ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Christer Mjåset - Neurosurgeon
Christer Mjåset, M.D. is a neurosurgeon, author, columnist and lecturer who currently works as a Harkness fellow in Health Care Policy and Practice at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in Boston studying value-based health care models.

Why you should listen

Christer Mjåset, M.D. holds a position as a researcher at the Oslo University Hospital analyzing data from The Norwegian Spine Registry and as a lecturer at the Department of Health Management and Economics, University of Oslo, where he teaches in a leadership program for young physicians. Mjåset was president of the Norwegian Junior Doctors 2015-2019 and the Vice President of the Norwegian Medical Association 2017-2019. This work led him to be involved with the international Choosing Wisely campaign which seeks to advance a national dialogue avoiding unnecessary medical tests, treatments and procedures. From 2017-2019 he was responsible for implementing the campaign in Norway

Mjåset is a published author of five fictional books and several short stories. He won the Oslo City Cultural Scholarship for writers in 2006. He got his medical degree and bachelor’s degree in literature and philosophy at University of Oslo, both in 2000.

More profile about the speaker
Christer Mjåset | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxOslo

Christer Mjåset: 4 questions you should always ask your doctor

克里斯特‧米塞特: 必問醫生的四個問題

Filmed:
1,877,695 views

「醫生,這真的有必要嗎?」神經外科醫生克里斯特‧米塞特透過讓人震驚的過度治療統計數據,解釋了在談到醫療和手術時,問這個問題及其他幾個簡單問題能發揮多強大的力量,並分享病人如何能和醫生更充分地合作來獲得他們所需的醫療照護。
- Neurosurgeon
Christer Mjåset, M.D. is a neurosurgeon, author, columnist and lecturer who currently works as a Harkness fellow in Health Care Policy and Practice at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in Boston studying value-based health care models. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
I am a neurosurgeon神經外科醫生,
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我是神經外科醫生,
00:15
and I'm here to tell you today今天
that people like me need your help.
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今天我是來告訴大家,
像我這樣的人需要你們的協助。
00:20
And in a few少數 moments瞬間, I will tell you how.
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等一下我就會告訴大家怎麼做。
00:22
But first, let me start開始 off by telling告訴 you
about a patient患者 of mine.
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但,首先讓我先談談我的一位病人。
00:26
This was a woman女人 in her 50s,
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她是一位五十多歲的女子,
00:28
she was in generally通常 good shape形狀,
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身體狀況大致不錯,
00:31
but she had been in and out
of hospital醫院 a few少數 times
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但她因為治療乳癌
00:33
due應有 to curative治療 breast乳房 cancer癌症 treatment治療.
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已經進出過醫院好幾次了。
00:37
Now she had gotten得到 a prolapse脫 垂
from a cervical頸椎 disc圓盤,
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現在她因頸椎的椎間盤突出,
00:40
giving her radiating散熱 pain疼痛 of a tense緊張 kind,
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而讓她的右手臂有很劇烈的
00:44
out into the right arm.
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放射性疼痛。
00:47
Looking at her MRIMRI
before the consultation會診,
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在諮詢之前我先看了她的磁振造影,
00:49
I decided決定 to suggest建議 an operation手術.
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我決定要建議她動手術。
00:52
Now, neck頸部 operations操作 like these
are standardized標準化, and they're quick.
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像這樣的頸部手術是
標準化且很快速的。
00:57
But they carry攜帶 a certain某些 risk風險.
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但仍然有一些風險。
00:58
You make an incision切口 right here,
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從這裡切開,
01:01
and you dissect解剖 carefully小心
past過去 the trachea氣管,
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小心地切過去,繞過氣管,
01:03
the esophagus食管,
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繞過食道,
01:05
and you try not to cut
into the internal內部 carotid頸動脈 artery動脈.
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試著不要切到頸內動脈。
01:08
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
01:09
Then you bring帶來 in the microscope顯微鏡,
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接著顯微鏡登場,
01:12
and you carefully小心 remove去掉
the disc圓盤 and the prolapse脫 垂
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然後小心地移除椎間盤
壓迫神經根管的地方,
01:14
in the nerve神經 root canal運河,
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不能損害到就在底下幾毫米的
脊髓神經及神經根。
01:15
without damaging有害 the cord
and the nerve神經 root
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01:17
lying說謊 only millimeters毫米 underneath.
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01:20
The worst最差 case案件 scenario腳本
is the damage損傷 to the cord,
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最糟糕的狀況就是傷到脊髓神經,
01:23
which哪一個 can result結果 in paralysis麻痺
from the neck頸部 down.
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可能會造成脖子以下癱瘓。
01:28
Explaining解釋 this to the patient患者,
she fell下跌 silent無聲.
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我向病人解釋這些之後,她沉默了。
01:31
And after a few少數 moments瞬間,
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一會兒之後,
01:32
she uttered發話 a few少數 very decisive決定性 words
for me and for her.
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她說出了對我及對她來說
都非常果敢的話。
01:37
"Doctor醫生, is this really necessary必要?"
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「醫生,這真的有必要嗎?」
01:41
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
01:44
And you know what I realized實現,
right there and then?
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各位知道我在那當下領悟了什麼嗎?
01:47
It was not.
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沒有必要。
01:49
In fact事實, when I get patients耐心
like this woman女人,
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事實上,當我看到
像這名女子的病人時,
01:52
I tend趨向 to advise勸告 not to operate操作.
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我會傾向建議不要動手術。
01:55
So what made製作 me do it this time?
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那麼,這次我為什麼會這麼做?
01:59
Well, you see,
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嗯,要知道,
02:00
this prolapse脫 垂 was so delicate精巧,
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這個突出是如此的微妙,
02:03
I could practically幾乎 see myself
pulling it out of the nerve神經 root canal運河
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在她進入諮詢室之前,
我就可以看見自己
把它從神經根管中拔出來。
02:06
before she entered進入 the consultation會診 room房間.
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02:09
I have to admit承認 it,
I wanted to operate操作 on her.
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我得承認,我想要幫她動手術。
02:13
I'd love to operate操作 on her.
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我很想幫她動手術。
02:15
Operating操作, after all,
is the most fun開玩笑 part部分 of my job工作.
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畢竟,手術是我工作中
最有趣的部分。
02:18
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
02:22
I think you can relate涉及 to this feeling感覺.
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我想你們可以體會這種感覺。
02:24
My architect建築師 neighbor鄰居 says
he loves to just sit and draw
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我那個當建築師的鄰居說,
他喜歡的就只是
坐下來繪製和設計房子。
02:28
and design設計 houses房屋.
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02:30
He'd他會 rather do that all day
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他寧可整天做這件事,
02:31
than talk to the client客戶
paying付款 for the house
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也不想跟付錢買房子的客戶交談,
02:35
that might威力 even give him
restrictions限制 on what to do.
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這個客戶可能還會框限他的想法。
02:39
But like every一切 architect建築師,
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但就像建築師一樣,
每一位外科醫生
02:40
every一切 surgeon外科醫生 needs需求
to look their patient患者 in the eye
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都得坦誠地與病人交流且和病人一起
02:43
and together一起 with the patient患者,
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02:44
they need to decide決定 on what is best最好
for the person having the operation手術.
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決定動手術是否是最好的選擇。
02:50
And that might威力 sound聲音 easy簡單.
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聽起來可能很簡單。
02:51
But let's look at some statistics統計.
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但,讓我們來看些統計數字。
02:56
The tonsils扁桃體 are the two lumps硬塊
in the back of your throat.
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扁桃腺是喉嚨後面的兩塊隆起。
02:59
They can be removed去除 surgically手術,
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可以用手術將它們切除,
03:01
and that's called a tonsillectomy扁桃體切除術.
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那稱為扁桃腺切除術。
03:03
This chart圖表 shows節目 the operation手術 rate
of tonsillectomies扁桃體切除術 in Norway挪威
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這張圖上顯示的是在挪威不同區域的
扁桃腺切除術施行率。
03:07
in different不同 regions地區.
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03:09
What might威力 strike罷工 you
is that there is twice兩次 the chance機會
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各位可能會感到驚訝的是,
03:13
that your kid孩子 --
because this is for children孩子 --
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你的孩子——
這是針對孩子的統計——
03:16
will get a tonsillectomy扁桃體切除術 in Finnmark芬馬克
than in Trondheim特隆赫姆.
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在芬馬克要動扁桃腺切除術的機率
是在特隆赫姆的兩倍。
03:20
The indications適應症
in both regions地區 are the same相同.
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這兩個區域的適應症都是一樣的。
03:24
There should be
no difference區別, but there is.
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動手術的機率理應沒差別,其實不然。
03:26
Here's這裡的 another另一個 chart圖表.
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這是另一張圖。
03:28
The meniscus半月板 helps幫助 stabilize穩定 the knee膝蓋
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半月板的功能是穩定膝蓋,
03:30
and can be torn撕裂 or fragmented支離破碎 acutely急性,
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有可能局部或全部被撕裂或破裂,
03:32
topically局部 during sports體育 like soccer足球.
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比如會因為踢足球等運動造成。
03:35
What you see here is the operation手術 rate
for this condition條件.
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各位在這裡看到的是
針對這種狀況的開刀率。
03:39
And you see that the operation手術
rate in Møre回覆 ogOG Romsdal隆斯達爾
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可以發現,在默勒-魯姆斯達爾郡的
03:43
is five times the operation手術
rate in Stavanger斯塔萬格.
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開刀率是斯塔萬格的五倍。
03:47
Five times.
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五倍之多。
03:49
How can this be?
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怎麼會這樣?
默勒-魯姆斯達爾郡的足球員踢球時
比全國其他的球員更會耍小動作嗎?
03:50
Did the soccer足球 players玩家 in Møre回覆 ogOG Romsdal隆斯達爾
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03:52
play more dirty
than elsewhere別處 in the country國家?
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03:54
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
03:56
Probably大概 not.
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可能不是。
03:59
I added添加 some information信息 now.
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現在我再增加一些資訊。
04:01
What you see now
is the procedures程序 performed執行
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各位現在可以看到,淺藍色的
是在公立醫院中所進行的手術,
04:03
in public上市 hospitals醫院, in light blue藍色,
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04:05
the ones那些 in private私人的 clinics診所
are light green綠色.
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私人診所則用淺綠色表示。
04:08
There is a lot of activity活動
in the private私人的 clinics診所
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在默勒-魯姆斯達爾郡的私人診所
有很多活動,對吧?
04:11
in Møre回覆 ogOG Romsdal隆斯達爾, isn't there?
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04:14
What does this indicate表明?
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那是什麼意思?
04:15
A possible可能 economic經濟 motivation動機
to treat對待 the patients耐心.
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有可能他們是基於
經濟上的動機去治療病人。
04:20
And there's more.
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還不只如此。
04:23
Recent最近 research研究 has shown顯示
that the difference區別 of treatment治療 effect影響
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近期研究顯示,針對膝蓋所做的
一般物理治療和手術,
04:27
between之間 regular定期 physical物理 therapy治療
and operations操作 for the knee膝蓋 --
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在治療效果上的差別——
04:30
there is no difference區別.
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是沒有差別。
04:32
Meaning含義 that most
of the procedures程序 performed執行
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意思就是,在剛剛那張圖上
04:36
on the chart圖表 I've just shown顯示
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大部分所執行的手術
04:38
could have been avoided避免,
even in Stavanger斯塔萬格.
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其實是可以避免的,
在斯塔萬格也一樣。
04:41
So what am I trying to tell you here?
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所以,我想要告訴各位什麼?
04:44
Even though雖然 most indications適應症
for treatments治療 in the world世界
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即使全世界大部分的治療適應症
04:49
are standardized標準化,
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都已標準化,
04:50
there is a lot of unnecessary不必要 variation變異
of treatment治療 decisions決定,
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在治療的決策上仍然有不必要的差異,
04:54
especially特別 in the Western西 world世界.
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特別是在西方世界。
04:57
Some people are not getting得到
the treatment治療 that they need,
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有些人沒有得到他們需要的治療,
05:01
but an even greater更大 portion一部分 of you
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但,更高比例的人
05:04
are being存在 overtreated過度處理.
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是被過度治療的。
05:08
"Doctor醫生, is this really necessary必要?"
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「醫生,這真的有必要嗎?」
05:11
I've only heard聽說 that question
once一旦 in my career事業.
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我在職涯中只聽過一次這個問題。
05:14
My colleagues同事 say they never heard聽說
these words from a patient患者.
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我同事說他們從來沒有
聽過病人這麼問過。
05:19
And to turn it the other way around,
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換個方向來看,
你認為如果提出這個問題,
05:21
how often經常 do you think
you'll你會 get a "no" from a doctor醫生
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會多常從醫生口中聽到「沒必要」?
05:23
if you ask such這樣 a question?
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05:26
Researchers研究人員 have investigated調查 this,
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研究者調查了這件事,
05:28
and they come up
with about the same相同 "no" rate
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他們所得到的「沒必要」率
在各地都差不多。是三成。
05:30
wherever哪裡 they go.
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05:32
And that is 30 percent百分.
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05:33
Meaning含義, three out of 10 times,
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也就是說,十次中有三次,
05:37
your doctor醫生 prescribes規定
or suggests提示 something
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你的醫生開的處方或建議的治療
05:41
that is completely全然 unnecessary不必要.
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是完全沒必要的。
05:46
And you know what they claim要求
the reason原因 for this is?
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各位知道他們為此
所宣稱的理由是什麼嗎?
05:50
Patient患者 pressure壓力.
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病人壓力。
05:52
In other words, you.
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換言之,是你們。
05:54
You want something to be doneDONE.
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你們希望醫生做點什麼。
05:58
A friend朋友 of mine came來了 to me
for medical advice忠告.
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我有一位朋友來找我詢求醫療建議。
06:01
This is a sporty運動型 guy,
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他愛運動,
06:02
he does a lot of cross-country越野 skiing滑雪
in the winter冬季 time,
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冬天時他很常越野滑雪,
06:05
he runs運行 in the summer夏季 time.
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夏天時則是跑步。
06:07
And this time, he'd他會 gotten得到 a bad back ache疼痛
whenever每當 he went jogging跑步.
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這次,他只要慢跑就有嚴重的背痛。
06:11
So much that he had to stop doing it.
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痛到他只得停止跑步。
06:15
I did an examination檢查,
I questioned質疑 him thoroughly,
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我幫他做了檢查,詳細的問診,
06:18
and what I found發現 out is
that he probably大概 had a degenerated墮落 disc圓盤
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我發現,他可能是脊椎下段
06:21
in the lower降低 part部分 of his spine脊柱.
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發生了椎間盤退化。
06:24
Whenever每當 it got strained緊張, it hurt傷害.
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只要它受到壓力就會痛。
06:28
He'd他會 already已經 taken採取 up
swimming游泳的 instead代替 of jogging跑步,
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他已經用游泳取代慢跑,
已經沒其他的可做了。
06:30
there was really nothing to do,
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所以,我告訴他:「在訓練方面,
你得要仔細做選擇。
06:32
so I told him, "You need
to be more selective可選擇的
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06:34
when it comes to training訓練.
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有些活動對你是好的,
有些則不是。」
06:35
Some activities活動 are good for you,
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06:37
some are not."
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06:39
His reply回复 was,
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他的回應是:
06:41
"I want an MRIMRI of my back."
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「我想要做背部磁振造影。」
06:45
"Why do you want an MRIMRI?"
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「你為何想做磁振造影?」
06:48
"I can get it for free自由
through通過 my insurance保險 at work."
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「我的工作有投保,不用負擔費用。」
06:51
"Come on," I said --
he was also, after all, my friend朋友.
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「拜託,」我說——
畢竟,他也是我的朋友。
06:54
"That's not the real真實 reason原因."
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「那不是真正的原因。」
06:56
"Well, I think it's going to be good
to see how bad it looks容貌 back there."
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「嗯,我認為能看看
背後有多糟也不錯。」
07:03
"When did you start開始 interpreting解讀
MRIMRI scans掃描?" I said.
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我說:「你何時開始解讀
磁振造影掃瞄結果了?」
07:06
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
07:08
"Trust相信 me on this.
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「這件事就相信我吧,
07:10
You're not going to need the scan掃描."
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你不需要掃瞄。」
07:12
"Well," he said,
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他說:「嗯,」
07:14
and after a while, he continued繼續,
"It could be cancer癌症."
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一會兒,他繼續說:
「有可能是癌症。」
07:17
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
07:20
He got the scan掃描, obviously明顯.
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很顯然,他還是做了掃瞄。
07:22
And through通過 his insurance保險 at work,
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透過他工作的保險,
他去找了我的一位同事,
07:24
he got to see one
of my colleagues同事 at work,
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同事告訴他椎間盤退化的事,
07:26
telling告訴 him about the degenerated墮落 disc圓盤,
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07:28
that there was nothing to do,
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沒有其他可以做的,
07:30
and that he should keep on swimming游泳的
and quit放棄 the jogging跑步.
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所以他應該要繼續游泳,放棄慢跑。
一陣子後,我和他再次見面,他說:
07:36
After a while,
I met會見 him again and he said,
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「至少現在我知道它是什麼了。」
07:38
"At least最小 now I know what this is."
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07:40
But let me ask you a question.
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但,讓我請問各位。
07:42
What if all of you in this room房間
with the same相同 symptoms症狀 had an MRIMRI?
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如果這間房間中每個有這種
症狀的人都去做磁振造影會如何?
07:46
And what if all the people in Norway挪威
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如果每個在挪威偶爾有背痛的人
07:49
had an MRIMRI due應有 to occasional偶然 back pain疼痛?
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都去做磁振造影呢?
07:54
The waiting等候 list名單 for an MRIMRI
would quadruple, maybe even more.
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磁振造影的等候名單可能會
變成四倍或更長。
07:58
And you would all take
the spot on that list名單
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你們會把在等候名單上
真正癌症患者的名額給佔去了。
08:00
from someone有人 who really had cancer癌症.
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08:03
So a good doctor醫生 sometimes有時 says no,
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所以,好的醫生有時會說不,
08:07
but the sensible明智 patient患者
also turns down, sometimes有時,
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但,理性的病人有時也會拒絕
08:11
an opportunity機會
to get diagnosed確診 or treated治療.
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被診斷或治療的機會。
08:16
"Doctor醫生, is this really necessary必要?"
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「醫生,這真的有必要嗎?」
08:20
I know this can be
a difficult question to ask.
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我知道要問這個問題很難。
08:24
In fact事實, if you go back 50 years年份,
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事實上,五十年前,
08:26
this was even considered考慮 rude無禮.
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問這個問題可能還會被視為無禮。
08:28
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
08:29
If the doctor醫生 had decided決定
what to do with you,
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如果醫生決定了
要如何處理你的狀況,
08:32
that's what you did.
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你就要照做。
08:35
A colleague同事 of mine,
now a general一般 practitioner從業者,
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我的一個同事,現在是家醫科醫師,
08:37
was sent發送 away to a tuberculosis結核
sanatorium療養院 as a little girl女孩,
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她小時候被送到結核病療養院,
08:42
for six months個月.
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待了六個月。
08:43
It was a terrible可怕 trauma外傷 for her.
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這對她來說是很大的創傷。
08:45
She later後來 found發現 out, as a grown-up長大,
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長大後,她發現,
08:48
that her tests測試 on tuberculosis結核
had been negative all along沿.
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她的結核病檢測結果
一直都是陰性的。
08:52
The doctor醫生 had sent發送 her away
on nothing but wrong錯誤 suspicion懷疑.
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醫生只因錯誤的臆測
就把她送進療養院。
08:56
No one had dared or even considered考慮
confronting面對 him about it.
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沒有人敢,甚至沒有人
想過要和醫生對質。
09:01
Not even her parents父母.
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連她的父母也沒有。
09:03
Today今天, the Norwegian挪威 health健康 minister部長
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現今,挪威健康部長
09:06
talks會談 about the patient患者
health健康 care關心 service服務.
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談到病人健康照護服務。
09:10
The patient患者 is supposed應該 to get advice忠告
from the doctor醫生 about what to do.
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病人應該要向醫生取得
如何治療的建議。
09:16
This is great progress進展.
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這是很大的進展。
09:18
But it also puts看跌期權 more
responsibility責任 on you.
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但這也會讓你們承擔更多的責任。
09:21
You need to get in the front面前 seat座位
with your doctor醫生
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你們得要和醫生一起坐到前座上,
09:24
and start開始 sharing分享
decisions決定 on where to go.
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開始一起決定要往哪個方向走。
09:27
So, the next下一個 time
you're in a doctor's醫生 office辦公室,
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所以,下次進入醫生辦公室時,
09:31
I want you to ask,
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我希望各位能夠問:
09:32
"Doctor醫生, is this really necessary必要?"
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「醫生,這真的有必要嗎?」
09:36
And in my female patient's耐心 case案件,
194
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在我那位女病人的案例中,
09:38
the answer回答 would be no,
195
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答案是不必要,
09:40
but an operation手術 could also be justified有理.
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但如要動手術也是合理正當的。
09:44
"So doctors醫生, what are the risks風險
attached to this operation手術?"
197
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「那麼醫生,這項
手術的風險是什麼?」
09:49
Well, five to ten percent百分 of patients耐心
will have worsening惡化 of pain疼痛 symptoms症狀.
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5% 到 10% 的病人
會有更糟的疼痛症狀。
09:55
One to two percent百分 of patients耐心
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1% 到 2% 的病人
09:57
will have an infection感染 in the wound傷口
or even a rehemorrhage出血
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傷口會感染或甚至發生大出血,
10:00
that might威力 end結束 up in a re-operation重新操作.
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最後可能要重新開刀。
10:04
0.5 percent百分 of patients耐心
also experience經驗 permanent常駐 hoarseness聲音 嘶啞
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0.5 % 的病人會有永久性的沙啞,
10:07
and a few少數, but still a few少數,
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雖然是少數,但仍然有人
10:09
will experience經驗 reduced減少 function功能
in the arms武器 or even legs.
204
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會發現手臂甚至腿部的功能下降。
10:15
"Doctor醫生, are there other options選項?"
205
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「醫生,有其他選擇嗎?」
10:18
Yes, rest休息 and physical物理 therapy治療
over some time
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是的,休息和物理治療一段時間
10:21
might威力 get you perfectly完美 well.
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可能會讓你康復得很好。
10:25
"And what happens發生 if I don't do anything?"
208
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「如果我什麼都不做,會如何?」
10:27
It's not recommended推薦的,
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不建議這樣,
10:29
but even then, there's a slight輕微 chance機會
that you will get well.
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但,如果真的如此,
也有微小的機會可能會好起來。
10:33
Four questions問題.
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四個問題。
10:34
Simple簡單 questions問題.
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很簡單的問題。
10:36
Consider考慮 them your new toolbox工具箱 to help us.
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把它們視為你們用來
協助我們的新工具盒。
10:40
Is this really necessary必要?
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這真的有必要嗎?
10:42
What are the risks風險?
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風險是什麼?
10:44
Are there other options選項?
216
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有其他選擇嗎?
10:45
And what happens發生 if I don't do anything?
217
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如果我什麼都不做,會如何?
10:49
Ask them when your doctor醫生
wants to send發送 you to an MRIMRI,
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對你的醫生提出上述問題,
當他要把你送去做磁振造影時、
10:53
when he prescribes規定 antibiotics抗生素
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當他要開抗生素給你時,
或他建議你要動手術時。
10:55
or suggests提示 an operation手術.
220
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10:58
What we know from research研究
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我們從研究得知,
11:00
is that one out of five
of you, 20 percent百分,
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五個人中就有一個,即兩成,
11:03
will change更改 your opinion意見 on what to do.
223
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會改變心意而做出不同的選擇。
11:06
And by doing that, you will
not only have made製作 your life
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藉由這麼做,你不僅讓你的人生
11:09
a whole整個 lot easier更輕鬆,
and probably大概 even better,
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輕鬆許多,可能還會變得更好,
11:13
but the whole整個 health健康 care關心 sector扇形
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此外,整個健康照護部門
11:15
will have benefited受益 from your decision決定.
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也會因為你的選擇而受益。
11:19
Thank you.
228
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謝謝。
11:20
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Lilian Chiu
Reviewed by SF Huang

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Christer Mjåset - Neurosurgeon
Christer Mjåset, M.D. is a neurosurgeon, author, columnist and lecturer who currently works as a Harkness fellow in Health Care Policy and Practice at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in Boston studying value-based health care models.

Why you should listen

Christer Mjåset, M.D. holds a position as a researcher at the Oslo University Hospital analyzing data from The Norwegian Spine Registry and as a lecturer at the Department of Health Management and Economics, University of Oslo, where he teaches in a leadership program for young physicians. Mjåset was president of the Norwegian Junior Doctors 2015-2019 and the Vice President of the Norwegian Medical Association 2017-2019. This work led him to be involved with the international Choosing Wisely campaign which seeks to advance a national dialogue avoiding unnecessary medical tests, treatments and procedures. From 2017-2019 he was responsible for implementing the campaign in Norway

Mjåset is a published author of five fictional books and several short stories. He won the Oslo City Cultural Scholarship for writers in 2006. He got his medical degree and bachelor’s degree in literature and philosophy at University of Oslo, both in 2000.

More profile about the speaker
Christer Mjåset | Speaker | TED.com