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Fatima AlZahra'a Alatraktchi: To detect diseases earlier, let's speak bacteria's secret language
法蒂瑪·艾爾札拉·亞拉崔克奇: 學會細菌的暗號以更早期診斷疾病
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細菌會彼此「交談」，靠發送化學資訊來協調進攻。倘若我們聽得懂它們在說什麼呢？奈米科學家法蒂瑪·艾爾札拉·亞拉崔克奇發明了一項工具，能監聽細菌的竊竊私語，然後將它們的秘密溝通翻譯成人類的語言。她的研究可為疾病的早期診斷做出貢獻——甚至在我們生病之前就診斷出來。
Fatima AlZahra'a Alatraktchi - Nanophysicist, entrepreneur
Fatima AlZahra'a Alatraktchi invented a method to spy on the social behavior and communication of bacteria. Full bio
Fatima AlZahra'a Alatraktchi invented a method to spy on the social behavior and communication of bacteria. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
You don't know them.
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你不認識它們。
00:16
You don't see them.
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你看不見它們。
00:18
But they're always around,
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但它們總是在你身邊，
00:21
whispering,
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竊竊私語，
00:23
making secret plans,
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暗中策劃，
00:25
building armies with millions of soldiers.
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建造數百萬士兵的軍隊。
00:30
And when they decide to attack,
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當它們決定進攻時，
00:33
they all attack at the same time.
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它們會全體同時一起進攻。
00:39
I'm talking about bacteria.
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我在說的是細菌。
00:40
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
00:42
Who did you think I was talking about?
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你們以為我在說誰？
00:46
Bacteria live in communities
just like humans.
just like humans.
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細菌和人類一樣，過著群體生活。
00:49
They have families,
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它們也有家庭，
00:50
they talk,
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它們也會交談，它們還會
規劃自己的活動。
規劃自己的活動。
00:52
and they plan their activities.
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00:53
And just like humans, they trick, deceive,
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它們也和人類一樣，
會耍詭計、會行騙，
會耍詭計、會行騙，
00:56
and some might even cheat on each other.
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有些細菌甚至會欺騙彼此。
01:00
What if I tell you that we can listen
to bacterial conversations
to bacterial conversations
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如果我告訴各位，
我們可以傾聽細菌的談話，
我們可以傾聽細菌的談話，
01:03
and translate their confidential
information into human language?
information into human language?
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將它們的機密資訊
翻譯成人類語言，會如何？
翻譯成人類語言，會如何？
01:08
And what if I tell you that translating
bacterial conversations can save lives?
bacterial conversations can save lives?
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如果我告訴各位，翻譯細菌的談話
可以拯救人命，又會怎樣呢？
可以拯救人命，又會怎樣呢？
01:14
I hold a PhD in nanophysics,
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我有奈米科學的博士學位，
01:16
and I've used nanotechnology
to develop a real-time translation tool
to develop a real-time translation tool
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我用奈米技術來開發即時翻譯工具，
01:20
that can spy on bacterial communities
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它能夠用來監視細菌團體，
01:23
and give us recordings
of what bacteria are up to.
of what bacteria are up to.
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幫我們把細菌的計畫給錄下來。
01:28
Bacteria live everywhere.
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細菌無所不在。
01:29
They're in the soil, on our furniture
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它們存在於土壤中、我們的家具上，
01:32
and inside our bodies.
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及我們的身體中。
01:34
In fact, 90 percent of all the live cells
in this theater are bacterial.
in this theater are bacterial.
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事實上，在這個劇院中
有九成的活細胞是細菌。
有九成的活細胞是細菌。
01:39
Some bacteria are good for us;
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有些細菌對我們有益；
01:41
they help us digest food
or produce antibiotics.
or produce antibiotics.
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它們能協助我們消化食物
或是產生抗生素。
或是產生抗生素。
01:44
And some bacteria are bad for us;
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有些細菌對我們有害；
01:46
they cause diseases and death.
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它們會造成疾病和死亡。
01:49
To coordinate all
the functions bacteria have,
the functions bacteria have,
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細菌為了要協調
它們具有的各種功能，
它們具有的各種功能，
01:52
they have to be able to organize,
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它們必須要能夠組織和整合，
01:54
and they do that just like us humans --
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而它們的做法和人類一樣——
01:56
by communicating.
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透過溝通來做。
01:58
But instead of using words,
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但，它們用的不是言語，
02:00
they use signaling molecules
to communicate with each other.
to communicate with each other.
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它們用信號分子來和彼此溝通。
02:04
When bacteria are few,
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當細菌數量很少時，
信號分子就會跑掉，
信號分子就會跑掉，
02:05
the signaling molecules just flow away,
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02:08
like the screams of a man
alone in the desert.
alone in the desert.
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就像在沙漠中只有一個人在大叫。
02:11
But when there are many bacteria,
the signaling molecules accumulate,
the signaling molecules accumulate,
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但，當細菌數量很多時，
信號分子就會累積起來，
信號分子就會累積起來，
02:15
and the bacteria start sensing
that they're not alone.
that they're not alone.
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細菌會開始感覺到它們並不孤單。
02:19
They listen to each other.
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它們會傾聽彼此。
02:21
In this way, they keep track
of how many they are
of how many they are
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它們以這種方式追蹤數量有多少，
02:24
and when they're many enough
to initiate a new action.
to initiate a new action.
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也能知道何時有足夠的數量
可以開始進行新的動作。
可以開始進行新的動作。
02:28
And when the signaling molecules
have reached a certain threshold,
have reached a certain threshold,
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當信號分子到達了某個門檻時，
02:32
all the bacteria sense at once
that they need to act
that they need to act
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所有的細菌都會立刻
感受到它們必須要行動，
感受到它們必須要行動，
02:35
with the same action.
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且採取相同的動作。
02:37
So bacterial conversation consists
of an initiative and a reaction,
of an initiative and a reaction,
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所以，細菌談話由倡議
和反應兩部分組成，
和反應兩部分組成，
02:42
a production of a molecule
and the response to it.
and the response to it.
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即產生分子和對分子的回應。
02:47
In my research, I focused on spying
on bacterial communities
on bacterial communities
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我的研究把焦點放在監視
人類體內的細菌團體。
02:50
inside the human body.
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02:52
How does it work?
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這是怎麼運作的？
02:54
We have a sample from a patient.
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我們先從病人身上取得樣本。
02:56
It could be a blood or spit sample.
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可以用血液樣本或唾液樣本。
02:59
We shoot electrons into the sample,
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我們將電子射入這個樣本中，
03:01
the electrons will interact with any
communication molecules present,
communication molecules present,
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如果樣本中有任何溝通分子，
電子會和它產生交互作用，
電子會和它產生交互作用，
03:05
and this interaction
will give us information
will give us information
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這種交互作用能提供資訊給我們，
03:08
on the identity of the bacteria,
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資訊內容包括細菌的身分、
03:10
the type of communication
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溝通類型，
03:11
and how much the bacteria are talking.
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以及細菌的交流數據。
03:16
But what is it like
when bacteria communicate?
when bacteria communicate?
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但，細菌的溝通是什麼樣子？
03:19
Before I developed the translation tool,
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在我開發出翻譯工具之前，
03:23
my first assumption was that bacteria
would have a primitive language,
would have a primitive language,
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我首先假設細菌有自己的原始語言，
03:27
like infants that haven't developed
words and sentences yet.
words and sentences yet.
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就像尚未發展出字詞和句子的嬰兒。
03:31
When they laugh, they're happy;
when they cry, they're sad.
when they cry, they're sad.
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當他們笑，就表示很快樂；
當他們哭，則表示悲傷。
當他們哭，則表示悲傷。
03:34
Simple as that.
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就這麼簡單。
03:36
But bacteria turned out to be nowhere
as primitive as I thought they would be.
as primitive as I thought they would be.
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但，結果發現，細菌完全
不是我原先以為的那麼原始。
不是我原先以為的那麼原始。
03:40
A molecule is not just a molecule.
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分子不只是分子。
03:42
It can mean different things
depending on the context,
depending on the context,
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在不同的情境下，
它可能有不同的意思。
它可能有不同的意思。
03:46
just like the crying of babies
can mean different things:
can mean different things:
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就像嬰兒的哭泣可能有不同的意思：
03:49
sometimes the baby is hungry,
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有時是嬰兒餓了，
有時是嬰兒尿濕了，
有時是嬰兒尿濕了，
03:51
sometimes it's wet,
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有時是嬰兒受傷了或感到害怕。
03:52
sometimes it's hurt or afraid.
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03:54
Parents know how to decode those cries.
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父母知道如何解讀這些哭泣。
03:57
And to be a real translation tool,
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真正的翻譯工具
03:59
it had to be able to decode
the signaling molecules
the signaling molecules
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要能夠解讀信號分子，
04:02
and translate them
depending on the context.
depending on the context.
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並根據情境來翻譯它們。
誰知道呢？
04:07
And who knows?
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04:08
Maybe Google Translate
will adopt this soon.
will adopt this soon.
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說不定 Google 翻譯
很快就會把它納入。
很快就會把它納入。
04:10
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
04:14
Let me give you an example.
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讓我舉個例子。
04:16
I've brought some bacterial data
that can be a bit tricky to understand
that can be a bit tricky to understand
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我帶來了一些細菌資料，
如果你沒受過訓練，
如果你沒受過訓練，
可能會覺得有點難了解，
04:19
if you're not trained,
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04:20
but try to take a look.
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但就試試看吧。
04:23
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
04:26
Here's a happy bacterial family
that has infected a patient.
that has infected a patient.
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這是一個快樂的細菌家族，
它們感染了一名病人。
它們感染了一名病人。
04:32
Let's call them the Montague family.
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咱們就把它們稱為蒙特鳩家族。
04:35
They share resources,
they reproduce, and they grow.
they reproduce, and they grow.
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它們會分享資源、繁殖，以及成長。
04:40
One day, they get a new neighbor,
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有一天，他們的新鄰居出現了，
04:44
bacterial family Capulet.
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卡帕萊特細菌家族。
（笑聲）（出自羅密歐與茱麗葉）
（笑聲）（出自羅密歐與茱麗葉）
04:46
(Laughter)
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04:48
Everything is fine,
as long as they're working together.
as long as they're working together.
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當兩個家族能夠合作時，
一切都很好。
一切都很好。
04:52
But then something unplanned happens.
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但，接著，未預期的事情發生了。
04:56
Romeo from Montague has a relationship
with Juliet from Capulet.
with Juliet from Capulet.
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蒙特鳩家族的羅密歐
和卡帕萊特家族的茱麗葉相戀了。
和卡帕萊特家族的茱麗葉相戀了。
05:00
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
05:02
And yes, they share genetic material.
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是的，它們會共享基因物質。
05:05
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
05:10
Now, this gene transfer
can be dangerous to the Montagues
can be dangerous to the Montagues
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對於蒙特鳩家族而言，
這種基因傳送十分危險，
這種基因傳送十分危險，
05:13
that have the ambition to be the only
family in the patient they have infected,
family in the patient they have infected,
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因為該家族的野心是要成為它們
所感染的病人體內唯一的家族，
所感染的病人體內唯一的家族，
而共享基因會導致卡帕萊特家族
發展出對抗生素的抵抗力。
發展出對抗生素的抵抗力。
05:17
and sharing genes contributes
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05:18
to the Capulets developing
resistance to antibiotics.
resistance to antibiotics.
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05:23
So the Montagues start talking internally
to get rid of this other family
to get rid of this other family
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所以，蒙特鳩家族開始内部討論
打算要除掉另一個家族，
打算要除掉另一個家族，
05:28
by releasing this molecule.
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交談方式就是通過釋放這種分子。
05:30
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
05:32
And with subtitles:
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還有字幕：
05:34
[Let us coordinate an attack.]
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【咱們安排一次進攻吧。】
05:36
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
05:37
Let's coordinate an attack.
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咱們安排一次進攻吧。
05:41
And then everybody at once responds
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接著，大家立刻回應，
05:44
by releasing a poison
that will kill the other family.
that will kill the other family.
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回應方式是一起釋出
能殺死另一個家族的毒物。
能殺死另一個家族的毒物。
05:48
[Eliminate!]
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【消滅！】
05:52
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
05:55
The Capulets respond
by calling for a counterattack.
by calling for a counterattack.
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卡帕萊特家族的回應，
就是號召反擊。
就是號召反擊。
05:59
[Counterattack!]
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【反擊！】
06:00
And they have a battle.
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它們開始交戰。
06:04
This is a video of real bacteria
dueling with swordlike organelles,
dueling with swordlike organelles,
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這支影片是真實細菌用
像劍一樣的細胞器在進行對決，
像劍一樣的細胞器在進行對決，
06:08
where they try to kill each other
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它們試圖殺掉彼此，
06:10
by literally stabbing
and rupturing each other.
and rupturing each other.
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真的去刺擊、撕裂彼此。
06:14
Whoever's family wins this battle
becomes the dominant bacteria.
becomes the dominant bacteria.
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獲勝的那個家族
就會成為統治的細菌。
就會成為統治的細菌。
06:20
So what I can do is to detect
bacterial conversations
bacterial conversations
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所以，我能做的就是
去偵測細菌的談話，
去偵測細菌的談話，
06:23
that lead to different
collective behaviors
collective behaviors
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了解造成不同集體行為的談話模式，
06:25
like the fight you just saw.
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比如剛才例子中的對戰行為。
06:27
And what I did was to spy
on bacterial communities
on bacterial communities
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我所做的，就是監視
人類體內的細菌團體，
06:30
inside the human body
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06:32
in patients at a hospital.
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對象是醫院中的病人。
06:34
I followed 62 patients in an experiment,
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我做了一項實驗，
追蹤了六十二位病人，
追蹤了六十二位病人，
06:37
where I tested the patient samples
for one particular infection,
for one particular infection,
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檢測病人的樣本，在不清楚傳統
檢測結果是什麼的情況下，
檢測結果是什麼的情況下，
06:41
without knowing the results
of the traditional diagnostic test.
of the traditional diagnostic test.
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尋找某一種特定的感染病原。
06:44
Now, in bacterial diagnostics,
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在細菌診斷中，
06:48
a sample is smeared out on a plate,
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樣本會被抹在一個盤子上，
06:50
and if the bacteria grow within five days,
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如果在五天之內細菌會成長，
06:53
the patient is diagnosed as infected.
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就可以診斷病人受到感染。
06:57
When I finished the study
and I compared the tool results
and I compared the tool results
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我完成研究之後，把我的工具
得到的結果拿來對照
得到的結果拿來對照
07:00
to the traditional diagnostic test
and the validation test,
and the validation test,
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傳統診斷檢測及驗證檢測的結果，
07:03
I was shocked.
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我嚇了一跳。
07:05
It was far more astonishing
than I had ever anticipated.
than I had ever anticipated.
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結果比我所預期的還要驚人許多。
07:10
But before I tell you
what the tool revealed,
what the tool revealed,
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但，在我告訴各位
這項工具的發現之前，
這項工具的發現之前，
07:12
I would like to tell you about
a specific patient I followed,
a specific patient I followed,
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我想要先跟各位談談
我追蹤的其中一位病人，
我追蹤的其中一位病人，
07:15
a young girl.
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一位年輕的女孩。
07:16
She had cystic fibrosis,
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她得了囊狀纖維化，
07:18
a genetic disease that made her lungs
susceptible to bacterial infections.
susceptible to bacterial infections.
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這是一種遺傳疾病，會讓她的肺
很容易被細菌感染所影響。
很容易被細菌感染所影響。
07:22
This girl wasn't a part
of the clinical trial.
of the clinical trial.
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這女孩並不是臨床實驗的一部分。
07:25
I followed her because I knew
from her medical record
from her medical record
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我追蹤她是因為我從她的病例發現
07:28
that she had never had
an infection before.
an infection before.
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她以前從來沒有受過感染。
07:31
Once a month, this girl
went to the hospital
went to the hospital
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每個月，這個女孩要去一次醫院，
07:33
to cough up a sputum sample
that she spit in a cup.
that she spit in a cup.
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對杯子咳痰，作為樣本。
07:36
This sample was transferred
for bacterial analysis
for bacterial analysis
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這個樣本會被送去做細菌分析，
07:40
at the central laboratory
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由中央實驗室分析，
07:42
so the doctors could act quickly
if they discovered an infection.
if they discovered an infection.
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一旦發現感染，
醫生就可以儘快採取行動。
醫生就可以儘快採取行動。
07:46
And it allowed me to test my device
on her samples as well.
on her samples as well.
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因此，我也可以用我的裝置
來檢測她的樣本。
來檢測她的樣本。
07:49
The first two months I measured
on her samples, there was nothing.
on her samples, there was nothing.
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前兩個月，我在測量她的樣本時，
什麼都沒有發現。
什麼都沒有發現。
07:53
But the third month,
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但，在第三個月，
07:54
I discovered some bacterial
chatter in her sample.
chatter in her sample.
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我發現她的樣本中
有些細菌開始竊竊私語了。
有些細菌開始竊竊私語了。
07:58
The bacteria were coordinating
to damage her lung tissue.
to damage her lung tissue.
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這些細菌在協調，
打算要傷害她的肺部組織。
打算要傷害她的肺部組織。
08:02
But the traditional diagnostics
showed no bacteria at all.
showed no bacteria at all.
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但傳統的診斷結果卻顯示沒有細菌。
08:07
I measured again the next month,
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下個月，我再做一次測量，
08:09
and I could see that the bacterial
conversations became even more aggressive.
conversations became even more aggressive.
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我發現細菌的談話變得更劇烈了。
08:14
Still, the traditional
diagnostics showed nothing.
diagnostics showed nothing.
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傳統診斷的結果仍沒有顯示。
08:18
My study ended, but a half a year later,
I followed up on her status
I followed up on her status
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我的研究就這樣結束了，
但半年後，我再追蹤她的狀況，
但半年後，我再追蹤她的狀況，
08:22
to see if the bacteria
only I knew about had disappeared
only I knew about had disappeared
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想了解一下，那些只有我發現的細菌
是否在沒有醫療
介入的情況下消失了。
介入的情況下消失了。
08:25
without medical intervention.
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08:28
They hadn't.
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結果沒有消失。
08:30
But the girl was now diagnosed
with a severe infection
with a severe infection
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但那位女孩被診斷出
受到致命細菌的嚴重感染。
08:32
of deadly bacteria.
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08:35
It was the very same bacteria
my tool discovered earlier.
my tool discovered earlier.
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那種細菌，正是我的工具
先前發現的細菌。
先前發現的細菌。
08:40
And despite aggressive
antibiotic treatment,
antibiotic treatment,
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儘管採用積極的抗生素治療，
08:43
it was impossible
to eradicate the infection.
to eradicate the infection.
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仍然不可能根絕感染。
08:46
Doctors deemed that she would not
survive her 20s.
survive her 20s.
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醫生認定她無法活到三十歲。
08:52
When I measured on this girl's samples,
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當我在測量這個女孩的樣本時，
08:54
my tool was still in the initial stage.
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我的工具還在研發的初期。
08:56
I didn't even know
if my method worked at all,
if my method worked at all,
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我當時甚至不知道
我的方法是否可行，
我的方法是否可行，
08:59
therefore I had an agreement
with the doctors
with the doctors
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因此，我和醫生們約定
我不會告訴他們
我的工具發現了什麼，
我的工具發現了什麼，
09:01
not to tell them what my tool revealed
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09:03
in order not to compromise
their treatment.
their treatment.
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這樣才不會影響到他們的治療。
09:06
So when I saw these results
that weren't even validated,
that weren't even validated,
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所以，當我看到這些
還沒有被驗證的結果時，
還沒有被驗證的結果時，
09:08
I didn't dare to tell
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我完全不敢說出來，
09:10
because treating a patient
without an actual infection
without an actual infection
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因為治療沒有真正受到感染的病人
09:13
also has negative
consequences for the patient.
consequences for the patient.
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也會對病人造成不良的後果。
09:17
But now we know better,
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但，現在我們懂得更多了，
09:18
and there are many young boys
and girls that still can be saved
and girls that still can be saved
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還有很多年輕的男孩、
女孩可以得救，
女孩可以得救，
09:23
because, unfortunately,
this scenario happens very often.
this scenario happens very often.
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因為，很不幸的，
這種情況經常發生：
這種情況經常發生：
09:26
Patients get infected,
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病人被感染，
09:28
the bacteria somehow don't show
on the traditional diagnostic test,
on the traditional diagnostic test,
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不知怎麼的，傳統診斷
檢測不會發現細菌，
檢測不會發現細菌，
09:31
and suddenly, the infection breaks out
in the patient with severe symptoms.
in the patient with severe symptoms.
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突然間，感染在病人體內爆發，
引起嚴重的症狀。
引起嚴重的症狀。
09:35
And at that point, it's already too late.
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到那個時候，一切就太遲了。
09:39
The surprising result
of the 62 patients I followed
of the 62 patients I followed
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回到我追蹤的六十二位病人，
剛才提到的驚人結果
剛才提到的驚人結果
09:42
was that my device
caught bacterial conversations
caught bacterial conversations
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就是我的裝置
在至少一半用傳統方法
在至少一半用傳統方法
09:45
in more than half of the patient samples
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診斷為陰性的病人樣本中，
捕捉到細菌談話。
捕捉到細菌談話。
09:47
that were diagnosed as negative
by traditional methods.
by traditional methods.
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09:51
In other words, more than half
of these patients went home thinking
of these patients went home thinking
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換言之，這些病人當中，
有超過一半回到家裡，
有超過一半回到家裡，
以為自己沒有受到感染，
09:55
they were free from infection,
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09:56
although they actually carried
dangerous bacteria.
dangerous bacteria.
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其實他們身上卻帶有危險的細菌。
10:01
Inside these wrongly diagnosed patients,
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在這些被誤診的病人體內，
10:03
bacteria were coordinating
a synchronized attack.
a synchronized attack.
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細菌正在協調要進行同步進攻。
10:07
They were whispering to each other.
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它們彼此竊竊私語。
我所謂的「竊竊私語細菌」
10:09
What I call "whispering bacteria"
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10:11
are bacteria that traditional
methods cannot diagnose.
methods cannot diagnose.
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就是傳統方法無法
診斷出來的細菌。
診斷出來的細菌。
10:15
So far, it's only the translation tool
that can catch those whispers.
that can catch those whispers.
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目前，只有這一種翻譯工具
能夠捕捉到這些竊竊私語。
能夠捕捉到這些竊竊私語。
10:20
I believe that the time frame
in which bacteria are still whispering
in which bacteria are still whispering
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我相信，當細菌仍然
在竊竊私語的期間，
在竊竊私語的期間，
10:23
is a window of opportunity
for targeted treatment.
for targeted treatment.
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就是個機會之窗，
可以進行標靶治療。
可以進行標靶治療。
10:27
If the girl had been treated
during this window of opportunity,
during this window of opportunity,
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如果當時那個女孩能在
機會之窗期間接受治療，
機會之窗期間接受治療，
還在初始階段的細菌
是有可能被治療殺死的，
是有可能被治療殺死的，
10:30
it might have been possible
to kill the bacteria
to kill the bacteria
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10:33
in their initial stage,
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10:34
before the infection got out of hand.
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感染的狀況就不會失控。
10:39
What I experienced with this young girl
made me decide to do everything I can
made me decide to do everything I can
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關於這個女孩的這段經驗，
讓我決心要盡一切努力，
讓我決心要盡一切努力，
10:43
to push this technology into the hospital.
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將這項技術推廣到醫院。
10:46
Together with doctors,
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我已經在和醫生合作，
將這項工具導入到診所中，
將這項工具導入到診所中，
10:47
I'm already working
on implementing this tool in clinics
on implementing this tool in clinics
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10:50
to diagnose early infections.
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來診斷早期的感染。
10:53
Although it's still not known
how doctors should treat patients
how doctors should treat patients
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雖然，我們還不清楚
在這個竊竊私語階段
在這個竊竊私語階段
10:56
during the whispering phase,
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醫生該如何治療病人，
10:58
this tool can help doctors
keep a closer eye on patients in risk.
keep a closer eye on patients in risk.
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但這項工具能協助醫生
更留心有風險的病人。
更留心有風險的病人。
11:02
It could help them confirm
if a treatment had worked or not,
if a treatment had worked or not,
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它能協助醫生確認
治療的結果是否有效，
治療的結果是否有效，
11:05
and it could help answer simple questions:
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它也能協助回答簡單的問題：
11:08
Is the patient infected?
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病人是否受到感染？
11:10
And what are the bacteria up to?
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細菌有什麼打算？
11:12
Bacteria talk,
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細菌會交談，
11:14
they make secret plans,
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它們會在背後秘謀，
11:16
and they send confidential
information to each other.
information to each other.
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它們會向彼此發送機密資訊。
11:20
But not only can we catch them whispering,
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但，我們不僅能捕捉到
它們的竊竊私語，
它們的竊竊私語，
11:22
we can all learn their secret language
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大家都能學會它們的秘密語言，
11:25
and become ourselves bacterial whisperers.
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讓我們自己也會說細菌的暗號。
11:28
And, as bacteria would say,
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就如同細菌所說的：
11:31
"3-oxo-C12-aniline."
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「3-oxo-C12-苯胺。」
11:35
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
11:36
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
11:38
Thank you.
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謝謝。
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fatima AlZahra'a Alatraktchi - Nanophysicist, entrepreneurFatima AlZahra'a Alatraktchi invented a method to spy on the social behavior and communication of bacteria.
Why you should listen
Fatima AlZahra'a Alatraktchi holds a PhD in nanotechnology and molecular biology, is a renowned fiction writer and the founder of PreDiagnose, where she's created next-generation diagnostics for early bacterial detection. She's an expert in developing micro- and nanosensors for the detection of cellular molecules and microorganisms.
As a result of her research and academic track, Alatraktchi has received a number of prestigious awards, including the Lundbeck Foundation Talent Prize for outstanding research talents in medicine and health and the PhD thesis of the year award by the Technical University of Denmark. She founded PreDiagnose to transform her research into concrete benefit for users. Forbes listed her as one of the 30 most influential people under 30 in Europe within science and health in 2019.
Fatima AlZahra'a Alatraktchi | Speaker | TED.com