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Britt Wray: How climate change affects your mental health
布莉特·雷伊: 氣候變遷如何影響心理健康
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科學作家布莉特·雷伊說：「在所有關於氣候變遷的言論中，探討生活在正在暖化的世界對心理層面衝擊的論述還很缺乏。」在這段簡短的演說中，她探討氣候變遷對心理、社會和性靈層面的健康構成的威脅，並對如何解決這些問題，提出初步的想法。
Britt Wray - Science storyteller, author, broadcaster
Britt Wray's work is about life and what we make of it: past, present and future. Full bio
Britt Wray's work is about life and what we make of it: past, present and future. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
For all that's ever been said
about climate change,
about climate change,
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在所有關於氣候變遷的言論中，
00:16
we haven't heard nearly enough
about the psychological impacts
about the psychological impacts
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探討全球暖化衝擊我們
心理層面的少之又少。
心理層面的少之又少。
00:20
of living in a warming world.
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00:22
If you've heard the grim climate research
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如果你看過我類的科學傳播者
00:24
that science communicators like me
weave into our books and documentaries,
weave into our books and documentaries,
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在著述和紀錄片中探討的、
沉重無望的氣候研究，
沉重無望的氣候研究，
00:28
you've probably felt bouts of fear,
fatalism or hopelessness.
fatalism or hopelessness.
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你可能覺得命運多舛，
恐懼、絕望襲上心頭。
恐懼、絕望襲上心頭。
00:32
If you've been impacted
by climate disaster,
by climate disaster,
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如果你親身經歷過氣候災難，
00:34
these feelings can set in much deeper,
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這些感覺會更加深刻，
00:36
leading to shock, trauma,
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造成心理上的衝擊、創傷、
00:39
strained relationships, substance abuse
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人際關係緊張、藥物濫用、
喪失自我認同及自我控制等問題。
00:41
and the loss of personal
identity and control.
identity and control.
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00:44
Vital political and technological work
is underway to moderate our climate chaos,
is underway to moderate our climate chaos,
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各國政府及科學家已經開始
緩解氣候混亂的問題，
緩解氣候混亂的問題，
00:48
but I'm here to evoke a feeling in you
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而在這裡，我想提醒各位，
00:51
for why we also need
our actions and policies
our actions and policies
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我們也需要行動和策略，
00:54
to reflect an understanding
of how our changing environments
of how our changing environments
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來因應已知的環境改變
00:57
threaten our mental,
social and spiritual well-being.
social and spiritual well-being.
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對我們在精神、社會
和心靈福祉方面的威脅。
和心靈福祉方面的威脅。
01:00
The anxiety, grief and depression
of climate scientists and activists
of climate scientists and activists
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氣候科學家及活動人士的
焦慮、悲傷、沮喪等等，
焦慮、悲傷、沮喪等等，
01:04
have been reported on for years.
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多年來一直有報導。
01:06
Trends we've seen
after extreme weather events
after extreme weather events
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在桑迪和卡崔娜颶風
這類極端氣候事件過後，
這類極端氣候事件過後，
01:08
like hurricane Sandy or Katrina
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創傷後壓力症候群和自殺傾向
有明顯上升的趨勢。
有明顯上升的趨勢。
01:10
for increased PTSD and suicidality.
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01:13
And there are rich mental-health data
from northern communities
from northern communities
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在暖化速度最快的極區社群，
豐富的身心健康數據顯示：
豐富的身心健康數據顯示：
01:16
where warming is the fastest,
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01:18
like the Inuit in Labrador,
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拉布拉多省的因努伊特原住民
面臨絕望的存在痛苦，
面臨絕望的存在痛苦，
因為他們一個重要的身份認同──
冰山──在眼前化為烏有。
冰山──在眼前化為烏有。
01:20
who face existential distress
as they witness the ice,
as they witness the ice,
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01:23
a big part of their identity,
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01:24
vanishing before their eyes.
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如果這還不夠，
01:27
Now if that weren't enough,
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01:28
the American Psychological Association
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美國心理學會表示，
我們對氣候變遷的心理反應，
01:30
says that our psychological
responses to climate change,
responses to climate change,
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01:33
like conflict avoidance, helplessness
and resignation, are growing.
and resignation, are growing.
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像是逃避、無助及放棄的
心態，都在與日俱增。
心態，都在與日俱增。
01:38
This means that our conscious
and unconscious mental processes
and unconscious mental processes
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這意味著我們的有意識
及無意識的心理機制
及無意識的心理機制
01:41
are holding us back
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阻礙我們尋找問題根源、
01:42
from identifying the causes
of the problem for what they are,
of the problem for what they are,
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研擬對策、
01:45
working on solutions and fostering
our own psychological resilience,
our own psychological resilience,
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更無法培養心理調適的韌性，
01:48
but we need all those things
to take on what we've created.
to take on what we've created.
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而這些正是我們面對問題時
所需要的應對方法。
所需要的應對方法。
01:52
Lately, I've been studying a phenomenon
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我最近在研究一種現象，
01:54
that's just one example
of the emotional hardships
of the emotional hardships
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是目前我們所知的
各種情緒困境的其中之一。
各種情緒困境的其中之一。
01:57
that we're seeing.
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它反映在我這一代很多人
都很難回答的一個問題上，
都很難回答的一個問題上，
01:58
And it comes in the form of a question
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02:00
that a significant amount of people
in my generation are struggling to answer.
in my generation are struggling to answer.
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02:04
That being:
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那就是:
02:06
Should I have a child
in the age of climate change?
in the age of climate change?
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在氣候變遷的年代，我該生小孩嗎？
02:09
After all, any child born today
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畢竟現在出生的孩子，
02:11
will have to live in a world
where hurricanes, flooding, wildfires --
where hurricanes, flooding, wildfires --
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都必須活在一個颶風、水災
及森林大火──
及森林大火──
02:14
what we used to call natural disasters --
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以前我們稱之為天災──
現在卻司空見慣的環境裡。
02:16
have become commonplace.
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史上最熱的 20 年
全發生在過去 22 年間。
全發生在過去 22 年間。
02:18
The hottest 20 years on record
occurred within the last 22.
occurred within the last 22.
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02:23
The UN expects that two-thirds
of the global population
of the global population
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聯合國預計，接下來的六年內，
全球三分之二的人口
可能面臨水資源短缺。
可能面臨水資源短缺。
02:25
may face water shortages
only six years from now.
only six years from now.
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02:29
The World Bank predicts that by 2050,
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世界銀行預測 2050 年前，
全球將有 1.4 億氣候難民，
全球將有 1.4 億氣候難民，
02:31
there's going to be
140 million climate refugees
140 million climate refugees
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02:34
in sub-Saharan Africa,
Latin America and South Asia.
Latin America and South Asia.
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在撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲大陸、
拉丁美洲及南亞地區。
拉丁美洲及南亞地區。
02:37
And other estimates put that number
at over one billion.
at over one billion.
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其他來源的預測則超過十億人口。
02:41
Mass migrations and resource scarcity
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大規模移民和資源短缺，
02:43
increase the risk for violence,
war and political instability.
war and political instability.
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提高了暴力、戰爭、
政局動盪等風險。
政局動盪等風險。
02:48
The UN just reported that we are pushing
up to a million species to extinction,
up to a million species to extinction,
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聯合國最近報告，高達
百萬個物種將因人類而絕種，
百萬個物種將因人類而絕種，
許多在幾十年內就會消失，
02:52
many within decades,
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02:54
and our emissions are still increasing,
even after the Paris Agreement.
even after the Paris Agreement.
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即使《巴黎協定》簽署之後，
我們的碳排放量仍在增加。
我們的碳排放量仍在增加。
02:59
Over the last year and a half,
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過去一年半的時間裡，
我一直在舉辦研討會，
我一直在舉辦研討會，
03:00
I've been conducting
workshops and interviews
workshops and interviews
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針對氣候危機中養育後代的議題
採訪了數百人。
採訪了數百人。
03:03
with hundreds of people
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03:04
about parenting in the climate crisis.
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03:06
And I can tell you
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我可以告訴各位，
03:07
that people who are worried about
having kids because of climate change
having kids because of climate change
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那些因為氣候變遷
而害怕生小孩的人，
而害怕生小孩的人，
他們的動機並非
出自禁慾主義的堅持，
出自禁慾主義的堅持，
03:11
are not motivated by an ascetic pride.
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03:13
They're nerve-racked.
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而是精神壓力大到不行。
03:14
There's even a movement
called BirthStrike,
called BirthStrike,
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甚至有一場名為「生育罷工」的運動，
參與者宣告他們不生小孩，
03:16
whose members have declared
they're not going to have kids
they're not going to have kids
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因為生態危機的現況，
03:19
because of the state
of the ecological crisis
of the ecological crisis
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以及各國政府坐視不顧
這個威脅人類存亡的問題。
這個威脅人類存亡的問題。
03:21
and inaction from governments
to address this existential threat.
to address this existential threat.
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過去人類也面臨過
當時所謂的末日危機，
當時所謂的末日危機，
03:24
And yes, other generations have also
faced their own apocalyptic dangers,
faced their own apocalyptic dangers,
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但我們不該因此而漠視
此刻這個關乎存亡的真實威脅。
此刻這個關乎存亡的真實威脅。
03:28
but that is no reason to disregard
the very real threat to our survival now.
the very real threat to our survival now.
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03:32
Some feel that it's better
to adopt children.
to adopt children.
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有些人主張生小孩不如收養
03:35
Or that it's unethical
to have more than one,
to have more than one,
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或認為生超過一個孩子是不道德的，
遑論生三四個或更多，
03:37
especially three, four or more,
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03:39
because kids increase
greenhouse gas emissions.
greenhouse gas emissions.
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原因是孩子會增加溫室氣體排放。
03:42
Now, it is a really unfortunate
state of affairs
state of affairs
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現下很悲慘的狀況是
03:45
when people who want kids
sacrifice their right to
sacrifice their right to
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有些人愛小孩卻放棄生育的權利，
因為不知何故，他們選擇的
生活型態被指責是錯的，
生活型態被指責是錯的，
03:48
because, somehow, they have been told
that their lifestyle choices are to blame
that their lifestyle choices are to blame
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但其實社會體系才是問題所在，
03:52
when the fault is far more systemic,
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03:54
but let's just unpack the logic here.
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讓我們來解析一下這個邏輯。
03:57
So an oft-cited study
shows that, on average,
shows that, on average,
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有一個常被引用的研究顯示，
工業國家每少生一個小孩，
03:59
having one less child
in an industrialized nation
in an industrialized nation
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04:02
can save about 59 tons
of carbon dioxide per year.
of carbon dioxide per year.
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平均每年就可減少
59 噸的二氧化碳排放。
59 噸的二氧化碳排放。
04:06
While in comparison,
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相較之下，
04:08
living car-free saves nearly 2.5 tons,
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無車族平均少了 2.5 噸排放，
04:11
avoiding a transatlantic flight --
and this is just one --
and this is just one --
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少一趟跨大西洋飛行──
單趟，不是來回喔──
單趟，不是來回喔──
04:14
saves about 1.5 tons,
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可以減少 1.5 噸排放，
04:16
and eating a plant-based diet
can save almost one ton per year.
can save almost one ton per year.
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蔬食飲食每年可減少近一噸排放。
04:20
And consider that a Bangladeshi child
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再看看，在孟加拉出生的小孩，
04:23
only adds 56 metric tons of carbon
to their parents' carbon legacy
to their parents' carbon legacy
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一生只將父母的碳遺產
往上提高 56 噸而已，
往上提高 56 噸而已，
04:27
over their lifetime,
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04:28
while an American child, in comparison,
adds 9,441 to theirs.
adds 9,441 to theirs.
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相較之下，在美國出生的孩子
則是將其父母碳遺產增加 9441 噸。
則是將其父母碳遺產增加 9441 噸。
04:34
So this is why some people argue
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這就是為什麼有些人認為
在碳足跡巨大的國家，
在碳足跡巨大的國家，
04:35
that it's parents from nations
with huge carbon footprints
with huge carbon footprints
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想生育下一代的人要
嚴正考慮生育的數目。
嚴正考慮生育的數目。
04:38
who should think the hardest
about how many kids they have.
about how many kids they have.
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04:41
But the decision to have a child
and one's feelings about the future
and one's feelings about the future
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但決定生育與否
以及對未來的感覺是絕對主觀的，
04:45
are deeply personal,
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04:46
and wrapped up
in all sorts of cultural norms,
in all sorts of cultural norms,
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並與各種文化傳統、宗教信仰、
04:48
religious beliefs, socioeconomic status,
education levels and more.
education levels and more.
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社會經濟地位、
教育水準等密切相關。
教育水準等密切相關。
04:53
And so to some, this debate
about kids in the climate crisis
about kids in the climate crisis
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因此，這場氣候危機
與生育孩子這場辯論，
與生育孩子這場辯論，
對某些人來說，好像是
來自另一個星球的事。
來自另一個星球的事。
04:56
can seem like it came from another planet.
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04:58
Many have more immediate threats
to their survival to think about,
to their survival to think about,
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因為許多人面臨著比這個
更迫切的生存威脅，
更迫切的生存威脅，
例如：為了養孩子
而做三份工作的單親媽媽、
而做三份工作的單親媽媽、
05:01
like, how they're going to put
food on the table,
food on the table,
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05:04
when they're a single mom
working three jobs,
working three jobs,
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愛滋病帶原者、
以篷車為家的難民們。
以篷車為家的難民們。
05:06
or they're HIV positive
or on the move in a migrant caravan.
or on the move in a migrant caravan.
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05:09
Tragically, though, climate change
is really great at intersectionality.
is really great at intersectionality.
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悲慘的是，氣候變遷
與很多其他問題重疊交集。
與很多其他問題重疊交集。
05:13
It multiplies the stresses
marginalized communities already face.
marginalized communities already face.
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加劇了社會邊緣族群
所面臨的壓力。
所面臨的壓力。
05:18
A political scientist once said to me
that a leading indicator
that a leading indicator
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一位政治學家曾對我說，
氣候變遷在心理層面
影響之大的主要指標
影響之大的主要指標
05:21
that climate change is starting
to hit home, psychologically,
to hit home, psychologically,
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05:24
would be an increase
in the rate of informed women
in the rate of informed women
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是越來越多有教育學養的女性
決定不生小孩。
決定不生小孩。
05:26
deciding to not have children.
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05:29
Interesting.
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有趣吧。
05:31
Is it hitting home with you,
psychologically?
psychologically?
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氣候變遷是否也已
對你的心理造成影響？
對你的心理造成影響？
05:34
Are you perhaps someone
with climate-linked pre-traumatic stress?
with climate-linked pre-traumatic stress?
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你是否也承受著
「氣候相關創傷前壓力 」？
「氣候相關創傷前壓力 」？
05:38
A climate psychiatrist coined that term,
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一個氣候精神病學家
創了這個新名詞，
創了這個新名詞，
05:40
and that's a profession now, by the way,
shrinks for climate woes.
shrinks for climate woes.
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這個新的「氣候精神病學」
有專治氣候悲傷的心理醫生。
有專治氣候悲傷的心理醫生。
05:44
They're getting work at a time
when some high schoolers
when some high schoolers
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他們的工作來自於現下一些
高中畢業生不想去念大學，
高中畢業生不想去念大學，
05:46
don't want to apply
to university any longer,
to university any longer,
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因為他們看不見自己的未來。
05:48
because they can't foresee
a future for themselves.
a future for themselves.
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05:51
And this brings me back to my main point.
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這又回到我所說的重點，
05:54
The growing concern about having kids
in the climate crisis
in the climate crisis
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面臨氣候危機是否該生小孩
是一個緊迫的指標，
是一個緊迫的指標，
05:57
is an urgent indicator
of how hard-pressed people are feeling.
of how hard-pressed people are feeling.
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顯示出人們遭受到強大的心理壓力。
06:03
Right now, students around the world
are screaming for change
are screaming for change
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現在世界各地的學生都在
絕望而尖銳地吶喊，要求改變。
絕望而尖銳地吶喊，要求改變。
06:06
in the piercing voice of despair.
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06:09
And the fact that we can see
how we contribute to this problem
how we contribute to this problem
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一旦清楚原來是我們的行為
促成了今日這個威脅，
促成了今日這個威脅，
06:12
that makes us feel unsafe
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06:14
is crazy-making in itself.
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那真的是讓人懷疑自己是否瘋了。
06:16
Climate change is all-encompassing
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氣候變遷的影響無所不在，
06:18
and so are the ways
that it messes with our minds.
that it messes with our minds.
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它擾亂我們心理的方式也包羅萬象。
許多環境運動人士說，
06:22
Many activists will tell you
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06:24
that the best antidote
to grief is activism.
to grief is activism.
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消除悲傷最好的解藥
就是加入他們的運動。
就是加入他們的運動。
06:26
And some psychologists will tell you
the answer can be found in therapy.
the answer can be found in therapy.
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有些心理學家則說，
心理治療是解決之道。
心理治療是解決之道。
06:30
Others believe the key is to imagine
you're on your deathbed,
you're on your deathbed,
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還有些人相信最好的方式是
想像自己死亡在即，
躺在床上回顧一生；
躺在床上回顧一生；
06:33
reflecting back on what's mattered
the most in your life,
the most in your life,
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如此就能把握剩下的時間，
做更多該做的事。
做更多該做的事。
06:35
so you can identify
what you should do more of now,
what you should do more of now,
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06:38
with the time that you have left.
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我們需要更多類似這樣的想法，
06:40
We need all these ideas, and more,
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06:41
to take care of our innermost selves
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來照顧內心深處的自我，
06:43
as the environments we've known
become more punishing towards us.
become more punishing towards us.
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因為以往熟悉的環境氣候
只會越來越殘酷嚴峻。
只會越來越殘酷嚴峻。
無論是否有下一代，
06:47
And whether you have children or not,
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06:49
we need to be honest
about what is happening,
about what is happening,
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我們都需要誠實地面對
正在發生的事情，
正在發生的事情，
06:52
and what we owe one another.
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以及對彼此有何虧欠。
06:55
We cannot afford to treat
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我們不能漠視氣候變遷
所造成的心理衝擊，
所造成的心理衝擊，
06:56
the psychological impacts
of climate change
of climate change
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等到真的發生再處理，
06:58
as some afterthought,
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就因為其他氣候變遷相關的
科技、政治、經濟等問題，
科技、政治、經濟等問題，
07:00
because the other issues, of science,
technology and the politics and economy,
technology and the politics and economy,
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07:04
feel hard, while this somehow feels soft.
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感覺都很嚴重，
而心理問題似乎很輕微。
07:08
Mental health needs to be an integral part
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心理健康是氣候變遷下
生存策略不可或缺的一環，
生存策略不可或缺的一環，
07:11
of any climate change survival strategy,
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需要資金、公平和關懷的倫理規範，
07:13
requiring funding,
and ethics of equity and care,
and ethics of equity and care,
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07:16
and widespread awareness.
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以及大眾的廣泛認知。
07:18
Because even if you're the most
emotionally avoidant person on the planet,
emotionally avoidant person on the planet,
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就算你是這個星球上
最會規避心理影響的人，
最會規避心理影響的人，
07:22
there's no rug in the world
that's big enough to sweep this up under.
that's big enough to sweep this up under.
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世上也沒有那麼大的地毯
能蓋掉眼前的這些問題。
能蓋掉眼前的這些問題。
07:25
Thank you.
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謝謝大家。
07:26
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Britt Wray - Science storyteller, author, broadcasterBritt Wray's work is about life and what we make of it: past, present and future.
Why you should listen
Author of the book Rise of the Necrofauna, cohost of the BBC podcast Tomorrow's World and guest host on Canada's legendary national science TV show The Nature of Things, Britt Wray shows audiences what's happening at the forefront of science, technology, ethics and environment, probing how it affects us. The New Yorker named her first book Rise of the Necrofauna: The Science, Ethics, and Risks of De-Extinction one of the "books we loved" in 2017 and the Sunday Times called it a "must-read." By making science accessible and illuminating its possible consequences, Wray's writing, broadcasting and talks help us understand how the world is changing, creating a rich space for conversation about how each of us can respond to those changes.
Wray has been a summer host on CBC Radio 1's flagship science show Quirks and Quarks, and produced several radio documentaries for outlets such as BBC Radio 4, CBC IDEAS, WNYC's Studio 360 and Love and Radio. She created the interactive audio diary platform for frank speech about science called Aurator (aurator.org) which won the 2018 Society for the Social Studies of Science Award. Wray has a PhD in science communication with a focus on synthetic biology from the University of Copenhagen and holds a BSc (Hon) in biology from Queen's University and an interdisciplinary master's in art, media and design from OCAD University. She has also been a visiting scholar at the NYU Arthur L. Carter Institute for Journalism and was a 2019 TED Resident. Wray is currently writing a book about intimate dilemmas in the climate crisis.
Britt Wray | Speaker | TED.com