and I saw with my own eyes
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我親眼看見嚴重的森林砍伐，
11:19
the massive deforestation
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11:21
to make room for palm oil plantations.
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為了棕櫚油騰出種植空間。
11:27
By the way, palm oil is included
in thousands of food products
in thousands of food products
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順道一提，數以千計的
食物產品都含有棕櫚油，
食物產品都含有棕櫚油，
11:31
we eat every day.
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我們每天都在吃。
11:33
The global demand for palm oil
is just increasing.
is just increasing.
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全球對於棕櫚油的需求在增加，
11:38
In Sumatra, I met smallholder farmers
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在蘇門達臘島，我會見了小佃農，
11:42
who need to make a day-to-day living
from growing oil palm.
from growing oil palm.
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他們需要種植棕櫚樹來維生。
11:47
I met global food companies,
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我會見了全球食物公司、
11:50
financial institutions
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金融機構，
11:52
and local government officials.
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以及地方政府官員。
11:56
All of them told me that they can't
make the change by themselves,
make the change by themselves,
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所有人都告訴我，
他們無法靠自己造成改變，
他們無法靠自己造成改變，
12:01
and only by working together
under a kind of new contract,
under a kind of new contract,
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只有透過在某種新契約或新做法之下
12:07
or a new practice,
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進行合作，
12:08
do they have a chance
to protect tropical forests.
to protect tropical forests.
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他們才有機會保護熱帶森林。
12:13
So it's so encouraging to see,
at least for the last few years,
at least for the last few years,
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很讓人振奮的是，
至少在過去幾年間，
至少在過去幾年間，
12:18
this new coalition among these committed
actors along the supply chain
actors along the supply chain
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在供應鏈上這些盡心盡力的
行為者當中，這個新聯盟
行為者當中，這個新聯盟
12:24
come together to try
to transform the food system.
to transform the food system.
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能集結在一起，試圖改善食物系統。
12:29
In fact, what they are trying to do
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事實上，他們試著在做的事，
12:32
is to create a new kind of social contract
to manage the global commons.
to manage the global commons.
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是創造出一種新的社會契約，
來管理全球公有物。
來管理全球公有物。
12:41
All changes start at home,
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所有的改變都始於家中，
12:45
at your place and at my place.
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始於你的地方和我的地方。
12:48
At GEF, Global Environment Facility,
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在全球環境基金（GEF），
12:52
we have now a new strategy,
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我們現在有一項新策略，
12:54
and we put the global commons
at its center.
at its center.
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我們把全球公有物
放在策略的中心位置。
放在策略的中心位置。
13:00
I hope we won't be the only ones.
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我希望不會只有我們在做。
13:04
If everybody stays on the sidelines,
waiting for others to step in,
waiting for others to step in,
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如果每個人都待在界線邊，
等其他人踏入界線內，
等其他人踏入界線內，
13:09
the global commons
will continue to deteriorate,
will continue to deteriorate,
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那麼全球公有物將會持續惡化，
13:13
and everybody will be much worse off.
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每個人都會過得更糟許多。
13:18
We need to save ourselves
from the tragedy of the commons.
from the tragedy of the commons.
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我們得要拯救我們自己，
不要讓公有物悲劇發生。
不要讓公有物悲劇發生。
13:24
So, I invite all of you
to embrace the global commons.
to embrace the global commons.
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所以，我邀請在座所有人，
擁抱全球公有物。
擁抱全球公有物。
13:30
Please do remember
that global commons do exist
that global commons do exist
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請切記，全球公有物確實存在，
13:34
and are waiting for your stewardship.
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它們正在等著你們來管理。
13:38
We all share one planet in common.
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地球是我們所共有的。
13:42
We breathe the same air,
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我們呼吸相同的空氣，
13:44
we drink the same water,
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我們喝相同的水，
13:46
we depend on the same oceans,
forests, and biodiversity.
forests, and biodiversity.
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我們依賴同樣的海洋、
森林，以及生物多樣性。
森林，以及生物多樣性。
13:52
There is no space
left on earth for egoism.
left on earth for egoism.
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地球上已經沒有容納
自我主義的空間了。
自我主義的空間了。
13:57
The global commons must be kept
within their safe operating space,
within their safe operating space,
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全球公有物必須要被保留在
它們的安全運作空間中，
它們的安全運作空間中，
14:02
and we can only do it together.
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我們只有同心協力才能辦得到。
14:08
Thank you so much.
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非常謝謝。
14:09
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Naoko Ishii - Environmental policy expertNaoko Ishii leads the Global Environment Facility (GEF), a public financial institution that provides around US$1 billion every year to help tackle our planet’s most pressing environmental problems.
Why you should listen
Since taking the helm at the GEF in 2012, Naoko Ishii, an economist by training, has steered the development and implementation of a new long-term strategy that addresses the underlying drivers of environmental degradation. She has put protecting the global commons -- our air, water, biodiversity, forests, land, oceans and a stable climate -- at its center.
Previously, Ishii was Deputy Vice Minister of Finance in Japan and has also worked at the World Bank and the IMF. As a sustainable development leader, Ishii strives to be build coalitions that address the "defining moment" that we're in for the future of the planet. She is a leading advocate on the need to make the environment everybody's business, and she believes safeguarding the global commons is, quite simply, the wisest investment we can make.
Ishii has been profiled for her pioneering work on cities and climate change, and she has highlighted the role of women in driving sustainable change around the world.
Naoko Ishii | Speaker | TED.com