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Britt Wray: How climate change affects your mental health
布里特·雷: 气候变化如何影响你的心理健康？
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科学作家布里特·雷说：“尽管人们一直在谈论气候变化，但关于生活在日益变暖的世界里受到的心理影响，我们讨论得还远远不够。”在这个简短的演讲中，她探讨了气候变化如何威胁我们的健康——心理的，社会的和精神上的——并告诉我们该从哪里开始行动。
Britt Wray - Science storyteller, author, broadcaster
Britt Wray's work is about life and what we make of it: past, present and future. Full bio
Britt Wray's work is about life and what we make of it: past, present and future. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
For all that's ever been said
about climate change,
about climate change,
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尽管人们一直在谈论气候变化，
00:16
we haven't heard nearly enough
about the psychological impacts
about the psychological impacts
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但关于生活在日益变暖的世界里，
受到的心理影响
受到的心理影响
00:20
of living in a warming world.
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我们讨论得还远远不够。
00:22
If you've heard the grim climate research
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如果你听到过像我这样
的科学传播者
的科学传播者
在书和纪录片中描述
的严酷的气候研究，
的严酷的气候研究，
00:24
that science communicators like me
weave into our books and documentaries,
weave into our books and documentaries,
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00:28
you've probably felt bouts of fear,
fatalism or hopelessness.
fatalism or hopelessness.
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你可能会感到阵阵恐惧，
绝望或是宿命论。
绝望或是宿命论。
00:32
If you've been impacted
by climate disaster,
by climate disaster,
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如果你受到过气候灾难的影响，
00:34
these feelings can set in much deeper,
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这些感觉会更加深刻，
00:36
leading to shock, trauma,
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气候灾难导致休克，创伤，
00:39
strained relationships, substance abuse
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紧张的关系，药物滥用
00:41
and the loss of personal
identity and control.
identity and control.
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以及个人身份和控制力的丧失。
00:44
Vital political and technological work
is underway to moderate our climate chaos,
is underway to moderate our climate chaos,
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至关重要的政治及科技活动
正在缓和我们的气候混乱，
正在缓和我们的气候混乱，
00:48
but I'm here to evoke a feeling in you
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但是我在这里是为了唤起你们的意识，
00:51
for why we also need
our actions and policies
our actions and policies
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为什么我们也需要行动和政策，
00:54
to reflect an understanding
of how our changing environments
of how our changing environments
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以体现我们对不断变化的环境
如何威胁我们的精神、社会
和精神福祉的理解。
和精神福祉的理解。
00:57
threaten our mental,
social and spiritual well-being.
social and spiritual well-being.
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01:00
The anxiety, grief and depression
of climate scientists and activists
of climate scientists and activists
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多年来，气候科学家
和活动人士的焦虑、
和活动人士的焦虑、
01:04
have been reported on for years.
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悲伤和沮丧屡见报端。
01:06
Trends we've seen
after extreme weather events
after extreme weather events
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我们发现，像飓风桑迪
01:08
like hurricane Sandy or Katrina
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或卡特里娜等极端天气事件后，
01:10
for increased PTSD and suicidality.
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PTSD和自杀倾向有增加的趋势。
01:13
And there are rich mental-health data
from northern communities
from northern communities
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我们有北部人群丰富的
心理健康数据，他们居住在
心理健康数据，他们居住在
01:16
where warming is the fastest,
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天气变暖速度最快的地方，
01:18
like the Inuit in Labrador,
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如生活在拉布拉多的因纽特人们，
01:20
who face existential distress
as they witness the ice,
as they witness the ice,
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他们正面临生存困境，
眼睁睁地看着
眼睁睁地看着
01:23
a big part of their identity,
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最能代表他们身份的冰，
01:24
vanishing before their eyes.
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在他们眼前消失。
01:27
Now if that weren't enough,
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如果这还不足够，
01:28
the American Psychological Association
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据美国心理学会发现，
01:30
says that our psychological
responses to climate change,
responses to climate change,
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我们对气候变化的心理反应，
01:33
like conflict avoidance, helplessness
and resignation, are growing.
and resignation, are growing.
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如逃避冲突、无助和顺从正在增长。
01:38
This means that our conscious
and unconscious mental processes
and unconscious mental processes
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这意味着我们有意识和
无意识的心理过程，
无意识的心理过程，
阻碍了我们寻找问题的原因，
01:41
are holding us back
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01:42
from identifying the causes
of the problem for what they are,
of the problem for what they are,
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阻碍了我们寻找解决问题的方法，
01:45
working on solutions and fostering
our own psychological resilience,
our own psychological resilience,
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阻碍了我们培养自己的心理弹性。
01:48
but we need all those things
to take on what we've created.
to take on what we've created.
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但我们需要这些东西
才能承担我们造成的后果。
才能承担我们造成的后果。
01:52
Lately, I've been studying a phenomenon
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最近，我一直在研究一种现象，
01:54
that's just one example
of the emotional hardships
of the emotional hardships
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这只是我们所面临的
01:57
that we're seeing.
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情感困境的一个例子。
01:58
And it comes in the form of a question
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它以一个问题的形式出现，
02:00
that a significant amount of people
in my generation are struggling to answer.
in my generation are struggling to answer.
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这个问题我们这一代的
很多人都很难回答。
很多人都很难回答。
02:04
That being:
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那就是：
02:06
Should I have a child
in the age of climate change?
in the age of climate change?
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在气候翻天覆地变化的年代，
我应该生养一个孩子吗?
我应该生养一个孩子吗?
02:09
After all, any child born today
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毕竟，如今出生的任何一个孩子
都必须生活在一个飓风、
洪水、山火——
洪水、山火——
02:11
will have to live in a world
where hurricanes, flooding, wildfires --
where hurricanes, flooding, wildfires --
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即我们过去常说的自然灾害——
02:14
what we used to call natural disasters --
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02:16
have become commonplace.
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变得司空见惯的世界里。
02:18
The hottest 20 years on record
occurred within the last 22.
occurred within the last 22.
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有记录以来最热的20年
发生在过去22年中。
发生在过去22年中。
02:23
The UN expects that two-thirds
of the global population
of the global population
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联合国预计，仅6年后，
全球2/3的人口
可能面临水资源短缺。
可能面临水资源短缺。
02:25
may face water shortages
only six years from now.
only six years from now.
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02:29
The World Bank predicts that by 2050,
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世界银行预测，到2050年，
02:31
there's going to be
140 million climate refugees
140 million climate refugees
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在撒哈拉以南非洲、拉丁美洲和南亚
02:34
in sub-Saharan Africa,
Latin America and South Asia.
Latin America and South Asia.
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将有1.4亿气候难民。
02:37
And other estimates put that number
at over one billion.
at over one billion.
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有其他机构预测
这个数字会超过10亿。
这个数字会超过10亿。
02:41
Mass migrations and resource scarcity
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大规模移民和资源匮乏
02:43
increase the risk for violence,
war and political instability.
war and political instability.
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增加了暴力、战争和
政治不稳定的风险。
政治不稳定的风险。
02:48
The UN just reported that we are pushing
up to a million species to extinction,
up to a million species to extinction,
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联合国前不久称，我们正在将
多达100万物种推向灭绝，
多达100万物种推向灭绝，
02:52
many within decades,
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就在未来几十年内，
02:54
and our emissions are still increasing,
even after the Paris Agreement.
even after the Paris Agreement.
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即便签署了《巴黎协定》，
我们的排放量仍在增加。
我们的排放量仍在增加。
02:59
Over the last year and a half,
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在过去一年半的时间里，
我一直在举办研讨会，
03:00
I've been conducting
workshops and interviews
workshops and interviews
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采访了数百人，
03:03
with hundreds of people
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03:04
about parenting in the climate crisis.
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讨论如何在气候危机中为人父母。
03:06
And I can tell you
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我可以告诉你们，
那些因气候变化
而犹豫要不要孩子的人，
而犹豫要不要孩子的人，
03:07
that people who are worried about
having kids because of climate change
having kids because of climate change
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并不是因为禁欲主义。
03:11
are not motivated by an ascetic pride.
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03:13
They're nerve-racked.
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他们只是因为神经紧张。
03:14
There's even a movement
called BirthStrike,
called BirthStrike,
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甚至有一场名为“生育罢工”的运动，
其参与者宣称，他们不会要孩子，
03:16
whose members have declared
they're not going to have kids
they're not going to have kids
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原因是我们面临生态危机，
03:19
because of the state
of the ecological crisis
of the ecological crisis
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而政府在应对这种
生存威胁上不作为。
生存威胁上不作为。
03:21
and inaction from governments
to address this existential threat.
to address this existential threat.
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是的，我们的先辈们
也面临过末日危机，
也面临过末日危机，
03:24
And yes, other generations have also
faced their own apocalyptic dangers,
faced their own apocalyptic dangers,
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但这并不意味着我们可以忽视
如今所面临的真正威胁。
如今所面临的真正威胁。
03:28
but that is no reason to disregard
the very real threat to our survival now.
the very real threat to our survival now.
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03:32
Some feel that it's better
to adopt children.
to adopt children.
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有些人认为收养孩子更好。
03:35
Or that it's unethical
to have more than one,
to have more than one,
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或者生一个以上的孩子是不道德的，
03:37
especially three, four or more,
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尤其是三个、四个或更多的时候，
03:39
because kids increase
greenhouse gas emissions.
greenhouse gas emissions.
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因为多生孩子会增加
温室气体的排放。
温室气体的排放。
03:42
Now, it is a really unfortunate
state of affairs
state of affairs
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这是一种非常不幸的情况，
03:45
when people who want kids
sacrifice their right to
sacrifice their right to
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想要孩子的人们得牺牲他们的权利，
03:48
because, somehow, they have been told
that their lifestyle choices are to blame
that their lifestyle choices are to blame
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因为，在某种程度上，别人觉得
他们的生活方式是错误的，
他们的生活方式是错误的，
03:52
when the fault is far more systemic,
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但其实这个错误是更加系统化的，
03:54
but let's just unpack the logic here.
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我们详细展开来讲讲。
03:57
So an oft-cited study
shows that, on average,
shows that, on average,
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一项经常被引用的
研究表明，平均而言，
研究表明，平均而言，
03:59
having one less child
in an industrialized nation
in an industrialized nation
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在工业化国家少生一个孩子
04:02
can save about 59 tons
of carbon dioxide per year.
of carbon dioxide per year.
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每年可以减少排放
大约59吨二氧化碳。
大约59吨二氧化碳。
04:06
While in comparison,
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相比之下，
04:08
living car-free saves nearly 2.5 tons,
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不开车可以节省将近2.5吨，
避免跨大西洋飞行
——只须减少一次——
——只须减少一次——
04:11
avoiding a transatlantic flight --
and this is just one --
and this is just one --
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04:14
saves about 1.5 tons,
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可节省约1.5吨，
04:16
and eating a plant-based diet
can save almost one ton per year.
can save almost one ton per year.
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吃素每年几乎可以节省1吨。
04:20
And consider that a Bangladeshi child
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想想看，一个孟加拉国的孩子
04:23
only adds 56 metric tons of carbon
to their parents' carbon legacy
to their parents' carbon legacy
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一生中为他的父母增加
56吨的碳排放，
04:27
over their lifetime,
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04:28
while an American child, in comparison,
adds 9,441 to theirs.
adds 9,441 to theirs.
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而一个美国的孩子
则要增加9441吨。
则要增加9441吨。
04:34
So this is why some people argue
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因此，这就是为什么有些人
04:35
that it's parents from nations
with huge carbon footprints
with huge carbon footprints
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认为那些碳足迹巨大国家的父母
最应该认真考虑他们要几个孩子。
04:38
who should think the hardest
about how many kids they have.
about how many kids they have.
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04:41
But the decision to have a child
and one's feelings about the future
and one's feelings about the future
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但要不要孩子以及
一个人对未来的感受
一个人对未来的感受
是非常个人化的，
04:45
are deeply personal,
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04:46
and wrapped up
in all sorts of cultural norms,
in all sorts of cultural norms,
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与各种文化规范，
04:48
religious beliefs, socioeconomic status,
education levels and more.
education levels and more.
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宗教信仰、社会经济地位、
教育水平等因素密切相关。
教育水平等因素密切相关。
04:53
And so to some, this debate
about kids in the climate crisis
about kids in the climate crisis
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因此，对有些人来说，
在气候危机中这场关于孩子的辩论
在气候危机中这场关于孩子的辩论
04:56
can seem like it came from another planet.
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就像天方夜谭。
04:58
Many have more immediate threats
to their survival to think about,
to their survival to think about,
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许多人面临着更直接的生存威胁，
比如，如何养活自己的孩子，
05:01
like, how they're going to put
food on the table,
food on the table,
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如果她是一个打3份工的单身母亲，
05:04
when they're a single mom
working three jobs,
working three jobs,
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或者HIV检测呈阳性，
或者还身处移民队伍中。
或者还身处移民队伍中。
05:06
or they're HIV positive
or on the move in a migrant caravan.
or on the move in a migrant caravan.
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05:09
Tragically, though, climate change
is really great at intersectionality.
is really great at intersectionality.
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然而，可悲的是，气候变化
确实具有很强的交叉性。
确实具有很强的交叉性。
05:13
It multiplies the stresses
marginalized communities already face.
marginalized communities already face.
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它增加了边缘化社区已经面临的压力。
05:18
A political scientist once said to me
that a leading indicator
that a leading indicator
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一位政治学家曾对我说，
气候变化开始从心理上
影响人们的一个主要指标，
影响人们的一个主要指标，
05:21
that climate change is starting
to hit home, psychologically,
to hit home, psychologically,
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就是受过教育的女性
05:24
would be an increase
in the rate of informed women
in the rate of informed women
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05:26
deciding to not have children.
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决定不生孩子的比例上升。
05:29
Interesting.
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这听起来很有趣。
05:31
Is it hitting home with you,
psychologically?
psychologically?
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从心理上来说，
这是否对你产生了影响？
这是否对你产生了影响？
05:34
Are you perhaps someone
with climate-linked pre-traumatic stress?
with climate-linked pre-traumatic stress?
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你也许患上了与气候相关的
创伤前应激综合症？
创伤前应激综合症？
05:38
A climate psychiatrist coined that term,
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一个气候精神病学家创造了这个术语，
05:40
and that's a profession now, by the way,
shrinks for climate woes.
shrinks for climate woes.
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顺便说一下，这已经是一种职业了，
专治气候心理问题的心理医生。
专治气候心理问题的心理医生。
05:44
They're getting work at a time
when some high schoolers
when some high schoolers
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他们什么时候开始介入呢，
就是当一些高中生
就是当一些高中生
05:46
don't want to apply
to university any longer,
to university any longer,
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不再申请大学的时候，
因为他们对自己的未来没有信心。
05:48
because they can't foresee
a future for themselves.
a future for themselves.
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05:51
And this brings me back to my main point.
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这又回到了我的主要观点。
05:54
The growing concern about having kids
in the climate crisis
in the climate crisis
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越来越多的人担心在
气候危机中生孩子，
气候危机中生孩子，
05:57
is an urgent indicator
of how hard-pressed people are feeling.
of how hard-pressed people are feeling.
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这是人们感到压力有多大
的一个紧迫指标。
的一个紧迫指标。
06:03
Right now, students around the world
are screaming for change
are screaming for change
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现在，全世界的学生都在
用绝望的声音
用绝望的声音
尖叫着要求改变。
06:06
in the piercing voice of despair.
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06:09
And the fact that we can see
how we contribute to this problem
how we contribute to this problem
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我们可以看到自己如何努力，
来解决这个让我们不安的问题，
06:12
that makes us feel unsafe
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06:14
is crazy-making in itself.
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这件事本身就会让我们疯狂。
06:16
Climate change is all-encompassing
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气候变化是包罗万象的，
06:18
and so are the ways
that it messes with our minds.
that it messes with our minds.
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它扰乱我们思维的方式也是如此。
06:22
Many activists will tell you
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许多积极分子会告诉你
消除悲伤的最好办法就是积极行动。
06:24
that the best antidote
to grief is activism.
to grief is activism.
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06:26
And some psychologists will tell you
the answer can be found in therapy.
the answer can be found in therapy.
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一些心理学家会告诉你
答案可以在治疗中找到。
答案可以在治疗中找到。
06:30
Others believe the key is to imagine
you're on your deathbed,
you're on your deathbed,
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另一些人则认为，
关键是想象自己即将死去，
关键是想象自己即将死去，
06:33
reflecting back on what's mattered
the most in your life,
the most in your life,
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回想一下生命中最重要的事情，
06:35
so you can identify
what you should do more of now,
what you should do more of now,
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这样你就能确定在剩下的时间里，
应该去做哪些事情。
06:38
with the time that you have left.
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06:40
We need all these ideas, and more,
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这些想法我们都需要，更重要的是，
06:41
to take care of our innermost selves
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要关注内心深处的自我，
06:43
as the environments we've known
become more punishing towards us.
become more punishing towards us.
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因为我们所熟悉的环境
对我们越来越不利。
对我们越来越不利。
06:47
And whether you have children or not,
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无论你有没有孩子，
06:49
we need to be honest
about what is happening,
about what is happening,
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我们都需要诚实地
面对正在发生的事情，
面对正在发生的事情，
06:52
and what we owe one another.
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以及我们对彼此的亏欠。
06:55
We cannot afford to treat
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我们不能把
06:56
the psychological impacts
of climate change
of climate change
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气候变化的心理影响
看成是还未发生的事情，
06:58
as some afterthought,
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07:00
because the other issues, of science,
technology and the politics and economy,
technology and the politics and economy,
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因为科学、技术、政治
和经济等其他问题，
和经济等其他问题，
感觉很棘手，
而这个问题感觉可以缓一缓。
而这个问题感觉可以缓一缓。
07:04
feel hard, while this somehow feels soft.
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07:08
Mental health needs to be an integral part
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心理健康需要成为
任何气候变化生存战略
的一个组成部分，
的一个组成部分，
07:11
of any climate change survival strategy,
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07:13
requiring funding,
and ethics of equity and care,
and ethics of equity and care,
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需要资金、公平和关怀的伦理
07:16
and widespread awareness.
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以及广泛的认知。
因为即使你是这个星球上
最没有情绪波动的人，
最没有情绪波动的人，
07:18
Because even if you're the most
emotionally avoidant person on the planet,
emotionally avoidant person on the planet,
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你也不可能对这一切视而不见。
07:22
there's no rug in the world
that's big enough to sweep this up under.
that's big enough to sweep this up under.
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谢谢大家。
07:25
Thank you.
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07:26
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
Translated by psjmz mz
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Britt Wray - Science storyteller, author, broadcasterBritt Wray's work is about life and what we make of it: past, present and future.
Why you should listen
Author of the book Rise of the Necrofauna, cohost of the BBC podcast Tomorrow's World and guest host on Canada's legendary national science TV show The Nature of Things, Britt Wray shows audiences what's happening at the forefront of science, technology, ethics and environment, probing how it affects us. The New Yorker named her first book Rise of the Necrofauna: The Science, Ethics, and Risks of De-Extinction one of the "books we loved" in 2017 and the Sunday Times called it a "must-read." By making science accessible and illuminating its possible consequences, Wray's writing, broadcasting and talks help us understand how the world is changing, creating a rich space for conversation about how each of us can respond to those changes.
Wray has been a summer host on CBC Radio 1's flagship science show Quirks and Quarks, and produced several radio documentaries for outlets such as BBC Radio 4, CBC IDEAS, WNYC's Studio 360 and Love and Radio. She created the interactive audio diary platform for frank speech about science called Aurator (aurator.org) which won the 2018 Society for the Social Studies of Science Award. Wray has a PhD in science communication with a focus on synthetic biology from the University of Copenhagen and holds a BSc (Hon) in biology from Queen's University and an interdisciplinary master's in art, media and design from OCAD University. She has also been a visiting scholar at the NYU Arthur L. Carter Institute for Journalism and was a 2019 TED Resident. Wray is currently writing a book about intimate dilemmas in the climate crisis.
Britt Wray | Speaker | TED.com