ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rebecca Brachman - Neuroscientist, writer, entrepreneur
Rebecca Brachman is a pioneer in the field of preventative psychopharmacology, developing drugs to enhance stress resilience and prevent mental illness.

Why you should listen

Current treatments for mood disorders only suppress symptoms without addressing the underlying disease, and there are no known cures. The drugs Rebecca Brachman is developing would be the first to prevent psychiatric disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression.

Brachman completed her PhD at Columbia University, prior to which she was a fellow at the National Institutes of Health, where she discovered that immune cells carry a memory of psychological stress and that white blood cells can act as antidepressants and resilience-enhancers. Brachman's research has been featured in The Atlantic, WIRED and Business Insider, and her work was recently described by Dr. George Slavich on NPR as a "moonshot project that is very much needed in the mental health arena."

In addition to conducting ongoing research at Columbia, Brachman is an NYCEDC Entrepreneurship Lab Fellow and cofounder of Paravax -- a biotech startup developing vaccine-like prophylactic drugs ("paravaccines") -- along with her scientific collaborator, Christine Ann Denny. She is also working on a non-profit venture to repurpose existing generic drugs for use as prophylactics, and previously served as the Interim Program Director for Outreach at the Zuckerman Institute at Columbia University.

Brachman is also a playwright and screenwriter. She holds Bachelor's degrees in both neuroscience and creative wWriting, and she is currently working on a tech-focused writing project with her long-time writing partner, Sean Calder ("Grimm," "Damages," "ER"). She served as the director of NeuWrite, a national network of science-writing groups that fosters ongoing collaboration between scientists, writers and artists, and she has been featured as a storyteller at The Story Collider.

(Photo: Kenneth Willardt)

More profile about the speaker
Rebecca Brachman | Speaker | TED.com
TED2017

Rebecca Brachman: A new class of drug that could prevent depression and PTSD

麗貝卡‧布拉赫曼: 能預防憂鬱症和創傷後壓力症候群的全新藥物

Filmed:
2,091,035 views

目前對憂鬱症和創傷後壓力症候群的治療只能抑制症狀。如果我們能夠完全阻止這些疾病的發展呢? 神經科學家和 TED 研究員麗貝卡‧布拉赫曼,分享她們團隊意外發現的一類新藥物,是有史以來首次可以預防壓力之負面影響的一類藥物,還能提高和增強個人的恢復能力。 讓我們來一探究竟,了解這些強化韌性與復原力的藥物如何改變治療精神疾病的方式,並為未來的藥物治療打開一扇嶄新的大門。
- Neuroscientist, writer, entrepreneur
Rebecca Brachman is a pioneer in the field of preventative psychopharmacology, developing drugs to enhance stress resilience and prevent mental illness. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
So the first antidepressants抗抑鬱藥
were made製作 from, of all things,
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抗憂鬱藥的誕生
是由第二次世界大戰所留下的
火箭燃料所製成。
00:16
rocket火箭 fuel汽油, left over after World世界 War戰爭 IIII.
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00:20
Which哪一個 is fitting配件, seeing眼看 as today今天,
one in five soldiers士兵 develop發展 depression蕭條,
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相符的,就像今天
有五分之一軍人罹患了憂鬱症,
或創傷後壓力症候群或兩者皆得。
00:25
or post-traumatic創傷後 stress強調 disorder紊亂 or both.
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00:29
But it's not just soldiers士兵
that are at high risk風險 for these diseases疾病.
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但,不只有軍人是高危險的族群,
00:33
It's firefighters消防員, ERER doctors醫生,
cancer癌症 patients耐心, aid援助 workers工人, refugees難民 --
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消防員、急診醫生、癌症患者、
援助工作者和難民等 ––
任何暴露於精神創傷
或重大生活壓力下的人都可能罹患。
00:38
anyone任何人 exposed裸露 to trauma外傷
or major重大的 life stress強調.
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00:42
And yet然而, despite儘管 how commonplace平凡
these disorders障礙 are,
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然而,儘管這些疾病很普遍,
我們目前所有的治療方法,
如果它們真的有效的話,
00:45
our current當前 treatments治療,
if they work at all,
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00:49
only suppress壓制 symptoms症狀.
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只能抑制症狀。
00:53
In 1798, when Edward愛德華 Jenner詹納
discovered發現 the first vaccine疫苗 --
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1798 年,愛德華.詹納
發現了首支疫苗 ––
碰巧是用於天花上 ––
00:57
it happened發生 to be for smallpox天花 --
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00:59
he didn't just discover發現
a prophylactic預防性 for a disease疾病,
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他發現的不僅是一種疾病的預防用藥,
還是一種全新的思維方式:
01:03
but a whole整個 new way of thinking思維:
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01:05
that medicine醫學 could prevent避免 disease疾病.
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藥物可以預防疾病。
01:08
However然而, for over 200 years年份,
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然而,200 多年來,
01:10
this prevention預防 was not believed相信
to extend延伸 to psychiatric精神病 diseases疾病.
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人們卻不認為這種預防藥物
可擴展運用到精神疾病。
01:14
Until直到 2014, when my colleague同事 and I
accidentally偶然 discovered發現
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直到 2014 年,
當我和同事偶然發現
第一批可能預防憂鬱症
和創傷後壓力症的藥物。
01:18
the first drugs毒品 that might威力 prevent避免
depression蕭條 and PTSDPTSD.
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藥物是從老鼠試驗中發現,
01:22
We discovered發現 the drugs毒品 in mice老鼠,
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01:24
and we're currently目前 studying研究
whether是否 they work in humans人類.
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目前正研究是否適用於人類。
01:28
And these preventative預防
psychopharmaceuticals精神藥物
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而這些預防性的精神藥物
01:30
are not antidepressants抗抑鬱藥.
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不是抗憂鬱藥。
01:32
They are a whole整個 new class of drug藥物.
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它們是一類全新的藥物。
01:34
And they work by increasing增加
stress強調 resilience彈性,
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其效用是增強人們的耐壓復原力,
01:37
so let's call them resilience彈性 enhancers.
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所以我們稱之為復原力增強劑。
回想一下你處於緊張狀態
恢復過來的時刻。
01:39
So think back to a stressful壓力 time
that you've since以來 recovered恢復 from.
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01:43
Maybe a breakup分手 or an exam考試,
you missed錯過 a flight飛行.
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也許由分手、考試
或是你錯過班機所引起。
01:47
Stress強調 resilience彈性
is the active活性 biological生物 process處理
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耐壓復原力是我們承受壓力後,
01:51
that allows允許 us
to bounce彈跳 back after stress強調.
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能夠具韌性反彈的生物過程。
01:54
Similar類似 to if you have a cold
and your immune免疫的 system系統 fights打架 it off.
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類似於如果我們感冒了,
免疫系統會對抗一樣。
01:57
And insufficient不足 resilience彈性
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當面對嚴重的壓力
01:59
in the face面對 of a significant重大
enough足夠 stressor壓力,
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卻無法具足夠的韌性回彈時,
02:02
can result結果 in a psychiatric精神病 disorder紊亂,
such這樣 as depression蕭條.
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能導致精神疾病,如憂鬱症。
02:04
In fact事實, most cases
of major重大的 depressive抑鬱 disorder紊亂
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事實上多數主要的憂鬱症,
02:07
are initially原來 triggered觸發 by stress強調.
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是由壓力所引發的。
02:10
And from what we've我們已經 seen看到 so far in mice老鼠,
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目前從老鼠身上看到的情況是,
02:12
resilience彈性 enhancers can protect保護
against反對 purely純粹 biological生物 stressors壓力源,
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復原力增強劑可防止
單純的生物性壓力,
02:17
like stress強調 hormones激素,
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像壓力荷爾蒙
02:18
and social社會 and psychological心理 stressors壓力源,
like bullying欺凌 and isolation隔離.
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以及社會和心理壓力,
如欺凌與孤立。
02:23
So here is an example where we gave mice老鼠
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以下的例子是我們給老鼠
02:27
three weeks of high levels水平
of stress強調 hormones激素.
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三週高劑量的壓力荷爾蒙。
02:31
So, in other words, a biological生物 stressor壓力
without a psychological心理 component零件.
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換句話說,沒有參雜
心理因素的生物壓力。
02:34
And this causes原因 depressive抑鬱 behavior行為.
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這同樣導致憂鬱行為。
02:37
And if we give three weeks
of antidepressant抗抑鬱劑 treatment治療 beforehand預先,
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如果我們預先給予三週的抗憂鬱治療,
02:41
it has no beneficial有利 effects效果.
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並沒有任何助益。
02:43
But a single dose劑量 of a resilience彈性
enhancer增強 given特定 a week before
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但在一週前給予單劑量的
復原力增強劑,
就能完全預防憂鬱的行為。
02:49
completely全然 prevents防止
the depressive抑鬱 behavior行為.
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02:53
Even after three weeks of stress強調.
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即使經過三週的壓力後。
02:55
This is the first time
a drug藥物 has ever been shown顯示
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這是藥物第一次出現能夠預防
壓力形成負面影響的效果。
02:59
to prevent避免 the negative effects效果 of stress強調.
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03:01
Depression蕭條 and PTSDPTSD are chronic慢性,
often經常 lifelong終身, clinical臨床 diseases疾病.
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憂鬱症和創傷後壓力症候群,
通常是種慢性、終生的疾病。
03:08
They also increase增加 the risk風險
of substance物質 abuse濫用, homelessness無家可歸,
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患者還會增強濫用藥物、無家可歸、
心臟病、老年癡呆和自殺等風險。
03:11
heart disease疾病, Alzheimer's老年癡呆症, suicide自殺.
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03:15
The global全球 cost成本 of depression蕭條 alone單獨
is over three trillion dollars美元 per year.
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光憂鬱症的費用
每年全球就超過 3 兆美元。
03:20
But now, imagine想像 a scenario腳本
where we know someone有人 is predictivelypredictively
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但現在想像一下,我們預知某人將會
處於極端壓力的高風險下。
03:24
at high risk風險 for exposure曝光
to extreme極端 stress強調.
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03:28
Say, a red cross交叉 volunteer志願者
going into an earthquake地震 zone.
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比如,一名紅十字志工進入震災區。
03:31
In addition加成 to the typhoid傷寒症 vaccine疫苗,
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在她前往災區前,除了傷寒疫苗,
03:33
we could give her a pill or an injection注射
of a resilience彈性 enhancer增強
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我們可以給她一顆藥丸
或注射復原力增強疫苗。
03:37
before she leaves樹葉.
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03:38
So when she is held保持 at gunpoint槍口下
by looters亂兵 or worse更差,
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當她被搶劫者持槍恐嚇
或遇到更糟的情況時,
03:42
she would at least最小 be protected保護
against反對 developing發展 depression蕭條 or PTSDPTSD
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至少可以防止在事後患上憂鬱症
或創傷後壓力症候群。
03:46
after the fact事實.
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復原力增強劑不能阻止
她經歷這種壓力,
03:47
It won't慣於 prevent避免 her
from experiencing經歷 the stress強調,
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但會讓她從中恢復過來。
03:50
but it will allow允許 her to recover恢復 from it.
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03:53
And that's what's revolutionary革命的 here.
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這就是革命性的所在。
03:55
By increasing增加 resiliency彈性,
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通過提高對壓力的彈性,
03:57
we can dramatically顯著 reduce減少
her susceptibility感受性 to depression蕭條 and PTSDPTSD,
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我們可以大大降低她憂鬱症
和創傷後壓力症的發病機率,
04:02
possibly或者 saving保存 her from losing失去 her job工作,
her home, her family家庭 or even her life.
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可能挽回她失去工作、家庭、
家人,甚至是她的生命。
04:09
After Jenner詹納 discovered發現
the smallpox天花 vaccine疫苗,
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詹納發現天花疫苗後,
04:12
a lot of other vaccines疫苗 rapidly急速 followed其次.
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許多其他疫苗迅速接連地問世。
04:15
But it was over 150 years年份
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但過了 150 多年,
04:17
before a tuberculosis結核 vaccine疫苗
was widely廣泛 available可得到.
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結核病疫苗才被廣泛、普及地使用。
04:21
Why?
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為什麼呢?
04:23
In part部分 because society社會 believed相信
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部分原因是社會相信
04:25
that tuberculosis結核 made製作 people more
sensitive敏感 and creative創作的 and empathetic感情移入的.
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結核病使人們更敏感、
富創造性和同理心。
04:30
And that it was caused造成
by constitution憲法 and not biology生物學.
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它是由體質,而非生物學所引發的。
04:34
And similar類似 things are still said
today今天 about depression蕭條.
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現今對憂鬱症仍然有著類似的想法。
04:39
And just as Jenner's詹納的 discovery發現
opened打開 the door
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正如詹納的發現
為之後的疫苗開啟了大門;
04:42
for all of the vaccines疫苗
that followed其次 after,
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04:45
the drugs毒品 we've我們已經 discovered發現
open打開 the possibility可能性 of a whole整個 new field領域:
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而我們發現的藥物,
可能開啟了一個全新領域:
預防性精神藥理學。
04:49
preventative預防 psychopharmacology精神藥理學.
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04:52
But whether是否 that's 15 years年份 away,
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但結果是否要等 15 年,
04:55
or 150 years年份 away,
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或 150 年,
04:57
depends依靠 not just on the science科學,
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不僅僅取決於科學,
04:59
but on what we as a society社會
choose選擇 to do with it.
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而是我們這個社會
選擇要如何看待處理 。
05:03
Thank you.
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謝謝。
05:04
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Thomas Tam
Reviewed by SF Huang

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rebecca Brachman - Neuroscientist, writer, entrepreneur
Rebecca Brachman is a pioneer in the field of preventative psychopharmacology, developing drugs to enhance stress resilience and prevent mental illness.

Why you should listen

Current treatments for mood disorders only suppress symptoms without addressing the underlying disease, and there are no known cures. The drugs Rebecca Brachman is developing would be the first to prevent psychiatric disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression.

Brachman completed her PhD at Columbia University, prior to which she was a fellow at the National Institutes of Health, where she discovered that immune cells carry a memory of psychological stress and that white blood cells can act as antidepressants and resilience-enhancers. Brachman's research has been featured in The Atlantic, WIRED and Business Insider, and her work was recently described by Dr. George Slavich on NPR as a "moonshot project that is very much needed in the mental health arena."

In addition to conducting ongoing research at Columbia, Brachman is an NYCEDC Entrepreneurship Lab Fellow and cofounder of Paravax -- a biotech startup developing vaccine-like prophylactic drugs ("paravaccines") -- along with her scientific collaborator, Christine Ann Denny. She is also working on a non-profit venture to repurpose existing generic drugs for use as prophylactics, and previously served as the Interim Program Director for Outreach at the Zuckerman Institute at Columbia University.

Brachman is also a playwright and screenwriter. She holds Bachelor's degrees in both neuroscience and creative wWriting, and she is currently working on a tech-focused writing project with her long-time writing partner, Sean Calder ("Grimm," "Damages," "ER"). She served as the director of NeuWrite, a national network of science-writing groups that fosters ongoing collaboration between scientists, writers and artists, and she has been featured as a storyteller at The Story Collider.

(Photo: Kenneth Willardt)

More profile about the speaker
Rebecca Brachman | Speaker | TED.com