TEDxAarhus
Fatima AlZahra'a Alatraktchi: To detect diseases earlier, let's speak bacteria's secret language
法提麦·阿扎拉·阿特拉齐: 为了更早地发现疾病，让我们来谈谈细菌的秘密语言
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细菌互相“交谈”，发送化学信息来协调攻击。如果我们能听到它们在说什么呢？纳米物理学家法提麦·阿扎拉·阿特拉齐（Fatima AlZahra'a Alatraktchi）发明了一种工具来监视细菌的喋喋不休，并将它们的秘密交流转化为人类语言。她的工作可能为疾病的早期诊断——甚至在我们生病之前——铺平道路。
Fatima AlZahra'a Alatraktchi - Nanophysicist, entrepreneur
Fatima AlZahra'a Alatraktchi invented a method to spy on the social behavior and communication of bacteria. Full bio
Fatima AlZahra'a Alatraktchi invented a method to spy on the social behavior and communication of bacteria. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
You don't know them.
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你不认识它们。
00:16
You don't see them.
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你看不见它们。
00:18
But they're always around,
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但它们一直都在周围，
00:21
whispering,
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窃窃私语，
00:23
making secret plans,
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秘密计划，
00:25
building armies with millions of soldiers.
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以百万兵力建造军队。
00:30
And when they decide to attack,
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但它们决定进攻时，
00:33
they all attack at the same time.
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它们同一时间一哄而上。
00:39
I'm talking about bacteria.
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我在说的是细菌。
（大笑）
00:40
(Laughter)
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你们以为我在说谁？
00:42
Who did you think I was talking about?
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00:46
Bacteria live in communities
just like humans.
just like humans.
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细菌生活的社群就和人类一样。
00:49
They have families,
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它们有家庭，
它们交谈，
00:50
they talk,
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还会做行动计划。
00:52
and they plan their activities.
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也像人类一样，它们耍花招，
00:53
And just like humans, they trick, deceive,
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有些甚至互相欺骗。
00:56
and some might even cheat on each other.
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01:00
What if I tell you that we can listen
to bacterial conversations
to bacterial conversations
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如果我告诉你，
我们可以听懂细菌的对话，
我们可以听懂细菌的对话，
并把它们的机密信息
翻译成人类语言呢?
翻译成人类语言呢?
01:03
and translate their confidential
information into human language?
information into human language?
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01:08
And what if I tell you that translating
bacterial conversations can save lives?
bacterial conversations can save lives?
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如果我告诉你，
翻译细菌语言可以挽救生命呢？
翻译细菌语言可以挽救生命呢？
01:14
I hold a PhD in nanophysics,
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我拥有纳米物理学博士学位，
我使用纳米技术
开发了一个实时翻译工具，
开发了一个实时翻译工具，
01:16
and I've used nanotechnology
to develop a real-time translation tool
to develop a real-time translation tool
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可以监视细菌群落，
01:20
that can spy on bacterial communities
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记录细菌在做什么。
01:23
and give us recordings
of what bacteria are up to.
of what bacteria are up to.
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01:28
Bacteria live everywhere.
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细菌无处不在。
它们在土壤中，在我们的家具上，
01:29
They're in the soil, on our furniture
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在我们的身体里。
01:32
and inside our bodies.
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01:34
In fact, 90 percent of all the live cells
in this theater are bacterial.
in this theater are bacterial.
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事实上，这个剧院里
有90%的活细胞是细菌。
有90%的活细胞是细菌。
01:39
Some bacteria are good for us;
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有些细菌对我们是好的，
它们帮助我们消化食物
或生产抗生素。
或生产抗生素。
01:41
they help us digest food
or produce antibiotics.
or produce antibiotics.
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有些细菌对我们有害，
01:44
And some bacteria are bad for us;
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它们会造成疾病和死亡。
01:46
they cause diseases and death.
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01:49
To coordinate all
the functions bacteria have,
the functions bacteria have,
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要协调所有细菌的功能，
它们必须能够组织起来，
01:52
they have to be able to organize,
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方法与人类别无二致——
01:54
and they do that just like us humans --
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通过交谈。
01:56
by communicating.
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01:58
But instead of using words,
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不同于使用语言，
它们使用信号分子互相交流。
02:00
they use signaling molecules
to communicate with each other.
to communicate with each other.
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02:04
When bacteria are few,
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当细菌不多时，
信号分子就会流失，
02:05
the signaling molecules just flow away,
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就像沙漠中一个人的尖叫。
02:08
like the screams of a man
alone in the desert.
alone in the desert.
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02:11
But when there are many bacteria,
the signaling molecules accumulate,
the signaling molecules accumulate,
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但当细菌很多时，
信号分子聚集起来，
信号分子聚集起来，
02:15
and the bacteria start sensing
that they're not alone.
that they're not alone.
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细菌觉察到它们并不孤单。
02:19
They listen to each other.
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它们互相倾听。
02:21
In this way, they keep track
of how many they are
of how many they are
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通过这种方式，它们跟踪集群的数量，
当它们足够多时，就开始一个新的行动。
02:24
and when they're many enough
to initiate a new action.
to initiate a new action.
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02:28
And when the signaling molecules
have reached a certain threshold,
have reached a certain threshold,
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当信号分子已经达到一定的阈值，
所有的细菌会同时感知它们需要
02:32
all the bacteria sense at once
that they need to act
that they need to act
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同步行动。
02:35
with the same action.
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02:37
So bacterial conversation consists
of an initiative and a reaction,
of an initiative and a reaction,
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细菌的交流包括
自发行动和被动反应，
自发行动和被动反应，
生产一个分子以及对分子的反应。
02:42
a production of a molecule
and the response to it.
and the response to it.
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02:47
In my research, I focused on spying
on bacterial communities
on bacterial communities
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在我的研究中，我专注于监听细菌菌落
在人体中的活动。
02:50
inside the human body.
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02:52
How does it work?
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它们如何工作的？
02:54
We have a sample from a patient.
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我们会拿一个病人的样本。
可能是血液或唾液样本。
02:56
It could be a blood or spit sample.
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02:59
We shoot electrons into the sample,
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我们把电子射入样本，
电子会和任何可沟通分子互动,
03:01
the electrons will interact with any
communication molecules present,
communication molecules present,
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这种互动会给我们信息
03:05
and this interaction
will give us information
will give us information
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来确认细菌种类，
03:08
on the identity of the bacteria,
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03:10
the type of communication
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它们交谈的类型
以及有多少细菌在交谈。
03:11
and how much the bacteria are talking.
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03:16
But what is it like
when bacteria communicate?
when bacteria communicate?
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细菌在交谈时是什么样的呢？
03:19
Before I developed the translation tool,
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在我开发这个翻译工具之前，
我最早猜测细菌会有一种原始的语言，
03:23
my first assumption was that bacteria
would have a primitive language,
would have a primitive language,
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就像没有发育出
表达单词和句子能力的婴儿。
表达单词和句子能力的婴儿。
03:27
like infants that haven't developed
words and sentences yet.
words and sentences yet.
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03:31
When they laugh, they're happy;
when they cry, they're sad.
when they cry, they're sad.
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当它们笑，就是开心；
当它们哭，就是难过。
当它们哭，就是难过。
就像这样简单。
03:34
Simple as that.
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03:36
But bacteria turned out to be nowhere
as primitive as I thought they would be.
as primitive as I thought they would be.
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但事实证明，
细菌可不像我想象的那样原始。
细菌可不像我想象的那样原始。
03:40
A molecule is not just a molecule.
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一个分子不仅仅是一个分子。
根据具体情境，
它们可以有不同的含义，
它们可以有不同的含义，
03:42
It can mean different things
depending on the context,
depending on the context,
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03:46
just like the crying of babies
can mean different things:
can mean different things:
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就像婴儿的哭泣
可以表示不同的事情：
可以表示不同的事情：
有时是这个婴儿饿了，
03:49
sometimes the baby is hungry,
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03:51
sometimes it's wet,
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有时是尿湿了，
有时是受伤了或害怕了。
03:52
sometimes it's hurt or afraid.
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父母知道怎么解码它们的哭泣。
03:54
Parents know how to decode those cries.
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03:57
And to be a real translation tool,
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要做一个真正的翻译工具，
它必须能够解码信号分子
03:59
it had to be able to decode
the signaling molecules
the signaling molecules
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并根据上下文翻译。
04:02
and translate them
depending on the context.
depending on the context.
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04:07
And who knows?
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谁知道呢？
也许谷歌翻译很快会采用。
04:08
Maybe Google Translate
will adopt this soon.
will adopt this soon.
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（大笑）
04:10
(Laughter)
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04:14
Let me give you an example.
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我来举一个例子。
我带来了一些细菌数据，
它们可能有点难以理解，
它们可能有点难以理解，
04:16
I've brought some bacterial data
that can be a bit tricky to understand
that can be a bit tricky to understand
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如果你没有经过训练的话，
04:19
if you're not trained,
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不过试着看一下。
04:20
but try to take a look.
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04:23
(Laughter)
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（大笑）
04:26
Here's a happy bacterial family
that has infected a patient.
that has infected a patient.
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这是一个感染了病人的快乐细菌家族。
04:32
Let's call them the Montague family.
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就叫它们蒙太古家吧。
04:35
They share resources,
they reproduce, and they grow.
they reproduce, and they grow.
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它们分享资源，再生产，繁衍。
04:40
One day, they get a new neighbor,
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一天，它们来了一个新邻居，
04:44
bacterial family Capulet.
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细菌凯普莱特家。
（大笑）
04:46
(Laughter)
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04:48
Everything is fine,
as long as they're working together.
as long as they're working together.
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只要它们能和谐相处，一切都没问题。
04:52
But then something unplanned happens.
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但接着一些计划外的事发生了。
04:56
Romeo from Montague has a relationship
with Juliet from Capulet.
with Juliet from Capulet.
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蒙太古家的罗密欧
和凯普莱特家的朱丽叶在一起了。
和凯普莱特家的朱丽叶在一起了。
（大笑）
05:00
(Laughter)
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05:02
And yes, they share genetic material.
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而且，它们分享了基因物质。
（大笑）
05:05
(Laughter)
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05:10
Now, this gene transfer
can be dangerous to the Montagues
can be dangerous to the Montagues
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而这个转移基因
对蒙太古家是一个威胁，
对蒙太古家是一个威胁，
会打乱它们要独占
这个感染病人的计划，
这个感染病人的计划，
05:13
that have the ambition to be the only
family in the patient they have infected,
family in the patient they have infected,
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而分享的基因会帮助
05:17
and sharing genes contributes
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05:18
to the Capulets developing
resistance to antibiotics.
resistance to antibiotics.
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凯普莱特家发展对抗生素的耐药性。
05:23
So the Montagues start talking internally
to get rid of this other family
to get rid of this other family
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所以蒙太古家族开始内部对话，
想要通过释放这个分子
想要通过释放这个分子
来摆脱另一个家族。
05:28
by releasing this molecule.
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05:30
(Laughter)
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（大笑）
05:32
And with subtitles:
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而且有主题：
05:34
[Let us coordinate an attack.]
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【让我们协调进攻。】
（大笑）
05:36
(Laughter)
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05:37
Let's coordinate an attack.
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让我们协调进攻。
05:41
And then everybody at once responds
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然后每个人立刻释放出
05:44
by releasing a poison
that will kill the other family.
that will kill the other family.
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一种毒药，来杀死另一个家庭。
【清除！】
05:48
[Eliminate!]
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05:52
(Laughter)
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（大笑）
05:55
The Capulets respond
by calling for a counterattack.
by calling for a counterattack.
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凯普莱特人则要求反击。
【反击！】
05:59
[Counterattack!]
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然后它们发动了战争。
06:00
And they have a battle.
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06:04
This is a video of real bacteria
dueling with swordlike organelles,
dueling with swordlike organelles,
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这是一段真实的细菌
与剑状细胞器搏斗的视频，
与剑状细胞器搏斗的视频，
它们试图通过
06:08
where they try to kill each other
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互相刺穿和撕裂杀死对方。
06:10
by literally stabbing
and rupturing each other.
and rupturing each other.
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06:14
Whoever's family wins this battle
becomes the dominant bacteria.
becomes the dominant bacteria.
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谁的家族赢得了这场战斗，
就将成为占统治地位的细菌。
就将成为占统治地位的细菌。
06:20
So what I can do is to detect
bacterial conversations
bacterial conversations
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所以我能做的就是监听细菌的对话，
这些对话会导致不同的集体行为，
06:23
that lead to different
collective behaviors
collective behaviors
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就像你刚才看到的打斗。
06:25
like the fight you just saw.
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06:27
And what I did was to spy
on bacterial communities
on bacterial communities
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我要做的就是监视
在医院病人体内的
06:30
inside the human body
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细菌群落。
06:32
in patients at a hospital.
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06:34
I followed 62 patients in an experiment,
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在一项实验中，我跟踪了62名患者，
在不知道传统诊断测试结果的情况下，
06:37
where I tested the patient samples
for one particular infection,
for one particular infection,
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我对患者样本进行了
一种特定感染的测试。
一种特定感染的测试。
06:41
without knowing the results
of the traditional diagnostic test.
of the traditional diagnostic test.
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当前，细菌诊断学的方法是，
06:44
Now, in bacterial diagnostics,
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把样本涂在玻片上，
06:48
a sample is smeared out on a plate,
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如果细菌在五天内生长出来，
06:50
and if the bacteria grow within five days,
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病人就被诊断为感染。
06:53
the patient is diagnosed as infected.
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06:57
When I finished the study
and I compared the tool results
and I compared the tool results
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当我完成研究，并将工具结果
与传统的诊断测试和
验证测试进行比较时，
验证测试进行比较时，
07:00
to the traditional diagnostic test
and the validation test,
and the validation test,
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我震惊了。
07:03
I was shocked.
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这比我想象的更令人吃惊。
07:05
It was far more astonishing
than I had ever anticipated.
than I had ever anticipated.
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07:10
But before I tell you
what the tool revealed,
what the tool revealed,
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但在我告诉你这个工具揭示了什么之前，
我想告诉你一个
我跟踪的病人的具体情况，
我跟踪的病人的具体情况，
07:12
I would like to tell you about
a specific patient I followed,
a specific patient I followed,
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一个年轻女孩。
07:15
a young girl.
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07:16
She had cystic fibrosis,
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她得了囊性纤维化，
这是一种遗传疾病，
导致她的肺部疾病易受细菌感染。
导致她的肺部疾病易受细菌感染。
07:18
a genetic disease that made her lungs
susceptible to bacterial infections.
susceptible to bacterial infections.
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07:22
This girl wasn't a part
of the clinical trial.
of the clinical trial.
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这个女孩没有参与临床试验。
我跟踪她是因为，
我从她的医疗记录中
我从她的医疗记录中
07:25
I followed her because I knew
from her medical record
from her medical record
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得知她以前从未感染过。
07:28
that she had never had
an infection before.
an infection before.
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07:31
Once a month, this girl
went to the hospital
went to the hospital
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这个女孩每个月去医院一次，
把她咳出的痰样本吐在杯子里。
07:33
to cough up a sputum sample
that she spit in a cup.
that she spit in a cup.
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07:36
This sample was transferred
for bacterial analysis
for bacterial analysis
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这个样本被转移到中央实验室
进行细菌分析，
07:40
at the central laboratory
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这样医生们就可以在
发现感染时迅速采取行动。
发现感染时迅速采取行动。
07:42
so the doctors could act quickly
if they discovered an infection.
if they discovered an infection.
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07:46
And it allowed me to test my device
on her samples as well.
on her samples as well.
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这也让我有机会
用她的样本测试我的设备。
用她的样本测试我的设备。
07:49
The first two months I measured
on her samples, there was nothing.
on her samples, there was nothing.
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头两个月，我在她的样本中
什么都没发现。
什么都没发现。
07:53
But the third month,
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但第三个月，
我在她的样本中发现
一些细菌在说个不停。
一些细菌在说个不停。
07:54
I discovered some bacterial
chatter in her sample.
chatter in her sample.
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07:58
The bacteria were coordinating
to damage her lung tissue.
to damage her lung tissue.
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细菌正在协同破坏她的肺组织。
08:02
But the traditional diagnostics
showed no bacteria at all.
showed no bacteria at all.
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但传统的诊断显示根本没有细菌。
08:07
I measured again the next month,
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下一个月我再次测试，
我可以看到细菌的对话
变得更加激烈。
变得更加激烈。
08:09
and I could see that the bacterial
conversations became even more aggressive.
conversations became even more aggressive.
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08:14
Still, the traditional
diagnostics showed nothing.
diagnostics showed nothing.
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然而，传统的诊断
还没有显示出任何结果。
还没有显示出任何结果。
08:18
My study ended, but a half a year later,
I followed up on her status
I followed up on her status
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我的研究结束了，但半年后，
我对她的病情进行了追踪，
我对她的病情进行了追踪，
想看看在没有医疗干预的情况下，
08:22
to see if the bacteria
only I knew about had disappeared
only I knew about had disappeared
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这种只有我知道的细菌
是否已经消失了。
是否已经消失了。
08:25
without medical intervention.
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08:28
They hadn't.
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它们并没有。
08:30
But the girl was now diagnosed
with a severe infection
with a severe infection
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但那女孩现在被诊断出
严重感染致命细菌。
08:32
of deadly bacteria.
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08:35
It was the very same bacteria
my tool discovered earlier.
my tool discovered earlier.
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而这正是我的工具
早些时候发现的细菌。
早些时候发现的细菌。
08:40
And despite aggressive
antibiotic treatment,
antibiotic treatment,
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尽管进行了积极的抗生素治疗，
仍然不可能根除感染。
08:43
it was impossible
to eradicate the infection.
to eradicate the infection.
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08:46
Doctors deemed that she would not
survive her 20s.
survive her 20s.
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医生认为她活不过30岁。
08:52
When I measured on this girl's samples,
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当我测量这个女孩的样本时，
我的工具还处于初级阶段。
08:54
my tool was still in the initial stage.
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我甚至不知道我的方法是否有效，
08:56
I didn't even know
if my method worked at all,
if my method worked at all,
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因此我与医生达成协议，
08:59
therefore I had an agreement
with the doctors
with the doctors
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不告诉他们我的工具揭示了什么，
09:01
not to tell them what my tool revealed
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以免影响他们的治疗。
09:03
in order not to compromise
their treatment.
their treatment.
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09:06
So when I saw these results
that weren't even validated,
that weren't even validated,
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所以当我看到这些结果
甚至没有得到证实时，
甚至没有得到证实时，
我不敢说出来，
09:08
I didn't dare to tell
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因为治疗一个没有感染的病人
09:10
because treating a patient
without an actual infection
without an actual infection
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也会对病人产生负面影响。
09:13
also has negative
consequences for the patient.
consequences for the patient.
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09:17
But now we know better,
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但现在我们知道得更多了，
还有很多年轻的男孩女孩们可以被救，
09:18
and there are many young boys
and girls that still can be saved
and girls that still can be saved
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09:23
because, unfortunately,
this scenario happens very often.
this scenario happens very often.
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因为，不幸的是，这种情况经常发生。
病人被感染了，
09:26
Patients get infected,
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在传统的诊断测试中没有发现细菌，
09:28
the bacteria somehow don't show
on the traditional diagnostic test,
on the traditional diagnostic test,
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突然间，感染在有严重症状的
病人身上爆发了。
病人身上爆发了。
09:31
and suddenly, the infection breaks out
in the patient with severe symptoms.
in the patient with severe symptoms.
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09:35
And at that point, it's already too late.
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但到了这个时候，已经太迟了。
09:39
The surprising result
of the 62 patients I followed
of the 62 patients I followed
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在我随访的62名患者中，
令人惊讶的结果是，
令人惊讶的结果是，
我的设备在半数以上患者样本中
09:42
was that my device
caught bacterial conversations
caught bacterial conversations
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捕捉到了细菌对话，
09:45
in more than half of the patient samples
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而这些患者在传统方法中
都被诊断为阴性。
都被诊断为阴性。
09:47
that were diagnosed as negative
by traditional methods.
by traditional methods.
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09:51
In other words, more than half
of these patients went home thinking
of these patients went home thinking
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换句话说，这些病人中
有一半以上回家时
有一半以上回家时
认为自己没有感染，
09:55
they were free from infection,
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尽管他们实际上携带着危险的细菌。
09:56
although they actually carried
dangerous bacteria.
dangerous bacteria.
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10:01
Inside these wrongly diagnosed patients,
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在这些被误诊的病人体内，
细菌正在协调一种同步的攻击。
10:03
bacteria were coordinating
a synchronized attack.
a synchronized attack.
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10:07
They were whispering to each other.
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它们互相私语。
10:09
What I call "whispering bacteria"
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我所说的“窃窃私语细菌”
是传统方法无法诊断的细菌。
10:11
are bacteria that traditional
methods cannot diagnose.
methods cannot diagnose.
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10:15
So far, it's only the translation tool
that can catch those whispers.
that can catch those whispers.
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到目前为止，只有翻译工具
才能捕捉到这些窃窃私语。
才能捕捉到这些窃窃私语。
10:20
I believe that the time frame
in which bacteria are still whispering
in which bacteria are still whispering
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我相信，细菌仍在窃窃私语的时间范围
是靶向治疗的机会之窗。
10:23
is a window of opportunity
for targeted treatment.
for targeted treatment.
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10:27
If the girl had been treated
during this window of opportunity,
during this window of opportunity,
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如果那个女孩在这段时间内接受治疗，
则有可能在感染扩散之前
10:30
it might have been possible
to kill the bacteria
to kill the bacteria
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在细菌的初始阶段
10:33
in their initial stage,
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消灭它们。
10:34
before the infection got out of hand.
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10:39
What I experienced with this young girl
made me decide to do everything I can
made me decide to do everything I can
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我和这个小女孩的经历
让我决定要尽我所能
让我决定要尽我所能
把这项技术推广到医院。
10:43
to push this technology into the hospital.
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10:46
Together with doctors,
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和医生们一起，
我已经开始在诊所里使用这个工具
10:47
I'm already working
on implementing this tool in clinics
on implementing this tool in clinics
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来诊断早期感染。
10:50
to diagnose early infections.
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10:53
Although it's still not known
how doctors should treat patients
how doctors should treat patients
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虽然还不清楚医生在窃窃私语阶段
应该如何治疗病人，
10:56
during the whispering phase,
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但这个工具可以帮助医生
密切关注处于危险中的病人。
密切关注处于危险中的病人。
10:58
this tool can help doctors
keep a closer eye on patients in risk.
keep a closer eye on patients in risk.
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11:02
It could help them confirm
if a treatment had worked or not,
if a treatment had worked or not,
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它可以帮助他们确认治疗是否有效，
还可以帮助回答一些简单的问题：
11:05
and it could help answer simple questions:
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患者是否被感染了？
11:08
Is the patient infected?
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这些细菌在做什么？
11:10
And what are the bacteria up to?
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11:12
Bacteria talk,
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细菌在说话，
进行秘密计划，
11:14
they make secret plans,
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互相发送机密信息。
11:16
and they send confidential
information to each other.
information to each other.
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11:20
But not only can we catch them whispering,
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但我们不仅可以捕捉它们的窃窃私语，
还可以学会它们的秘密语言，
11:22
we can all learn their secret language
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让我们自己成为细菌语者。
11:25
and become ourselves bacterial whisperers.
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11:28
And, as bacteria would say,
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正如细菌所说，
11:31
"3-oxo-C12-aniline."
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"3-oxo-C12-aniline."
11:35
(Laughter)
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（大笑）
（鼓掌）
11:36
(Applause)
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谢谢。
11:38
Thank you.
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fatima AlZahra'a Alatraktchi - Nanophysicist, entrepreneurFatima AlZahra'a Alatraktchi invented a method to spy on the social behavior and communication of bacteria.
Why you should listen
Fatima AlZahra'a Alatraktchi holds a PhD in nanotechnology and molecular biology, is a renowned fiction writer and the founder of PreDiagnose, where she's created next-generation diagnostics for early bacterial detection. She's an expert in developing micro- and nanosensors for the detection of cellular molecules and microorganisms.
As a result of her research and academic track, Alatraktchi has received a number of prestigious awards, including the Lundbeck Foundation Talent Prize for outstanding research talents in medicine and health and the PhD thesis of the year award by the Technical University of Denmark. She founded PreDiagnose to transform her research into concrete benefit for users. Forbes listed her as one of the 30 most influential people under 30 in Europe within science and health in 2019.
Fatima AlZahra'a Alatraktchi | Speaker | TED.com