TEDSummit 2019
Johann Hari: This could be why you're depressed and anxious
约翰·哈里: 这可能是你抑郁和焦虑的原因
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在一个感人的、可操作的演讲中，记者约翰·哈里（Johann Hari）分享了来自世界各地专家对抑郁和焦虑成因的新见解，以及一些令人兴奋的新兴解决方案。哈里说：“如果你感到沮丧或焦虑，你并不软弱，也不疯狂——你是一个需求没有被满足的人。”
Johann Hari - Journalist
Johann Hari spent three years researching the war on drugs; along the way, he discovered that addiction is not what we think it is. Full bio
Johann Hari spent three years researching the war on drugs; along the way, he discovered that addiction is not what we think it is. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
For a really long time,
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一直以来
00:14
I had two mysteries
that were hanging over me.
that were hanging over me.
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有两个迷团一直困扰着我。
00:18
I didn't understand them
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我无法理解它们，
00:20
and, to be honest, I was quite afraid
to look into them.
to look into them.
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而且说实话，我害怕深究它们。
00:24
The first mystery was, I'm 40 years old,
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第一个谜团是，我40岁了，
00:27
and all throughout my lifetime,
year after year,
year after year,
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在我一生中，年复一年，
00:31
serious depression and anxiety have risen,
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严重的抑郁和焦虑症状
00:34
in the United States, in Britain,
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在美国，英国等国家
不断浮现出来，
不断浮现出来，
00:37
and across the Western world.
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横扫整个西方世界。
00:39
And I wanted to understand why.
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我想要搞清楚为什么。
00:43
Why is this happening to us?
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为什么这开始发生在我们身上？
00:45
Why is it that with each year that passes,
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为什么过去的每一年里，
00:48
more and more of us are finding it harder
to get through the day?
to get through the day?
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我们越来越多人发现
更难以度过每一天？
更难以度过每一天？
00:51
And I wanted to understand this
because of a more personal mystery.
because of a more personal mystery.
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我想要理解这个是因为
一个很私人的谜团。
一个很私人的谜团。
00:55
When I was a teenager,
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当我还是10来岁时，
00:56
I remember going to my doctor
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我记得有一次去看医生，
00:58
and explaining that I had this feeling,
like pain was leaking out of me.
like pain was leaking out of me.
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说我总觉得浑身疼痛。
01:03
I couldn't control it,
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我不能控制它，
01:04
I didn't understand why it was happening,
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我不理解为什么它会出现，
01:06
I felt quite ashamed of it.
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并且感到非常羞耻。
01:09
And my doctor told me a story
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医生告诉我了一个
01:10
that I now realize was well-intentioned,
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现在我意识到是出于好意的故事，
01:12
but quite oversimplified.
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但太过于简化。
01:14
Not totally wrong.
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并非全错。
01:15
My doctor said, "We know
why people get like this.
why people get like this.
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我医生说，“我们知道
人们为什么会这样。
人们为什么会这样。
01:18
Some people just naturally get
a chemical imbalance in their heads --
a chemical imbalance in their heads --
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有些人的大脑很自然地
会发生一些化学失衡——
会发生一些化学失衡——
01:22
you're clearly one of them.
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你显然是其中一个。
01:24
All we need to do is give you some drugs,
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我们要做的就是给你开一些药，
它就会把你的化学平衡
恢复正常。”
恢复正常。”
01:26
it will get your chemical
balance back to normal."
balance back to normal."
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所以我开始服用帕罗西汀
或类似的药物。
或类似的药物。
01:28
So I started taking a drug
called Paxil or Seroxat,
called Paxil or Seroxat,
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一个东西在不同国家
有不同的名字。
有不同的名字。
01:30
it's the same thing with different names
in different countries.
in different countries.
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然后我感觉好了很多，
也受到了很大的鼓舞。
也受到了很大的鼓舞。
01:34
And I felt much better,
I got a real boost.
I got a real boost.
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01:36
But not very long afterwards,
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但随后不久，
这种疼痛的感觉回来了。
01:37
this feeling of pain started to come back.
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01:39
So I was given higher and higher doses
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所以我使用越来越高的剂量，
01:41
until, for 13 years, I was taking
the maximum possible dose
the maximum possible dose
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直到后来的13年，
我都在服用法律允许的最高剂量。
01:45
that you're legally allowed to take.
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01:47
And for a lot of those 13 years,
and pretty much all the time by the end,
and pretty much all the time by the end,
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在这13年的大部分时候，
差不多一直到最后，
差不多一直到最后，
我仍然很痛苦。
01:50
I was still in a lot of pain.
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01:52
And I started asking myself,
"What's going on here?
"What's going on here?
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我开始问自己，“这是怎么回事？”
01:55
Because you're doing everything
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因为你按照主导文化所说的
做了所有的事情——
01:56
you're told to do by the story
that's dominating the culture --
that's dominating the culture --
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为什么你仍然会有这样的感受？
02:00
why do you still feel like this?"
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02:02
So to get to the bottom
of these two mysteries,
of these two mysteries,
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所以为了揭开这两个谜团的谜底，
02:05
for a book that I've written
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为了我写的一本书，
02:06
I ended up going on a big journey
all over the world,
all over the world,
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我进行了一场环球旅行，
02:09
I traveled over 40,000 miles.
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旅途超过4万英里。
02:10
I wanted to sit with the leading
experts in the world
experts in the world
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我想跟世界一流的专家坐在一起
讨论是什么引发了抑郁和焦虑，
02:13
about what causes depression and anxiety
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02:15
and crucially, what solves them,
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并且最重要的是：
有什么治愈方法，
有什么治愈方法，
02:17
and people who have come through
depression and anxiety
depression and anxiety
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以及那些经历过抑郁和焦虑的人
02:19
and out the other side
in all sorts of ways.
in all sorts of ways.
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是如何以各种方式走出来的。
02:21
And I learned a huge amount
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我一路走来，
从我认识的那些，
从我认识的那些，
02:23
from the amazing people
I got to know along the way.
I got to know along the way.
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了不起的人身上学到了很多。
02:26
But I think at the heart
of what I learned is,
of what I learned is,
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但我认为
我所学到的最核心的是，
我所学到的最核心的是，
02:29
so far, we have scientific evidence
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目前为止，科学依据能够证明
02:32
for nine different causes
of depression and anxiety.
of depression and anxiety.
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有9种不同的
引发抑郁和焦虑的原因。
引发抑郁和焦虑的原因。
02:35
Two of them are indeed in our biology.
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其中两个确实是由于生理因素。
02:38
Your genes can make you
more sensitive to these problems,
more sensitive to these problems,
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你的基因会让你
对这些问题更敏感，
对这些问题更敏感，
02:41
though they don't write your destiny.
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虽然它们不能决定你的命运。
02:43
And there are real brain changes
that can happen when you become depressed
that can happen when you become depressed
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当你变得抑郁时，
你的大脑会发生实质的变化，
你的大脑会发生实质的变化，
02:46
that can make it harder to get out.
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让你更难摆脱出来。
02:48
But most of the factors
that have been proven
that have been proven
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但绝大部分被证实
02:50
to cause depression and anxiety
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引发抑郁和焦虑的因素
02:52
are not in our biology.
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跟我们的生理因素无关，
02:55
They are factors in the way we live.
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而主要取决于我们的生活方式。
02:58
And once you understand them,
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一旦你理解了它们，
02:59
it opens up a very different
set of solutions
set of solutions
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就能开启一套
非常不同的解决方案，
非常不同的解决方案，
应该和化学抗抑郁药
03:02
that should be offered to people
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一起提供给人们。
03:04
alongside the option
of chemical antidepressants.
of chemical antidepressants.
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03:07
For example,
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比如，
03:09
if you're lonely, you're more likely
to become depressed.
to become depressed.
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如果你很孤独，
你很可能会变得抑郁。
你很可能会变得抑郁。
03:12
If, when you go to work,
you don't have any control over your job,
you don't have any control over your job,
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如果，当你工作时，你对
自己的工作没有控制权，
自己的工作没有控制权，
03:15
you've just got to do what you're told,
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你得按照吩咐去做，
03:17
you're more likely to become depressed.
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你就更可能变得抑郁。
03:19
If you very rarely get out
into the natural world,
into the natural world,
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如果你很少接触自然世界，
03:22
you're more likely to become depressed.
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你更可能变得抑郁。
03:23
And one thing unites a lot of the causes
of depression and anxiety
of depression and anxiety
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有一件事情把所有
我所知道的抑郁和焦虑
我所知道的抑郁和焦虑
03:27
that I learned about.
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联系在一起。
03:28
Not all of them, but a lot of them.
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不是所有，但很多。
03:30
Everyone here knows
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这里每个人都知道，
03:32
you've all got natural
physical needs, right?
physical needs, right?
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你们都有自然的生理需求，对吧？
03:34
Obviously.
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显然。
03:35
You need food, you need water,
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你需要食物，你需要水，
03:38
you need shelter, you need clean air.
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你需要住所，你需要干净的空气。
03:40
If I took those things away from you,
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如果我拿走那些东西，
你们都会很快就陷入巨大的困境。
03:42
you'd all be in real trouble, real fast.
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03:44
But at the same time,
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但同时，
03:46
ever human being
has natural psychological needs.
has natural psychological needs.
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每个人都有自然的心理需求，
03:50
You need to feel you belong.
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你需要有归属感。
03:52
You need to feel your life
has meaning and purpose.
has meaning and purpose.
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你需要感到
你的生活有意义和目的。
你的生活有意义和目的。
03:55
You need to feel that people
see you and value you.
see you and value you.
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你需要感到人们关注你并重视你。
03:57
You need to feel you've got
a future that makes sense.
a future that makes sense.
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你需要感觉
你有一个有意义的未来。
你有一个有意义的未来。
04:00
And this culture we built
is good at lots of things.
is good at lots of things.
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我们建立的这种文化
擅长很多事情。
擅长很多事情。
04:03
And many things are better
than in the past --
than in the past --
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很多事情比过去好多了——
我很高兴生活在今天。
04:05
I'm glad to be alive today.
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但我们对满足这些
04:07
But we've been getting less and less good
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04:09
at meeting these deep,
underlying psychological needs.
underlying psychological needs.
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深层次的心理需求
越来越不擅长了。
越来越不擅长了。
04:13
And it's not the only thing
that's going on,
that's going on,
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这并不是唯一的原因，
但我认为是这场危机
不断升级的关键原因。
不断升级的关键原因。
04:16
but I think it's the key reason
why this crisis keeps rising and rising.
why this crisis keeps rising and rising.
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04:20
And I found this really hard to absorb.
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我发现这很难理解。
04:24
I really wrestled with the idea
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我真的很纠结于这个想法：
04:26
of shifting from thinking of my depression
as just a problem in my brain,
as just a problem in my brain,
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把我的抑郁症
从一个仅仅是我大脑中的问题，
从一个仅仅是我大脑中的问题，
04:31
to one with many causes,
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转变成一个有很多
04:32
including many in the way we're living.
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成因的问题，
包括我们的生活方式。
包括我们的生活方式。
04:34
And it only really began
to fall into place for me
to fall into place for me
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直到有一天，我前去采访一位
04:36
when one day, I went to interview
a South African psychiatrist
a South African psychiatrist
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名叫德里克·萨莫菲尔德的
南非精神病医生，
南非精神病医生，
04:40
named Dr. Derek Summerfield.
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我才真正明白了这一点。
04:41
He's a great guy.
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他是个很棒的人。
04:43
And Dr. Summerfield
happened to be in Cambodia in 2001,
happened to be in Cambodia in 2001,
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2001年，萨莫菲尔德在柬埔寨，
04:46
when they first introduced
chemical antidepressants
chemical antidepressants
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当时他们首次在那个国家
为人们引入化学抗抑郁药。
04:50
for people in that country.
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04:51
And the local doctors, the Cambodians,
had never heard of these drugs,
had never heard of these drugs,
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当地的柬埔寨医生
从没听过这些药物，
从没听过这些药物，
04:55
so they were like, what are they?
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所以，他们问“这些是什么？”
04:56
And he explained.
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于是他解释了。
04:58
And they said to him,
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然后他们告诉他，
04:59
"We don't need them,
we've already got antidepressants."
we've already got antidepressants."
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“我们不需要它们，
我们已经有抗抑郁药了。”
我们已经有抗抑郁药了。”
05:02
And he was like, "What do you mean?"
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他问，“你指的是什么？”
05:04
He thought they were going to talk about
some kind of herbal remedy,
some kind of herbal remedy,
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他以为他们会谈及某种草药，
05:07
like St. John's Wort, ginkgo biloba,
something like that.
something like that.
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比如圣约翰草，银杏叶之类的。
05:11
Instead, they told him a story.
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反之，他们告诉他一个故事。
05:14
There was a farmer in their community
who worked in the rice fields.
who worked in the rice fields.
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他们社区有个农民在稻田里干活。
05:18
And one day, he stood on a land mine
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有天，他踩到了
抗美战争时留下的地雷，
05:20
left over from the war
with the United States,
with the United States,
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05:22
and he got his leg blown off.
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他的腿被炸掉了。
05:23
So they him an artificial leg,
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所以他们给他装了一只假腿，
05:25
and after a while, he went back
to work in the rice fields.
to work in the rice fields.
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不久之后他就回到稻田干活。
但显然，你带着假腿
05:28
But apparently, it's super painful
to work under water
to work under water
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在水下干活非常痛疼，
05:30
when you've got an artificial limb,
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05:32
and I'm guessing it was pretty traumatic
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而且我猜他
回到腿被炸掉的地方干活
回到腿被炸掉的地方干活
05:34
to go back and work in the field
where he got blown up.
where he got blown up.
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一定很痛苦。
05:36
The guy started to cry all day,
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这个人开始整天哭泣，
05:39
he refused to get out of bed,
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他拒绝下床，
05:40
he developed all the symptoms
of classic depression.
of classic depression.
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他出现了所有
典型的抑郁症症状。
典型的抑郁症症状。
05:44
The Cambodian doctor said,
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柬埔寨医生说，
05:45
"This is when we gave him
an antidepressant."
an antidepressant."
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“就在这时
我们给他开了抗抑郁药。”
我们给他开了抗抑郁药。”
05:47
And Dr. Summerfield said,
"What was it?"
"What was it?"
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萨莫菲尔德医生问，“是什么药？”
05:50
They explained that they went
and sat with him.
and sat with him.
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他们解释说，
他们过去跟他坐在一起。
他们过去跟他坐在一起。
05:53
They listened to him.
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他们倾听他。
05:56
They realized that his pain made sense --
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他们认识到他的痛苦合情合理——
05:59
it was hard for him to see it
in the throes of his depression,
in the throes of his depression,
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身处沮丧的阵痛中，
他本人很难看出这一点，
他本人很难看出这一点，
06:01
but actually, it had perfectly
understandable causes in his life.
understandable causes in his life.
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但确实，这是他生活中
完全可以理解的原因。
完全可以理解的原因。
06:05
One of the doctors, talking to the people
in the community, figured,
in the community, figured,
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其中一个医生
和社区里的人交谈，想到，
和社区里的人交谈，想到，
“如果我们给这人买一头奶牛，
06:09
"You know, if we bought this guy a cow,
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06:11
he could become a dairy farmer,
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他就可以变成一个奶农了，
06:13
he wouldn't be in this position
that was screwing him up so much,
that was screwing him up so much,
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他就不会处在这种境地，
把自己搞得如此狼狈了，
把自己搞得如此狼狈了，
他也不用去稻田里干活了。”
06:16
he wouldn't have to go
and work in the rice fields."
and work in the rice fields."
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于是他们给他买了一头奶牛。
06:18
So they bought him a cow.
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没几周，他停止了哭泣，
06:20
Within a couple of weeks,
his crying stopped,
his crying stopped,
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2180
06:22
within a month, his depression was gone.
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不到1个月，他的抑郁症消失了。
他们跟萨莫菲尔德医生说，
06:24
They said to doctor Summerfield,
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“所以你看，医生，那头奶牛，
就是抗抑郁药，
就是抗抑郁药，
06:25
"So you see, doctor, that cow,
that was an antidepressant,
that was an antidepressant,
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2770
06:28
that's what you mean, right?"
152
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那是你说的药吧？”
06:30
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
06:31
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
06:34
If you'd been raised to think
about depression the way I was,
about depression the way I was,
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2873
如果你打小就和我一样
思考抑郁症，
思考抑郁症，
像座大多数人这样，
06:37
and most of the people here were,
156
385223
1612
那听起来像个冷笑话，对吧？
06:38
that sounds like a bad joke, right?
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“我找医生开抗抑郁药，
06:40
"I went to my doctor
for an antidepressant,
for an antidepressant,
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2024
她给了我一头奶牛。”
06:42
she gave me a cow."
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但那些柬埔寨人凭直觉就知道的、
06:43
But what those Cambodian
doctors knew intuitively,
doctors knew intuitively,
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06:46
based on this individual,
unscientific anecdote,
unscientific anecdote,
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基于这个个体的，不科学的轶事，
06:49
is what the leading
medical body in the world,
medical body in the world,
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是世界领先的医疗机构，
06:53
the World Health Organization,
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世界卫生组织，
06:55
has been trying to tell us for years,
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多年来，
基于最好的科学证据，
基于最好的科学证据，
06:57
based on the best scientific evidence.
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一直试图告诉我们的。
07:00
If you're depressed,
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如果你抑郁，
07:02
if you're anxious,
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1377
如果你很焦虑，
07:05
you're not weak, you're not crazy,
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你不是脆弱，你没有疯，
07:08
you're not, in the main,
a machine with broken parts.
a machine with broken parts.
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总的来说，你不是一个
零部件坏了的机器，
零部件坏了的机器，
07:12
You're a human being with unmet needs.
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你是个需求未被满足的人。
07:15
And it's just as important to think here
about what those Cambodian doctors
about what those Cambodian doctors
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在这里，思考柬埔寨医生说的
07:19
and the World Health Organization
are not saying.
are not saying.
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和世界卫生组织没说的同样重要。
07:21
They did not say to this farmer,
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他们没跟这个农民说，
07:23
"Hey, buddy, you need
to pull yourself together.
to pull yourself together.
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“嘿，伙计，你需要振作起来，
07:26
It's your job to figure out
and fix this problem on your own."
and fix this problem on your own."
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你得自己解决和修复这个问题。”
07:29
On the contrary, what they said is,
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1992
相反，他们说的是，
07:31
"We're here as a group
to pull together with you,
to pull together with you,
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3524
“我们作为一个团队
来和你一起努力，
来和你一起努力，
07:35
so together, we can figure out
and fix this problem."
and fix this problem."
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所以一起，我们可以解决
和修复这个问题。”
和修复这个问题。”
07:40
This is what every depressed person needs,
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这是每一个抑郁的人需要的，
07:44
and it's what every
depressed person deserves.
depressed person deserves.
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并且也是
每一个抑郁的人应得的。
每一个抑郁的人应得的。
07:47
This is why one of the leading
doctors at the United Nations,
doctors at the United Nations,
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这是为什么
有位联合国的顶尖医生，
有位联合国的顶尖医生，
07:50
in their official statement
for World Health Day,
for World Health Day,
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在2017年世界卫生日的
07:53
couple of years back in 2017,
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1491
官方宣言中写到，
07:54
said we need to talk less
about chemical imbalances
about chemical imbalances
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2817
我们要少谈化学失衡，
07:57
and more about the imbalances
in the way we live.
in the way we live.
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多谈谈我们生活方式的失衡。
08:00
Drugs give real relief to some people --
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468920
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药物对有些人
有真正的缓解作用——
有真正的缓解作用——
08:02
they gave relief to me for a while --
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2130
它们对我有阵子也很有效——
08:05
but precisely because this problem
goes deeper than their biology,
goes deeper than their biology,
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但因为这个问题
比他们的生物构造更深入，
比他们的生物构造更深入，
08:09
the solutions need to go much deeper, too.
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解决方案也需要更为深入。
08:12
But when I first learned that,
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2587
但当我第一次知道的时候，
08:15
I remember thinking,
191
483212
1683
我记得我在想，
08:16
"OK, I could see
all the scientific evidence,
all the scientific evidence,
192
484919
2126
“我能看到所有的科学证据，
08:19
I read a huge number of studies,
193
487069
1572
我阅读了大量的研究，
08:20
I interviewed a huge number of the experts
who were explaining this,"
who were explaining this,"
194
488665
3306
我采访了很多专家来
解释这一问题，”
解释这一问题，”
08:23
but I kept thinking, "How can we
possibly do that?"
possibly do that?"
195
491995
2386
但我一直在想，
“我们怎么可能做到？”
“我们怎么可能做到？”
08:26
The things that are making us depressed
196
494405
1913
让我们抑郁的事情
08:28
are in most cases more complex
than what was going on
than what was going on
197
496342
2491
在很多情况下比那个柬埔寨农民
08:30
with this Cambodian farmer.
198
498857
1297
远复杂得多。
08:32
Where do we even begin with that insight?
199
500178
2634
基于那个观点，
我们该从哪里下手呢？
我们该从哪里下手呢？
08:34
But then, in the long journey for my book,
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然而后来，
在我写书的漫长旅途中，
在我写书的漫长旅途中，
08:38
all over the world,
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1571
在全球旅行中，
08:39
I kept meeting people
who were doing exactly that,
who were doing exactly that,
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507704
2595
我不断遇到正在那样做的人，
08:42
from Sydney, to San Francisco,
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510323
2452
从悉尼，到旧金山，
08:44
to São Paulo.
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512799
1172
到圣保罗。
08:45
I kept meeting people
who were understanding
who were understanding
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2066
我一直遇见理解引发
08:48
the deeper causes
of depression and anxiety
of depression and anxiety
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2347
抑郁和焦虑深层原因的人，
08:50
and, as groups, fixing them.
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2415
并且，作为群体，修复它们。
08:52
Obviously, I can't tell you
about all the amazing people
about all the amazing people
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520895
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显然，我不能告诉你们
我认识和写下的
我认识和写下的
08:55
I got to know and wrote about,
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523600
1476
所有这些让人惊叹的人，
08:57
or all of the nine causes of depression
and anxiety that I learned about,
and anxiety that I learned about,
210
525100
3453
或者所有我所习得的引发
抑郁和焦虑的9个原因，
抑郁和焦虑的9个原因，
因为他们不会让我做一个
10小时的TED演讲——
10小时的TED演讲——
09:00
because they won't let me give
a 10-hour TED Talk --
a 10-hour TED Talk --
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2482
你们可以向他们抱怨。
09:03
you can complain about that to them.
212
531083
1752
但如果可以的话，
我想聚焦在两个原因，
我想聚焦在两个原因，
09:04
But I want to focus on two of the causes
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532859
1930
09:06
and two of the solutions
that emerge from them, if that's alright.
that emerge from them, if that's alright.
214
534813
3413
以及对应的两个解决方案。
09:10
Here's the first.
215
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1150
这是第一个。
09:12
We are the loneliest society
in human history.
in human history.
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3008
我们处于人类历史上
最孤独的社会。
最孤独的社会。
09:15
There was a recent study
that asked Americans,
that asked Americans,
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543317
2833
最近研究有一项研究，询问美国人
09:18
"Do you feel like you're no longer
close to anyone?"
close to anyone?"
218
546174
3150
“你感觉不再跟任何人亲近了吗？”
09:21
And 39 percent of people
said that described them.
said that described them.
219
549348
3651
39%的人说这描述符合他们。
09:25
"No longer close to anyone."
220
553023
1364
“不再跟任何人亲近。”
09:26
In the international
measurements of loneliness,
measurements of loneliness,
221
554411
2497
在国际孤独测量评估中，
09:28
Britain and the rest of Europe
are just behind the US,
are just behind the US,
222
556932
2558
英国和其他欧洲国家仅次于美国。
09:31
in case anyone here is feeling smug.
223
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1785
以防这里有人沾沾自喜。
09:33
(Laughter)
224
561323
1008
（笑声）
09:34
I spent a lot of time discussing this
225
562355
1889
我花了很多时间就孤独问题
09:36
with the leading expert
in the world on loneliness,
in the world on loneliness,
226
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2396
和世界一流的专家交流。
09:38
an incredible man
named professor John Cacioppo,
named professor John Cacioppo,
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2254
一个非常优秀的人，
约翰·卡奇奥波教授，
约翰·卡奇奥波教授，
他在芝加哥，
09:40
who was at Chicago,
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568966
1151
他的工作给我们提出了
一个问题，我想了很久。
一个问题，我想了很久。
09:42
and I thought a lot about one question
his work poses to us.
his work poses to us.
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2823
09:44
Professor Cacioppo asked,
230
572988
2305
卡奇奥波教授问到，
09:47
"Why do we exist?
231
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1650
“我们为什么存在？
09:48
Why are we here, why are we alive?"
232
576991
1953
我们为什么在这儿，
我们为什么活着？”
我们为什么活着？”
09:50
One key reason
233
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2206
一个关键的原因在于
09:53
is that our ancestors
on the savannas of Africa
on the savannas of Africa
234
581198
2817
我们非洲大草原上的祖先
09:56
were really good at one thing.
235
584039
1720
真的非常擅长一件事情。
09:58
They weren't bigger than the animals
they took down a lot of the time,
they took down a lot of the time,
236
586287
3290
他们不比很多时候
他们放倒的动物高大，
他们放倒的动物高大，
10:01
they weren't faster than the animals
they took down a lot of the time,
they took down a lot of the time,
237
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3313
他们不比很多时候
他们放倒的动物跑得更快，
他们放倒的动物跑得更快，
但他们更擅长抱团
10:04
but they were much better
at banding together into groups
at banding together into groups
238
592938
2714
10:07
and cooperating.
239
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1600
与协作。
10:09
This was our superpower as a species --
240
597300
2261
这是我们作为一个物种的超能力。
10:11
we band together,
241
599585
1405
我们聚集在一起，
10:13
just like bees evolved to live in a hive,
242
601014
2476
就像蜜蜂进化到住在蜂巢中一样，
10:15
humans evolved to live in a tribe.
243
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2232
人类进化到部落聚居。
10:17
And we are the first humans ever
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3810
而我们是第一批
10:22
to disband our tribes.
245
610492
1467
解散部落的人类。
10:24
And it is making us feel awful.
246
612484
2067
这让我们感到糟糕。
10:27
But it doesn't have to be this way.
247
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2144
但事情不一定非得这样。
10:29
One of the heroes in my book,
and in fact, in my life,
and in fact, in my life,
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2634
我书中，也是我生活中的一个英雄，
10:31
is a doctor named Sam Everington.
249
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2095
是一个叫山姆·艾佛林顿的医生。
10:33
He's a general practitioner
in a poor part of East London,
in a poor part of East London,
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621993
2738
他是东伦敦贫民区的
一名全科医生，
一名全科医生，
10:36
where I lived for many years.
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1579
我在那生活过好多年。
10:38
And Sam was really uncomfortable,
252
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1687
山姆真的很不容易，
10:40
because he had loads of patients
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1556
因为很多病人
10:41
coming to him with terrible
depression and anxiety.
depression and anxiety.
254
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2444
都带着严重的抑郁和焦虑来找他。
10:44
And like me, he's not opposed
to chemical antidepressants,
to chemical antidepressants,
255
632117
2722
和我一样，
他不反对使用抗抑郁药，
他不反对使用抗抑郁药，
他认为药物对一些人有缓解作用。
10:46
he thinks they give
some relief to some people.
some relief to some people.
256
634863
2222
但他可以看到两件事情。
10:49
But he could see two things.
257
637109
1373
第一，他的病人很多时候
10:50
Firstly, his patients were depressed
and anxious a lot of the time
and anxious a lot of the time
258
638506
3555
因为完全可以理解的理由
而抑郁和焦虑，比如说孤独。
而抑郁和焦虑，比如说孤独。
10:54
for totally understandable
reasons, like loneliness.
reasons, like loneliness.
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3738
第二，尽管药物能给
部分人带来一些缓解。
部分人带来一些缓解。
10:57
And secondly, although the drugs
were giving some relief to some people,
were giving some relief to some people,
260
645847
3444
对多数人而言，
它们无法解决问题，
它们无法解决问题，
11:01
for many people,
they didn't solve the problem.
they didn't solve the problem.
261
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2268
11:03
The underlying problem.
262
651607
1533
根本性的问题。
11:05
One day, Sam decided
to pioneer a different approach.
to pioneer a different approach.
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2651
一天，山姆决定
开创一种不同的方法。
开创一种不同的方法。
11:08
A woman came to his center,
his medical center,
his medical center,
264
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2452
一位女性来到他的医疗中心，
11:11
called Lisa Cunningham.
265
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1467
她叫丽莎·坎宁安。
11:12
I got to know Lisa later.
266
660513
1874
我后来才认识的。
11:14
And Lisa had been shut away in her home
with crippling depression and anxiety
with crippling depression and anxiety
267
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4084
丽莎因为严重的抑郁和焦虑
被隔离家中，
被隔离家中，
11:18
for seven years.
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1150
长达7年。
11:20
And when she came to Sam's center,
she was told, "Don't worry,
she was told, "Don't worry,
269
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2925
当她来到山姆的中心时，
她被告知，“不要担心，
她被告知，“不要担心，
11:23
we'll carry on giving you these drugs,
270
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1830
我们会继续给你这些药，
11:25
but we're also going to prescribe
something else.
something else.
271
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2797
但我们也会开一些其他东西。
11:28
We're going to prescribe for you
to come here to this center twice a week
to come here to this center twice a week
272
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3443
你需要每周来这个中心两次，
11:31
to meet with a group of other
depressed and anxious people,
depressed and anxious people,
273
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2778
去见其他抑郁和焦虑的人们，
11:34
not to talk about how miserable you are,
274
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2810
不是来说你有多么不幸，
11:37
but to figure out something
meaningful you can all do together
meaningful you can all do together
275
685625
3547
而是找出一些你们可以
一起做的有意义的事情，
一起做的有意义的事情，
11:41
so you won't be lonely and you won't feel
like life is pointless."
like life is pointless."
276
689196
3103
这样你就不会感到孤独，
或是生活没有意义。
或是生活没有意义。
11:44
The first time this group met,
277
692323
2775
这些人第一次见面时，
11:47
Lisa literally started
vomiting with anxiety,
vomiting with anxiety,
278
695122
2256
丽莎焦虑到开始呕吐，
11:49
it was so overwhelming for her.
279
697402
1921
因为这对她而言压力非常大。
11:51
But people rubbed her back,
the group started talking,
the group started talking,
280
699347
2634
不过人们开始给她按摩，
这群人开始聊天，
这群人开始聊天，
11:54
they were like, "What could we do?"
281
702005
1675
“我们能做什么？”
11:55
These are inner-city,
East London people like me,
East London people like me,
282
703704
2294
这些都是和我一样
住在伦敦东部贫民区的人，
住在伦敦东部贫民区的人，
他们不懂园艺。
11:58
they didn't know anything about gardening.
283
706022
2048
“为什么我们不学习园艺呢？”
12:00
They were like, "Why don't we
learn gardening?"
learn gardening?"
284
708094
2245
医生办公室后面有块区域
12:02
There was an area
behind the doctors' offices
behind the doctors' offices
285
710363
2166
是个灌木丛。
“我们为什么不把它
改造成花园呢？”
改造成花园呢？”
12:04
that was just scrubland.
286
712553
1151
12:05
"Why don't we make this into a garden?"
287
713728
1882
于是他们开始从图书馆借书，
12:07
They started to take books
out of the library,
out of the library,
288
715634
2175
开始看YouTube视频。
12:09
started to watch YouTube clips.
289
717833
1485
他们开始把手伸进土里。
12:11
They started to get
their fingers in the soil.
their fingers in the soil.
290
719342
2159
12:13
They started to learn
the rhythms of the seasons.
the rhythms of the seasons.
291
721844
3043
他们开始学习四季的旋律。
12:16
There's a lot of evidence
292
724911
1330
有大量的研究表明
12:18
that exposure to the natural world
293
726265
1629
接触自然世界
是一种非常有效的抗抑郁药。
12:19
is a really powerful antidepressant.
294
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12:21
But they started to do something
even more important.
even more important.
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但他们开始做一些更重要的事情。
12:25
They started to form a tribe.
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他们开始形成部落。
12:27
They started to form a group.
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他们开始形成团队。
12:29
They started to care about each other.
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他们开始关心彼此。
12:31
If one of them didn't show up,
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如果其中有个人没出现，
12:32
the others would go
looking for them -- "Are you OK?"
looking for them -- "Are you OK?"
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其他人会去寻找——
“你还好吗？”
“你还好吗？”
12:35
Help them figure out
what was troubling them that day.
what was troubling them that day.
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帮助他们解决
他们那天遇到的麻烦。
他们那天遇到的麻烦。
就像丽莎向我说的，
12:38
The way Lisa put it to me,
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1803
12:39
"As the garden began to bloom,
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“随着园中花朵的绽放，
12:42
we began to bloom."
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我们也开始绽放。”
12:44
This approach is called
social prescribing,
social prescribing,
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2032
这个方法被称为社会处方，
12:46
it's spreading all over Europe.
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它正在整个欧洲蔓延。
12:48
And there's a small,
but growing body of evidence
but growing body of evidence
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有一个小的，但不断增长的证据
表明它可以真正且有意义地
12:50
suggesting it can produce real
and meaningful falls
and meaningful falls
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12:53
in depression and anxiety.
309
761298
1978
缓解抑郁和焦虑。
12:55
And one day, I remember
standing in the garden
standing in the garden
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3721
有天，我记得站在这个
12:59
that Lisa and her once-depressed
friends had built --
friends had built --
311
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2481
丽莎和她那些一度抑郁的
朋友建造的花园中——
朋友建造的花园中——
13:01
it's a really beautiful garden --
312
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1584
这真是个美丽的花园——
13:03
and having this thought,
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1191
我产生了这个想法，
13:04
it's very much inspired by a guy
called professor Hugh Mackay in Australia.
called professor Hugh Mackay in Australia.
314
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3871
很大程度上受到
澳大利亚的休·麦凯教授的启发。
澳大利亚的休·麦凯教授的启发。
13:08
I was thinking, so often
when people feel down in this culture,
when people feel down in this culture,
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776268
4381
我在想，当人们
在这种文化中感到沮丧时，
在这种文化中感到沮丧时，
13:12
what we say to them -- I'm sure
everyone here said it, I have --
everyone here said it, I have --
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780673
3064
我们是怎么跟他们说的——
我确信这里每个人这么说过，
我确信这里每个人这么说过，
我也说过——
“你只要做自己，做你自己。”
“你只要做自己，做你自己。”
13:15
we say, "You just need
to be you, be yourself."
to be you, be yourself."
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3224
13:19
And I've realized, actually,
what we should say to people is,
what we should say to people is,
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2950
我已经意识到，其实，
我们应该跟人们说的是，
我们应该跟人们说的是，
13:22
"Don't be you.
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1150
“别自己一个人，
13:24
Don't be yourself.
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1333
不要做自己。
13:26
Be us, be we.
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2209
做我们，我们一起。
13:28
Be part of a group."
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1325
成为团队的一员。”
13:30
(Applause)
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3706
（鼓掌）
13:33
The solution to these problems
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801844
2579
这些问题的解决方案
13:36
does not lie in drawing
more and more on your resources
more and more on your resources
325
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3151
并不在于把更多的资源
13:39
as an isolated individual --
326
807622
1439
看作孤立个体——
13:41
that's partly what got us in this crisis.
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809085
2040
这正是导致我们
陷入这场危机的部分原因。
陷入这场危机的部分原因。
13:43
It lies on reconnecting
with something bigger than you.
with something bigger than you.
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811149
2753
它在于与比我们更大
的东西重新连接。
的东西重新连接。
13:45
And that really connects
to one of the other causes
to one of the other causes
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813926
2421
这正是我想和你们说的
另一个和抑郁及焦虑有关的成因。
13:48
of depression and anxiety
that I wanted to talk to you about.
that I wanted to talk to you about.
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816371
2897
13:51
So everyone knows
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819292
1690
所以每个人都知道，
13:53
junk food has taken over our diets
and made us physically sick.
and made us physically sick.
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821006
3746
垃圾食品已经占据了
我们的饮食，让我们身体不适。
我们的饮食，让我们身体不适。
13:56
I don't say that
with any sense of superiority,
with any sense of superiority,
333
824776
2206
我说这话并不是带着优越感在说，
我来做演讲之前刚去过麦当劳。
13:59
I literally came to give
this talk from McDonald's.
this talk from McDonald's.
334
827006
2399
14:01
I saw all of you eating that
healthy TED breakfast, I was like no way.
healthy TED breakfast, I was like no way.
335
829429
3513
我看到你们都吃的那种
健康的TED早餐，我是不会吃的。
健康的TED早餐，我是不会吃的。
14:04
But just like junk food has taken over
our diets and made us physically sick,
our diets and made us physically sick,
336
832966
5143
不过就像垃圾食品已经占据了
我们的饮食，并让我们身体不适，
我们的饮食，并让我们身体不适，
14:10
a kind of junk values
have taken over our minds
have taken over our minds
337
838133
4110
也有一类垃圾价值观
占据了我们的头脑，
占据了我们的头脑，
14:14
and made us mentally sick.
338
842267
1478
并使我们精神染病。
14:16
For thousands of years,
philosophers have said,
philosophers have said,
339
844157
3104
几千年来，哲学家们说过，
14:19
if you think life is about money,
and status and showing off,
and status and showing off,
340
847285
4588
如果你认为生活是关于
金钱，地位和炫耀，
金钱，地位和炫耀，
14:23
you're going to feel like crap.
341
851897
1523
你就会觉得自己像个废物。
14:25
That's not an exact quote
from Schopenhauer,
from Schopenhauer,
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853444
2067
这不是叔本华的原话，
但这是他所说的要点。
14:27
but that is the gist of what he said.
343
855535
1772
14:29
But weirdly, hardy anyone
had scientifically investigated this,
had scientifically investigated this,
344
857331
3026
但奇怪的是，
几乎没有人对此进行过研究，
几乎没有人对此进行过研究，
14:32
until a truly extraordinary person
I got to know, named professor Tim Kasser,
I got to know, named professor Tim Kasser,
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860381
3649
直到我认识了一个出色的人，
伊利诺斯州诺克斯学院
伊利诺斯州诺克斯学院
14:36
who's at Knox College in Illinois,
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864054
2293
的提姆·卡瑟教授，
14:38
and he's been researching this
for about 30 years now.
for about 30 years now.
347
866371
2563
他现在已经研究
这个主题超过30年了。
这个主题超过30年了。
14:40
And his research suggests
several really important things.
several really important things.
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868958
3016
他的研究
揭示了几个非常重要的事情。
揭示了几个非常重要的事情。
14:43
Firstly, the more you believe
349
871998
3191
首先，你越相信
14:47
you can buy and display
your way out of sadness,
your way out of sadness,
350
875213
4365
你可以通过购物和炫耀
来摆脱悲伤，
来摆脱悲伤，
14:51
and into a good life,
351
879602
2191
过上美好的生活，
14:53
the more likely you are to become
depressed and anxious.
depressed and anxious.
352
881817
2912
你更有可能变得抑郁和焦虑。
14:56
And secondly,
353
884753
1293
第二，
14:58
as a society, we have become
much more driven by these beliefs.
much more driven by these beliefs.
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886070
4588
作为一个社会，
我们越来越被这些信念驱动。
我们越来越被这些信念驱动。
15:02
All throughout my lifetime,
355
890682
1413
我的一生，
15:04
under the weight of advertising
and Instagram and everything like them.
and Instagram and everything like them.
356
892119
4193
都处在广告，Instagram
和类似东西的重压之下。
和类似东西的重压之下。
15:08
And as I thought about this,
357
896871
1373
当我想到这个的时候，
我意识到这就像我们的灵魂一出生
就被喂了诸如肯德基一类的东西。
就被喂了诸如肯德基一类的东西。
15:10
I realized it's like we've all been fed
since birth, a kind of KFC for the soul.
since birth, a kind of KFC for the soul.
358
898268
5761
15:16
We've been trained to look for happiness
in all the wrong places,
in all the wrong places,
359
904053
3873
我们被训练
在错误的地方寻找幸福，
在错误的地方寻找幸福，
15:19
and just like junk food
doesn't meet your nutritional needs
doesn't meet your nutritional needs
360
907950
2770
这就像垃圾食品
不能满足你的营养需求，
不能满足你的营养需求，
15:22
and actually makes you feel terrible,
361
910744
2298
并且实际上还让你感到糟糕一样，
15:25
junk values don't meet
your psychological needs,
your psychological needs,
362
913066
3142
垃圾价值也不能满足你的精神需求，
15:28
and they take you away from a good life.
363
916232
2642
反而夺走了你的美好生活。
15:30
But when I first spent time
with professor Kasser
with professor Kasser
364
918898
2623
当我第一次和卡塞尔碰面时，
15:33
and I was learning all this,
365
921545
1477
我学到了所有这些东西。
15:35
I felt a really weird mixture of emotions.
366
923046
2587
我真是百感交集。
15:37
Because on the one hand,
I found this really challenging.
I found this really challenging.
367
925657
2690
因为一方面，我觉得
这真的很有挑战性。
这真的很有挑战性。
15:40
I could see how often
in my own life, when I felt down,
in my own life, when I felt down,
368
928371
3262
我时常可以看到自己的生活中，
每当我跌倒，
每当我跌倒，
15:43
I tried to remedy it with some kind of
show-offy, grand external solution.
show-offy, grand external solution.
369
931657
5265
我试着用一些炫耀的，
宏大的外部解决方案来修补它。
宏大的外部解决方案来修补它。
15:49
And I could see why that
did not work well for me.
did not work well for me.
370
937441
2690
我可以看到为什么那样对
我并不怎么见效。
我并不怎么见效。
15:52
I also thought,
isn't this kind of obvious?
isn't this kind of obvious?
371
940930
2882
我也想到，这不是很明显吗？
15:55
Isn't this almost like banal, right?
372
943836
1745
这不是很老套吗？
15:57
If I said to everyone here,
373
945605
1325
如果我跟在座各位说，
15:58
none of you are going to lie
on your deathbed
on your deathbed
374
946954
2143
你们谁也不会在临终的病榻之上，
16:01
and think about all the shoes you bought
and all the retweets you got,
and all the retweets you got,
375
949121
3316
想着自己买了多少双鞋，
收到了多少条转发，
收到了多少条转发，
而是会想起你生命中
16:04
you're going to think about moments
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952461
1683
那些富有爱、意义和联系的瞬间。
16:06
of love, meaning
and connection in your life.
and connection in your life.
377
954168
2111
我觉得这似乎是陈词滥调。
16:08
I think that seems almost like a cliché.
378
956303
1945
但我继续
和卡塞尔教授交谈，说道，
和卡塞尔教授交谈，说道，
16:10
But I kept talking
to professor Kasser and saying,
to professor Kasser and saying,
379
958272
2349
“为什么我会有这种
奇怪的双重感觉呢？”
奇怪的双重感觉呢？”
16:12
"Why am I feeling
this strange doubleness?"
this strange doubleness?"
380
960645
2353
16:15
And he said, "At some level,
we all know these things.
we all know these things.
381
963022
3807
他说，“某种程度上，
我们都知道这些东西。
我们都知道这些东西。
16:18
But in this culture,
we don't live by them."
we don't live by them."
382
966853
2375
但在这种文化中，
我们并不靠它们过活。”
我们并不靠它们过活。”
16:21
We know them so well
they've become clichés,
they've become clichés,
383
969252
2079
我们对它们实在太清楚了，
它们于是变得陈词滥调，
它们于是变得陈词滥调，
但我们不靠它们过活。
16:23
but we don't live by them.
384
971355
1278
16:24
I kept asking why, why would we know
something so profound,
something so profound,
385
972657
3209
我一直在问自己为什么，
为什么我们知道有些东西很重要，
为什么我们知道有些东西很重要，
16:27
but not live by it?
386
975890
1286
但不靠它们而活？
16:29
And after a while,
professor Kasser said to me,
professor Kasser said to me,
387
977200
3404
过了一会，卡塞尔博士告诉我，
16:32
"Because we live in a machine
388
980628
2421
“因为我们生活在一台机器中，
16:35
that is designed to get us to neglect
what is important about life."
what is important about life."
389
983073
3733
它被设计成让我们忽略
生命中最重要的东西。”
生命中最重要的东西。”
16:39
I had to really think about that.
390
987260
1587
我真得好好想想。
“因为我们生活在一台机器中，
16:40
"Because we live in a machine
391
988871
1405
16:42
that is designed to get us
to neglect what is important about life."
to neglect what is important about life."
392
990300
3678
它被设计成让我们忽略
生命中最重要东西。”
生命中最重要东西。”
16:46
And professor Kasser wanted to figure out
if we can disrupt that machine.
if we can disrupt that machine.
393
994299
3778
卡塞尔教授想要搞清楚
我们能否打败那台机器。
我们能否打败那台机器。
16:50
He's done loads of research into this;
394
998101
1873
他为此做了很多研究。
我会告诉你们一个例子，
16:51
I'll tell you about one example,
395
999998
1555
我真的很迫切鼓励这里每个人
跟朋友和家人试试这个。
跟朋友和家人试试这个。
16:53
and I really urge everyone here
to try this with their friends and family.
to try this with their friends and family.
396
1001577
3500
我和Nathan Dungan一起，
他让一群青少年和成年人
他让一群青少年和成年人
16:57
With a guy called Nathan Dungan,
he got a group of teenagers and adults
he got a group of teenagers and adults
397
1005101
3342
17:00
to come together for a series of sessions
over a period of time, to meet up.
over a period of time, to meet up.
398
1008467
4213
在一段时间内一起参加
一系列的会议，互相见面。
一系列的会议，互相见面。
17:04
And part of the point of the group
399
1012704
1763
这个群体的一部分目的是
17:06
was to get people to think
about a moment in their life
about a moment in their life
400
1014491
3300
让人们回想他们生命中确实觉得
17:09
they had actually found
meaning and purpose.
meaning and purpose.
401
1017815
2746
有意义和有目的的瞬间。
17:12
For different people,
it was different things.
it was different things.
402
1020585
2143
不同的人，想到的会是不同的东西。
17:14
For some people, it was playing music,
writing, helping someone --
writing, helping someone --
403
1022752
3617
对有些人，
是播放音乐，写作，帮助别人——
是播放音乐，写作，帮助别人——
17:18
I'm sure everyone here
can picture something, right?
can picture something, right?
404
1026393
2803
我相信这里每一位都能
想起一些事情，对吧？
想起一些事情，对吧？
17:21
And part of the point of the group
was to get people to ask,
was to get people to ask,
405
1029220
2881
这个群体的部分目的
是让人们提问，
是让人们提问，
17:24
"OK, how could you dedicate
more of your life
more of your life
406
1032125
2762
“好了，你怎么才能把
生命中更多的时间
生命中更多的时间
17:26
to pursuing these moments
of meaning and purpose,
of meaning and purpose,
407
1034911
2684
用来追求这些有意义
和目的的时刻呢，
和目的的时刻呢，
17:29
and less to, I don't know,
buying crap you don't need,
buying crap you don't need,
408
1037619
2950
并且少买一些你不需要的垃圾，
17:32
putting it on social media
and trying to get people to go,
and trying to get people to go,
409
1040593
2722
把它们发到社交媒体上，
并试图让别人说，
并试图让别人说，
“我的妈，真是拉仇恨！”
17:35
'OMG, so jealous!'"
410
1043339
1267
17:36
And what they found was,
411
1044958
1643
他们的发现是，
17:38
just having these meetings,
412
1046625
1334
只是通过这些会面，
这有点像消费主义的
匿名戒酒会，对吧？
匿名戒酒会，对吧？
17:39
it was like a kind of Alcoholics Anonymous
for consumerism, right?
for consumerism, right?
413
1047983
3110
17:43
Getting people to have these meetings,
articulate these values,
articulate these values,
414
1051807
2953
让人们参与这些会议，
阐明这些价值观，
阐明这些价值观，
17:46
determine to act on them
and check in with each other,
and check in with each other,
415
1054784
2531
并决定采取行动，互相监督，
17:49
led to a marked shift in people's values.
416
1057339
2857
引发了人们价值观的显著转变。
17:52
It took them away from this hurricane
of depression-generating messages
of depression-generating messages
417
1060220
4413
它把他们从训练我们
在错误的地方寻找幸福
在错误的地方寻找幸福
17:56
training us to seek happiness
in the wrong places,
in the wrong places,
418
1064657
2634
和产生抑郁的飓风中带走，
17:59
and towards more meaningful
and nourishing values
and nourishing values
419
1067315
3341
向着更有意义、更有营养的，
18:02
that lift us out of depression.
420
1070680
2000
带领我们走出抑郁的价值前进。
18:05
But with all the solutions that I saw
and have written about,
and have written about,
421
1073347
3302
但所有我看到和写过的解决方案，
18:08
and many I can't talk about here,
422
1076673
2739
很多我无法在这里讲，
18:11
I kept thinking,
423
1079436
1371
我一直在思考，
18:12
you know: Why did it take me so long
to see these insights?
to see these insights?
424
1080831
3699
为什么它花了我
那么长时间才看到这些洞见？
那么长时间才看到这些洞见？
18:16
Because when you explain them to people --
425
1084554
2016
因为当你向人们解释它们时——
有些东西更复杂，
但非全都复杂——
但非全都复杂——
18:18
some of them are more
complicated, but not all --
complicated, but not all --
426
1086594
2444
18:21
when you explain this to people,
it's not like rocket science, right?
it's not like rocket science, right?
427
1089062
3244
当你向人们解释这些，
这不是必定如此，对吧？
这不是必定如此，对吧？
在某种程度上，
我们已经知道这些东西。
我们已经知道这些东西。
18:24
At some level, we already
know these things.
know these things.
428
1092330
2095
为什么我们会发现它很难理解？
18:26
Why do we find it so hard to understand?
429
1094449
2637
18:29
I think there's many reasons.
430
1097110
1934
我认为这里有很多原因。
18:31
But I think one reason is
that we have to change our understanding
that we have to change our understanding
431
1099475
4269
但我认为有个原因是我们得改变
我们对抑郁和焦虑的认识。
18:35
of what depression
and anxiety actually are.
and anxiety actually are.
432
1103768
3420
18:39
There are very real
biological contributions
biological contributions
433
1107776
2182
抑郁和焦虑有非常真实
18:41
to depression and anxiety.
434
1109982
1733
的生物学原因。
18:44
But if we allow the biology
to become the whole picture,
to become the whole picture,
435
1112117
3754
但如果我们让生物学
成为唯一解释，
成为唯一解释，
18:47
as I did for so long,
436
1115895
1246
就如我很久以来那样做的，
18:49
as I would argue our culture
has done pretty much most of my life,
has done pretty much most of my life,
437
1117165
4065
我认为我们的文化在我生命的
大部分时间里都在起作用，
大部分时间里都在起作用，
18:53
what we're implicitly saying to people
is, and this isn't anyone's intention,
is, and this isn't anyone's intention,
438
1121254
3857
我们含蓄地告诉人们的是，
这不是任何人的本意，
这不是任何人的本意，
18:57
but what we're implicitly
saying to people is,
saying to people is,
439
1125135
3037
但我们含蓄地告诉人们的是，
19:00
"Your pain doesn't mean anything.
440
1128196
2302
“你的痛疼不意味着什么。
19:02
It's just a malfunction.
441
1130522
1436
它只是个故障。
19:03
It's like a glitch in a computer program,
442
1131982
2469
就像电脑程序的一个小故障，
19:06
it's just a wiring problem in your head."
443
1134475
2667
它只是你头脑中的线路问题。”
19:10
But I was only able to start
changing my life
changing my life
444
1138061
3107
但直到我意识到抑郁
并不是一种故障，
并不是一种故障，
19:13
when I realized your depression
is not a malfunction.
is not a malfunction.
445
1141192
4065
我才能够开始改变我的生活。
19:18
It's a signal.
446
1146620
1150
它是个信号。
19:20
Your depression is a signal.
447
1148684
2007
你的抑郁是个信号。
19:23
It's telling you something.
448
1151077
1841
它在告诉你一些东西。
19:24
(Applause)
449
1152942
4611
（鼓掌）
19:29
We feel this way for reasons,
450
1157577
2389
我们这样感受是有原因的，
19:31
and they can be hard to see
in the throes of depression --
in the throes of depression --
451
1159990
2715
在抑郁的阵痛中很难看到它们——
19:34
I understand that really well
from personal experience.
from personal experience.
452
1162729
2610
就我个人经验而言，我非常理解。
19:37
But with the right help,
we can understand these problems
we can understand these problems
453
1165363
3483
但有了正确的帮助，
我们能够理解这些问题
我们能够理解这些问题
19:40
and we can fix these problems together.
454
1168870
2474
并共同修复这些问题。
19:43
But to do that,
455
1171368
1192
但要做到这一点，
19:44
the very first step
456
1172584
1738
第一步是
19:46
is we have to stop insulting these signals
457
1174346
2618
我们要停止侮辱这些信号，
19:48
by saying they're a sign of weakness,
or madness or purely biological,
or madness or purely biological,
458
1176988
4192
说它们是软弱的，疯狂的
或纯粹生理的信号，
或纯粹生理的信号，
19:53
except for a tiny number of people.
459
1181204
1935
除了少数人。
19:55
We need to start
listening to these signals,
listening to these signals,
460
1183163
3626
我们需要倾听这些信号，
19:58
because they're telling us
something we really need to hear.
something we really need to hear.
461
1186813
3272
因为它在告诉我们真的
需要去倾听的事情。
需要去倾听的事情。
20:02
It's only when we truly
listen to these signals,
listen to these signals,
462
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5023
只有当我们真正倾听这些信号，
20:07
and we honor these signals
and respect these signals,
and respect these signals,
463
1195561
4015
重视这些信号，尊重这些信号时，
20:11
that we're going to begin to see
464
1199600
2247
我们才会看到
20:13
the liberating, nourishing,
deeper solutions.
deeper solutions.
465
1201871
4158
解放、滋养、深入的解决方案。
20:19
The cows that are waiting all around us.
466
1207133
4073
奶牛在周围等着我们。
20:23
Thank you.
467
1211585
1181
谢谢。
20:24
(Applause)
468
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3688
（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Johann Hari - JournalistJohann Hari spent three years researching the war on drugs; along the way, he discovered that addiction is not what we think it is.
Why you should listen
British journalist Johann Hari is the author of the New York Times best-selling book Chasing The Scream, from which his talk on addiction was adapted and for which he spent three years researching the war on drugs and questioning the ways in which we treat addiction.
He has written for many of the world’s leading newspapers and magazines, including The New York Times, Le Monde, The Guardian, New Republic, The Nation, Slate.com, and The Sydney Morning Herald. He was a columnist for the British newspaper The Independent for nine years.
Hari was twice named National Newspaper Journalist of the Year by Amnesty International, was named Gay Journalist of the Year at the Stonewall Awards -- and won the Martha Gellhorn Prize for political writing.
Johann Hari | Speaker | TED.com