TED2018
Mikhail Zygar: What the Russian Revolution would have looked like on social media
米開爾 · 宰噶: 社交媒體上的俄羅斯革命會是什麼面貌
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俗話說，歷史是由勝利者寫下的。但如果由每個人書寫歷史，會是什麼面貌呢？ 記者和 TED 研究員米開爾 · 宰噶向我們展示 Project1917，這個「逝者的社交網路」，發布三千多個活在俄國大革命期間人物的真實日記和信件。 通過展示列寧、托洛斯基，和許多不那麼著名的人物的日常思想，該專案為歷史帶來新的亮點，已發生的和本可發生的。 來詳細了解數位重寫的歷史，和宰噶的新作——關於 1968 變革的專案。
Mikhail Zygar - Journalist, writer, filmmaker
Mikhail Zygar is the founder of Future History, the creative digital studio behind Project1917 and 1968.digital. Full bio
Mikhail Zygar is the founder of Future History, the creative digital studio behind Project1917 and 1968.digital. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
What is history?
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什麼是歷史？
00:15
It is something written by the winners.
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是勝利者寫的東西。
00:20
There is a stereotype that history
should be focused on the rulers,
should be focused on the rulers,
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有一種刻板印象，
歷史應該專注於統治者，
歷史應該專注於統治者，
00:24
like Lenin or Trotsky.
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像列寧或托洛斯基。
00:27
As a result, people
in many countries, like mine, Russia,
in many countries, like mine, Russia,
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因此，許多國家的人，
像是我國俄羅斯，
像是我國俄羅斯，
00:31
look at history as something
that was predetermined
that was predetermined
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視歷史為預先確定
或由領導人所決定，
00:35
or determined by the leaders,
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00:38
and common people could not
influence it in any way.
influence it in any way.
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普通人無法以任何方式影響歷史。
00:41
Many Russians today do not believe
that Russia could ever have been
that Russia could ever have been
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許多俄羅斯人至今都不相信
俄羅斯曾經是，或未來
可以是個真正民主的國家，
可以是個真正民主的國家，
00:45
or ever will be a truly democratic nation,
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00:48
and this is due to the way
history has been framed
history has been framed
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這正是歷史
呈現給俄羅斯公民的形象，
00:51
to the citizens of Russia.
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00:52
And this is not true.
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並不是真的。
00:55
To prove it, I spent two years
of my life trying to go 100 years back,
of my life trying to go 100 years back,
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為了證明這一點，
我花兩年時間試圖回到一百年前，
我花兩年時間試圖回到一百年前，
01:00
to the year 1917,
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到 1917 年，
01:03
the year of the Russian Revolution.
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即俄國革命那年。
01:05
I asked myself, what if the internet
and Facebook existed 100 years ago?
and Facebook existed 100 years ago?
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我問自己，如果一百年前
有互聯網和臉書會怎樣？
有互聯網和臉書會怎樣？
01:12
So last year, we built
a social network for dead people,
a social network for dead people,
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所以我們在去年建了
給逝者用的社交網路，
給逝者用的社交網路，
名為 Project1917.com。
01:17
named Project1917.com.
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01:22
My team and I created our software,
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我和團隊建了軟體，
01:24
digitized and uploaded
all possible real diaries and letters
all possible real diaries and letters
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把找得到的真實日記和信件
全都數位化和上傳，
全都數位化和上傳，
01:30
written by more than 3,000 people
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那些是由三千多人
01:33
100 years ago.
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於一百年前撰寫的。
01:34
So any user of our website or application
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因此，任何我們網站或應用程式的用戶
01:38
can follow a news feed
for each day of 1917
for each day of 1917
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都能關注 1917 年裡
每一天的新聞，
每一天的新聞，
01:42
and read what people
like Stravinsky or Trotsky,
like Stravinsky or Trotsky,
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閱讀史特拉汶斯基或托洛斯基、
01:46
Lenin or Pavlova
and others thought and felt.
and others thought and felt.
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列寧或帕夫洛娃等人的想法和感受。
01:50
We watch all those personalities
being ordinary people like you and me,
being ordinary people like you and me,
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這些人全都是像你我這樣的普通人，
01:55
not demigods,
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而不是半神的人，
01:57
and we see that history consists
of their mistakes, fears, weaknesses,
of their mistakes, fears, weaknesses,
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我們看到的歷史中
有他們的錯誤、恐懼和弱點，
有他們的錯誤、恐懼和弱點，
02:04
not only their "genius ideas."
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而不僅僅是他們的「天才想法」。
02:08
Our project was a shock for many Russians,
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我們的專案震驚許多俄羅斯人，
02:10
who used to think that our country
has always been an autocratic empire
has always been an autocratic empire
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過去他們認為
我國一直是個專制的帝國，
我國一直是個專制的帝國，
02:16
and the ideas of freedom and democracy
could never have prevailed,
could never have prevailed,
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自由和民主的思想永遠不會佔上風，
02:19
just because democracy
was not our destiny.
was not our destiny.
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只因為我們註定不民主。
02:23
But if we take a broader look,
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但如果我們把目光放寬放遠，
02:26
it's not that black and white.
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它並不那麼涇渭分明。
02:29
Yes, 1917 led to 70 years
of communist dictatorship.
of communist dictatorship.
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跟隨著 1917 年的確是 70 年的
共產主義獨裁統治。
共產主義獨裁統治。
02:35
But with this project, we see that Russia
could have had a different history
could have had a different history
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但是通過這個專案，我們看到
俄羅斯能有不同的歷史
和民主的未來，
和民主的未來，
02:40
and a democratic future,
as any other country could or still can.
as any other country could or still can.
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就像任何其他的國家能夠有，
仍然可以有那樣。
仍然可以有那樣。
02:45
Reading the posts from 1917,
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閱讀 1917 年的貼文，
02:49
you learn that Russia
was the first country in the world
was the first country in the world
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你會了解到俄羅斯是世界上
02:52
to abolish the death penalty,
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第一個廢除死刑的國家，
02:54
or one of the first ones
to grant women voting rights.
to grant women voting rights.
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也是最早授予
女性投票權的國家之一。
女性投票權的國家之一。
02:59
Knowing history and understanding
how ordinary people influenced history
how ordinary people influenced history
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了解歷史並了解普通人
如何影響歷史，
如何影響歷史，
03:05
can help us create a better future,
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可以幫助我們創造更美好的未來，
03:07
because history is just a rehearsal
of what's happening right now.
of what's happening right now.
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因為歷史只是對現在
正在發生的事情的預演。
正在發生的事情的預演。
03:12
We do need new ways of telling history,
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我們確實需要新的方式來講述歷史，
03:15
and this year, for example,
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例如，今年我們開始新的線上專案，
03:17
we started a new online project
that is called 1968Digital.com,
that is called 1968Digital.com,
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名為 1968Digital.com，
03:23
and that is an online documentary series
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它是個線上紀錄片系列，
03:28
that gives you an impression
of that year, 1968,
of that year, 1968,
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提供您 1968 那一年的印象，
03:32
a year marked by global social change
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那是全球社會變革的一年，
03:36
that, in many ways,
created the world as we know it now.
created the world as we know it now.
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在許多方面塑造了我們現今的世界。
03:40
But we are making that history alive
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我們讓那段歷史活躍起來，
03:43
by imagining what if all the main
characters could use mobile phones ...
characters could use mobile phones ...
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通過如果所有的主角
都能使用手機的想像，
都能使用手機的想像，
03:49
just like that?
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就那樣。
03:51
And we see that a lot of individuals
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我們看到很多人
面臨同樣的挑戰，
03:57
were facing the same challenges
and were fighting for the same values,
and were fighting for the same values,
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為同樣的價值觀在奮鬥，
04:02
no matter if they lived
in the US or in USSR
in the US or in USSR
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無論他們是住在美國、蘇聯、
法國、中國還是捷克斯洛伐克。
04:07
or in France or in China
or in Czechoslovakia.
or in Czechoslovakia.
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04:11
By exposing history
in such a democratic way,
in such a democratic way,
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以這種民主的方式揭露歷史，
04:14
through social media,
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通過社交媒體，
04:16
we show that people in power
are not the only ones making choices.
are not the only ones making choices.
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我們展現當權者
不是唯一掌握選擇權的人。
不是唯一掌握選擇權的人。
04:22
That gives any user a possibility
of reclaiming history.
of reclaiming history.
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這使任何用戶都能糾正歷史。
04:27
Ordinary people matter.
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普通人很重要。
04:29
They have an impact.
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他們有影響力。
04:31
Ideas matter.
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想法很重要。
04:33
Journalists, scientists,
philosophers matter.
philosophers matter.
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記者、科學家、哲學家很重要。
04:38
We shape society.
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我們塑造社會。
04:40
We all make history.
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我們都創造了歷史。
04:43
Thank you.
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謝謝。
04:44
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mikhail Zygar - Journalist, writer, filmmakerMikhail Zygar is the founder of Future History, the creative digital studio behind Project1917 and 1968.digital.
Why you should listen
Mikhail Zygar is a Russian journalist, writer, filmmaker and the founding editor-in-chief of the Russian independent news TV-channel, Dozhd (2010 - 2015). Prior to Dozhd, Zygar worked for Newsweek Russia and the business daily Kommersant, where he covered the conflicts in Palestine, Lebanon, Iraq, Serbia and Kosovo. His bestseller All the Kremlin's Men is based on an unprecedented series of interviews with Vladimir Putin’s inner circle, presenting a radically different view of power and politics in Russia. His recent book The Empire Must Die was released in Russian and English in 2017. It portrays the years leading up to the Russian revolution and the vivid drama of Russia's brief and exotic experiment with civil society before it was swept away by the Communist Revolution.
Mikhail Zygar | Speaker | TED.com