ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Gwynne Shotwell - Space leader
As president and COO of SpaceX, Gwynne Shotwell is responsible for day-to-day operations and for managing all customer and strategic relations.

Why you should listen

Gwynne Shotwell joined SpaceX in 2002 as vice president of business development and built the Falcon vehicle family manifest to more than 70 launches, representing more than $10 billion in business. Shotwell is a member of the SpaceX Board of Directors.
 
Prior to joining SpaceX, Shotwell spent more than 10 years at the Aerospace Corporation, holding positions in space systems engineering and technology and project management. Shotwell was subsequently recruited to be director of Microcosm's space systems division, managing space system technologies, serving on the executive committee and directing corporate business development.
 
In 2014, Shotwell was appointed to the United States Export Import Bank's Advisory Committee and the Federal Aviation Administration’s Management Advisory Council. She has been awarded the World Technology Award for Individual Achievement in Space, has been inducted into the Women In Technology International Hall of Fame and was elected to the honorable grade of Fellow with the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
 
SpaceX supports science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) programs locally as well as national engineering programs and competitions. Shotwell has helped raise over $1.4 million for STEM education programs reaching thousands of students nationwide.
Shotwell received, with honors, her bachelor’s and master’s degrees from Northwestern University in mechanical engineering and applied mathematics, and she serves as both a University Trustee and a member of the Advisory Council for Northwestern’s McCormick School of Engineering. She has authored dozens of papers on a variety of space-related subjects.

More profile about the speaker
Gwynne Shotwell | Speaker | TED.com
Chris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading.

Why you should listen

Chris Anderson is the Curator of TED, a nonprofit devoted to sharing valuable ideas, primarily through the medium of 'TED Talks' -- short talks that are offered free online to a global audience.

Chris was born in a remote village in Pakistan in 1957. He spent his early years in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, where his parents worked as medical missionaries, and he attended an American school in the Himalayas for his early education. After boarding school in Bath, England, he went on to Oxford University, graduating in 1978 with a degree in philosophy, politics and economics.

Chris then trained as a journalist, working in newspapers and radio, including two years producing a world news service in the Seychelles Islands.

Back in the UK in 1984, Chris was captivated by the personal computer revolution and became an editor at one of the UK's early computer magazines. A year later he founded Future Publishing with a $25,000 bank loan. The new company initially focused on specialist computer publications but eventually expanded into other areas such as cycling, music, video games, technology and design, doubling in size every year for seven years. In 1994, Chris moved to the United States where he built Imagine Media, publisher of Business 2.0 magazine and creator of the popular video game users website IGN. Chris eventually merged Imagine and Future, taking the combined entity public in London in 1999, under the Future name. At its peak, it published 150 magazines and websites and employed 2,000 people.

This success allowed Chris to create a private nonprofit organization, the Sapling Foundation, with the hope of finding new ways to tackle tough global issues through media, technology, entrepreneurship and, most of all, ideas. In 2001, the foundation acquired the TED Conference, then an annual meeting of luminaries in the fields of Technology, Entertainment and Design held in Monterey, California, and Chris left Future to work full time on TED.

He expanded the conference's remit to cover all topics, including science, business and key global issues, while adding a Fellows program, which now has some 300 alumni, and the TED Prize, which grants its recipients "one wish to change the world." The TED stage has become a place for thinkers and doers from all fields to share their ideas and their work, capturing imaginations, sparking conversation and encouraging discovery along the way.

In 2006, TED experimented with posting some of its talks on the Internet. Their viral success encouraged Chris to begin positioning the organization as a global media initiative devoted to 'ideas worth spreading,' part of a new era of information dissemination using the power of online video. In June 2015, the organization posted its 2,000th talk online. The talks are free to view, and they have been translated into more than 100 languages with the help of volunteers from around the world. Viewership has grown to approximately one billion views per year.

Continuing a strategy of 'radical openness,' in 2009 Chris introduced the TEDx initiative, allowing free licenses to local organizers who wished to organize their own TED-like events. More than 8,000 such events have been held, generating an archive of 60,000 TEDx talks. And three years later, the TED-Ed program was launched, offering free educational videos and tools to students and teachers.

More profile about the speaker
Chris Anderson | Speaker | TED.com
TED2018

Gwynne Shotwell: SpaceX's plan to fly you across the globe in 30 minutes

Filmed:
2,933,173 views

What's up at SpaceX? Engineer Gwynne Shotwell was employee number seven at Elon Musk's pioneering aerospace company and is now its president. In conversation with TED curator Chris Anderson, she discusses SpaceX's race to put people into orbit and the organization's next big project, the BFR (ask her what it stands for). The new giant rocket is designed to take humanity to Mars -- but it has another potential use: space travel for earthlings.
- Space leader
As president and COO of SpaceX, Gwynne Shotwell is responsible for day-to-day operations and for managing all customer and strategic relations. Full bio - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:14
Chris Anderson: So two months ago,
something crazy happened.
0
2801
2817
00:17
Can you talk us through this, because
this caught so many people's attention?
1
5643
3626
00:21
Gwynne Shotwell: I'll stay quiet
for the beginning,
2
9294
2388
00:23
and then I'll start talking.
3
11707
1341
00:25
(Video) Voices: Five, four,
three, two, one.
4
13073
4339
00:29
(Cheering)
5
17436
2120
00:31
Woman: Liftoff. Go Falcon Heavy.
6
19580
2736
00:34
GS: So this was such
an important moment for SpaceX.
7
22930
3262
00:38
With the Falcon 9
and now the Falcon Heavy,
8
26216
2756
00:40
we can launch into orbit
9
28996
2715
00:43
any payload that has previously
been conceived or is conceived right now.
10
31735
4872
00:48
We've got a couple of launches
of Falcon Heavy later this year,
11
36631
2953
00:51
so this had to go right.
12
39608
1656
00:53
It was the first time we flew it,
13
41288
2358
00:55
and the star of the show, of course,
14
43670
1799
00:57
brother and sister side boosters landing.
15
45493
2524
01:00
I was excited.
16
48041
1151
01:01
(Laughter)
17
49216
1603
01:02
Thanking my team.
18
50843
1151
01:04
By the way, there's maybe
a thousand people
19
52018
2048
01:06
standing around me right there.
20
54090
1619
01:08
And Starman.
21
56682
1150
01:10
Starman did not steal the show, though --
22
58357
1953
01:12
the boosters did.
23
60334
1246
01:13
CA: (Laughter)
24
61604
1011
01:14
CA: There had to be some payload --
why not put a Tesla into space?
25
62639
3317
01:17
GS: Exactly. It was perfect.
26
65980
1953
01:19
CA: Gwynne, let's wind the clock back.
27
67957
2465
01:22
I mean, how did you end up an engineer
and President of SpaceX?
28
70446
4344
01:26
Were you supernerdy as a girl?
29
74814
2269
01:29
GS: I don't think I was nerdy,
30
77107
1498
01:30
but I was definitely doing the things
that the girls weren't doing.
31
78629
3316
01:33
I asked my mom, who was an artist,
when I was in third grade,
32
81969
3012
01:37
how a car worked,
33
85005
1241
01:38
so she had no idea so she gave me
a book, and I read it,
34
86270
3690
01:41
and sure enough, my first job
out of my mechanical engineering degree
35
89984
4173
01:46
was with Chrysler Motors
in the automotive industry.
36
94181
3472
01:49
But I actually got into engineering
not because of that book
37
97677
2886
01:52
but because my mom took me
to a Society of Women Engineers event,
38
100587
3084
01:55
and I fell in love with
the mechanical engineer that spoke.
39
103695
2781
01:58
She was doing really critical work,
40
106500
1793
02:00
and I loved her suit.
41
108317
2042
02:02
(Laughter)
42
110383
1001
02:03
And that's what a 15-year-old
girl connects with.
43
111408
2309
02:05
And I used to shy away
from telling that story,
44
113741
2474
02:08
but if that's what caused me
to be an engineer --
45
116239
2286
02:10
hey, I think we should talk about that.
46
118549
1858
02:12
CA: Sixteen years ago, you became
employee number seven at SpaceX,
47
120431
5876
02:18
and then over the next years,
48
126331
1802
02:20
you somehow built a multi-billion-dollar
relationship with NASA,
49
128157
5352
02:25
despite the fact that SpaceX's
first three launches blew up.
50
133533
3825
02:29
I mean, how on earth did you do that?
51
137382
1876
02:31
GS: So actually, selling rockets
is all about relationships
52
139282
3880
02:35
and making a connection
with these customers.
53
143186
2634
02:37
When you don't have a rocket to sell,
54
145844
1817
02:39
what's really important
is selling your team,
55
147685
2126
02:41
selling the business savvy of your CEO --
56
149835
2168
02:44
that's not really hard
to sell these days --
57
152027
2366
02:46
and basically, making sure
that any technical issue that they have
58
154417
3264
02:49
or any concern,
you can address right away.
59
157705
2119
02:51
So I think it was helpful
for me to be an engineer.
60
159848
3412
02:55
I think it was helpful to my role
of running sales for Elon.
61
163284
3571
02:58
CA: And currently,
a big focus of the company
62
166879
2405
03:01
is, I guess, kind of a race with Boeing
63
169308
2235
03:03
to be the first to provide
the service to NASA
64
171567
3317
03:06
of actually putting humans into orbit.
65
174908
4278
03:12
Safety considerations obviously
come to the fore, here.
66
180702
3233
03:15
How are you sleeping?
67
183959
2523
03:18
GS: I actually sleep really well.
I'm a good sleeper, that's my best thing.
68
186506
3973
03:22
But I think the days leading up
to our flying crew
69
190503
4237
03:26
will probably be a little sleepless.
70
194764
1912
03:28
But really, fundamentally,
safety comes in the design
71
196700
3376
03:32
of the system that you're going
to fly people on,
72
200100
2286
03:34
and so we've been working for years,
73
202410
1939
03:36
actually, almost a decade,
on this technology.
74
204373
2385
03:38
We're taking the Dragon cargo spaceship
75
206782
2232
03:41
and we're upgrading it
to be able to carry crew.
76
209038
2738
03:43
And as I said, we've been
engineering in these safety systems
77
211800
4023
03:47
for quite some time.
78
215847
1588
03:49
CA: So isn't it that there's one system
that actually allows instant escape
79
217459
4356
03:53
if there's a problem.
80
221839
1182
03:55
GS: That's right. It's called
the launch escape system.
81
223045
2612
03:57
CA: I think we have that. Let's show that.
82
225681
2000
03:59
GS: We've got a video
of a test that we ran in 2015.
83
227705
2451
04:03
So this simulated having
a really bad day on the pad.
84
231062
4106
04:07
Basically, you want the capsule
to get out of Dodge.
85
235192
2699
04:09
You want it to get away from the rocket
86
237915
2008
04:11
that had a bad day right below it.
87
239947
2753
04:14
This is if there was an issue on the pad.
88
242724
2028
04:16
We also will be doing
another demonstration later this year
89
244776
2762
04:19
on if we have an issue
with the rocket during flight.
90
247562
3119
04:23
CA: And those rockets have another
potential function as well, eventually.
91
251228
4183
04:27
GS: Yeah, so the launch escape system
for Dragon is pretty unique.
92
255435
3307
04:30
It's an integrated launch escape system.
93
258766
1905
04:32
It's basically a pusher,
94
260695
1278
04:33
so the propellant system and the thrusters
are integrated into the capsule,
95
261997
4336
04:38
and so if it detects a rocket problem,
it pushes the capsule away.
96
266357
4107
04:42
Capsule safety systems in the past
have been like tractor pullers,
97
270488
3801
04:46
and the reason we didn't want to do that
98
274313
1976
04:48
is that puller needs to come off before
you can safely reenter that capsule,
99
276313
3651
04:51
so we wanted to eliminate, in design,
that possibility of failure.
100
279988
4473
04:57
CA: I mean, SpaceX has made
the regular reusability of rockets
101
285084
4429
05:01
seem almost routine,
102
289537
2165
05:03
which means you've done something
103
291726
1652
05:05
that no national
space program, for example,
104
293402
2660
05:08
has been able to achieve.
105
296086
2012
05:10
How was that possible?
106
298122
1634
05:12
GS: I think there's a couple of things --
107
300423
2706
05:15
there's a million things, actually --
108
303153
2063
05:17
that have allowed SpaceX to be successful.
109
305240
2920
05:20
The first is that we're kind of standing
on the shoulders of giants. Right?
110
308184
3642
05:23
We got to look at the rocket industry
and the developments to date,
111
311850
4556
05:28
and we got to pick the best ideas,
112
316430
2427
05:30
leverage them.
113
318881
1807
05:32
We also didn't have technology
that we had to include
114
320712
4027
05:36
in our vehicle systems.
115
324763
1416
05:38
So we didn't have to design
around legacy components
116
326203
3832
05:42
that maybe weren't the most reliable
or were particularly expensive,
117
330059
3191
05:45
so we really were able to let physics
drive the design of these systems.
118
333274
4060
05:49
CA: I mean, there are other programs
started from scratch.
119
337358
2715
05:52
That last phrase you said there,
you let physics drive the design,
120
340097
3348
05:55
what's an example of that?
121
343469
2372
05:57
GS: There's hundreds of examples,
actually, of that,
122
345865
3119
06:01
but basically, we got to construct
the vehicle design
123
349008
4380
06:05
from, really, a clean sheet of paper,
124
353412
2064
06:07
and we got to make decisions
that we wanted to make.
125
355500
3856
06:11
The tank architecture --
it's a common dome design.
126
359380
2769
06:14
Basically it's like two beer cans
stacked together,
127
362173
2571
06:16
one full of liquid oxygen,
128
364768
1610
06:18
one full of RP,
129
366402
2119
06:20
and that basically saved weight.
130
368545
2634
06:23
It allowed us to basically take
more payload for the same design.
131
371203
4644
06:27
One of the other elements of the vehicle
that we're flying right now
132
375871
3395
06:31
is we do use densified
liquid oxygen and densified RP,
133
379290
3336
06:34
so it's ultracold,
134
382650
1441
06:36
and it allows you to pack
more propellent into the vehicle.
135
384115
4728
06:40
It is done elsewhere,
136
388867
1481
06:42
probably not to the degree that we do it,
137
390372
2278
06:44
but it adds a lot
of margin to the vehicle,
138
392674
2001
06:46
which obviously adds reliability.
139
394699
2218
06:48
CA: Gwynne, you became President
of SpaceX 10 years ago, I think.
140
396941
4436
06:53
What's it been like to work
so closely with Elon Musk?
141
401401
3515
06:57
GS: So I love working for Elon.
142
405408
2447
06:59
I've been doing it for 16 years
this year, actually.
143
407879
2461
07:02
I don't think I'm dumb enough
to do something for 16 years
144
410364
3435
07:05
that I don't like doing.
145
413823
1976
07:07
He's funny
146
415823
1920
07:09
and fundamentally without
him saying anything
147
417767
3148
07:12
he drives you to do your best work.
148
420939
2766
07:16
He doesn't have to say a word.
149
424300
1443
07:17
You just want to do great work.
150
425767
1856
07:20
CA: You might be the person
best placed to answer this question,
151
428101
3011
07:23
which has puzzled me,
152
431136
1493
07:24
which is to shed light
on this strange unit of time
153
432653
3482
07:28
called "Elon time."
154
436159
2776
07:30
For example, last year,
I asked Elon, you know,
155
438959
3161
07:34
when Tesla would
auto-drive across America,
156
442144
3444
07:37
and he said by last December,
157
445612
2325
07:39
which is definitely true,
if you take Elon time into account.
158
447961
4304
07:44
So what's the conversion ratio
between Elon time and real time?
159
452289
4579
07:48
(Laughter)
160
456892
1007
07:49
GS: You put me
in a unique position, Chris.
161
457923
2010
07:51
Thanks for that.
162
459957
1868
07:53
There's no question that Elon
is very aggressive on his timelines,
163
461849
3096
07:56
but frankly, that drives us
to do things better and faster.
164
464969
4533
08:01
I think all the time
and all the money in the world
165
469526
2388
08:03
does not yield the best solution,
166
471938
1865
08:05
and so putting that pressure on the team
to move quickly is really important.
167
473827
4746
08:11
CA: It feels like you play
kind of a key intermediary role here.
168
479531
3018
08:14
I mean, he sets these crazy goals
that have their impact,
169
482573
4487
08:19
but, in other circumstances,
might blow up a team
170
487084
3494
08:22
or set impossible expectations.
171
490602
2086
08:24
It feels like you've found a way
of saying, "Yes, Elon,"
172
492823
3429
08:28
and then making it happen
in a way that is acceptable
173
496648
2477
08:31
both to him and to your company,
to your employees.
174
499150
2927
08:34
GS: There is two really important
realizations for that.
175
502296
3653
08:37
First of all, when Elon says something,
you have to pause
176
505973
4610
08:42
and not immediately blurt out,
"Well, that's impossible,"
177
510607
4075
08:46
or, "There's no way we're going
to do that. I don't know how."
178
514706
2965
08:49
So you zip it, and you think about it,
179
517695
1842
08:51
and you find ways to get that done.
180
519561
1848
08:53
And the other thing I realized,
181
521801
2257
08:56
and it made my job satisfaction
substantially harder.
182
524082
3035
08:59
So I always felt like my job
was to take these ideas
183
527141
4960
09:04
and kind of turn them into company goals,
make them achievable,
184
532125
3483
09:07
and kind of roll the company over
from this steep slope, get it comfortable.
185
535632
4602
09:12
And I noticed every time
I felt like we were there,
186
540258
3039
09:15
we were rolling over,
people were getting comfortable,
187
543321
3313
09:18
Elon would throw something out there,
188
546658
1762
09:20
and all of a sudden, we're not comfortable
189
548444
2143
09:22
and we're climbing that steep slope again.
190
550611
2317
09:24
But then once I realized
that that's his job,
191
552952
2626
09:27
and my job is to get the company
close to comfortable
192
555602
3322
09:30
so he can push again
and put us back on that slope,
193
558948
2709
09:33
then I started liking my job a lot more,
194
561681
1971
09:35
instead of always being frustrated.
195
563676
2089
09:37
CA: So if I estimated
that the conversation ratio
196
565789
3301
09:41
for Elon time to your time is about 2x,
197
569114
2293
09:43
am I a long way out there?
198
571431
2920
09:46
GS: That's not terrible,
and you said it, I didn't.
199
574375
2564
09:48
(Laughter)
200
576963
1991
09:50
CA: You know, looking ahead,
201
578978
1999
09:53
one huge initiative
202
581001
1668
09:54
SpaceX is believed to be,
rumored to be working on,
203
582693
3006
09:57
is a massive network of literally
thousands of low earth orbit satellites
204
585723
6555
10:04
to provide high-bandwidth,
low-cost internet connection
205
592302
3515
10:07
to every square foot of planet earth.
206
595841
2365
10:10
Is there anything
you can tell us about this?
207
598230
2234
10:12
GS: We actually don't chat very much
about this particular project,
208
600488
4102
10:16
not because we're hiding anything,
209
604614
1690
10:18
but this is probably
one of the most challenging
210
606328
2246
10:20
if not the most challenging
project we've undertaken.
211
608598
2538
10:23
No one has been successful
212
611160
1842
10:25
deploying a huge constellation
for internet broadband,
213
613026
3581
10:28
or basically for satellite internet,
214
616631
2299
10:30
and I don't think physics
is the difficulty here.
215
618954
2615
10:33
I think we can come up
with the right technology solution,
216
621593
2876
10:36
but we need to make a business out of it,
217
624493
2260
10:38
and it'll cost the company
about 10 billion dollars or more
218
626777
3587
10:42
to deploy this system.
219
630388
1761
10:44
And so we're marching steadily along
220
632173
4061
10:48
but we're certainly
not claiming victory yet.
221
636258
2365
10:50
CA: I mean, the impact of that,
obviously, if that happened to the world,
222
638647
3429
10:54
of connectivity everywhere,
would be pretty radical,
223
642100
3388
10:57
and perhaps mainly for good --
224
645512
1493
10:59
I mean, it changes a lot
if suddenly everyone can connect cheaply.
225
647029
3815
11:02
GS: Yeah, there's no question
it'll change the world.
226
650868
2477
11:05
CA: How much of a worry is it,
227
653369
1848
11:07
and how much of a drag
on the planning is it,
228
655241
2183
11:09
are concerns just about space junk?
229
657448
1985
11:11
People worry a lot about this.
230
659457
1468
11:12
This would a huge increase in the total
number of satellites in orbit.
231
660949
3343
11:16
Is that a concern?
232
664316
1151
11:17
GS: So space debris is a concern,
there's no question --
233
665491
3681
11:21
not because it's so likely to happen,
234
669196
2515
11:23
but the consequences of it happening
are pretty devastating.
235
671735
3894
11:27
You could basically spew
a bunch of particles in orbit
236
675653
3766
11:31
that could take out that orbit
from being useful for decades or longer.
237
679443
5158
11:36
So as a matter of fact,
238
684625
1818
11:38
we are required to bring down
our second stage after every mission
239
686467
3879
11:42
so it doesn't end up being
a rocket carcass orbiting earth.
240
690370
4127
11:46
So you really need to be
a good steward of that.
241
694521
2816
11:50
CA: So despite
the remarkable success there
242
698398
4100
11:54
of that Falcon Heavy rocket,
243
702522
3347
11:57
you're actually not focusing on that
as your future development plan.
244
705893
3248
12:01
You're doubling down
to a much bigger rocket
245
709165
2991
12:04
called the BFR,
246
712180
1508
12:05
which stands for ...
247
713712
1770
12:07
GS: It's the Big Falcon Rocket.
CA: The Big Falcon Rocket, that's right.
248
715506
4333
12:11
(Laughter)
249
719863
1666
12:13
What's the business logic of doing this
250
721553
2670
12:16
when you invested all that
in that incredible technology,
251
724247
3298
12:19
and now you're just going
to something much bigger. Why?
252
727569
2828
12:22
GS: Actually, we've learned some lessons
253
730421
1912
12:24
over the duration where we've
been developing these launch systems.
254
732357
3687
12:28
What we want to do is not introduce
a new product before we've been able
255
736068
4880
12:32
to convince the customers that this
is the product that they should move to,
256
740972
3579
12:36
so we're working on
the Big Falcon Rocket now,
257
744575
3372
12:39
but we're going to continue
flying Falcon 9s and Falcon Heavies
258
747971
3015
12:43
until there is absolute
widespread acceptance of BFR.
259
751010
3071
12:46
But we are working on it right now,
260
754867
1928
12:48
we're just not going to cancel
Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy
261
756819
3230
12:52
and just put in place BFR.
262
760073
2904
12:55
CA: The logic is that BFR is what you need
to take humanity to Mars?
263
763001
4499
12:59
GS: That's correct.
264
767524
1229
13:00
CA: But somehow, you've also found
other business ideas for this.
265
768777
4110
13:04
GS: Yes. BFR can take the satellites
that we're currently taking to orbit
266
772911
3472
13:08
to many orbits.
267
776407
1233
13:09
It allows for even a new class
of satellites to be delivered to orbit.
268
777664
5325
13:15
Basically, the width, the diameter
of the fairing is eight meters,
269
783013
3626
13:18
so you can think about
what giant telescopes
270
786663
2349
13:21
you can put in that fairing,
in that cargo bay,
271
789036
3420
13:24
and see really incredible things
272
792480
2095
13:26
and discover incredible things in space.
273
794599
2269
13:28
But then there are some
residual capabilities
274
796892
2182
13:31
that we have out of BFR as well.
275
799098
2308
13:33
CA: A residual capability?
GS: It's a residual capability.
276
801430
2772
13:36
CA: Is that what you call this?
Talk about what the heck this is.
277
804226
3109
13:39
Oh wait a sec --
278
807360
1151
13:40
GS: That's Falcon Heavy.
279
808535
1171
13:41
That's worth pointing out, by the way.
280
809730
1811
13:43
What a beautiful rocket,
281
811565
1411
13:45
and that hangar could just fit
the Statue of Liberty in it,
282
813000
4960
13:49
so you get a sense of size
of that Falcon Heavy Rocket.
283
817984
4396
13:54
CA: And the fact that
there are 27 engines there.
284
822404
2476
13:56
That's part of the design principle
285
824904
1667
13:58
that you, rather than just
inventing ever bigger rockets,
286
826595
3229
14:01
you team them up.
287
829848
1150
14:03
GS: It's exactly this residual capability.
288
831014
2086
14:05
We developed the Merlin engine
for the Falcon 1 launch vehicle.
289
833124
3018
14:08
We could have tossed that engine
290
836166
1766
14:09
and built an entirely new engine
for the Falcon 9.
291
837956
2961
14:12
It would have been called
something different,
292
840941
2178
14:15
because Falcon 9 is nine Merlin engines,
293
843143
1905
14:17
but instead of spending a billion dollars
on a brand new engine,
294
845072
3039
14:20
we put nine of them together
on the back end of Falcon 9.
295
848135
3186
14:23
Residual capability:
glue three Falcon 9s together
296
851345
3080
14:26
and you have the largest
operational rocket flying.
297
854449
3119
14:29
And so it was expensive to do,
298
857592
1809
14:31
but it was a much more efficient path
than starting from scratch.
299
859425
3226
14:34
CA: And the BFR is the equivalent
of how much bigger than that,
300
862675
3861
14:38
in terms of its power?
301
866560
1151
14:39
GS: BFR is about, I believe,
two and half times the size of this.
302
867735
3120
14:42
CA: Right, and so that allows you --
303
870879
1977
14:44
I mean, I still don't really believe
this video that we're about to play here.
304
872880
3687
14:48
What on earth is this?
305
876591
1851
14:50
GS: So it currently is on earth,
306
878863
2859
14:53
but this is basically
space travel for earthlings.
307
881746
3132
14:56
I can't wait for this residual capability.
308
884903
2221
14:59
Basically, what we're going to do
is we're going to fly BFR like an aircraft
309
887148
4656
15:03
and do point-to-point travel on earth,
310
891828
2586
15:06
so you can take off
from New York City or Vancouver
311
894438
4027
15:10
and fly halfway across the globe.
312
898489
2038
15:12
You'll be on the BFR for roughly
half an hour or 40 minutes,
313
900551
4015
15:16
and the longest part --
yeah, it's so awesome.
314
904590
2444
15:19
(Applause)
315
907058
1092
15:20
The longest part of that flight
is actually the boat out and back.
316
908174
4193
15:24
(Laughter)
317
912391
1001
15:25
CA: I mean. Gwynne, come on,
this is awesome, but it's crazy, right?
318
913416
3402
15:28
This is never going to actually happen.
319
916842
2850
15:31
GS: Oh no, it's definitely
going to happen.
320
919716
2019
15:33
This is definitely going to happen.
321
921759
1667
15:35
CA: How?
322
923450
1151
15:36
(Applause)
323
924625
4134
15:40
So first of all, countries are going
to accept this incoming missile --
324
928783
4256
15:45
(Laughter)
325
933063
1001
15:46
GS: Chris, so can you imagine
us trying to convince a federal range,
326
934088
4341
15:50
Air Force bases to take the incomers?
327
938453
2143
15:52
Because we're doing it now,
regularly, right?
328
940620
2180
15:54
We're bringing the first stages back,
329
942824
1801
15:56
and we're landing them
on federal property on an Air Force base.
330
944649
3007
15:59
So I think doing it, I don't know,
331
947680
1745
16:01
10 kilometers out from a city, maybe
it's only five kilometers out from a city.
332
949449
3729
16:05
CA: So how many passengers
can possibly afford the fortune
333
953202
2815
16:08
of flying by space?
334
956041
1019
16:09
GS: So the first BFR is going to have
roughly a hundred passengers.
335
957132
5008
16:14
And let's talk a little bit
about the business.
336
962165
2198
16:16
Everyone thinks rockets
are really expensive,
337
964387
2142
16:18
and to a large degree they are,
338
966554
1539
16:20
and how could we possibly compete
with airline tickets here?
339
968463
2810
16:23
But if you think about it,
if I can do this trip
340
971298
2315
16:25
in half an hour to an hour,
341
973638
2929
16:28
I can do dozens of these a day, right?
342
976591
2956
16:31
And yet, a long-haul aircraft
can only make one of those flights a day.
343
979571
3622
16:35
So even if my rocket
was slightly more expensive
344
983217
2309
16:37
and the fuel is
a little bit more expensive,
345
985550
2036
16:39
I can run 10x at least
what they're running in a day,
346
987611
2900
16:42
and really make the revenue
that I need to out of that system.
347
990536
3491
16:46
CA: So you really believe this is going
to be deployed at some point
348
994051
3274
16:49
in our amazing future. When?
349
997349
1669
16:51
GS: Within a decade, for sure.
350
999042
1843
16:53
CA: And this is Gwynne time or Elon time?
351
1001495
2618
16:56
GS: That's Gwynne time.
I'm sure Elon will want us to go faster.
352
1004137
3072
16:59
(Laughter)
353
1007233
1245
17:01
CA: OK, that's certainly amazing.
354
1009056
4111
17:05
(Laughter)
355
1013191
1621
17:06
GS: I'm personally invested in this one,
because I travel a lot
356
1014836
3044
17:09
and I do not love to travel,
357
1017904
1368
17:11
and I would love to get to see
my customers in Riyadh,
358
1019296
3587
17:14
leave in the morning
and be back in time to make dinner.
359
1022907
3218
17:18
CA: So we're going to test this out.
360
1026149
1769
17:19
So within 10 years,
an economy price ticket,
361
1027942
2770
17:22
or, like, a couple thousand dollars
per person to fly New York to Shanghai.
362
1030736
5650
17:28
GS: Yeah, I think it'll be between
economy and business,
363
1036410
3110
17:31
but you do it in an hour.
364
1039544
1398
17:32
CA: Yeah, well, OK,
that is definitely something.
365
1040966
2777
17:35
(Laughter)
366
1043767
1001
17:36
And meanwhile, the other use
of BFR is being developed
367
1044792
3339
17:40
to go a little bit further than Shanghai.
368
1048155
3189
17:43
Talk about this.
369
1051368
1242
17:44
You guys have actually developed
quite a detailed, sort of, picture
370
1052634
3993
17:48
of how humans might fly to Mars,
371
1056651
3420
17:52
and what that would look like.
372
1060095
1592
17:53
GS: Yeah. So we've got a video,
this is a cropped video
373
1061711
2572
17:56
from others we've shown, and then
there's a couple of new bits to it.
374
1064307
3309
17:59
But basically, you're going
to lift off from a pad,
375
1067640
3318
18:02
you've got a booster as well as the BFS,
the Big Falcon Spaceship.
376
1070982
3941
18:07
It's going to take off.
377
1075535
1182
18:11
The booster is going to drop
the spaceship off in orbit,
378
1079550
3391
18:14
low earth orbit,
379
1082965
1150
18:16
and then return just like
we're returning boosters right now.
380
1084139
3206
18:19
So it sounds incredible,
but we're working on the pieces,
381
1087369
2722
18:22
and you can see us achieve these pieces.
382
1090115
1968
18:24
So booster comes back.
383
1092107
1203
18:25
The new thing here
384
1093334
1151
18:26
is that we're going to actually land
on the pad that we launched from.
385
1094509
3319
18:29
Currently, we land on a separate pad,
or we land out on a boat.
386
1097852
2968
18:33
Fast, quick connect.
387
1101390
1673
18:35
You take a cargo ship full of fuel,
388
1103087
2669
18:37
or a fuel depot,
389
1105780
1173
18:38
put it on that booster, get that in orbit,
390
1106977
2474
18:41
do a docking maneuver,
refuel the spaceship,
391
1109475
2924
18:45
and head on to your destination,
392
1113979
1874
18:47
and this one is Mars.
393
1115877
2113
18:51
CA: So, like, a hundred people
go to Mars at one time,
394
1119131
5301
18:56
taking, what, six months? Two months?
395
1124456
2690
18:59
GS: It ends up depending
on how big the rocket is.
396
1127170
2626
19:01
I think this first version,
and we'll continue to make
397
1129820
3182
19:05
even bigger BFRs,
398
1133026
2158
19:07
I think it's a three-month trip.
399
1135208
2031
19:09
Right now, the average is six to eight,
400
1137263
1915
19:11
but we're going to try to do it faster.
401
1139202
1962
19:13
CA: When do you believe SpaceX
will land the first human on Mars?
402
1141188
4455
19:17
GS: It's a very similar time frame
from the point-to-point.
403
1145667
2762
19:20
It's the same capability.
404
1148453
1245
19:21
It will be within a decade --
not this decade.
405
1149722
4209
19:25
CA: In real time, again, within a decade.
406
1153955
2210
19:28
Well, that would also be amazing.
407
1156189
2799
19:31
(Laughter)
408
1159012
1150
19:32
Why, though? Seriously, why?
409
1160186
2515
19:34
I mean, you've got a company
where this is the official stated mission.
410
1162725
3754
19:38
Has everyone actually
bought into that mission,
411
1166503
2507
19:41
given that, I mean,
there's a lot of people around
412
1169034
2692
19:43
who think, come on,
you've got so much talent,
413
1171750
2158
19:45
so much technology capability.
414
1173932
1697
19:47
There are so many things on earth
that need urgent attention.
415
1175653
3311
19:50
Why would you have this escape trip
off to another planet?
416
1178988
2945
19:53
(Applause)
417
1181957
1635
19:55
GS: So I am glad you asked that,
418
1183616
1680
19:57
but I think we need
to expand our minds a little bit.
419
1185320
2644
19:59
There are plenty of things to do on earth,
420
1187988
2079
20:02
but there are lots of companies
working on that.
421
1190091
2571
20:04
I think we're working on one of
the most important things we possibly can,
422
1192686
4295
20:09
and that's to find another place
for humans to live and survive and thrive.
423
1197005
4727
20:13
If something happened on earth,
424
1201756
3309
20:17
you need humans living somewhere else.
425
1205089
2095
20:20
(Applause)
426
1208896
1772
20:22
It's the fundamental risk reduction
for the human species.
427
1210692
2757
20:25
And this does not subvert
428
1213473
2223
20:27
making our planet here better
and doing a better job taking care of it,
429
1215720
4809
20:32
but I think you need
multiple paths to survival,
430
1220553
3110
20:35
and this is one of them.
431
1223687
2143
20:37
And let's not talk about the downer piece,
432
1225854
2099
20:39
like, you go to Mars to make sure
all earthlings don't die.
433
1227977
3388
20:43
That's terrible, actually,
that's a terrible reason to go do it.
434
1231389
3650
20:47
Fundamentally,
it's another place to explore,
435
1235063
2928
20:50
and that's what makes humans
different from animals,
436
1238015
3398
20:53
it's our sense of exploration
and sense of wonderment
437
1241437
2477
20:55
and learning something new.
438
1243938
1377
20:57
And then I also have to say,
439
1245339
2515
20:59
this is the first step
in us moving to other solar systems
440
1247878
3841
21:03
and potentially other galaxies,
441
1251743
1584
21:05
and I think this is the only time
I ever out-vision Elon,
442
1253351
3145
21:08
because I want to meet other people
in other solar systems.
443
1256520
2849
21:11
Mars is fine, but it is
a fixer-upper planet.
444
1259393
2269
21:13
There's work to do there
to make it habitable.
445
1261686
2184
21:15
(Laughter)
446
1263894
1001
21:16
I want to find people,
or whatever they call themselves,
447
1264919
2987
21:19
in another solar system.
448
1267930
1619
21:21
CA: That is a big vision.
449
1269573
2228
21:23
Gwynne Shotwell, thank you.
450
1271825
1770
21:25
You have one of the most
amazing jobs on the planet.
451
1273619
2430
21:28
GS: Thank you very much. Thanks, Chris.
452
1276073
2334

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Gwynne Shotwell - Space leader
As president and COO of SpaceX, Gwynne Shotwell is responsible for day-to-day operations and for managing all customer and strategic relations.

Why you should listen

Gwynne Shotwell joined SpaceX in 2002 as vice president of business development and built the Falcon vehicle family manifest to more than 70 launches, representing more than $10 billion in business. Shotwell is a member of the SpaceX Board of Directors.
 
Prior to joining SpaceX, Shotwell spent more than 10 years at the Aerospace Corporation, holding positions in space systems engineering and technology and project management. Shotwell was subsequently recruited to be director of Microcosm's space systems division, managing space system technologies, serving on the executive committee and directing corporate business development.
 
In 2014, Shotwell was appointed to the United States Export Import Bank's Advisory Committee and the Federal Aviation Administration’s Management Advisory Council. She has been awarded the World Technology Award for Individual Achievement in Space, has been inducted into the Women In Technology International Hall of Fame and was elected to the honorable grade of Fellow with the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
 
SpaceX supports science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) programs locally as well as national engineering programs and competitions. Shotwell has helped raise over $1.4 million for STEM education programs reaching thousands of students nationwide.
Shotwell received, with honors, her bachelor’s and master’s degrees from Northwestern University in mechanical engineering and applied mathematics, and she serves as both a University Trustee and a member of the Advisory Council for Northwestern’s McCormick School of Engineering. She has authored dozens of papers on a variety of space-related subjects.

More profile about the speaker
Gwynne Shotwell | Speaker | TED.com
Chris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading.

Why you should listen

Chris Anderson is the Curator of TED, a nonprofit devoted to sharing valuable ideas, primarily through the medium of 'TED Talks' -- short talks that are offered free online to a global audience.

Chris was born in a remote village in Pakistan in 1957. He spent his early years in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, where his parents worked as medical missionaries, and he attended an American school in the Himalayas for his early education. After boarding school in Bath, England, he went on to Oxford University, graduating in 1978 with a degree in philosophy, politics and economics.

Chris then trained as a journalist, working in newspapers and radio, including two years producing a world news service in the Seychelles Islands.

Back in the UK in 1984, Chris was captivated by the personal computer revolution and became an editor at one of the UK's early computer magazines. A year later he founded Future Publishing with a $25,000 bank loan. The new company initially focused on specialist computer publications but eventually expanded into other areas such as cycling, music, video games, technology and design, doubling in size every year for seven years. In 1994, Chris moved to the United States where he built Imagine Media, publisher of Business 2.0 magazine and creator of the popular video game users website IGN. Chris eventually merged Imagine and Future, taking the combined entity public in London in 1999, under the Future name. At its peak, it published 150 magazines and websites and employed 2,000 people.

This success allowed Chris to create a private nonprofit organization, the Sapling Foundation, with the hope of finding new ways to tackle tough global issues through media, technology, entrepreneurship and, most of all, ideas. In 2001, the foundation acquired the TED Conference, then an annual meeting of luminaries in the fields of Technology, Entertainment and Design held in Monterey, California, and Chris left Future to work full time on TED.

He expanded the conference's remit to cover all topics, including science, business and key global issues, while adding a Fellows program, which now has some 300 alumni, and the TED Prize, which grants its recipients "one wish to change the world." The TED stage has become a place for thinkers and doers from all fields to share their ideas and their work, capturing imaginations, sparking conversation and encouraging discovery along the way.

In 2006, TED experimented with posting some of its talks on the Internet. Their viral success encouraged Chris to begin positioning the organization as a global media initiative devoted to 'ideas worth spreading,' part of a new era of information dissemination using the power of online video. In June 2015, the organization posted its 2,000th talk online. The talks are free to view, and they have been translated into more than 100 languages with the help of volunteers from around the world. Viewership has grown to approximately one billion views per year.

Continuing a strategy of 'radical openness,' in 2009 Chris introduced the TEDx initiative, allowing free licenses to local organizers who wished to organize their own TED-like events. More than 8,000 such events have been held, generating an archive of 60,000 TEDx talks. And three years later, the TED-Ed program was launched, offering free educational videos and tools to students and teachers.

More profile about the speaker
Chris Anderson | Speaker | TED.com